KTVT

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
K THUT VIN THNG

(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa)
Lu hnh ni b

H NI - 2007

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

K THUT VIN THNG

Bin son : TS. NGUYN TIN BAN
Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

3
CHNG 1: C S K THUT TRUYN DN
1.1. K thut iu ch v ghp knh
1.1.1. Cc phng php m ha v iu ch
M ha
Trong cc h thng truyn dn s thng tin c chuyn i thnh mt chui cc t hp
xung, sau truyn trn ng truyn. Khi , thng tin tng t (nh ting ni ca con ngi)
phi c chuyn i vo dng s nh cc b bin i A/D. chnh xc ca chuyn i A/D
quyt nh cht lng lnh hi ca thu bao. T hp s phi chi tit sao cho ting ni (hoc
video) tng t c th c ti to m khng c mo v nhiu lon thit b thu. Hin nay, mong
mun ca chng ta l gim khi lng thng tin s s dng tt hn dung lng mng.
Cc b m ho c phn lm 2 loi chnh: m ho dng sng v m ho thoi (vocoder).
Ngoi ra, cn c cc b m ho lai t hp c tnh ca 2 loi trn. Hnh 1.1 minh ho s khc
nhau v cht lng thoi v cc yu cu tc bit i vi cc loi m ha khc nhau.

Hnh 1.1: Cc phng php m ho v mi quan h cht lng thoi/tc bit

M ho dng sng c ngha l cc thay i bin ca tn hiu tng t (ng thoi)
c m t bng mt s ca gi tr c o. Sau cc gi tr ny c m ho xung v gi ti
u thu. Dng iu tng t nh tn hiu c ti to trong thit b thu nh cc gi tr nhn c.
Phng php ny cho php nhn c mc cht lng thoi rt cao, v ng tn hiu nhn c
l bn sao nh tht ca ng tn hiu bn pht.

1 64 8 2 4 16 32
Cht lng thoi
Tuyt vi
Tt
Kh tt
Km
Cc b m ho thoi
Cc b m ho li
Cc b m ho dng sng
Bit Rate
(Kbit/s)

4
M ho thoi l b m ho tham s. Thay cho vic truyn tn hiu m t trc tip dng ca
ng tn hiu thoi l truyn mt s tham s m t ng cong tn hiu c pht ra nh th
no. Cch n gin gii thch s khc nhau gia hai phng php ny l s dng php n
dng: nhc ang c chi v cc bn nhc th c cc nhc cng s dng. Trong m ho dng
sng chnh nhng m thanh nhc ang chi c truyn i, cn trong m ho tham s th cc bn
nhc c gi ti bn nhn. M ho tham s yu cu c mt m hnh xc nh r ng tn hiu
thoi c to nh th no. Cht lng s mc trung bnh (m thanh ca thoi nhn c thuc
loi tng hp) nhng mt khc cc tn hiu c th c truyn vi tc bit rt thp.
B m ho lai gi mt s cc tham s cng nh mt lng nht nh thng tin dng sng.
Kiu m ho thoi ny a ra mt s tho hip hp l gia cht lng thoi v hiu qu m ho,
v n c s dng trong cc h thng in thoi di ng ngy nay.
iu ch
iu ch l mt k thut cho php thng tin c truyn nh s thay i ca tn hiu
mang thng tin. iu ch c s dng cho c thng tin s v tng t. Trong trng hp thng
tin tng t l tc ng lin tc (s bin i mm). Trong trng hp thng tin s, iu ch tc
ng tng bc (thay i trng thi). Khi kt hp iu ch v gii iu ch c gi l modem.
Trong truyn dn tng t c th s dng hai phng php iu ch theo bin v theo tn s
Hnh 1.2: iu ch theo bin v theo tn s
iu bin c s dng truyn ting ni tng t (300-3400 Hz). iu tn thng c
s dng cho truyn thng qung b (bng FM), knh m thanh cho TV v h thng vin thng
khng dy.
1.1.2. iu ch xung m PCM
Hin nay c nhiu phng php chuyn tn hiu analog thnh tn hiu digital (A/D) nh
iu xung m (PCM), iu xung m vi sai (DPCM), iu ch Delta (DM), ... Trong thit b ghp
knh s thng s dng phng php ghp knh theo thi gian kt hp iu xung m (TDM -
PCM).

Sng mang
Tn hiu ang iu ch
Tn hiu c iu
ch bin
Tn hiu c iu
ch theo tn s

5
chuyn i tn hiu analog thnh tn hiu digital dng phng php PCM, cn thc
hin 3 bc nh hnh 1.3.

Hnh 1.3: Qu trnh chuyn i A/D dng phng php PCM

Trc ht phi ly mu tn hiu thoi, tc l ch truyn cc xung tn hiu ti cc thi im
nht nh.
Bc th hai l lng t ho bin , ngha l chia bin ca xung mu thnh cc mc
v ly trn bin xung n mc gn nht.
Bc th ba m ho xung lng t thnh t m nh phn c m bit.
Ly mu tn hiu analog
Bin ca tn hiu analog l lin tc theo thi gian. Ly mu l ly bin ca tn hiu
analog tng khong thi gian nht nh. Qu trnh ny ging nh iu ch bin , trong cc
dy xung c chu k c iu ch bin bi tn hiu analog. Do vy cc mu ly c s gin
on theo thi gian. Dy mu ny gi l tn hiu PAM (iu ch bin xung).
thc hin qu trnh ly mu tn hiu bt k phi da vo nh l Nyquist, ni dung ca
nh l c pht biu nh sau:
Nu tn hiu gc l hm lin tc theo thi gian c tn ph gii hn t 0 n f
max
khi ly
mu th tn s ly mu phi ln hn hoc bng hai ln tn s ln nht trong tn hiu gc, ngha l:
f
m
2f
max
.
Mt yu t quan trng trong ly mu l pha pht ly mu cho tn hiu analog theo tn s
no cho pha thu ti to li c tn hiu ban u. Theo nh l Nyquist, bng cch ly mu tn
hiu analog theo tn s cao hn t nht hai ln tn s cao nht ca tn hiu th c th to li tn
hiu analog ban u t cc mu .
i vi tn hiu thoi hot ng bng tn 0,3 3,4 kHz, tn s ly mu l 8kHz p
ng yu cu v cht lng truyn dn: pha thu khi phc tn hiu analog c mo trong phm
vi cho php. Qu trnh ly mu tn hiu thoi nh hnh 1.4.

Ly mu
Lng t ho
M ho
t
t
t
1
0

6

Hnh 1.4: Qu trnh ly mu tn hiu thoi
(a) Th hin ng cong tn hiu thoi.
(b) Dy xung iu khin hot ng b ly mu c chu k T
m
= 125s.
(c) Tn hiu u ra b ly mu (tn hiu iu bin xung- PAM)
Lng t ho
Lng t ho ngha l chia bin ca tn hiu thnh cc khong u hoc khng u,
mi khong l mt bc lng t, bin tn hiu ng vi u hoc cui mi bc lng t gi
l mt mc lng t. Sau khi c cc mc lng t th bin ca cc xung mu c lm trn
n mc gn nht.
C hai loi lng t ho bin : lng t ho u v lng t ho khng u.
Lng t ho u
Bin tn hiu c chia thnh nhng khong u nhau, sau ly trn cc xung mu
n mc lng t gn nht. Qu trnh lng t ho u th hin nh hnh 1.5.
Bin
0 t
(a)
Bin
+1
+2
+3
-1
-2
-3
0 t
(c)
Bin
t
(b)
T
m

7

Hnh 1.5: Qu trnh lng t ho u
Bc lng t u bng . Nh vy, bin ca tn hiu gm c 7 bc lng t v 8
mc (nh s t -3 +3). Mi quan h gia s mc lng t v s bc lng t nh sau:
Tng s mc lng t = Tng s bc lng t + 1.
Do phi ly trn n mc lng t gn nht, chnh lch gia bin xung lng t v
gi tr tc thi ca xung ly mu s gy ra nhiu lng t Qd

(xem hnh 1.6).
Bin xung nhiu lng t lun tho mn iu kin sau:

2
Qd
2
K

Cng sut trung bnh nhiu lng t u c xc nh nh sau:
P
Qd
=
12
2

T biu thc ny cho thy cng sut nhiu lng t ch ph thuc vo bc lng t
m khng ph thuc vo bin tn hiu.
i vi tn hiu mnh, t s:
=
Nhiu
Tnhiu
N
S
s ln hn t s ny ca tn hiu yu.
Mun san bng t s ny gia tn hiu mnh v tn hiu yu phi s dng lng t ho khng u.

Hnh 1.6: Nhiu lng t
Bin
+1
+2
+3
-1
-2
-3
0 t

Bin
+1
+2
+3
-1
-2
-3
0
t
Qd Qd
Qd
Qd
Qd
Qd
Qd
Qd
Qd = nhiu lng t (Quantising distortion)


8
Lng t ho khng u
Lng t ho khng u da trn nguyn tc: khi bin tn hiu cng ln th bc lng
t cng ln (hnh 1.7).

Hnh 1.7: Qu trnh lng t ho khng u
Trong th d trn hnh 1.7 bin ca tn hiu analog c chia thnh 4 bc lng t, k
hiu l
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
. Nh vy:
1
<
2
<
3
<
4
< ... Cc ng thng song song vi trc honh
(t) gi l cc mc lng t, c nh s t 0 ti gc to .
Cc xung ly mu ti cc chu k nT
m
(trong n=0,1,2,...) c ly trn n mc lng
t gn nht.
Mun lng t ho khng u c th s dng mt trong hai phng php: nn - dn
analog hoc nn - dn s.
Nn - dn analog
Qu trnh nn - dn analog c thc hin bng cch t b nn analog trc b m ho
u pha nhnh pht ca thit b ghp knh, trong min tn hiu thoi analog v t mt b dn
analog trc b gii m u nhnh thu ca thit b ghp knh, cng trong min tn hiu thoi
analog.
Trong thit b ghp knh s ch to theo tiu chun Chu u s dng b nn - dn theo
lut A. Cn theo tiu chun Bc M v Nht s dng b nn theo lut .
c tuyn ca b nn lut A (s ph thuc in p u vo v u ra b nn) biu th
bng biu thc

Y=

Trong x =
0
V
U
u
vi u
V
l bin in p u vo b nn, cnU
0
l in p vo bo ho.
Bin
+1
+2
+3
-1
-2
-3
0
t
1
+4
-4
4
A
1
x 0
A ln 1
Ax

+

1 x
A
1
A ln 1
Ax ln 1

+
+


9
Theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T ly A = 87,6.
c tuyn ca b nn lut biu th bng biu thc

Y=

Theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T ly = 255.
T cc biu thc trn c th xy dng c cc ng cong th hin c tuyn b nn A
v . c tuyn b nn phi i xng vi c tuyn b dn khng gy mo khi khi phc tn
hiu. Dng ng cong c tuyn ca b nn v b dn nh hnh 1.8.

Hnh 1.8: c tuyn b nn v b dn analog
Nhiu th nghim v lng t ho tn hiu thoi a ra kt lun:
Mun t c t s:
=
Nhiu
Tnhiu
N
S
khong 25 dB th s mc lng t u phi bng
2048. Nh vy mi t m cn c 11 bit (khng k bit du). V 2
11
= 2048 l s mc lng t ca
bin dng hoc m ca tn hiu thoi. Sau khi nn, tn hiu thoi ch cn 128 mc. Nu k c
bit du ch cn t m 8 bit. l l do ti sao phi thc hin nn tn hiu.
Nn - dn s:
B nn s c t trong min tn hiu s ca nhnh pht v b dn s c t trong
min tn hiu s ca nhnh thu ca thit b ghp knh. c tuyn b nn v b dn s da trn c
s ca b nn v b dn analog. Bng cch gn ng ho ng cong c tuyn b nn - dn
analog theo lut A v thnh cc on thng gp khc.
c tuyn ca b nn s lut A c tt c 13 on thng c dc khc nhau v ly tn l
b nn s A = 87,6/13 c th hin trong hnh 1.9.
Bin ra
+1
Bin vo
+1
-1
-1
c tuyn b dn
c tuyn b nn
( )
( )
1 x 0
1 ln
x 1 ln

+
+

( )
( )
0 x 1
1 ln
x 1 ln

+


10
Cc on thng c dc khc nhau, do vy trong cng mt on tn hiu khng b nn.
Khi chuyn t on ny sang on khc th tn hiu b nn v khi bin cng ln s b nn cng
nhiu.

Hnh 1.9: c tnh bin b nn s A=87,6/13
xy dng c tnh bin ca b nn s cn tin hnh cc bc sau y:
Trc x c trng cho bin chun ho ca tn hiu u vo b nn (-1 x 1 tng
ng vi 4096 bc lng t u) v trc y c trng cho tn hiu u ra.
Trn trc x chia theo khc logarit c s hai, na dng gm cc im 0,
128
1
,
64
1
,
32
1
,
16
1
,
8
1
,
4
1
,
2
1
v 1; cn na m c chia ngc li.
Trn trc y chia thnh cc khong u nhau v na dng gm cc im 0,
8
1
,
8
2
,
8
3
,
8
4
,
8
5
,
8
6
,
8
7
v 1 ; cn na m c chia ngc li.

128
1
64
1
32
1
16
1
8
1
4
1
2
1
8
1

8
2

8
3

8
4

8
5

8
6

8
7

1
on 13
12
11
10
9
8
on 1
2
3
4
5
6
-1
7
(Tn hiu
u ra)
(Tn hiu
u vo)
1 -1
H
G
F
E
D
C
B
A
x
y
Tn hiu
u vo
Tn hiu
u ra

11
Tip nh du cc im c bit A, B, C, D, E, F, G v H, trong na dng ca ng
c tnh, trong im H l im ct nhau ca on thng vung gc vi trc x ti im c x= 1
v on thng vung gc vi trc y ti im c y= 1. im G l im ct nhau ca on thng
vung gc vi trc x ti im c x=1/2 v on thng vung gc vi trc y ti im c y=7/8, ....
im A l im ct nhau ca on thng vung gc vi trc x ti im c x=1/128 v on thng
vung gc vi trc y ti im c y=1/8. Ni hai im k nhau bng mt on thng. Nh vy
na dng ca ng c tnh bin c tt c 8 on thng, mi on c c trng bng t
m 3 bit. Trong mi on c chia thnh 16 mc, mi mc phn phi t m 4 bit. Na m ca
ng c tnh bin c ly i xng vi na dng qua gc to O. Do 4 on gn gc
to 0 c dc nh nhau (trong na dng c hai on OA v OB). Nh vy ton b
ng c tnh bin c 13 on thng c dc khc nhau.
Na m v na dng ca ng c tnh bin c phn phi t m 1 bt. Bt 0 tng
ng vi na m ca ng c tnh bin v bt 1 tng ng vi na dng ca ng c tnh
bin .
Tm li, khi cha nn th tn hiu thoi c chia thnh 4096 mc, sau khi dng b nn
A=87,6/13 th ch cn li 256 mc (tc l s bt trong mt t m gim t 12 xung 8).
Chuyn i tn hiu digital thnh tn hiu analog
Ti pha thu, tn hiu s PCM c chuyn i thnh tn hiu analog qua hai bc l: gii
m v lc. Tng hp hai qu trnh x l ny gi l qu trnh chuyn i D/A v c biu din
nh hnh 1.10.

Hnh 1.10: Qu trnh chuyn i D/A
Gii m l qu trnh ngc li vi m ho. Trong gii m, bt u bng vic tch cc m nh
phn 8 bit t tn hiu PCM (trong hnh 1.10 tng trng t m 3 bit). Tip theo, chuyn mi t m
nh phn thnh mt xung lng t c bin tng ng vi s mc lng t ca t m . Hnh
1.11 minh ho gii m cc t m 3 bt. Tn hiu xung c lng t ho u pht c to
li u thu bng cch gii m nh vy. Tn hiu xung sau khi gii m c bin chnh lch vi
bin xung mu ti pha pht. Hin tng ny gi l mo lng t v pht sinh do lm trn bin
khi lng t ho.

Lc
Gii m
t
t
t
1
0

12

Hnh 1.11: Qu trnh gii m
Sau , tn hiu xung lng t c a qua b lc thng thp. u ra b lc ny nhn
c tn hiu analog l tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian nh ni suy gia cc mu k tip nhau nh
hnh 1.12.

Hnh 1.12: Qu trnh lc tn hiu t cc xung PAM
Cc phng php m ho mi
PCM tn ti trong 1/4 thp k v cc cng ngh mi bt u thu ht s ch . Trong
thp k cui, m ho thoi tinh vi tr ln hin thc nh s pht trin ca VLSI (mch tch hp
rt ln). PCM ti 64 Kb/s khng cn l cng ngh duy nht na. Vic m ho 32 v 16 kbit/s
c pht trin, v cc phng php vocoder cng c pht trin m ch yu cu 4.8 Kb/s v t
hn. Chng ta c th bng mi cch t ti 800bit/s m vn nghe hiu c, nhng ti tc
bit ny khng c kh nng nhn dng c li ni ca ngi ni.
Cc phng php m ho mi gi ra rt nhiu li ch, v chng cho php cc nh khai
thc tng gp 2 hay 4 ln dung lng truyn dn thoi trong mng ca h m khng cn phi
lp t thit b truyn dn mi. Mt trong nhng phng php c th dng l iu ch xung m vi
sai thch ng, ADPCM. ADPCM cho php truyn thoi vi cht lng gim ti thiu ti 32Kbit/s.
Khuyn ngh ca ITU v ADPCM c gi l G.726.
PCM vi sai (DPCM)
Tn hiu c ly mu cho thy mc tng quan cao gia cc mu k cn. Hay ni
cch khc, hai mu gn nhau l kh tng t nh nhau. Ngha l s c nhiu li ch nu m ho s
t
t
1 0
Tn hiu PCM
nhn c
Tn hiu xung
lng t
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
3
6
5
3
1
2
t
Tn hiu xung
Lng t
in p tng
u ra b lc
Lc tn hiu analog
t

13
khc nhau gia cc mu k cn thay cho m ho gi tr tuyt i ca mi mu. Trn hnh 1.13 cho
thy 4 bit c th c s dng thay cho 8 bit. y l tng n trong PCM vi sai (DPCM), y
chnh xc vn c gi li mc d khng cn bng tn rng. DPCM u tin da trn bn
quyn t 1952.

