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STUDYSMART
CHEMISTRY FORM 4
CHAPTER 5 : CHEMICAL BONDS


5.1 Understanding formation of compounds
5.2 Synthesising ideas on formation of ionic bond
5.3 Synthesising ideas on formation of covalent bond
5.4 Analysing properties of ionic and covalent compounds


5.1 UNDERSTANDING FORMATION OF COMPOUNDS
Condition for the formation of chemical bonds include
the followings
a) Electron in completely filled shell do not take part in
bond formation
b) Only valance electron are involved in bond formation
c) The combining atoms will change their electron arrangement to achieve stable octet electron
arrangements
d) The octet rules :- 2.8 ; 2.8.8 ; 2.8.8.8

5.2 SYNTHESISING IDEAS ON FORMATION OF IONIC BOND
Formed between atoms of metal and non-metal through the transfer of electron. Metal atom
donate/release electron whereas non-metal atoms accepts/receive electrons to achieve the
stable octet electron arrangement
Atoms of elements that donate the electron from positive ions (cations) and atoms that receive
the electrons from negative ions (anions) to achieve a stable electron arrangement.
Examples: Na Na
+
+ e O + 2e O
2-

2.8.1 2.8 2.6 2.8
The positive ions and negative ions are attracted to one another with strong electrostatic force.
The attractive force between the ions is called the ionic bond.
Ionic bond (electrovalent bond) is usually formed by atoms from group 1,2, and 13(metal) with
group 15,16, and 17(non-metal).
The maximum number of electrons transferred in the formation of ionic bond is usually three.
For example, atoms of elements in group 1,2 and 13 donates 1,2, and 3 electrons respectively to
form charged ions with +1, +2, and +3. Atoms of elements in group 15, 16 and 17 receive 3,2,
and 1 electrons respectively to form -3,-2 and -1 charged ions.
Example:
Predict the formula for Sodium Chloride
Na Na
+
+ e Na
+
Cl
-
= NaCl
Cl + e Cl
-

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a) The electron arrangement of sodium is 2.8.1

ELEMENT PROTON
NUMBER
ELECTRON
ARRANGEMENT
Na 11 2.8.1
Cl 17 2.8.7
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b) Sodium atom has one valence electron. By releasing this electron, sodium atom forms sodium
ion, Na
+
to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement that is 2.8
c) Electron arrangement of chlorine atom is 2.8.7
d) Chlorine atom has seven valence electrons. By receiving 1 electron, chlorine atom forms
chloride ion, Cl
-
with an octet electron arrangement that is 2.8.8
e) Na
+
ions attract Cl
-
ions with strong electrostatic forces. The bond formed is called ionic bond.
f) Draw the diagram











5.3 SYNTHESISING IDEAS ON FORMATION OF COVALENT BOND
This bond is formed when two or more similar or different non-metal atoms share valence
electrons between them, so that each atom gets the duplet or octet electron arrangement that
is a stable electron arrangement for noble gas.
This bond is formed when non-metal atoms bond together [atom-atom from group 12,15,16
and 17]
The number of electron shared can be 1 pair, 2 pairs or 3 pairs. The products of the electron
sharing cause weak Van der Waals forces. These forces become stronger when the molecules
size increases.
Examples:
i) Nitrogen Molecules
a) Nitrogen atom with a 2.5 electron arrangement needs 3 electrons to achieve stable octet
electron arrangement
b) Two nitrogen atoms share 2 pairs of electrons to achieve an octet electron arrangement,
form a nitrogen molecules. Each nitrogen atom can achieve stable electron arrangement.
c) Diagram :











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ii) Draw the diagram of formation of Water molecule (ESSAY QUESTIONS)
STEP 1 : PREDICT FORMULA





STEP 2 : WRITE THE EXPLANATION (about the number of valence electron, number electron
needed and the way of sharing electron)

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STEP3 : DRAW THE DIAGRAM
ELEMENT PROTON
NUMBER
ELECTRON
ARRANGEMENT
H
O
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5.4 ANALYSING PROPERTIES OF IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS
Comparison between The Formation of Ionic and Covalent.

CHARACTERISTICS IONIC BOND CONVALENT BOND
Element Between metals ( Group 1,2 and 13)
and non-metal (Group 15,16 and 17)
Between non-metal and non-metal
(Group 14,15,16 and 17)
Bond Formation Electron is release by metal atoms
and received by non-metal atoms
(Electron transfer)
Pairs of electrons are shared by the
same or different non-metal atoms.
Types of particles
formed
Metal positive ion (cation)
Non metal negative ion (anions)
Neutral molecules
How to predict
the formula
Determine the charge of ions and
criss-cross
Determine the number of electrons
needed to achieve duplet/octet and
criss-cross
Diagram







Comparison between the physical properties of ionic and covalent compound.
PROPERTIES IONIC COMPOUND COVALENT COMPOUND
Melting
Poing/
Boiling
Point
High because positive ions and
negative ions are attracted by strong
electrostatic forces.
A lot of energy is needed to
overcome the strong forces
Low because of the weak
intermolecular force
Less hear energy is required to
overcome these forces.
Electrical
conductivity
Cannot conduct electricity when in
solid state but able to conduct
electricity when in molten state or
aqueous solution.
In molten state/aqueous solution,
the ions are free to move but in solid
state the ions are not free to move
Cannot conduct electricity in any state
As covalent compound is made up of
neutral molecules, it does not conduct
electricity
Water
solubility
Most are soluble in water but
insoluble in organic solvent
Most are insoluble in water but are
soluble in organic solvent.
Volatility Non-volatile because ions are
attracted by strong electrostatic
forces
Highly volatile because of the weak
intermolecular forces.