Mu s 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
2
3
4
5
6
t
Gi
tr
mu
tuyt
i

Mu s 1 2 3 4 5
6
t
lch
gia cc
gi tr mu

Hnh 1.13: PCM vi sai (DPCM)
PCM vi sai c nhc im l nu tn hiu u vo tng t m thay i qu ln gia cc
mu, th n khng th c biu din bng 4 bit m s b ct.
DPCM thch ng (ADPCM)
PCM vi sai thch ng (ADPCM) t hp phng php DPCM v PCM thch ng.
ADPCM c ngha l cc mc lng t ho c thch ng vi dng ca tn hiu u vo. Kch c
ca cc bc lng t tng ln khi c lin tip dc ng trong tn hiu ko di. Trong hnh
1.14, s mu l 6 c th c m t bng 5 bc lng t ln thay cho 10 mu nh. Phng php
ny c tn t kh nng thch ng y, tc l n to ra kh nng gim cc bc lng t.


14
Mu s 1 2 3 5 6 4
Thi gian

Hnh 1.14: PCM thch ng
Trong m ho ADPCM, sau khi tn hiu vo tng t i qua m ho PCM thng thng,
th lung cc mu 8 bit c gi tip ti b m ho ADPCM. Trong b m ho ny, mt thut
ton ch vi 15 mc lng t c s dng gim di t 8 bit xung 4 bit. 4 bit ny khng
biu din bin ca mu na, nhng nh c m ho vi sai m 4 bit vn cha thng tin cho
php tn hiu gc s c ti to b thu.
Mc ca mt mu c d on da trn mc ca mu ng trc. S khc nhau gia mu
d on v thc t l rt nh v v vy c th m ho bng 4 bit. Nu c vi mu tip theo thay
i ln, th cc bc lng t c thch ng nh m t trn.
1.1.3. K thut ghp knh
Ghp knh c s PCM-30
Phn trn trnh by nguyn l c bn ca phng php iu ch xung m PCM. By gi,
chng ta s xem xt nhng nguyn l c s dng nh th no thit lp cc h thng
truyn dn PCM thc t. Trc ht l xt n nguyn l ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian v n
lm cho cc h thng truyn dn tn hiu thoi bng PCM c u im v mt kinh t.
S nguyn l
cc h thng PCM, qu trnh ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian thng c thc hin
trc khi m ha dy xung, tc l cc mu ca tn hiu tng t ring c kt hp li trn mt
ng truyn PAM chung. Theo phng php ny, thit b m ha c th c dng trong qu
trnh ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian. y khng thc hin ghp tng xung mt m ghp
tng t m PCM mt, cch ny thng c gi l ghp khe thi gian. Cc h thng PCM hu ht
l cc h thng TDM.
S b ghp knh PCM-30 nh hnh 1.15.

15
Hnh 1.15: B ghp knh PCM-30
S ny ghp 30 knh thoi, knh ng b v knh bo hiu thnh lung bit c tc
bng 2048 kbit/s. i dy m tn c ni vo my u cui thu bao nh my in thoi, thit b
truyn s liu v.v. Sau y phn tch hot ng ca b ghp tn hiu thoi.
B sai ng S tch tn hiu thoi thu v pht ring bit. Ti nhnh pht c b lc thng
thp hn ch bng tn ting ni t 300 n 3400 Hz, u ra b lc thng thp ni n mch ly
mu. Mch ly mu l mt chuyn mch in t ng m theo chu k 125s, u ra nhn c
cc xung mu c chu k bng 125s. B m ho bin i mi xung ly mu thnh 8 bit v khi
ghp knh tn hiu thoi, tn hiu ng b v tn hiu bo hiu thnh mt khung c thi hn
125s. u ra cc mch ly mu u song song vi nhau, v vy xung ly mu ca cc knh c
ghp theo thi gian v ln lt a vo b m ho. Trong b ghp knh PCM-30 dng b m ho
nn s A= 87,6 v c tnh bin c 13 on. Dy xung ly t b to xung pht qua b chia
to ra xung iu khin cc mch ly mu 8 kbit/s, iu khin cc b m ho v iu khin b ghp
knh. Bo hiu t cc thu bao c a ti khi x l bo hiu. Ti y bo hiu c chuyn
i thnh cc bit ghp vo khung tn hiu. Dy bit hai mc u ra khi ghp knh qua khi lp
m ng chuyn thnh dy bit ba mc ri i ra ngoi.
Ti nhnh thu ca b ghp knh PCM-30 tip nhn dy bit ba mc n v chuyn vo khi
gii m ng chuyn thnh dy bit hai mc. Mt phn tn hiu u ra khi gii m ng,
a vo khi tch xung ng b tch ra xung ng b v a ti khi to xung thu kch
thch b chia xung v to ra cc khe thi gian ng b vi pha pht. Phn tn hiu cn li c
a vo khi tch knh tch lung bit u vo thnh 30 knh thoi, knh bo hiu. Khi bo
hiu chuyn cc bit bo hiu thnh tn hiu bo hiu ban u, chng hn bo hiu a tn, cc digit
b s thu bao, xung iu khin r le v.v. Cc t m 8 bit ca 30 knh thoi a ti b gii m
chuyn thnh cc xung lng t, qua b chn xung knh v b lc thng thp tch ra tn hiu
thoi analog ca tng knh. Tn hiu analog qua b sai ng i vo my in thoi. B chn xung

Ghp
knh
B to
xung pht
B to
xung thu
M ho
S
S
XB v Bo hiu
Ly
mu

Lp m
-ng
Chn
xung k nh

Ly
mu

Tch
knh
Gii m
Chn
xung
knh

Gii m
-ng
Tch
XB
u ra
u

1
30

1
30

1
30

16
knh l mt chuyn mch in t ng m theo tc v pha ca b ly mu pha pht. u
vo b chn xung knh u song song vi nhau v mi b ch cho xung knh mnh i qua, tc l
tch knh theo thi gian c thc hin ti y.
Cu trc khung v a khung
Cu trc khung v a khung ca b ghp PCM-30 nh hnh 1.16.

Hnh 1.16: Cu trc khung v a khung ca b ghp knh PCM-30
Khung c thi gian 125s c chia thnh 32 khe thi gian bng nhau v nh s th t t
TS0 n TS31. Mi khe thi gian TS di 3,9s gm mt t m 8 bt. Mi khung gm c 256 bit
v chu k lp li ca khung bng 8000 Hz.
Cc khe TS0 ng u cc khung chn gm bit Si c s dng cho quc t (nu khng
dng th ci t bng 1) v by bt cn li l t m ng b khung 0011011. Cc khe TS0 ng
u cc khung l gm bit th nht Si dng cho mng quc t, nu khng s dng t Si= 1, bit th
hai lun c logic 1 trnh phng to t m ng b khung, bit th ba dng cho cnh bo xa khi
mt ng b khung, nm bit S cn li dnh cho quc gia. Khi trm u xa khng thu c t m
ng b khung s t A=1 v truyn v trm gc.
Mi a khung ko di trong 2 ms v cha 16 khung. Cc khung c nh s th t t F0
n F15, trong 8 khung mang ch s chn v 8 khung cn li mang ch s l.
Khe thi gian TS16 ca khung F0 truyn t m ng b a khung vo v tr cc bit th nht
n bit th t, bit th 6 truyn cnh bo xa khi mt ng b a khung (A=1), cc bit S dnh cho
quc gia, nu khng s dng t S=1.
Cc khe thi gian TS16 ca khung F1 n khung F15 dng truyn bo hiu. Bo hiu
ca mi knh thoi c m ho thnh 4 bit a, b, c, d v ghp vo na khe thi gian TS16. Na
bn tri truyn bo hiu ca cc knh thoi th nht n 15 v na bn phi truyn bo hiu cc
knh thoi th 16 n 30 nh bng 1.1.

F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10F11F12F13F14 F15
T
MF
=125s 16= 2ms
a khung
16 khung
31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
T
F
=125s
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
Cc khung chn
Si 1 A S S S S S
Cc khung l
b1b2b3b4 b5b6 b7b8
Khung F0
0 0 0 0 S A S S
Ch thch:
TS - khe thi gian
CH- knh thoi
TS
CH
Khung
a khung
16 khung

17

Bng 1.1. Ghp tn hiu bo hiu ca 30 knh thoi

b1b2b3b4 b5b6b7b8
a b c d a b c d
Khung 1
Khung 2
Khung 3
Khung 4
Khung 5
Khung 6
Khung 7
Khung 8
Khung 9
Khung 10
Khung 11
Khung 12
Khung 13
Khung 14
Khung 15
Knh 1
Knh 2
Knh 3
Knh 4
Knh 5
Knh 6
Knh 7
Knh 8
Knh 9
Knh 10
Knh 11
Knh 12
Knh 13
Knh 14
Knh 15
Knh 16
Knh 17
Knh 18
Knh 19
Knh 20
Knh 21
Knh 22
Knh 23
Knh 24
Knh 25
Knh 26
Knh 27
Knh 28
Knh 29
Knh 30

Nh vy phi c 16 khe thi gian TS16 trong mt a khung mi truyn bo hiu v
ng b a khung. cng l l do ti sao mi a khung cha 16 khung. Nu cc bt a b c d
khng dng cho bo hiu th t b=1, c=0 v d=1. Ngoi ra cng cn lu cm s dng t hp
0000 truyn bo hiu v n trng vi t m ng b a khung. Phng thc bo hiu trnh
by trn y gi l bo hiu knh kt hp CAS. Ngoi phng thc bo hiu knh kt hp CAS,
trong tng i in t s cn c phng thc bo hiu knh chung CCS, trong bo hiu ca
cc knh thoi c truyn trn mt ng ring. in hnh ca CCS l h thng bo hiu s 7
(CCSS-7).
Trong trng hp PCM-30 c s dng truyn s liu th bit Si trong khe thi gian TS0
l bit kim tra d vng CRC (xem bng 1.2).

Khe thi gian
TS16

18
Bng 1.2. Chc nng cc bit trong TS0 ca mt a khung
Bit 1 n bit 8 ca TS0
Th t khung
Si 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 C1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 A S S S S S
2 C2 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
3 0 1 A S S S S S
4 C3 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
5 1 1 A S S S S S
6 C4 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
7 0 1 A S S S S S
8 C1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
9 1 1 A S S S S S
10 C2 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
11 1 1 A S S S S S
12 C3 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
13 E 1 A S S S S S
14 C4 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
15 E 1 A S S S S S

Bng 1.2. tm tt chc nng cc bit ca khe thi gian TS0 trong mi a khung 16 khung.
Cng c th xem a khung gm 2 a khung con; a khung con th nht gm khung 0 n khung 7
v a khung con th hai gm khung 8 n khung 15. Bit Si trong cc khung chn ca mi a
khung con l cc bit kim tra d chu trnh C1 C2 C3 C4 (CRC-4). Bit Si trong cc khung l ca
a khung to thnh t m ng b a khung CRC-4, bt E trong khung 13 ch th li bit ca CRC-
4 ca a con th nht v bit E trong khung 15 ch th li bit ca CRC-4 ca a khung con th hai.
Phn cp s cn ng b PDH
Sau khi gii thiu v phng php ghp knh c s PCM-30, phn ny s trnh by v cc
h thng ghp knh bc cao. Ghp knh bc cao l ghp nhiu lung s c tc thp to
thnh mt lung s c tc cao hn. Thit b thc hin nhim v ni trn c gi l my ghp
knh bc cao.
PDH l mt trong nhng h thng ghp knh s bc cao thng dng. Trong mng thng tin
PDH khng s dng ng b tp trung, ngha l tt c cc phn t trong mng khng b khng ch
bi mt ng h ch. Mi thit b ghp knh hoc tng i trong mng ny c mt ng h ring.
Chnh v vy m cc lung s do chng to ra c s chnh lch v tc bit.
Chng hn tng i th nht a ra lung s (2048 kbit/s + 510-5); trong khi mt tng
i khc li a ra lung s (2048 kbit/s - 510-5). Mun ghp cc lung s c tc bit khc
nhau ny thnh mt lung s c tc cao hn th phi hiu chnh cho tc bit ca chng bng

19
tc bit ca ng h b ghp nh chn bit. Sau khi chn bit th cc lung s u vo b ghp
xem nh ng b v tc bit, nhng pha ca chng khng ng b vi nhau. Kiu ghp nh
vy c gi l ghp cn ng b (hnh 1.17).

Hnh 1.17: Nguyn tc ghp cn ng b

V tiu chun tc bit PDH, hin nay trn th gii c 3 tiu chun: Chu u, Bc M v
Nht Bn. Sau y l c im chnh ca cc tiu chun ny.
Tiu chun Chu u
Chu u da trn tc bit c s 2048 kbit/s ghp xen bit thnh cc tc bit cao hn
v gm c 4 mc. S hnh thnh cc mc theo tiu chun Chu u nh hnh 1.18a.
Mc 1 (DS1): Ghp 30 knh thoi thnh lung 2048 kbit/s. Cc lung s c s ny c
cung cp t thit b ghp knh PCM-30 hoc t tng i in t s.
Mc 2 (DS2): Ghp 4 lung s c s thnh lung s mc 2 l 8448 kbit/s, gm 120 knh thoi.
Mc 3 (DS3): Ghp 4 lung s mc 2 thnh lung s mc 3 l 34368 kbit/s, gm 480 knh
thoi.
Mc 4 (DS4): Ghp 4 lung s mc 3 thnh lung mc s 4 l 139268 kbit/s, gm 1920
knh thoi.
knh thoi.
Tiu chun Bc M
Bc M s dng lung s c s 1544 kbit/s t thit b PCM-24 hoc t tng i in t s
ghp xen bit thnh cc lung s c tc bit cao hn v gm c 4 mc. S hnh thnh cc
mc theo tiu chun Bc M nh hnh 1.18b.
Mc 1 (DS1): Ghp 24 knh thoi thnh lung 1544 kbit/s.
Mc 2 (DS2): Ghp 4 lung s mc 1 thnh lung s mc 2 l 6312 kbit/s, gm 96 knh thoi.
Chn
Bit
Chn
Bit
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 J
J- Cc bit chn
B to xung ng h
B chuyn
mch
Tn hiu ra
B ghp
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5
Cc bit d
liu u vo
Lung s 2Mbit/s c
tc bit nh mc
Lung s 2Mbit/s c tc
bit thp hn nh mc

20
thoi.
knh thoi.
Tiu chun ca Nht Bn
Hai mc u tien theo tiu chun Nht Bn hon ton ging tiu chun Bc M v gm c
tt c l 5 mc nh hnh 1.18b.
Mc 1 (DS1): Ghp 24 knh thoi thnh lung 1544 kbit/s.
Mc 2 (DS2): Ghp 4 lung s mc 1 thnh lung s mc 2 l 6312 kbit/s, gm 96 knh thoi.
thoi.
knh thoi.
knh thoi.
ITU-T cng nhn 4 mc u tin theo tiu chun Chu u v 3 mc u tin theo tiu
chun Bc M l cc mc truyn dn PDH quc t.

Hnh 1.18: Qui nh cc mc truyn dn PDH

2048
kbit/s
8448
kbit/s
4
34368
kbit/s
4
139264
kbit/s
4
564992
kbit/s
4
ITU-T
Tiu chun
Chu u
(a)
1544
kbit/s
4
6312
kbit/s
44736
kbit/s
274176
kbit/s
6
7
32064
kbit/s
97728
kbit/s
400352
kbit/s
5
4 3
Tiu chun
Nht
Tiu chun
Bc M
(b)
ITU-T

21
Phng php ghp
C ba phng php ghp cc lung s l:
- Ghp xen bit
- Ghp xen byte
- Ghp xen chu trnh
Nhng trong PDH ch s dng k thut ghp xen bit. Sau y s trnh by phng php
ghp ny.
Hnh 1.19 m t qu trnh ghp xen bit bn lung s DS1 thnh lung s DS2.
Th t ghp nh sau:
Trc tin ghp xung ng b (XB), tip theo ghp bit th nht ca lung s DS1 th
nht, bit th nht ca lung s DS1 th hai, bit th nht ca lung s DS1 th ba, bit th nht ca
lung s DS1 th t. Sau ghp bit th hai cng theo trnh t trn. C ghp nh vy cho ht mt
chu trnh 125s. n chu trnh sau trc ht phi ghp xung ng b v sau phi ghp tng bit
theo th t trn.
Trong 125s phi ghp ht s bit trong chu trnh c 4 lung vo. Nh vy th tc
lung s u ra DS2 mi tng t nht gp 4 ln tc mt lung s u vo DS1.
Hnh 1.19: Ghp xen bit bn lung s DS1 thnh lung s DS2
Khi ghp cc lung s PDH c tc bit thp thnh lung s c tc bit cao hn th cc thit
b ghp thng hot ng theo kiu cn ng b. V cc lung s u vo b ghp c tc bit

T
t
DS-1#1

t
DS-1#2

t
DS-1#3

t
DS-1#4

t
XB

T
t
DS-2


22
tc thi c th khc nhau vi tc bit danh nh cht t, nn ghp cc lung s u vo ny
thnh lung s u ra c lin quan n qu trnh chn. Qu trnh ny hot ng nh sau:
Khi thc hin ghp cc bit ca cc lung nhnh, trc ht cc bt ny c ghi ln lt vo
nh trong cc b nh tng ng ca cc lung nhnh (di s iu khin ca ng h tch t
dy xung vo, cn gi l ng h ghi). Sau cc bt ny c ly ra (di s iu khin ca
ng h c ly t b to xung ca b ghp knh MUX) v a vo b MUX thc hin ghp
xen bt. C dy bit c v y bit ghi u c a vo b so snh pha. Khi hai dy bit lch pha
vi nhau t gi tr ngng t trc th xy ra qu trnh chn. Nhn c thng bo chn th khi
iu khin chn s pht tn hiu iu khin chn, khi khi MUX s tin hnh chn bit vo v tr
qui nh trong khung.
Trong trng hp mt lung s u vo b nh c tc bit tc thi chm hn tc bt
ng h c ca MUX s xut hin nh k mt s im b trng trong tn hiu u ra b nh
m v gy ra li bit ti pha thu. Mun trnh li bit bt buc phi chn thm cc bit mang thng
tin gi vo cc im b trng v truyn thng bo ti pha thu xo cc bit cc bt chn ny, nh
vy gi l chn dng.
Ngc li, nu tc tc thi ca lung s u vo b nh nhanh hn tc bit ng h
c ca b MUX s xut hin nh k cc thi im m ti hai bit d liu c c bi mt bit
ca ng h oc, gy ra li bit ti u ra b nh. Do , phi tch bit d liu c c sau
ghp vo v tr qui nh trong khung v c thng bo gi ti pha thu pha thu khng xo bit
d liu ny. y chnh l chn m.
Chn c xem nh qu trnh lm thay i tc xung ca tn hiu s mc iu khin
cho ph hp vi tc xung khc vi tc xung vn c ca n m khng lm mt thng tin.
Phn cp s ng b SDH
Cc c im chnh
Nh trnh by trong phn trn, hin nay trn th gii tn ti 3 phn cp s cn ng b
PDH (Chu u, Bc M v Nht Bn). Song cc phn cp s cn ng b ny khng c giao din
tiu chun ho quc t nn khng p ng c nhu cu pht trin cc dch v vin thng trong
giai on hin ti v tng lai. Ngoi ra qu trnh tch/ghp cc lung s trong h thng truyn
dn cn ng b rt phc tp, yu cu thit b cng knh lm gim cht lng truyn dn v kh
nng gim st, qun l mng cn km.
H thng truyn dn ng b SDH c xem l giai on pht trin tip theo ca phn cp
truyn dn cn ng b. SDH to ra mt cuc cch mng trong vic truyn cc dch v vin
thng, th hin mt k thut tin tin c th p ng rng ri cc yu cu ca thu bao, nh khai
thc cng nh cc nh sn xut, tho mn cc yu cu t ra cho ngnh Vin thng trong thi i
mi.
Trong tng lai, h thng truyn dn ng b s ngy cng c pht trin nh cc u im
vt tri so vi h thng truyn dn cn ng b, c bit SDH c kh nng kt hp vi PDH
trong mng li hin hnh, cho php thc hin vic hin i ho mng li theo tng giai on
pht trin.
Cc tiu chun ca SDH bt u hnh thnh t nm 1985 ti M. Khi u l n lc to
ra mt mng giao tip quang c th hot ng vi tt c cc h thng truyn dn khc nhau ca

23
cc sn phm khc nhau (theo tiu chun Chu u hoc Bc M). Dn dn sau cc tiu chun
ny c s dng rng ri c th x l cho mng hin ti v cho c cc loi tn hiu trong
tng lai, cng nh cho c phng din khai thc v bo dng.
Trong hon cnh , thng 2 nm 1985 cng ty BELLCORE l cng ty con ca cng ty
BELL ti M ngh mt phn cp truyn dn mi nhm mc ch khc phc cc nhc im
ca h thng cn ng b. Phn cp mi ny c tn l mng quang ng b (SONET). SONET
da trn nguyn l ghp knh ng b, trong cp quang c s dng lm mi trng truyn
dn. V sau cc tiu chun v giao din thit b cng c nghin cu, kt ni cc loi thit b
khc nhau c tiu chun khc nhau m khng gy tr ngi khi p dng phn cp ng b SDH
vo mng li hin ti. p ng yu cu cn phi lu n qu trnh t chc cc tn hiu
bo dng, gim st, chuyn mch bo v t ng v c vn qun l mng li ca cc loi
thit b khc nhau .
ngh ca hng BELLCORE c Vin cc tiu chun quc gia Hoa K ANSI nghin
cu v n nm 1988 ph chun SONET l tiu chun ca Hoa K. Cc tiu chun ca
SONET c hnh thnh theo hai giai on. Giai on mt qui nh cc tiu chun v cc tc
bit truyn dn (bng 1.3), khun dng tn hiu, cc thng s giao din quang v th t sp xp ti
trng trong khung tn hiu. Giai on mt hon thnh vo nm 1988. Giai on hai ca
SONET qui nh cc giao thc s dng cc knh nghip v vo vic iu hnh, qun l, bo
dng, gim st v c hon thnh nm 1991. ng thi SONET cng gy c s ch v
cng c nghin cu, pht trin ti Chu u.
Bng 1.3. Tc bit ca SONET
Cc mc tn hiu
quang (OC)
Cc mc tn hiu
ng b (STS)
Tc bit
(Mbit/s)
OC-1 STS-1 51,84
OC-3 STS-3 155,52
OC-9 STS-9 466,56
OC-12 STS-12 622,08
OC-18 STS-18 933,12
OC-24 STS-24 1244,16
OC-36 STS-36 1866,24
OC-48 STS-48 2488,32

Thng 11 nm 1988, trn c s tiu chun ca SONET v xt n cc tiu chun khc
Chu u, Bc M v Nht Bn, ITU-T a ra tiu chun quc t v cng ngh truyn dn theo
phn cp s ng b SDH dng cho truyn dn cp quang v vi ba. Cc tiu chun ca SDH
c ITU-T ban hnh trong cc khuyn ngh sau y:
G.702 - S lng mc trong phn cp s ng b
G.707 - Cc tc bit ca SDH
G.708 - Giao din nt mng SDH

24
G.709 - Cu trc ghp ng b
G.773 - Giao thc ph hp vi giao din Q (Qun l h thng truyn dn)
G.774 - M hnh thng tin qun l SDH
G.782 - Cc kiu v cc c tnh ch yu ca thit b ghp SDH
G.784 - Qun l SDH
G.803 - Cu trc mng truyn dn SDH
G.825 - iu khin rung pha v tri pha trong mng thng tin SDH
G.957 - Cc giao din quang ca cc thit b v h thng lin quan n SDH
G.958 - H thng truyn dn SDH s dng cho cp si quang
M.30 - Cc nguyn tc qun l mng vin thng
M.3010- Nguyn l hot ng ca TMN
Hin nay cc khuyn ngh G.707, G.708 v G.709 kt hp li thnh khuyn ngh G.70x.
V tc bit ca SDH bao gm nh sau:
STM-1 = 155,52 Mbit/s
STM-4 = 4 STM-1 = 622,08 Mbit/s
STM-8 = 8 STM-1 = 1244,16 Mbit/s
STM-12 = 12 STM-1= 1866,24 Mbit/s
STM-16 = 16 STM-1= 2488,32 Mbit/s
STM-64 = 64 STM-1= 9953,28 Mbit/s
Cc tc bit STM-1, STM-4 v STM-16 trng vi cc tc bit STS-3, STS-12 v STS-
48 ca SONET.
So vi PDH th SDH c cc u im c bn sau y:
Giao din ng b thng nht. Nh giao din ng b thng nht nn vic ghp v tch
cc lung nhnh t tn hiu STM-N n gin v d dng. ng thi trn mng SDH c
th s dng cc chng loi thit b ca nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau.
Ghp c cc loi tn hiu khc nhau mt cch linh hot. Khng nhng tn hiu thoi
m c tn hiu khc nh ATM, B-ISDN v.v. u c th ghp vo trong khung SDH
Dung lng cc byte dnh cho qun l, gim st v bo dng ln. Lm cho mng hot
ng linh hot, tin cy cao v gim c chi ph rt ln cho vic qun l.
Mng c kh nng p ng c tng lai, c ngha l cung cp cho nh khai thc mt
gii php p ng c tng lai, cng vi kh nng cp nht phn mm v m rng
c dung lng ca cc thit b hin c. C th thay th h thng SDH tng phn vo
trong mng theo nhu cu ca dch v mi.
B ghp SDH

25
B ghp SDH theo khuyn ngh G.709 ca ITU-T c cu trc nh trn hnh 1.20.

Hnh 1.20: Cu trc b ghp SDH ca ITU-T
Chc nng cc khi
C-n (n=1,...,4) : Container mc n
Container l mt khi thng tin cha cc byte ti trng do lung nhnh PDH cung cp trong
thi hn 125s cng vi cc byte n (khng mang thng tin).
VC-n : Container o mc n
Container o mc n l mt khi thng tin gm phn ti trng do cc nhm khi nhnh
(TUG) hoc Container mc n (C-n) tng ng cung cp v phn mo u tuyn (POH). POH
c s dng xc nh v tr bt u ca VC-n, nh tuyn, qun l v gim st lung nhnh.
Trong trng hp sp xp khng ng b cc lung nhnh vo VC-n th phi tin hnh chn bit.
C hai loi VC-n l VC-n mc thp (n= 1; 2) v VC-n mc cao (n = 3; 4).
TU-n : Nhm khi nhnh mc n
Nhm khi nhnh mc n l mt khi thng tin bao gm mt Container o cng mc v mt
con tr khi nhnh (TU-PTR) ch th khong cch t con tr khi nhnh n v tr bt u ca
VC-3 hoc VC-n mc thp.
TUG-n (n = 2; 3) : nhm cc khi nhnh mc n
Nhm cc khi nhnh mc n c hnh thnh t cc khi nhnh (TU-n) hoc t nhm cc
khi nhnh (TUG) mc thp hn. TUG-n to ra s tng hp gia cc Container o (VC) mc
thp v Container o (VC) mc cao hn.
AU-n : khi qun l mc n
STM-N AUG
N
1
AU-4 VC-4
TUG-3
TU-3 VC-3
C-3
C-4
VC-3
TUG-2
TU-2 VC-2 C-2
AU-3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12
TU-11 VC-11 C-11
3
7
7
3
3
4
139264 kbit/s
44736 kbit/s
34368 kbit/s
6312 kbit/s
2048 kbit/s
1544 kbit/s

X l con tr
Ghp knh
ng chnh
Sp xp
Ghi ch:

26
Khi qun l mc n (AU-n) l mt khi thng tin bao gm mt Container o mc n (VC-n)
cng mc v mt con tr khi qun l (AU-PTR) ch th khong cch t con tr khi qun l
n v tr bt u ca Container o (VC) cng mc.
AUG : nhm cc khi qun l
Nhm cc khi qun l (AUG) gm mt AU-4 hoc 3 AU-3.
STM-N (N=1, 4, 16, 64) : module truyn ti ng b mc N
Module truyn ti ng b mc N (STM-N) cung cp cc kt ni lp on trong SDH, bao
gm phn ti trng l N AUG v phn mo u on (SOH) ng b khung, qun l v gim
st cc trm lp v cc trm ghp knh.
S khc nhau ch yu gia SONET v SDH c th thy mt cch r rng ti lung bc cao.
Trong SONET lung bc cao l VC-3, trong khi bc cao ca SDH li da vo VC-4. S khc
nhau ny to iu kin thun li cho truyn dn cc lung PDH ca Chu u v ca Bc M qua
mng SDH. Tuy nhin, qu trnh phi hp hot ng ti bin gii lc a s s dng lp lung bc
cao VC-4. Trong SONET, mt VC-3 c th ghp cc tn hiu STS-1. Nhng ITU-T khng qui
nh tc bit STS-1 l tc bit thp nht ca SDH. ITU-T qui nh ba lp phng tin
truyn dn chung cho c SONET v SDH bt ngun t module truyn dn ng b mc 1 (STM-
1) v hai mc tip theo l STM-4 v STM-16.
Trong SDH, VC-3 c s dng truyn cc tc bit mc 3 l 34368 kbit/s; VC-4 c
s dng ghp 3 VC-3 hoc 63 VC-12. VC-4 c xc nh l lp truyn dn tr gip cho cc
lung ATM trong SONET v SDH. Ngoi ra, SDH tr gip chuyn ti VC-11 trn cc kt ni lp
VC-12 bng gii php tng thch c bit.C hai phng php hnh thnh tn hiu STM-N.
Phng php th nht qua AU-4 v phng php th hai qua AU-3. Phng php th nht c
s dng ti Chu u v cc nc khc trong c Vit Nam. Phng php th hai c s dng
ti Bc M, nht Bn v mt s nc khc. Tn hiu AU-4 c hnh thnh t mt lung nhnh
139264 kbit/s, hoc 3 lung nhnh 34368 kbit/s, hoc 63 lung 2048 kbit/s thc phn cp s PDH
ca Chu u. AU-3 c hnh thnh t mt lung nhnh 44736 kbit/s, hoc 7 lung nhnh 6312
kbit/s, hoc 28 lung 1544 kbit/s. Cng c th s dng 63 lung 1544 kbit/s thay th cho 63 lung
2048 kbit/s ghp thnh tn hiu STM-1 qua TU-12, ..., AU-4.
C th coi qu trnh hnh thnh STM-N bao gm hai bc c lp. Bc th nht hnh
thnh module truyn dn ng b mc 1 (STM-1) t cc lung nhnh PDH. Bc th hai hnh
thnh cc module truyn dn ng b bc cao mc N (STM-N), thc hin bng cch ghp xen
byte cc module truyn dn ng b mc 1 (STM-1) hoc cc module truyn dn ng b mc
thp hn STM-M (M<N).
Phng php ghp knh SDH
Trong h thng SDH tc bit c s thp nht l 155,52 Mbit/s, tng ng vi mc STM-
1. hnh thnh cc module truyn dn ng b bc cao mc hn STM-N, thc hin bng
phng php ghp knh l ghp xen byte cc module truyn dn ng b mc 1 (STM-1).
Qu trnh ghp knh SDH c chia ra lm hai giai on:
Giai on 1: Hnh thnh mc STM-1 t cc lung nhnh PDH
Sp xp cc lung nhnh PDH vo cc khung VC tng ng

27
Ghp cc khung VC vo STM-1
Giai on 2: Hnh thnh mc STM-N t mc STM-1 hoc mc STM thp hn.
Tuy nhin ch xt qu trnh ghp knh SDH c ly t cc lung nhnh PDH theo tiu
chun Chu u.
hiu r qu trnh ghp knh SDH, sau y s trnh by v cu trc khung SDH.
Cu trc khung SDH
Theo khuyn ngh G709, cc khung tn hiu trong SDH c t chc thnh khi thng tin
c 9 dng n ct v c thi hn l 125s.
Cu trc khung VC-3 v VC-4
Cu trc khung VC-3 v VC-4 nh hnh 1.21.

Hnh 1.21: Cu trc khung VC-3 (a) v VC-4 (b)
Khung VC-3 c trc 9 dng 85 ct. Ni mt cch khc l khung c 9 dng mi dng ghp
85 byte, mi byte ghp 8 bit.
Khung VC-4 c trc 9 dng 261 ct, ngha l l khung c 9 dng mi dng ghp 261
byte, mi byte ghp 8 bit.
Cu trc khung VC-3 v VC-4 gm 2 phn chnh:
Phn th nht ghp cc byte POH t dng 1 n dng 9 thuc ct 1 dng cho qun l,
gim st tuyn mc cao. (chc nng v v tr ca cc byte ny s c trnh by trong
mc 2.4.2.5)
Phn th hai l phn ti trng ghp cc lung nhnh PDH. Vi khung VC-3 c
ghp t dng 1 n dng 9 thuc ct 2 n ct 85, i vi khung VC-4 c ghp t
dng 1 n dng 9 thuc ct 2 n ct 261.
Trnh t truyn cc byte trong khung l t tri sang phi v t trn xung di. Trnh t
truyn cc bit trong mt byte l bit c trng s ln nht truyn i trc v bit c trng s b nht
truyn sau cng. Nguyn tc truyn ny p dng cho mi loi khung tn hiu trong SDH.
Cu trc khung v a khung VC-n, TU-n mc thp
Cu trc khung v a khung VC-n, TU-n mc thp nh hnh 1.22.

Vng ti trng

P
O
H
125s
85 ct
9

d
n
g

VC-3 POH
(a)

Vng ti trng

P
O
H
125s
261 ct
9

d
n
g

VC-4 POH
(b)

28

Hnh 1.22: Cu trc khung v a khung VC-n, TU-n mc thp
c im ca cc khung VC-n v TU-n mc thp l s byte rt t so vi VC-n v TU-n mc
cao. V vy phi sp xp thnh a khung c 4 khung s dng mt s byte mo u tuyn v
mt con tr.
Cu trc a khung VC-n nh hnh 2.24a, gm 4 khung VC-n (mi khung VC-11 c 26 dng
v 1 ct, mi khung VC-12 c 35 dng v 1 ct, mi khung VC-2 c 107 dng v 1 ct). Trong
mi khung VC-n ca a khung VC-n gm c 2 phn:
Phn th nht l cc byte POH c ghp vo dng 1, ct 1 dng cho qun l v gim
st tuyn mc thp. Nh vy trong mi a khung VC-n mc thp c 4 byte VC-n POH,
c k hiu l V5, J2, N2 v K4.
Phn th hai l phn cn li trong mi khung VC-n dng sp xp cc lung nhnh
PDH.
Cu trc trc a khung TU-n nh hnh 1.22b, gm 4 khung TU-n. c hnh thnh bng
cch thm con tr TU-n PTR vo trong a khung VC-n ( dng1, ct 1 trong mi khung VC-n).
Nh vy trong mi a khung TU-n c con tr TU-n PTR gm 4 byte; k hiu l V1, V2, V3, V4.
Cu trc khung STM-1
Cu trc khung STM-1 nh hnh 1.23.
Khung STM-1 c 9 dng 270 ct, ngha l, khung c 9 dng mi dng ghp 270 byte,
mi byte ghp 8 bit.
Cu trc gm 3 phn:
Phn th nht dng ghp cc byte RSOH v MSOH. Cc byte RSOH ghp t dng
1 n dng 3 thuc ct 1 n ct 9 dng cho qun l, gim st cc trm lp. Cc byte
V1

V2

V3

V4

TU-n
125s
250s
375s
500s
V5

VC-n
J2

N2

K4

VC-11 VC-12 VC-2
26 35 107
26 35 107
26 35 107
26 35 107
104 140 428
(b) (a)

29
MSOH ghp t dng 5 n dng 9 thuc ct 1 n ct 9 dng cho qun l, gim st cc
trm ghp knh.
Phn th hai dng ghp con tr khi nhnh AU-3 PTR hoc AU-4 PTR t ti dng
4 thuc ct 1 n ct 9 (c 9 byte).
Phn th ba l phn ti trng c 9 dng 261 ct c s dng ghp 1 VC-4 hoc 3
VC-3 hoc 63 VC-12 v.v.

Hnh 1.23: Cu trc khung STM-1
T cu trc ca khung STM-1 tnh c tc bit ca lung STM-1.
V
STM-1
= 9 dng/khung 270 byte/dng 8 bit/byte 8000 khung/s

= 1555210
4
bit/s = 155,52 Mbit/s
Cu trc khung STM-N
Khi ghp xen byte N tn hiu STM-1 to ra tn hiu STM-N th cu trc khung ca STM-
N nh hnh 1.24.

Hnh 1.24: Cu trc khung STM-N

Vng ti trng

AU-n PTR
125s
270 ct
9

d
n
g

RSOH

MSOH
9 261

Vng ti trng

AU-n PTR
125s
270N ct
9

d
n
g

RSOH

MSOH
9N 261N

30
So vi kch thc ca khung STM-1 kch thc ca khung STM-N s tng N ln. Ngha l,
c 9 dng (270 N) ct.
Cu trc khung STM-N cng tng t nh cu trc khung STM-1, gm c 3 phn chnh:
Phn th nht dng ghp cc byte qun l, gim st cc trm lp RSOH v cc trm
ghp knh MSOH.
Phn th hai dng ghp con tr khi nhnh AU-3 PTR hoc AU-4 PTR
Phn th ba l phn ti trng.
1.2. Thng tin quang
Trong nhng nm gn y cng ngh thng tin quang pht trin rt nhanh. Thng tin
quang c trin khai trong c mng ng di (lin tnh v quc t) v mng ni ht.
Trong mng thng tin quang th mi trng truyn dn si quang v cp si quang ng vai
tr ht sc quan trng. c tnh ca si quang v cp si quang nh hng rt ln n cht lng
ca h thng. V vy cn nghin cu k lng v cu to, tnh cht v cc thng s ca si quang
la chn, thit k, xy dng v bo dng tuyn thng tin cp si quang theo cc tiu chun v
yu cu t ra.
Mun hnh thnh mt tuyn thng tin quang, ngoi cp si quang phi c thit b thng tin
quang. Thit b thng tin quang c cc b phn ch yu nh chuyn i m nhnh pht, b
chuyn i m nhnh thu, chuyn tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang, chuyn tn hiu quang thnh
tn hiu in, cc knh nghip v, v.v.
Chuyn tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang ch yu s dng cc ngun quang bng bn dn.
Hin ti c 2 loi ngun quang ch yu, l diode pht x nh sng (LED) v laser diode (LD).
Mi loi ngun quang ny c u im v nhc im ring v c ng dng vo tng tuyn
thng tin quang c th.
Chuyn tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in nh diode tch quang (PD). Trong thc t thng
dng PIN diode hoc APD. Mi loi diode tch quang cng c c tnh ring v s dng thch
hp cho mi tuyn c th.
Ni cch khc, phi la chn ngun quang v diode tch quang khi thit k mt tuyn thng
tin cp si quang no .
1.2.1. M hnh h thng thng tin quang
M hnh h thng thng tin quang nh hnh 1.25.


31
Hnh 1.25: M hnh h thng thng tin quang
Chc nng cc phn t
B ghp Mux: C chc nng chuyn tn hiu thoi analog thnh tn hiu s, chuyn tn
hiu truyn hnh TV v tn hiu Fax thnh tn hiu s, chuyn tn hiu s liu data t dng tn hiu
s u ra thit b truyn s liu thnh tn hiu s tng ng. Cc loi tn hiu ny c ghp thnh
mt lng chung c tc bit cao a vo khi chuyn i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang
(E/O).
Khi E/O: Khi ny chuyn tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang. Mun vy phi dng
ngun quang nh LED hoc laser diode c bc sng thch hp. Nu tn hiu s bm trc tip
vo ngun quang th gi l iu ch cng quang. Nu tn hiu s v tn hiu quang t laser
diode a vo mt b iu ch th gi l iu ch ngoi. iu ch ngoi c th l iu ch cng
, iu ch bin , iu ch tn s hoc iu ch pha. Tn hiu quang u ra khi E/O a vo
si quang truyn i xa.
Trm lp: Trong hnh v l trm lp in. Ti y phi chuyn i tn hiu quang thnh tn
hiu in (ti hng thu), ti to xung, khuch i xung v chuyn i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu
quang (ti pha pht). Nu dng b lp quang th khng cn chuyn i quang - in - quang.
Trm lp s dng trong trng hp hai trm u cui hoc xen/r vt qu c ly cho php. Thng
thng khi s dng laser diode truyn qua si quang n mode th c ly l 60 - 80 km (ph thuc
bc sng).
Khi O/E: Khi ny c chc nng chuyn tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in. Mun vy
dng diode tch quang PIN hoc APD. Dng tch quang chnh l dy tn hiu s c a vo b
khuch i nng cng sut tn hiu thu.
Khi DEMUX: Khi ny tch lung tn hiu s u vo thnh cc knh tiu chun, sau
gii m chuyn thnh tn hiu thoi, tn hiu truyn hnh TV v a n thit b thu bao.
Cp si quang: Trong thng tin quang ch dng mt cp si quang. S si quang trong cp
ph thuc dung lng ca tuyn v phng thc d phng. Mi h thng thng tin quang cn 2
si quang, mt si pht v mt si thu. Trong phng thc d phng 1 + 1 th mi h thng hot
ng (2 si quang) c mt h thng d phng (2 si quang).

MUX

E/O O/E E/O O/E
DE-
MUX

Trm u cui Trm u cui
Trm lp
Telephone
Fax
Data
TV
Telephone
Fax
Data
TV

32
1.2.2. Cc loi cp si quang
Si quang l loi si in mi c ch s chit xut thp. Si c cu trc hnh tr ca vt liu
in mi trong sut, gm li truyn nh sng v bao quanh li l v c ch s chit sut nh
hn ch s chit sut ca li. iu ny nhm to ra iu kin nh sng truyn c trong li.
V cn c tc dng bo v li. Vt liu c bn ch to li v v l Silica (SiO2). Thng dng
Germani dioxide (GeO2) b sung vo Silica lm tng ch s chit xut ca li. Mun lm gim
ch s chit xut ca v phi dng cht b sung l Fluorine. trnh try xc v v tng bn
c hc, si quang thng c bao bc thm mt lp cht do tng hp. Lp v bo v ny s
ngn chn cc tc ng c hc vo si, gia cng thm cho si, bo v si khng b nt do ko
dn hoc xc do c xt b mt; mt khc to iu kin bc si thnh cp sau ny. Lp v bc
ny c gi l lp v bc s cp. Cu trc y ca mt si quang cho vin thng nh hnh
1.26.
Tu thuc tng loi si m c s phn b chit xut khc nhau trong li si. Nu chit xut
phn b u th gi l si chit xut bc, nu phn b theo qui lut tng dn dn gi l si chit
xut gradient. Kch thc ca si ph thuc loi si, loi th nht li c ng knh 2a = 50m
gi l si a mode, loi th hai li c ng knh 2a 10m gi l si n mode. ng knh v
d ca cc loi si u bng 125m.

Hnh 1.26: Cu trc tng th ca si quang s dng trong vin thng
Tng hp c phn b chit xut v kch thc ca li chia thnh ba loi si, l:
Si a mode chit xut bc.
Si a mode chit xut gradient.
Si n mode (chit xut bc).
Ngoi ra, khi phn loi theo cu trc vt liu si quang c chia thnh cc loi sau:
Si thu tinh (loi si thng thng)
Si li thu tinh v cht do.
Si thu tinh nhiu thnh phn
Si cht do
Li V Lp v bc s cp

33
Sau y s nghin cu chc nng cc thnh phn ca si thng thng.
Li si ng vai tr ht sc quan trng, l mi trng truyn dn nh sng. ng
knh li ln hay b v tr s cng nh phn b chit xut ca li nh hng trc tip n cht
lng tn hiu thu. ng knh li ln (50 m) truyn nhiu mode (nhiu tia) nn gi l si a
mode. Ngc li, nu ng knh li b ( 10 m) th truyn ch mt mode (mt tia) nn gi l
si n mode.
Tr s ca chit xut li (n
1
) phi ln hn tr s chit xut v (n
2
) to ra phn x ton
phn ti tip gip li - v. iu ny c th hin trong hnh 1.27.
Gi thit nh sng truyn t mi trng c chit xut ln sang mi trng c chit xut
b. Trong hnh 1.27a tia ti hp vi php tuyn mt gc b hn gc ti hn, ngha l 0 < <
c

nn c tia khc x v gc khc x 0 <
,
< / 2. Theo qui tc Snell vit c:
n
1
sin = n
2
sin
,
(1.1)
Khi gc ti tng cho n khi tia khc x trng vi tip gip gia hai mi trng th gc ti
=
c
gi l gc ti hn v gc khc x
,
= / 2 (hnh 1.27b). V vy:
sin
c
= n
2
/ n
1
(1.2)
Khi
r
>
c
s xy ra phn x ton phn (hnh 1.27c).

Hnh 1.27: Khc x v phn x ton phn ti tip gip li v v
ca si a mode chit xut bc
Nh vy, iu kin xy ra phn x ton phn l:
Cc tia sng phi truyn t mi trng c chit sut ln sang mi trng c chit sut
nh hn.
Gc ti ca tia sng phi ln hn gc ti hn.
Cc nh lut phn x v khc x nh sng l nguyn l c bn p dng cho vic truyn tn
hiu nh sng trong si quang. si quang, cc tn hiu nh sng c truyn da vo hin tng
phn x ton phn.
1.2.2.1. Truyn nh sng trong si quang a mode
Si quang a mode chit xut bc

r
A
A
B
B
C C

n
1
n
2
n
1
>n
2
(a)

(b) (c)

34
Mt ct ch s chit xut:
Loi si ny gi l si quang a mode chit xut bc. Si c c trng bi vng li ng
nht c chit xut l hng s n1 v xung quanh n l v c chit xut l n2 < n1. Mt ct dc ca
si v mt ct chit xut ca n c th hin tng ng trong cc hnh 1.28a v 1.28b. V mt
ct chit xut c hnh bc thang nn gi l chit xut bc. Li si c ng knh 2a=50m, v si
c ng knh d=125m.
Hnh 1.28: Si a mode chit xut bc
Khu s:
hiu r khu s (NA - Numerical Aperture) ca si, xem xt mt mt ct dc qua trc
si quang chit xut bc nh hnh 1.29.

Hnh 1.29: Mt ct dc si chit xut bc
T ngun quang c 3 tia sng truyn n si quang. Ti u si cc tia sng i vo li si
t mi trng c chit xut n
a
=1. Mun tia sng truyn trong li si th gc ti ti tip gip li v
v phi ln hn gc ti hn
c
. Mun vy th tia khc x ti u si phi nghing vi trc si mt
gc
m
= / 2 -
m
b hn
c
= / 2 -
c
v gc ti ca tia t ngun quang i vo li si
m
phi b
hn
c
. xc nh
c
v
c
cn p dng qui tc Snell:
i vi cc tia khc x ti tip gip li - khng kh vit c:
sin
m
= n
1
sin
m
= n
1
cos
m

Cc tia khc x ny truyn c trong li si nu tho mn iu kin phn x ton phn
ti tip gip li - v, ngha l:
sin
m
= sin
c
= n
1
sin
c
= n
1
cos
c

sin
c
= n
2
/ n
1

r
n
a
2
d
n
1
n
2
2
d
a
(a)
(b)

m
n
2
n
1
n
a
=1
n
1
>n
2

n
a
A

B C
C
A

B

m
l
l/ cos
m

35
cos
c
= (n
1
2
- n
2
2
)
1/ 2
/ n
1

V vy: sin
c
= (n
1
2
- n
2
2
)
1/ 2

Cc tia t ngun quang i vo li si c gc ti ln hn
c
khng truyn c trong li
si. Gi tr
c
cng ln th cng sut nh sng ca cc tia truyn c trong li si cng ln.
c
l
gc n nh sng, sin
c
c gi l khu s ca si quang, k hiu l NA.
NA = sin
c
= (n
1
2
- n
2
2
)
1/ 2
= n
1
(2)
1/ 2
(1.3)
trong : = (n
1
2
- n
2
2
)/ 2n
1
2
(n
1
- n
2
)/ n
1
l lch tng i ch s chit xut li v v.
Mt tham s khc c lin quan n NA, l tn s chun ho V c xc nh theo
(1.4).
( ) NA
a 2
V
= =
2
2
2
1
n n
a 2

(1.4)
Trong : a l bn knh li si quang, l bc sng ca nh sng.
V khu s c lin quan ti gc vo ln nht, cho nn n th hin s tip nhn nh sng
v kh nng tp trung cc tia sng ca si. Ngoi ra, qua khu s cho php tnh c hiu qu
ca qu trnh ghp ngun pht vo si quang.
Qu o truyn lan ca cc tia sng
Hnh 1.28a th hin qu o truyn lan cc tia sng trong li si. Do cu trc ca si nh
trn nn s truyn lan nh sng c m t nh phn x ton phn bn trong lm cho cc tia sng
khi truyn trong li c dng l nhng on thng gp khc. Mi tia l mt mode sng, nh vy
trong si a mode chit xsut bc truyn c s lng ln cc tia. S lng mode truyn trong
li si c xc nh theo biu thc
N
2
V
2
(1.5)
Trong : V l tn s chun ho c xc nh bi (1.4).
Si quang a mode chit xut Gradient
Mt ct chit sut
Khc vi si a mode chit xut bc, si a mode chit xut Gradient c mt ct chit xut
nh hnh 1.30b.
Trong si quang chit xut Gradient, chit sut ca li khng ng u nh si a mode
chit xut bc, m n gim dn t tm li ra ranh gii phn cch li - v theo chiu tng ca ca
bn knh r. Cn chit xut v l mt hng s. Phn b chit xut ca si quang a mode chit xut
Gradient nh biu thc (1.6).

2 / 1
2
1
a
r
2 1 n
Khi 0 r a
n
2
Khi a < r d/2
Trong r l bn knh ca si quang; a l bn knh li si; n1 l chit sut ti trc li si;
n2 l chit xut ca v; c gii thch ti biu thc (1.3).
n(r) = (1.6)

36
Hnh 1.30: Si a mode chit sut Gradient
Khu s:
So vi si chit sut bc th vic xt khu s ca si chit xut gradient c phc tp
hn. si Gradient, khu s NA ph thuc vo v tr mt ct ngang u li si. Ni mt cch
khc, v chit sut ca si a mode Gradient ph thuc vo bn knh r ca si, do vy gc n nh
sng
max
v khu s NA cng l hm ca bn knh. Xt v quang hnh hc th nh sng ti li
si ti v tr r s lan truyn c trong li ch khi n trong khu s cc b NA(r) ti im .
Khu s cc b NA(r) c xc nh nh biu thc (1.7).
( ) [ ]
2 / 1
2
2
2
n r n ( )
2
a
r
1 0 NA

Khi 0 r a
0 Khi a < r d/2
Vi NA(0) l khu s ti trc si v c xc nh nh biu thc (1.8).
NA(0) = ( ) [ ]
2 / 1
2
2
2
n 0 n (1.8)
T biu thc (1.7) cho thy NA ca si Gradient gim t gi tr NA(0) (v ti li c r = 0)
ti khng (v ti tip gip li - v r = a). Nh vy, cc tia sng i n li si quang gn tip gip
li - v si quang phi song song vi tip gip ny th mi truyn c vo li.
Qu o truyn lan ca cc tia sng
Qu o cc tia sng truyn trong li si a mode Gradient nh hnh 1.30b. V ch s chit
sut ca li si l ng cong Parabole nn cc tia sng i hng lin tc v to thnh ng
cong hnh sin v ct nhau ti cc im cch u trn trc si.
u im ni bt ca si a mode Gradient l rng bng tn ln hn si a mode ch s
bc v tc truyn ca cc mode khc nhau trong li si hu nh c cn bng nh cu to
mt ct ch s chit sut thch hp.
S lng mode truyn trong li si c xc nh theo biu thc (1.9).
N
4
V
2
(1.9)
Trong : V l tn s chun ho c xc nh nh biu thc (1.4).
NA(r) = (1.7)

r
n
a
2
d
n
1
n
2
2
d
a
(a) (b)

37
1.2.2.2. Truyn nh sng trong si quang n mode
Trong si a mode chit xut bc tn sc mode c nh hng ln nht v lm hn ch kh
nng truyn tn hiu. loi tr hon ton tn sc ny cn ch to si sao cho trong li ch truyn
mt mode c bn nh hnh 1.31.
Hnh 1.31: Si n mode chit sut bc
iu kin truyn mt mode c bn trong si n mode l tn s chun ho V phi tho
mn biu thc (1.10).
405 , 2 n n
a 2
V
2
2
2
1

= (1.10)
u im ca si n mode l bng tn ln hn so vi si a mode do khng c tn sc
mode. Nhn t ch yu lm hn ch bng tn ca si n mode l tn sc sc th. Ngoi ra si
n mode cn c cc u im khc nh: Suy hao thp, dung lng ln nn p ng c nhu cu
truyn tn hiu bng rng trong tng lai.
T biu thc (1.10) nu a, n
1
v n
2
c chn th s lng mode N ph thuc vo bc
sng . Nu bc sng t c t gi tr no tr ln th trong li si ch truyn mt mode,
ngc li nu bc sng nh sng b hn gi tr gii hn th trong li si truyn nhiu mode.
Bc sng ti thiu m bo cho si quang hot ng n mode gi l bc sng ct (
c
). Khi
nim v bc sng ct l rt quan trng i vi cc si n mode bi v n xc nh vng hot
ng n mode ca si. Bc sng ct c xc nh theo biu thc (1.11).
2
2
2
1 c
n n
405 , 2
a 2

= (1.11)
Nu si c ng knh li 2a = 9m, NA= (n
1
2
- n
2
2
)
1/2
= 0,11 th bc sng ct s l:

c
= 3,14 9m 0,11/ 2,045 = 1293 nm
Mun t c tn s ct nh biu thc (1.12) th phi tng di bc sng cng tc ca
ngun quang hoc gim ng knh li si hoc gim hiu s chit xut gia li v v (). Tuy
nhin nu gim thp hn gii hn cho php th si rt nhy cm vi suy hao do un cong.
T biu thc (1.10) cng xc nh c ng knh ca li si:

( )
2 / 1
2
2
2
1
n n
405 , 2
a 2

r
n
a
2
d

n
1
n
2
2
d
(b) (a)

38
Mc d ng knh li gim b hn 10 m nhng ng knh v vn phi m bo
125m bo v li si t cc tc ng c hc v gim nhy cm i vi suy hao do un cong.
Cc ch tiu k thut ca si n mode tiu chun nh bng 1.4.
Bng 1.4. Cc ch tiu k thut ca si n mode tiu chun
Cc tham s n v Gi tr danh nh Sai s
ng knh trng mode m 910 10%
ng knh v m 125 3
lch tm gia li v v m 1
mo ca v % <2
Bc sng ct ca si nm 1100<
C
<1280
Suy hao do un cong (qun 100 vng quanh ng si
c bn knh 37,5mm ti 1550nm)
dB <1
Suy hao ti 1300nm dB/km <1
Suy hao ti 1550nm dB/km <0,5
Bc sng tn sc zero nm 1295<
0
< 1322
Gi tr tn sc ti
0
ps/(nm.km) 0,095
Tr s tn sc
Vng =12851330nm
Vng =12701340nm
Vng =15251575nm

ps/(nm.km)
ps/(nm.km)
ps/(nm.km)

3,5
6,0
20
1.2.2.3. Cc tham s truyn dn ca si quang
Cc tham s truyn dn ca si quang gm suy hao, tn sc, rng bng tn, khu s
v bc sng ct. y l nhng yu t rt quan trng, chng tc ng vo ton b qu trnh thng
tin, nh c v khong cch v tc ca tuyn truyn dn cng nh xc nh cu hnh ca h
thng thng tin quang. Nhng tham s ny c xem xt chi tit sau y.
1) Suy hao ca si quang
Suy hao trong si quang l mt trong nhng thng s quan trng khi xc nh khong lp
cc i v c biu th bng dB/km. Suy hao do cc yu t bn trong v bn ngoi gy ra.
Suy hao ca si c xc nh bng t s gia cng sut quang u ra P
out
ca si quang
di L (km) vi cng sut quang u vo P
in
. T s cng sut ny l hm ca bc sng, nu gi
l h s suy hao th n c xc nh theo biu thc (1.12).

=
out
in
P
P
log
L
10
[dB/km] (1.12)
Trong qu trnh truyn tn hiu nh sng, bn thn si quang c suy hao v lm cho tn hiu
yu i khi qua mt c li lan truyn no . Suy hao do cc yu t bn trong si quang bao gm:
Suy hao do hp th
Suy hao do tn x

39
Trong cc suy hao trn y, suy hao do hp th c lin quan ti vt liu si bao gm hp
th do tp cht, hp th vt liu v hp th vng hng ngoi v vng cc tm. Suy hao do tn x
c lin quan ti c vt liu si v tnh khng hon ho v cu trc ca si.
Nguyn nhn bn ngoi gy ra suy hao c th l do ghp ni, lp t v mi trng gy ra.
Trn mt tuyn thng tin quang, cc suy hao ghp ni gia ngun pht quang vi si quang, gia si
quang vi si quang v gia si quang vi u thu quang cng c coi l suy hao trn tuyn truyn
dn. Bn cnh , suy hao cn do vi un cong (vi bn knh un cong rt nh) v un cong qu gii
hn cho php. Un cong l khng th trnh khi trong iu kin hot ng hin ti cho c bn trong
cp v ti cc hp cha mi hn. Vi un cong ch yu hoc do lc p vo b mt g gh ca v si
hoc do on si bn trong cp. Ngoi ra s thay i nhit cng gy ra vi un cong. gim suy
hao vi un cong ti mc nh nht l bc mt lp v c kh nng chu nn cho si. Khi c lc bn
ngoi tc ng vo th v ny s b bin dng trc nhng si vn nh hng tng i thng.
Khi si b cong qu mc th nh sng khng phn x ti tip gip li - v, m truyn vo
v v gy ra suy hao. V l thuyt suy hao cng sut quang ti on si a mode b cong t l vi
exp(R/ R
c
), trong R l bn knh cong, R
c
a/ (NA)
2
= a/ 2n
1
2
l bn knh cong ti hn, a l
bn knh li si. Ti on cong c bn knh R
c
suy hao l ng k, nhng suy hao dng hm m s
gim rt nhanh khi cong gim. Trong si n mode suy hao un cong ph thuc vo phm vi
m in t trng thm nhp vo v, v v vy ph thuc vo mt ct h s chit xut v bc
sng. Suy hao do un cong chnh l trng m rng vo v v suy bin theo hm m theo khong
cch bc x. Mt phng pha vung gc vi trc si. Tc pha ca mode dn bt k l thp hn
tc pha ca cc sng phng trong v (c/n
2
). Nhng bn ngoi on cong tc pha tng theo
khong cch bc x v t c c/n
2
.
Trong si n mode si b un cong s nh hng n c tnh c hc nhiu hn nh
hng n suy hao. Nu si b un cong thi qu th mt si pha ngoi b dn thm 0,2% v si
b nt, cn mt si pha trong s b nn v gy. Mun ngn nga phi t si trong cp.
2) Tn sc ca si quang
Hin tng tn sc lm ni rng xung nh sng theo thi gian v mo xung nh sng
truyn dc theo si. Tn sc lm hn ch kh nng truyn tn hiu ca si hoc ni ng hn l
hn ch bng tn cng tc v c ly truyn dn ca si.
C cc loi tn sc ch yu sau y: Tn sc Mode, tn sc vt liu v tn sc ng dn
sng. Tu loi si m tn sc no trong s cc tn sc ny vt tri.
Tn sc mode ch ph thuc vo kch thc ca li si, n tn ti trong cc si a mode.
Cc si n mode gn nh khng c tn sc mode m ch tn ti tn sc vt liu v tn sc ng
dn sng (tng hai loi tn sc ny gi l tn sc sc th).
Tn sc mode cn gi l tn sc gia cc mode. Nguyn nhn l trong si a mode c s
khc nhau v tc nhm gia cc mode v do cc mode xut pht t u si ti cng mt
thi im nhng n cui si khng ng thi. lch thi gian gia mode nhanh nht v mode
chm nht c trng cho tn sc mode.
Tn sc sc th (hay tn sc tng) gm c hai thnh phn, l: Tn sc vt liu v tn
sc ng dn sng nh ni trn y. Tn sc vt liu l do chit xut ca vt liu ph thuc vo
bc sng. Tn sc ng dn sng l do s ph thuc khng tuyn tnh ca hng s truyn lan
vo tn s (bc sng) trong ng dn quang.

40
3) rng bng tn cng tc ca si
Hin nay trn mt s tuyn thng tin quang cn s dng si a mode chit xut gradient.
rng bng tn ca loi si ny b hn ch ch yu do tn sc mode hoc tn sc vt liu tu
thuc vo bc sng ca ngun quang. Khi ngun quang l LED c c tnh ph rng v hot
ng ti = 850 nm th tn sc vt liu ng vai tr ch yu. Ngc li, nu s dng laser diode
c c tnh ph hp hn v hot ng ti = 1300 nm th tn sc mode li ng vai tr ch yu.
rng bng tn cng tc ca si n mode ph thuc ch yu vo tn sc tng.
4) Khu s
Khi nim khu s NA c trnh by trn. NA c xc nh theo cc biu thc
(1.3) v (1.7).
5) Bc sng ct
Khi nim bc sng ct c trnh by trn. Bc sng ct c xc nh theo biu
thc (1.11).
1.2.3. My pht tn hiu quang
1.2.3.1. Cc loi ngun quang
Ngun quang trong thit b thng tin quang l linh kin c kh nng chuyn i tn hiu
in thnh tn hiu quang di bc sng truyn trong si quang. C hai loi ngun quang, l
diode pht x (LED) v laser diode (LD). Sau y trnh by mt s khi nim lin quan n chc
nng ca ngun quang.
Nu trong nguyn t (hoc phn t) chuyn ng ca cc in t c gii hn trong mt
phm vi hp c bng kch thc nguyn t, th trong cc cht rn ni chung v cht bn dn ni
ring, cc in t ho tr c th chuyn ng t nguyn t nt mng tinh th ny n nguyn t nt
mng tinh th khc v l s hu chung ca c mng tinh th. V cc mc nng lng ca in t ph
thuc vo v tr tng i ca n so vi mng tinh th, m s in t li rt nhiu, do s cc mc
nng lng ca cc in t ho tr trong ton mng tinh th l mt s v cng ln. Ngoi ra trong cht
rn, cc nguyn t c phn b st nhau, cc lp v in t ca chng c bit l nhng lp pha
ngoi che ph ln nhau v tng tc vi nhau rt mnh. S tng tc ny gy nn nhng dch chuyn
v tr v lm tch cc mc nng lng in t ra thnh nhiu phn mc khc nhau.
i vi cc cht bn dn, nhng vng nng lng cho php c ngn cch vi nhau bi
tp hp cc gi tr nng lng vng cm. Thng thng rng vng cm ca cc cht bn dn
in hnh khong 0,11,0 eV. Trong s cc vng nng lng cho php, vng trn cng dn y
cc in t ho tr c gi l vng dn. Vng tip theo cn hon ton trng nhit 0K gi
l vng cm v vng di cng gi l vng ho tr. V qu trnh vt l xy ra trong cc cht bn
dn ch lin quan n cc in t vng ho tr hoc y vng dn do khi v gin nng
lng ca bn dn ch n hai vng ny nh hnh 1.32.


41

Hnh 1.32: S vng nng lng ca bn dn
nhit thp th bn dn tr thnh cht in mi. Khi nhit tng th bn dn tr
thnh cht dn in. Bi v khi cc in t ca vng ho tr nhn c nng lng ln
vt qua vng cm ln vng dn v tr thnh cc in t dn. Khi vng ho tr, ti ni in
t va i khi s xut hin cc l trng nh hnh 1.33.
Hnh 1.33: S phn b mt cc in t v l trng
Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh to cp in t v l trng bng nhit. Qu trnh xy ra
khng ch do nung nng bn dn, m c th hnh thnh di tc dng cc dng kch thch khc. V
d nh bng nh sng, dng in, bn ph bi cc in t v ion bn ngoi.
Song song vi qu trnh trn, trong tinh th bn dn cn xy ra qu trnh ngc li gi l
qu trnh ti hp in t-l trng, cc in t ca vng dn c th thc hin chuyn di t pht
xung vng ho tr v chim ly cc mc nng lng t do .
Cc thc nghim v quang ph u cho thy khi cc nguyn t hp th v bc x u hnh
thnh ph vch. Hin tng ny c gii thch da vo mc nng lng ri rc tng ng vi
cc trng thi ca nguyn t. K hiu E
1
v E
2
l hai mc nng lng ca mt nguyn t. y,
E
1
l nng lng trng thi nn v E
2
l nng lng trng thi kch thch. Ti trng thi cn bng
nhit th cc in t mc nng lng thp E
1
(hnh 1.34a). Theo nh lut Planck th s dch
chuyn gia hai trng thi ny c lin quan ti qu trnh hp th v pht x ca cc photon c
nng lng h
12
= E
2
-E
1
. Bnh thng, h thng trng thi nn. Khi c mt nng lng h
12
tc
ng vo h thng th mt in t trng thi E
1
s hp th nng lng ny v c kch thch
ln trng thi E
2
(hnh 1.34b). V y l trng thi khng bn vng nn in t s nhanh chng
quay li trng thi ban u v s gii phng mt nng lng bng E
2
-E
1
. Hin tng ny gi l

Vng dn
Vng ho tr
Vng cm E
g

Vng dn
Vng ho tr
Vng cm
Chuyn
dch
in t

in t
L trng
Mt cc
in t
Mt cc l
trng
Nng lng
cc in t
E
C
E
V
E
0

42
pht x t pht (hnh 1.34c) v khi nng lng c gii phng di dng nh sng th gi l nh
sng pht x t pht. Pht x ny ng hng, c pha ngu nhin. Mt s cht d dng pht sng,
v mt s cht khc khng pht sng.

Hnh 1.34: Biu mc nng lng v qu trnh pht x
Theo c hc lng t th bc sng nh sng khi pht x hoc hp th c xc nh theo
biu thc sau y:
E
2
-E
1
= h
12,

12
= (E
2
- E
1
)/ h
Vy: = c/
12
= hc/(E
2
-E
1
) (1.13)
Trong : h = 6,626 10
-34
J.s l hng s Planck
c = 310
8
m/s l tc nh sng trong khng gian t do.
Khi nh sng c nng lng bng E
2
- E
1
tc ng vo h thng trong khi in t ang
trng thi kch thch th in t hp th nng lng nh sng ti buc n tr v mc nng lng
E
1
v gii phng ra nng lng. Nng lng nh sng c gii phng ti thi im ny s ln
hn nng lng nh sng pht x t pht v pha ca n l pha ca nh sng ti. Hin tng ny
gi l pht x cng bc (hnh 1.34d). Bc sng pht x cng bc cng c xc nh theo
biu thc (1.13).
1.2.3.2. Diode pht quang (LED)
LED pht x mt (SLED)
Diode pht x mt c cu trc d th kp c k hiu l DH SLED. Mt ct ngang ca
DH SLED kiu chn nh hnh 1.35.

Hnh 1.35: Mt ct ngang ca DH SLED kiu chn
E
1
E
2
in t
a)

L trng
b)

c)

d)

nh sng
Bc x t pht Bc x cng bc
nh sng
Lp tip xc
Lp tip xc
d t
Vng hot tnh
Lp nn n-GaAs
150m
50m
60m
p-GaAs
SiO

43
Lp hot tnh c b rng gn bng ng knh li si a mode v pha ni vi si quang
khot mt h su chn u si quang gn lp hot tnh. Nh vy s hng c nhiu tia sng
i vo li si, ng thi gim suy hao cng sut nh sng. Lp cch in SiO
2
ph ln lp tip
xc dng ch tr mt vng i din vi lp hot tnh tp trung mt dng qua lp hot tnh
v s nng cao c hiu sut pht x. Lp tip xc dng t gn lp hot tnh s to nhit v
m bo cho nhit ca ngun quang khng vt gii hn cho php. Nu nhit lp hot tnh
vt qu phm vi cho php s gy ra ba hu qu l bc sng bc x thay i theo nhit , h s
lng t bn trong gim do tng tc ti hp khng bc x khi nhit tng, gim tui th ca
LED. Qua tnh ton v thc nghim thy rng cng sut pht ca LED gim 50% nu nhit
trong phng tng ti 90
0
C 100
0
C. LED ch to t GaAlAs v InGaAsP th nhit nh ca tip
gip phi duy tr thp hn 60
0
C 70
0
C.
Hnh 1.36 minh ho nguyn l hot ng ca LED.

Hnh 1.36: Nguyn l hot ng ca LED
LED gm o mt cc ht ti in, bc x t pht v pht nh sng vo si. LED s
dng ngun phn cc thun, tc l cc dng ca ngun ni vi lp tip xc dng. Khi c dng
bm qua LED th cc in t t di ho tr nhy ln di dn. Di tc ng ca in trng phn
cc thun, cc in t t lp N chuyn dch vo lp hot tnh, cn cc l trng t lp P chuyn
dch vo lp hot tnh. Cc cp in t l trng ti hp vi nhau v bc x photon.

N P

Lp hot tnh
Vng dn
Vng ho tr
Vng cm
in t
L trng
Hng ro d th
Hng ro d th

Lp hot tnh
V

N P
Ti hp
Pht x t pht
p
hoc

44
LED pht x cnh (ELED)
Diode pht x cnh c cu trc d th kp c k hiu l DH ELED v c cu to nh hnh
1.37.
Cng sut quang c truyn dc theo lp hot tnh nh phn x bn trong ti cc tip
gip d th v i ti mt bn ca diode. Lp hot tnh c qui nh bi lp tip xc v rnh su
cui lp hot tnh. Nh vy m lp hot tnh c thu ngn nhng kch thc ca chip li khng
qu b. T hp th ca lp hot tnh gim do lp ny rt mng. Cng sut quang b hp th ln
nht xy ra ti di bc sng ngn. Nh vy m thu hp b rng ph so vi LED pht x mt.
rng ph gim t 35nm xung 25nm ti bc sng 0,9m v t 100nm xung 70nm ti 1,3m.
nh sng u ra ca DH ELED c dng hnh chp elip, gc m theo chiu ng l 30
0
v
theo chiu ngang l 120
0
. Gc pht x nh vy s ghp ni ELED vi si a mode c hiu qu
hn so vi SLED v cng c th phng vo si n mode mt cng sut quang ng k. So vi
SLED th ELED kh to nhit hn. Nhng so vi laser diode th ELED d ch to hn, hot ng
n gin hn, tin cy cao hn v r hn. V vy n c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng
m tin cy v gi thnh c u tin hn cht lng.

Hnh 1.37: S cu trc ca diode pht x cnh
Cc lp bao gm: Lp cch in; p
+
-GaAs; P-Ga
0,6
Al
0,04
As; Lp hot tnh n
-

Ga
0,9
Al
0,1
As; N- Ga
0,6
Al
0,4
As; n-GaAs
Cc tham s ca LED
Cc tham s c bn ca LED nh bng 1.5.
350m
Lp nn n-GaAs
Lp tip xc v to nhit Au
150m
120
0
30
0
50m
3m
2m
0,05m
2m
3m

45
Bng 1.5. Cc tham s ca LED

Cc tham s
Gii bc sng
800 nm 850nm
Bc sng 1300nm
Vt liu lp hot tnh Ga Al As Ga In As P
rng ph, nm 30 60 50 150
Cng sut pht, mW 0,5 4,0 0,4 0,6
Cng sut phng vo si, mW:
- a mode 2a = 50m
SLED
ELED
n mode ELED

0,01 0,05
0,05 0,13

0,015 0,035
0,03 0,06
0,003 0,03
Dng iu khin, mA 50 150 100 150
Thi gian tng sn xung, ns
SLED
ELED

4 14
2 10

2,5 10
Tn s iu ch, GHz 0,08 0,15 0,1 0,3
Tui th, 10
6
h 1 10 50 100

1.2.3.3. Laser diode c khoang cng hng Fabry- perot
Laser diode c cu trc d th kp nh LED, nhng c kh nng khuch i. t c
mc ch ny thng dng khoang cng hng Fabry - Perot, bng cch mi nhn hai u d th
kp thnh hai gng phn x nh hnh 1.38a. Cu trc ny ca laser diode c vit tt l FP-LD.
Khong cch hai gng trong Laser diode Fabry-Perot l L. Cc gng ny c c kh
nng to ra hi tip tch cc, tc l s quay li ca cc photon kch thch trong vng hot tnh s
kch thch nhiu photon hn. nh sng i ra ngoi qua hai gng phn x.
Xt iu kin khuch i trong laser diode Fabry-Perot: mt sng truyn t gng bn tri
ti gng bn phi, nh hnh 1.38b. Ti gng bn phi, sng ny s phn x v tip tc truyn
nh th. Dng sng ny gi l sng ng. trong bung cng hng ch c sng vi bc sng
n nh th n phi l sng ng. Yu cu vt l ny c th c vit nh biu thc
2L/ =N (1.14)
Trong : L- khong cch hai gng
N- s nguyn.
tho mn iu kin cng hng, hai gng phn x phi cch nhau mt qung l L
bng s nguyn ln na bc sng.
Qu trnh pht x ca FP-LD c thc hin khi mt vi bc sng cng hng nm
trong ng cong khuch i c h s khch i ln hn suy hao nh hnh 1.38c.


46

Hnh 1.38: Laser diode Fabry-Perot: (a) Cu to ca khoang cng hng;
(b) Hnh thnh sng ng trong khoang cng hng;
(c) ng cong tn hao-khuch i; (d) Ph pht x ca FP-LD
1.2.3.4. My pht tn hiu quang
Chc nng chuyn i in-quang ca my pht quang c th hin trong hnh 1.39.

Hnh 1.39: S khi my pht tn hiu quang
B lp m c chc nng chuyn m ng thnh m thch hp vi hot ng ca ngun
quang v ng truyn. B iu khin chuyn in p tn hiu n cc thnh dng bm Ip cho
ngun quang. Nu dng Ip t gi tr cc i th cng sut pht ca ngun quang cng t gi tr
cc i. Ngc li, khi Ip cc tiu th cng sut pht ca ngun quang gn bng zero. y l
phng thc iu ch cng bc x ca ngun quang.
1.2.4. My thu tn hiu quang
1.2.4.1. Cc loi photodiode
Nguyn tc tch quang
Ngun
quang
B
iu khin
Tn hiu vo Tn hiu
quang ra
I
P
B
lp m
(b)
(nm)
C
n
g

s
u
u

r
a

(
m
W
)

Tn hao
(nm)
K
h
u
c
h

i
/
T
n

h
a
o

N+1
N-1
N+2
N-2

(d)
Vng hot tnh
Gng Gng
L
(a)
Vng hn ch
Vng hn ch
(c)

47
Trong thit b thng tin quang s dng hai loi diode tch quang (PD), l PIN diode v
diode quang thc (APD). Trc khi phn tch chi tit cc loi, cn hiu r nguyn tc chung v
tch quang.
C hai loi PD u da vo tip gip p-n phn cc ngc. Khi nh sng chiu vo PD c
bc sng trong khng gian t do b hn bc sng ct c xc nh theo biu thc
( )
] eV [ E
] m . eV [ 24 , 1
m
g
c

= , (1.15)
trong E
g
l rng di cm, th bn dn s hp th cc photon.
Hp th mt photon s kch thch mt in t trong di ho tr nhy ln di dn v li
trong di ho tr mt l trng. Nh vy mi photon c hp th s to ra mt cp in t - l
trng. Tuy nhin biu thc (1.15) ch l iu kin cn cho tch quang. iu kin tch quang
l cc cp in t-l trng c to ra do hp th photon s khng ti hp trc khi hnh thnh
dng in qua mch ngoi (hnh 1.40). Khng phi tt c photon c hp th trong diode tch
quang u tham gia vo s hnh thnh p ng ca diode. Cn ch l, khc vi laser diode hot
ng trong mt di bc sng rt hp, cn PD li hot ng trong di bc sng rt rng. Di
cm l mt tham s ch cht ca PD.
Nh nhn xt trn l silic khng s dng cho laser diode, v c di cm gin tip.
Nhng silic li c th s dng ch to PD hot ng trong di bc sng ti ca s th nht
ca si quang. Mt im khc nhau c bn na gia LD v PD l PD c nh thin ngc. Do
cng sut quang thu rt b nn khng lm nng PD, do vic ch to cc PD di dng mch
tch hp quang in rt d dng.
1.2.4.2. Diode tch quang p-n
Diode tch quang p-n nh hnh 1.40.

Hnh 1.40: Diode tch quang p-n
Tip xc P-N khng c in p phn cc
Trong vng bn dn n nng in t cao hn nng l trng; trong vng bn dn p
nng l trng cao hn nng in t. V vy ti vng ln cn tip gip p- n xut hin hin
tng khuch tn cc ht ti in: l trng khuch tn t vng p sang vng n v cc n t
khuch tn t vng n sang vng p. Dng khuch tn hng t p sang n. Cc in t khuch tn
qua tip gip s ti hp vi cc l trng trong vng p v hnh thnh cc ion m trong vng p ln
cn vi tip gip. Cc l trng khuch tn qua tip gip s ti hp vi in t trong vng n v hnh
V

p

n
_
_
_
+
+
+
+
+
nh sng ti
E
TX
E
ngoi
(a)

48
thnh cc ion dng trong vng n ln cn vi tip gip. v hai pha ca tip gip xut hin hai
khi in tch c nh tri du v gi l vng in tch khng gian hay vng ngho (nng cc
ht ti in khng ng k). dy vng ngho ny khong 1m. Hai khi in tch tri du to
ra in trng tip xc (E
TX
) c vc t cng in trng hng t cc in tch dng c
nh sang cc in tch m c nh.
Tip xc P-N phn cc ngc
Do vng ngho hu nh trng rng cc ht ti in nn c in tr ln hn cc vng nm
bn ngoi vng ngho. Do ngun phn cc ngc (V) to ra trn vng ngho mt in trng
ngoi (E
ngoi
) c tr s gn bng V v chiu ca vc t cng in trng ngoi trng vi chiu
vi vc t cng in trng tip xc. in trng tng ny to ra trn tip gip p-n mt hng
ro th ngn tr s khuch tn ca cc ht ti in a s qua tip gip. Ngc li, cc ht ti in
thiu s tri qua tip gip d dng to ra dng in ngc hay cn gi l dng ti. Do nng
cc ht ti in thiu s thp nn dng in ngc nhanh chng t gi tr bo ho.
Khi c nh sng ti
nh sng i vo PD qua lp p rt mng, qua vng ngho c hnh thnh ti tip gip
p-n v tip tc truyn vo lp n. Cc photon b hp th sut chiu dc ca PD. Cng nh sng
gim theo hm m khi truyn qua cc lp bn dn.
Trong diode tch quang iu kin quan trng kch thch cc in t nhy ln di dn l
hp th photon t nh sng u vo hoc tng nhit .
Hu ht nh sng i vo bn dn s c hp th trong diode tch quang, nu diode tch
quang c di. Tuy nhin ch c hp th photon xy ra trong lp ngho mi c vai tr quan
trng. Hiu qu ca hp th photon trong vic to ra dng tch quang c nh gi theo h s
lng t v p ng R.
1.2.4.3. Diode tch quang p-i-n
Cu to v hot ng
Diode tch quang p-i-n da trn cu trc ca ca PD p-n bng cch xen vo gia lp p v
lp n mt lp bn dn thun i nh hnh 1.41. Vng ngho trong diode tch quang p-i-n bao gm
ton b lp i. Trong vng ngho hnh thnh mt hng ro th ngn cn cc ht ti in a s i
vo vng ngho. in trng ny c to ra nh cc khi in tch c nh nm v hai pha ca
tip gip gia lp i vi cc lp p v n. Cc l trng v cc in t trong lp i c hnh thnh khi
vng ngho hp th photon.
u im quan trng ca p-i-n diode l ci thin c p ng tn s do in dung ca
diode C
D
rt b . t c iu ny nh xen thm lp i. gii thch vn ny, s dng biu
thc xc nh in dung ca mt t in phng song song: C =
0

r
(A/ d), trong
0
l hng s
in mi ca khng gian t do,
r
l hng s in mi tng i ca mi trng gia hai m t
in, A l din tch ca m t in, d l khong cch hai m t in. Mt khc p ng tn s
cng ph thuc vo thi gian chuyn dch ca cc ht ti in qua vng ngho. Vng ngho m
rng ca p-i-n diode lm chm thi gian chuyn dch. Vng ngho cng rng th thi gian chuyn
dch cng di. in trng trong vng ngho ca p-i-n diode yu hn in trng trong cu trc
diode p-n. Tuy nhin cu trc p-i-n diode c p ng nhanh nht so vi cc diode khc.


49

Hnh 1.41: Cu to ca diode tch quang p-i-n

Cn c mt s u im khc ca p-i-n diode so vi diode p-n. Th nht, hu nh ton b
photon i vo vng ngho u c hp th ti v rt t photon i ti lp n. Nh vy gim
c hp th photon trong cc vng bn ngoi vng ngho v hn ch ko di sn sau ca p
ng. Lung dng trong cc vng n v p ch yu l do khuch tn, trong khi dng chnh trong
vng ngho l dng tri c iu khin bi in trng. Hu ht lung dng u di dng dng
tri nhanh, nn p ng thi gian ca p-i-n diode c ci thin hn so vi diode tch quang p-n.
Mun nhn c p ng tn s trn 50 GHz, lp i v mt ct ngang phi b. Nhng mt ct
ngang hp s gp kh khn khi a nh sng vo PD. Diode tch quang p-i-n gim c nh
hng ko di sn sau ca xung v p ng tn s tt hn so vi diode tch quang p-n nn c
s dng trong thit b thng tin quang.
i vi p-i-n diode cng c th s dng cu trc d th. Nhng khc vi cu trc d th
ca laser diode, p-i-n diode cu trc d th hot ng trong mt di rng ca bc sng. V vy
vic ch to p-i-n diode d th hot ng n mode l khng cn thit. Di cm ca lp i phi thit
k sao cho
c
phi ln hn bc sng ca tn hiu quang 1,55m, nh vy th diode tch quang s
c s dng cho mi trng hp.
Tp m trong p-i-n diode
Tp m n (shot noise)
nhy ti a ca PD c xc nh bi in p ngu nhin v thng dng dng xy ra
ti u ra PD khi c hoc khng c tn hiu quang. Tr trung bnh ca dng tch quang l I
ph
,
thng dng ngu nhin quanh tr s trung bnh ny gi l tp m n. Cng c th gii thch chi tit
hn nguyn nhn gy ra tp m n nh sau.
Tp m n trong cc mch in do s lng cc ht ti in i qua mt im ring bit
trong mch l hm ngu nhin ca thi gian gy ra. Trong tch quang, s cp in t - l trng
c to ra do hp th photon cng l hm ngu nhin ca thi gian, do s lng ht ti in
qua mch bn ngoi cng ngu nhin. Loi tp m n ny c xem nh qu trnh Poisson ng
nht hoc khng ng nht ph thuc vo dng iu ch c s dng trong h thng thng tin
quang.
Trung bnh bnh phng ca tp m n I
sh
2
t l vi tr trung bnh dng tch quang I v
rng bng tn ca diode tch quang f . V vy:

p
GaAs

n
GaAs
_
_
_
_
+
+
+
+
+
V
E
x

i
InGaAs
w
2
w
1
nh sng ti

50
<i
sh
>
2
= 2e I f (1.16)
e = in tch ca in t
Tp m dng ti
Dng u ra diode tch quang xut hin ngay c khi khng c tn hiu quang hay cn gi
l dng ti I
d
. Trung bnh bnh phng ca tp m dng ti c xc nh theo biu thc
<i
d
>
2
= 2e I
d
f (1.17)
Tp m nhit
Tp m nhit cn gi l tp Johnson hoc tp m Nyquist l do chuyn ng ngu nhin
ca cc in t t do qua mch in. S lng cc in t l v cng ln v v vy tp m nhit l
mt qu trnh ngu nhin Gauss. Qua thc nghim xc minh c mt ph ca tp m nhit
phn b u trn trc tn s trong min xa cc tm. Nu in tr l R[], ti nhit Kelvin T v
B l rng bng tn my thu th tr trung bnh bnh phng ca tp m nhit l:

R
f kT 4
I
2
th

= (1.18)
Trong k = 1,38 10
-23
J/ K l hng s Boltzmann.
1.2.4.4. Diode quang thc (APD)
Cu to v qu trnh thc
APD c cu to nh hnh 1.42.

Hnh 1.42: APD v phn b in trng bn trong
nh sng i vo APD qua lp p
+
rt mng. Hu nh ton b hp th photon u xy ra
trong vng ngho l bn dn p pha tp nh. Cng nh trong p-i-n diode, in trng trong vng
ngho ca APD iu khin cc l trng v in t chuyn ng ngc hng vi nhau. Di tc
+
V
E
x

p
+

p

i

n
+
Min hp th
Min nhn
nh sng ti

51
ng ca in trng phn cc ngc, cc l trng trong lp ny hng ti lp p
+
, cn cc in t
hng ti lp n
+
.
in p phn cc ngc t ln PD gn vi mc nh thng zener to ra in trng
ln (hay min tng tc) ti tip gip p - n
+
. Khi cc in t v l trng qua min in trng ln
ny s c tng tc, va p mnh vo cc nguyn t ca bn dn v to ra cc cp in t - l
trng th cp thng qua qu trnh ion ho do va chm. Cc ht ti in th cp qua min in
trng ln li c tng tc v chng c ng nng to ra cc cp in t - l trng mi
v.v. chnh l hiu ng thc, hay cn gi l hiu ng nhn. Qu trnh ny lm tng dng in
bn ngoi v cng chnh l tng nhy ca APD .
Hnh 1.43 minh ho qu trnh nhn trong min tng tc.
T hnh v cho bit t mt cp in t - l trng ban u, hiu ng nhn to ra su cp
khc. C th nh ngha h s ion ho ca cc in t
e
v ca l trng
h
l xc sut ca mt va
chm gia mt ht ti in c tng tc v mt nguyn t bn dn sinh ra mt cp in t -
l trng. H s ion ho tng rt nhanh khi cng in trng tng.
S ph thuc ca M vo nhit c th hin trong hnh 1.44. H s nhn M c o
nh l hm ca in p nh thin V:

n
B ph
] V / ) R I V ( 1 [
1
M

= (1.19)
Trong I
ph
l dng tch quang trung bnh, R = R
S
+ R
th
l tng in tr ni tip R
S
v
in tr gia tng do nhit R
th
, V
B
l in p nh thng.

Hnh 1.43: Qu trnh nhn
Mt s ng cong in hnh ca M(V) nh hnh 1.44.

hf

52
H s nhn M t cc i khi s dng cc vt liu c ln. Tuy nhin thit b nh vy c
p ng tn s chm. Trong thc t APD c thit k tho mn tiu chun p ng tn s.
iu ny c th thc hin nu hoc cc in t hoc cc l trng chim u th trong min tng
tc. Mong mun k 0.
T hnh 1.44 thy rng i vi APD yu cu rt nghim ngt c v n nh ngun nh
thin v nhit ca mi trng.

Hnh 1.44: S thay i ca M khi V v nhit thay i

Tp m trong APD
Hiu ng nhn ch xy ra i vi dng tch quang v dng ti nhng khng khuch i
tp m nhit. Thnh phn b mt ca dng ti chy dc mt ngoi ca diode cng khng c
khuch i. V vy tp m ch yu trong APD l tp m n c khuch i. Tp m ny c
xc nh nh sau:
<i
sh
>
2
= M
2
[2e F (RP) f] (1.20)

Trong : F- H s tp m, M- H s nhn, R- p ng ca APD v P- Cng sut nh
sng u vo APD.
1.2.4.5. Cc tham s ca diode tch quang
1) H s lng t
H s lng t ca diode tch quang c nh ngha nh sau:
= S lng in t trn mch ngoi/ S lng photon ti
V I
ph
/e l s lng in t i qua mch ngoi ca diode tch quang trong mt giy do hp
th photon ti, cn P
0
/ hf l s lng photon ti trong mt giy nn c vit li nh sau:

= =
e
hc
R
e
hc
P
I
hf / P
e / I
0
ph
0
ph
(1.21)
Mun nhn h s lng t cao phi c cc iu kin sau y:
- Phn x nh sng ti b mt diode tch quang l cc tiu.
V
M
1000
100
10
1
0 100 200 300 400
T=273
0
K
T=320
0
K
T=300
0
K
T=340
0
K

53
- Hp th trong lp ngho l cc i
- Trnh ti hp cc ht ti in trc khi chng c tp trung li.
H s lng t 0,8 hoc ln hn c th t c v c th ti u ti mt bc sng bng
cch thay i b dy lp n
-
.
2) p ng
Dng tch quang I
ph
tng tuyn tnh vi cng sut quang ti P. T s I
ph
trn P gi l p
ng R ca diode tch quang :

hc
e
hf
e
P
I
R
ph
=
= = (1.22)
Trong e l in tch ca in t, l h s lng t, l bc sng ca nh sng ti, h
l hng s Plank v c l tc nh sng trong khng gian t do. p ng c o bng A/W, A/
W hoc nA/ nW v.vp ng thng c th hin bng th nh hnh 1.45.
Nhng ng cong ny l gi tr gii hn, tuy nhin p ng cng ph thuc vo kch
thc ca thit b, v chng phn x v cc yu t khc. Mt khc p ng cn ph thuc vo cc
c tnh ca bn dn cu thnh diode. Ti u vo my thu ca h thng thng tin quang c mc
cng sut quang rt thp nhng dng tch quang vn t l tuyn tnh vi cng sut quang. V vy
c p ng R v h s lng t u l hm ca m khng ph thuc vo mc cng sut
quang. i vi cc laser mnh s c hin tng bo ho v dn ti ph thuc khng tuyn tnh
ca p ng vo cng sut quang.

Hnh 1.45: p ng ph thuc vo bc sng
Trong trng hp l tng p ng tng tuyn tnh vi bc sng v nng lng ca mt
photon gim khi bc sng tng v sau gim t ngt xung zero ti =
c
. p ng thc t
khc vi p ng l tng, v h s hp th t n l hm ca bc sng. Bc sng ct pha trn
c xc nh bi di cm, trong khi bc sng ct pha di ph thuc vo h s hp th.
3) rng bng tn
p ng ca APD c cu trc n
+
- p -i - p
+
nh hnh 1.42 c chia lm ba phn:
(a) Thi gian dch chuyn ca in t qua min tri (t
tr
)
e
= w
2
/ v
se

(b) Thi gian yu cu ca qu trnh nhn t
A

(c) Thi gian dch chuyn ca l trng cui cng c to ra trong min tng tc ti ra
ca khng gian tri (t
tr
) = w
2
/ v
sh
.
L tng
Thc t

R

54
Phn (b) v (c) c trng cho tr b sung vo thi gian p ng ca diode khng c hiu
ng thc. rng bng tn b hn ch cn tr vic s dng APD trong cc h thng tc bit
rt cao.
Thi gian tr t
A
l hm ca ca h s ion ho k. Khi k = 0 th hiu ng nhn tin trin ph
thuc thi gian dch chuyn ca in t qua min tng tc (t
tr
=w
A
/v
se
). Gi thit w
A
<< w
2
. Khi k
> 0 th hiu ng nhn c s tham gia ca c in t v l trng, thi gian t
A
c xc nh theo
biu thc sau y:

se
A
A
v
Mkw
t (1.23)
p ng thi gian ton b l:

sh
A 2
se
A 2
v
) w w (
v
) Mkw w ( +
+
+
(1.24)
rng bng tn c xc nh theo biu thc
f(-3dB) 0,44 / (1.25)
Biu thc (1.23) mt ln na cho bit ti sao phi tm kim vt liu c k 0 ch to
APD trong cc in t khi u hiu ng thc. Tm li khi tc bit cao hn 2-5 Gbit/s s
dng APD khng c li.
1.2.4.6. My thu tn hiu quang
Trong my thu tn hiu quang ca h thng IM-DD, nh sng t si quang chiu vo b
tch sng quang. Do u ra b tch quang nhn c tn hiu in. Sau tn hiu in qua
cc bc x l tip theo khi phc li tn hiu ban u nh u vo my pht. S khi ca
my thu quang in hnh nh hnh 1.46.
B tch sng quang l PIN hoc APD thc hin chuyn i cng sut quang u vo
thnh tn hiu in. B khuch i iu chnh thc hin bin i dng tch quang thnh tn hiu
in p vi mc ph hp. Sau khi khuch i tn hiu qua b cn bng hiu chnh hm truyn
t ca b khuch i. B lc y gii hn bng tn ca my thu trong phm vi yu cu i vi
ph tn hiu v nh ra p ng tn s ca my thu nhm ti u ho cht lng my thu (lm gim
ti thiu tp m pht ra t b tch sng v khuch i). Xung ng h (clock) c ly t b tch
ng h, thc hin bng cch trch ly ra t lung d liu s chung v c dng ti to li tn
hiu s trong mch quyt nh. Tn hiu s n cc u ra b quyt nh c a vo b gii
m chuyn thnh m ng lng cc tng ng.

Hnh 1.46: S khi b thu quang in hnh trong h thng truyn dn s

Tch sng
quang
Khuch i
iu chnh
B
quyt nh
B
gii m
B tch
ng h
B
cn bng
B
lc
Tn hiu
vo
D liu
ra
clock

55
1.3. Thng tin v tuyn
1.3.1. Cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
Cc phng thc a truy nhp v tuyn c s dng rng ri trong cc mng thng tin di
ng. Phn ny gii thiu tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp s dng trong thng tin v
tuyn. M hnh ca mt h thng a truy nhp c cho hnh 1.47.

Hnh 1.47. Cc h thng a truy nhp
a) cc u cui mt t v b pht p, b) cc trm di ng v cc trm gc

Thng thng mt h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn c nhiu trm u cui v
mt s cc trm c nhim v kt ni cc trm u cui ny vi mng hoc chuyn tip cc tn
hiu t cc trm u cui n mt trm khc. Cc trm u cui trong cc h thng thng tin di
ng mt t l cc my di ng cn cc trm u cui trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh l cc
trm thng tin v tinh mt t. Cc trm kt ni cc trm u cui vi mng hoc chuyn tip cc
tn hiu t cc trm u cui n cc trm khc l cc trm gc trong thng tin di ng mt t
hoc cc b pht p trn v tinh trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh. Do vai tr ca trm gc
trong thng tin di ng mt t v b pht p v tinh cng nh my di ng v trm mt t
ging nhau cc h thng a truy nhp v tuyn nn trong phn ny ta s xt chng i ln cho
nhau. Trong cc h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn bao gi cng c hai ng truyn: mt
ng t cc trm u cui n cc trm gc hoc cc trm pht p, cn ng khi theo chiu
ngc li. Theo quy c chung ng th nht c l ng ln cn ng th hai c gi l
ng xung. Cc phng php a truy nhp c chia thnh bn loi chnh:
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access).
a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access).

56
a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access).
a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian (SDMA: Space Division Access).
Cc phng php a truy nhp c bn ni trn c th kt hp vi nhau to thnh mt
phng php a truy nhp mi.
Cc phng php a truy nhp c xy dng trn c s phn chia ti nguyn v tuyn cho
cc ngun s dng (cc knh truyn dn) khc nhau.
Nguyn l ca ba phng php a truy nhp c bn u tin c cho hnh 1.48. Mi
knh ngi s dng v tuyn trong h thng v tuyn t ong mt t hay mt tram u cui trong
h thng thng tin v tinh a trm s dng mt sng mang c ph nm trong bng tn ca knh
vo thi im hot ng ca knh. Ti nguyn dnh cho knh c th c trnh by dng mt
hnh ch nht trong mt phng thi gian v tn s. Hnh ch nht ny th hin rng ca knh
v thi gian hot ng ca n (hnh 1.48). Khi khng c mt quy nh trc cc sng mang ng
thi chim hnh ch nht ny v gy nhiu cho nhau. trnh c can nhiu ny cc my thu
ca trm gc (hay cc phy thu cu cc trm pht p trn v tinh) v cc my thu ca cc trm
u cui phi c kh nng phn bit cc sng mang thu c. t c s phn bit ny cc
ti nguyn phi c phn chia:
Nh l hm s ca v tr nng lng sng mang vng tn s. Nu ph ca sng mang chim
cc bng tn con khc nhau, my thu c th phn bit cc sng mang bng cch lc. y l
nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access,
hnh 1.48a).
Nh l hm v tr thi gian ca cc nng lng sng mang. My thu thu ln lt cc sng
mang cng tn s theo thi gian v phn tch chng bng cch m cng ln lt theo thi
gian thm ch c khi cc sng mang ny chim cng mt bng tn s. y l nguyn l a
truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access; hnh 1.48b).
Nh l hm ph thuc m ca cc nng lng sng mang. My thu thu ng thi cc sng
mang cng tn s v phn tch chng bng cch gii m cc sng mang ny theo m m
chng c pht. Do mi knh hay ngun pht c mt m ring nn my thu c th phn bit
c sng mang thm ch tt c cc sng mang ng thi chim cng mt tn s. M phn
bit knh hay ngun pht thng c thc hin bng cc m gi tp m (PN: Pseudo Noise
Code). Phng php ny c gi l a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA: Code Division
Multiple Access; hnh 1.48c). Vic s dng cc m ny dn n s m rng ng k ph tn
ca sng mang so vi ph m n c th c khi ch c iu ch bi thng tin hu ch. y
cng l l do m CDMA cn c gi l a truy nhp tri ph (SSMA: Spread Spectrum
Multiple Access).
Nh l hm ph thuc vo khng gian ca cc nng lng sng mang. Nng lng sng
mang ca cc knh hay cc ngun pht khc nhau c phn b hp l trong khng gian
chng khng gy nhiu cho nhau. V cc knh hay cc ngun pht ch s dng khng gian
c quy nh trc nn my thu c th thu c sng mang ca ngun pht cn thu thm
ch khi tt c cc sng mang khc ng thi pht v pht trong cng mt bng tn. Phng
php ny c gi l phng php a truy nhp theo khng gian (SDMA: Space Division
Multiple Access). C nhiu bin php thc hin SDMA nh:
1. S dng lp tn s cho cc ngun pht ti cc khong cch ln trong khng gian
chng khng gy nhiu cho nhau. Phng php ny thng c gi l phng php
ti s dng tn s v khong cch cn thit cc ngun pht cng tn s khng gy

57
nhiu cho nhau c gi l khong cch ti s dng tn s. Cn lu rng thut ng
ti s dng tn s cng c s dng cho trng hp hai ngun pht hay hai knh
truyn dn s dng chung tn s nhng c pht i hai phn cc khc nhau.
2. S dng cc anten thng minh (Smart Anten). Cc anten ny cho php tp trung nng
lng sng mang ca ngun pht vo hng c li nht cho my thu ch nh v
trnh gy nhiu cho cc my thu khc.

Hnh 1.48. Nguyn l a truy nhp
a) a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA); b) a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian
(TDMA); c) a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA)

58
Cc phng php a truy nhp ni trn c th kt hp vi nhau. Hnh 1.49 cho thy cc cch
kt hp ca ba phng php a truy nhp u tin.
Hnh 1.49. Kt hp ba dng a truy nhp c s thnh cc dng a truy nhp lai ghp
1.3.2. H thng truyn dn vi ba s
1.3.2.1. Gii thiu chung
Sng v tuyn in c bc sng di mt mt n c mi-li-mt c gi l sng vi ba.
Sng vi ba c dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc khoa hc, cng ngh v ng dng thc t i
sng. Thng tin vin thng v truyn thng qung b cng c dng nhiu dn n ti nguyn
mi trng ngy cng qu gi. Hnh thc truyn tin da trn mi trng khng gian m v nh
vy n chu tc ng nhiu bi mi trng. S chng cho, xung t sng mang tn hiu gia cc
h thng thng tin khc nhau yu cu phi c s bo v ca chnh mnh v qun l ngy cng
khoa hc, cht ch ca nh nc. Mt trong cc phng tin thng tin v tuyn quan trng ca x
hi loi ngi l h truyn thng tin im ti im trn mt t, ngy nay gi l h thng vi ba s.
Do c im truyn sng trc tip t im pht ti im thu nn n cn c tn l thng tin tm
nhn thng.
So vi cc h thng truyn dn khc, h thng truyn dn vi ba s c rt nhiu hn ch do
mi trng truyn dn l mi trung h v bng tn hn hp. Truyn dn vi ba s c thc hin
di tn t 1 GHz n vi chc GHz, trong khi truyn dn quang c thc hin tn s vo
khong 2.10
6
GHz (nu coi =1500 nm) v th bng tn truyn dn vi ba s rt hp so vi quang.
Mt s c tnh quan trng cn ch i vi truyn dn vi ba s l:

59
- Cht lng tn hiu khi truyn dn vi ba chu tc ng rt ln ca cc iu kin kh hu
thi tit nh ma, gi, my m, bo, tuyt,
- Cc ngun nhiu thin nhin, v tr nh sm st, bo t cng lm nhiu thng tin.
- Tc ng ca cc loi nhiu in t do sn xut cng nghip v giao thng vn ti nh hn
in, cc thit b in nh la, xe t, cc loi thit b dn dng,
- nh hng ca a hnh i vi sng truyn ca ng truyn vi ba s gia cc trm
truyn dn nh ni, i, sng, bin, nh cao tng,
- S suy hao cng sut tn hiu kh ln trong mi trng truyn dn .
- S can nhiu ln nhau gia cc knh thng tin v tuyn v cc h thng thng tin khc
nhau .
- iu kin d dng i vi s xm nhp chim knh tri php v an ton v bo v b
mt thng tin l v cng kh khn .
Tuy nhin phng thc truyn dn vi ba s cng c cc u im m cc loi phng thc
truyn dn khc khng th c c, v d nh:
- H thng c kh nng linh hot, nhanh chng p ng phc v thng tin cho khch hng
mi lc mi ni v mi dch v . Nhu cu di ng s khng ngng tng trong tng lai.
- Vic trin khai hay tho g h thng truyn dn rt c ng, khi khng cn thit c th
nhanh chng chuyn sang lp t v tr khc ca mng vin thng.
- Gi c h thng v u t ban u thp. u im ny cho php cc nh khai thc pht
trin mng vin thng nhanh chng cc vng c s h tng vin thng cha pht trin vi vn
u t thp nht.
Ngoi cc u im trn thng tin v tuyn l phng tin thng tin duy nht cho cc
chuyn bay vo v tr, thng tin o hng, nh v ....
pht huy c cc u im v khc phc cc nhc im ca truyn dn vi ba s, cc
nh thit k thit b v h thng truyn dn vi ba s phi s dng cc bin php cng ngh x l
s v cc cng ngh v tuyn hin i.
1.3.2.2. Hin tng pha inh
Mt nh hng rt nguy him cc ng truyn dn vi ba s l pha inh. T l thuyt
truyn sng ta bit phainh l hin tng thng ging tht thng cu cng in trng
im thu. Nguyn nhn pha inh c th do thi tit v a hnh lm thay i iu kin truyn
sng. Khi xy ra pha inh trong truyn dn vi ba s, ti im thu cng sng thu c lc
mnh lc yu thm ch c lc mt thng tin. Pha inh nguy him nht l pha inh nhiu tia xy ra
do my thu nhn c tn hiu khng phi ch t tia i thng m cn t nhiu tia khc phn x t
cc im khc nhau trn ng truyn dn. Cc h thng truyn dn vi ba s phi c trang b
cc h thng v thit b chng pha inh hu hiu.
Ngi ta chia hin tng pha inh thnh pha inh phng v pha inh la chn tn s. Pha
inh phng l mi quan tm i vi h thng dung lng nh bng tn hp. Pha inh la chn tn
s cn quan tm cho h thng truyn dn dung lng cao, bng tn rng. Pha inh nhiu tia gy ra
hu qu xu nht do nhiu tia sng i qung ng khc nhau cng n im thu vi hiu ng la
chn lm mo bin v mo thi gian tr sut rng bng tn ca knh truyn . Nhng s mo
ny to nn s giao thoa du hiu S.I.S ln hn so vi tng ca tp m nhit ca tn hiu thu .

60
k < 4/3 a
k > 4/3 b
Khng mt loi pha inh no c th tin on c mt cch chnh xc bi s bin i ca
chng tu thuc vo iu kin khng kh. Kinh nghim cho thy iu kin kh hu v a hnh l
nguyn nhn chnh gy ra pha inh m tt c kh nng pha inh ch c th xc nh bng thng
k. Ni cch khc l ch c th da vo l thuyt xc sut tnh ton kh nng h thng vi ba s s
ngng hot ng vi s phn trm chc chn trong nm v pha inh. Trong phm vi ny s phn
trm dung sai l qu ln. Ngi ta nghin cu v xut mt s k thut nhm ci thin thi gian
gin on thng tin.
Pha inh phng
Pha inh phng xut hin thng xuyn l do chm tia sng truyn i b cong. Chm tia
sng cc ngn c th b chuyn hng do s thay i ch s khc x ca khng kh (hng s in
mi). H s k = 4/3 c dng tnh ton truyn sng iu kin p sut tiu chun. Ti tia
sng c cong bng mt phn t ca cong mt t thc .
Bn knh qu t hiu dng
k =
Bn knh tht ca qu t
Khi hai an-ten pht v thu c t trong iu kin tiu chun, ton b cng tn hiu s
nhn c bi my thu. Khi mt khng kh thay i th ch s khc x cng thay i khc vi
iu kin chun lm cho chm tia sng c th cong ln hay cong xung ph thuc ch s k . Khi k
nh hn 4/3 thng gi l khc x thp hay iu kin di chun tia sng c hng cong ln.
Khi k ln hn 4/3 thng gi l khc x cao hay iu kin trn chun tia sng c hng cong
xung . Vic ph thuc nghim ngt ca s cong mt trong hai loi trn c th gy ra s suy gim
ng k cng trng tn hiu thu dn ti lm hng dch v. Ni chung th hu nh loi tia
sng xut hin cong ln pha trn an-ten thu. i vi tia cong xung, chm khng cong qu, mt
s nng lng ca chm c phn x t vt cn, s pha inh bng rng c so snh vi s
quan h hp bng tn sng cc ngn l pha inh phng hoc pha inh khng la chn. Tuy nhin
nu s nng lng c phn x t vt cn v n nhiu vi nng lng ng trc tip th pha
inh l la chn tn s. Tng t i vi chm tia cong ln, nng lng khng ti my thu khc
vi ng trc tip, khi chm tia cong xa xut hin pha inh phng .

Tia sng cong ln (a) Tia sng cong xung (b)
Hnh 1.50: Hin tng tia sng cong
Pha inh la chn tn s
Pha inh nhiu ng kh quyn
Khi cc iu kin kh quyn l cc lp vi s tn ti cc mt khc nhau, s dn c th
xut hin. Nu s tp hp cc lp lm sao cho cc chm tia sng cc ngn khng b by m ch b

61
lm lch hng th nng lng sng cc ngn c th i ti an-ten thu bng nhiu ng khc so
vi ng trc tip. S thu nhn nhiu ng gy ra pha inh do hai sng thu c him khi cng
pha. Nu chng n hon ton tri pha, c t giy mt cng sut thu c th ln n 30 dB hoc
hn, l iu tr ngi (hnh 1.51).

2
1
3
4

ng 1 trc tip ; ng 2,3 lch ; ng 4 phn x .
Hnh 1.51: Cc ng sng t pht n thu.
Pha inh nhiu tia phn x t mt t
S phn x t mt t to thnh s thu nhiu ng tia sng n s l tr ngi khi cc sng
thu c ngc pha. Khi phn x t v pha inh kh quyn xut hin ng thi c th xy ra pha
inh su ti 40 dB. Nu nhng tc ng sa li khng c tin hnh th thng tin c th ngng
tr. Pha inh nhiu tia l pha inh la chn tn s, do s ngc pha lm mt thng tin ngha l cc
tia sng i cc qung ng khc nhau na bc sng . iu lu l pha inh s khng phi xut
hin cng mt lc vi mi tn s RF .
1.3.2.3. Nhiu v phn b tn s
1) Vn nhiu
Khi tn ti cc h thng thng tin v tuyn tng t v s chng c th gy can nhiu ln
nhau. Ni chung c nhng vn sau cn phi quan tm :
- Can nhiu h thng s n h thng s.
- Can nhiu h thng tng t n h thng s.
- Can nhiu h thng s n h thng tng t.
H thng s c tnh chng nhiu cao hn h thng tng t cng tnh nng, vn l nhiu
t h thng s n cc b phn tng t ca h thng.
hot ng chnh xc th yu cu t s sng mang trn nhiu C/I phi t 15dB 20dB tu
theo k thut iu ch. mch phc hp, c nhiu dng nhiu khc nhau, phn t mang tin phi
gi C/I t 15 n 20 dB c khi pha inh, ngha l mc knh nhiu thp hn ngng thu ca knh
b tp m 15 20dB, thc t iu ny phn cho anten, lc, ghp ni,
2) Cc ngun nhiu v tp m
C ba loi ngun nhiu chnh : t knh phn cc cho, knh ng phn cc ln cn v s
thu tn s on ngc hng vi on b nhiu.

62
+ Knh phn cc cho : c dng cng tn s nhm tng ph tn v hiu nh dng li
tn s mang. Bnh thng s phn bit hai sng l tho mn, khi b suy yu pha inh th mc
nhiu cng knh s tng.
+ Nhiu knh ln cn : xy ra gia cc h thng cng hot ng trn mt vng nhng
khng chung ng v a im trm ; hai h trn mt vng khng chung ng cng trm ; hai
h chung ng . nh hnh 1.52.
Mi ngun tp m lm tng t s li v gim d tr pha inh phng. vt qua suy
gim, duy tr c ch tiu BER th phi tng mc cng sut pht, ngha l tng mc cng sut
thu.
Nhiu t cc knh ln cn hoc nhiu t knh cao tn ln cn cng cc tnh c quan h cht
ch n vic chn khong cch gia cc knh.

V f
1

H f
1
f
1

Nhiu phn cc cho Nhiu bc x ngc
S
f
1

f
2
Nhiu knh ln cn cng phn cc Nhiu v tinh hay h khc

Nhiu vt on
Hnh 1.52: Mt s dng nhiu vi ba s
3) Phn b tn s
chng nhiu cn b tr bng tn hp l, CCIR khuyn ngh : h s ph hiu dng t nht
l 2bit/s/Hz v tc bt phi bng hoc hn rng bng tn RF, khng ph thuc phn cc,
vo tn s s dng li hoc cu hnh h thng. Vic chn bng tn c tc dng ln n c tnh
ca thit b.
Cc bng tn ca thit b vi ba s c nhng rng buc bi c im nu trn, n cn b
rng buc bi yu t tnh kh dng ca ph t do, s phn b tn s v cc iu l qun l khc.
Bng tn c chia thnh na bng tn thp v na bng tn cao v phn phng v ra bng ZS.
Khong cch cc tiu gia hai na bng XS c quyt nh bng cch xt n nhiu ca knh
ln cn v khong cch cc tiu gia tn s pht v thu (YS). Khong cch tn s thng c
xc nh tiu chun ho theo tc u hiu r
s
ca h thng. Vic s dng phn cc ng v
ngang trong h thng s c th dng ti tn nh nhau, cc tn hiu thu tch bit nhau thc hin
theo phn bit i vi phn cc cho ca an-ten. S khc nhau ny cng c th xy ra trong s

63
phn b xen nhau, cc sng mang c th lch i bng rng na knh. Lc ny dng cc
b lc loi tr sng khng mong mun. Hnh 1.53 biu din phn chia bng tn RF.

Na bng tn thp Na bng tn cao

XS YS
ZS
f
1
f
2
f
n
f
0
f
,
1
f
n

Hnh 1.53: Phn b bng tn
i vi cc anten c tng ch cao, cc h thng s lm vic vi cng tn s sng mang
c th khai thc trn mt s hng c gc hng thp n 60
0
hoc nh hn.
V d, theo khuyn ngh 497-2CCIR c th phn b tn s v tuyn theo :
Na bng tn di f
n
= (f
0
295 + 35n) MHz
Na bng tn trn f
n
= (f
0
+ 21 + 35n) MHz
vi n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 v 6.
+ f
0
tn s trung tm bng RF thuc thit b.
+ f
n
tn s tm ph sng mang th n thuc mt na bng thp.
+ f
n
tn s tm ph sng mang th n thuc mt na bng cao.

Nu h lm vic tc 34Mbit/s th theo khuyn ngh 497-2CCIR :
Na bng tn di f
n
= (f
0
295 + 28n) MHz
Na bng tn trn f
n
= (f
0
+ 7 + 28n) MHz
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
1.3.2.4. Mt s bin php bo m cht lng truyn dn vi ba s
Cc k thut s dng chng li cc nh hng ca pha inh phng v pha inh la chn
tn s nhiu ng (sng) l phn tp khng gian hay phn tp tn s, cc b cn bng t thch
nghi hiu chnh cc bin i tn hiu thu trong knh do ng truyn gy ra. Phn tp khng gian
cng kt hp cc b kh giao thoa phn cc giao nhau nhm nng cao cht lng trong lc c pha
inh la chn. Thi gian gin on thng tin phi gim sao cho cc ch tiu cht lng ca tuyn
hay h thng c th c tho mn.
1) Phn tp theo khng gian
nh ngha phn tp theo khng gian l truyn dn ng thi mt tn hiu, mt knh v
tuyn trn hai anten (hay nhiu hn) thu hay pht. Nh tn gi, ngi ta dng hai anten t
cch nhau mt khong cch no pht hay thu mt tin c truyn t ngun ti ch.
Khong cch gia cc anten c chn sao cho tn hiu thu c ring bit khng tng
quan nhau. Thc t khng bao gi t c h s tng quan bng 0 thm ch rt thp song
iu ny khng lm gim li ch ca phn tp.
Cc tn hiu thu c ca h thng phn tp khng gian phi c t hp li nh hnh 1.54.
S tin hnh vic ny bng cch dng mt b t hp cng sut cc i nhm cc i ho cc tn
hiu thu c lm san phng p tuyn tn s bin hay p ng tn s thi gian tr nhm ca

64
tn hiu tng hp hay dng mt chuyn mch BB ph hp, la chn tn hiu c BER thp. Nu b
chuyn i c khi ng bng b o t s li bit nhanh nht th loi t hp ny rt hu hiu.

S liu f S liu ra
vo f

Chia tch chiu ng B t hp
an-ten
Hnh 1.54: Phn tp khng gian

Cc phn tch cho thy s ci thin tin cy ca h thng (hay gim thi gian gin on
do pha inh) nm trong gii h s 10 n 200. S ci thin c tng cng bng s tng tn s,
d phng pha inh t an-ten cch nhau theo chiu ng v gim di ca on ng truyn.
Khong in hnh cc an-ten t nht l 200 ln bc sng (v d : bng 6GHz th cch > 10m)
Biu thc h s ci thin :
Vi T v T
d
l thi gian c v khng c phn tp. Phn tp khng gian ci thin ng
truyn qua mt t vi cc phn x mt t khng ng k c th gn ng bng cng thc
Vigant:
: hiu qu ca chuyn mch phn tp.
S : khong cch cc tm an-ten (5 S 15) m
f : tn s GHz
F : su pha inh
V : khc nhau h s li an-ten
d : di on truyn dn
Gn y s t c li vi an-ten t ngang hai bn thp thay t ng. Trong trng
hp ny mi an-ten c gc ngng (elevation) khc nhau v n gii thch ti sao thng c gi l
phn tp gc mc du s khc nhau gc ngng c th gia chng khc 1
0
tr ln m s khc
nhau v nhn cng tn hiu thu trong mi trng pha inh nhiu ng (i ca sng) nhm
nhn s ci thin c ngha thc tin. Vic nghin cu vn cn tip tc trong lnh vc ny. Phn
tp khng gian l la chn th nht cho bo v h thng. N r v khng m rng bng tn nh
phn tp tn s.
2) Phn tp theo tn s
d
T
T
=
d
10 / 10 f S 10 2 , 1
I
) V F ( 2 3
S

=
T
x
R
x 1
R
x 1


65
S bo v h thng t c ca loi phn tp tn s, s hot ng hiu qu ca cc my v
tuyn m chng hot ng trn cng anten thu v pht, hnh 1.55. Thng tin c pht ra ng
thi trn hai my pht c tn s lm vic khc. Chng c ghp chung ng dn sng ti anten v
bc x vo khng gian (thng khc cc tnh). Ti u thu thng tin c anten chn lc qua ng
sng v b lc chia tch hai ng sng mang cho hai my thu ring. B tng hp bo m cho
tn hiu u ra ln nht. Nu hai tn s ca my pht rng, pha nh la chn tn s c tc dng
thp c hai ng v ci thin tt thng tin. S sai khc tn s l 2% l tt, 5% rt tt. Ngha l
6GHz n t nht l 120Mhz. Nhc im l bng tn rng.
S tnh ton cho thy ci thin l 10 so vi 0. Theo CCIR bo co 338 h s ci thin
xp x :
vi f : khong cch f (GHz)
F : su pha inh (dB)
f : tn s sng mang (GHz) (2 f 11)
d : khong hop km (30 d 70)

f
1
S liu f
2
S liu ra
vo

B t hp
Hnh 1.55: Phn tp theo tn s
Phn tp theo tn s v theo khng gian cho cc trng hp xy ra pha inh, nhiu ng
v cng cao. ci thin tt, k thut chuyn mch hitless c s dng. Chm bit thu c ti
bng tn gc c to li tng bit, nu li b pht hin, dng b nh n hi quyt nh chuyn
mch ti lung bit khng li. y l phng php chuyn mch khng li bt hoc hitless.
trnh s c truyn dn ngi ta tin hnh thm cu hnh d phng nng (Hot standby).
3) Cc b cn bng thch ng trung tn
Ngi ta bit c dng sng trung tn bng thng b thay i nghim trng khi c pha
inh nhiu ng sng. Mt s tn s trong ph sng mang b suy gim qu nghim trng hn cc
tn s khc. Kt qu iu ny dn n mo bng tn gc dn ti li v hng ng truyn. Cc b
cn bng thch ng IF lm gim ti thiu iu ny. iu ny rt quan trng, n cn thit xem
xt li iu kin truyn sng tn ti gia cc anten thu pht.
Kh quyn to ra cc ng sng D
1
v D
2
c di khc nhau.
V d : h
1
= 60 m ; h
2
= 500m ; D = 50 km th d = 1, 2 m

d f
10 f 80
I
2
10 / F
f
=
T
x1
R
x 1
R
x2

T
x2
D
h h 2
D D d
2 1
2 1
= =

66
Thi gian i ca hai ng sng khc nhau iu ny tng ng f = 1/t = 250 MHz. Nu
tng hp th vc t hai ng truyn thi gian khc nhau, n c gi tr max nu cng pha v
bng 0 nu ngc pha. Tuy nhin thc t t khi nh vy.

D
1
h
2
D
2
h
1

D
Hnh 1.56: Lan truyn nhiu tia sng khc nhau gy mo ph
Nh v d ny th s cng pha v khc pha mi 250Mhz. Tt c cc im trn ng cong
tun hon s c pha khc nhau t 0 180
0
. ng cong gi l ng xicloit . Thng th tn hiu
tng hp tng hn tn hiu ng truyn trc tip ring r l 6dB. Gi s trung tn cho gii iu
ch in hnh 56Mhz, ch mt phn ng cong tun hon c tnh bng trung tn gii iu ch
(hnh 1.57a).

Bin RF
1
RF
1
RF
1

RF
2
RF
2
RF
2

RF
1
+ RF
2
6dB RF1 RF1
RF2 RF2
t
1/2 1/ 3/2 (Tn s)

a) b)
Hnh 1.57: ng cong mo ph v chng mo ph (do pha inh)
S gii iu tt nht khi bng trung tn ri vo gia vng bin ln nht ca ng
cong, ngc li th xu v xu nht khi bng trung tn ri vo vng khe ng cong . Pha inh
bin ng nn kh khn t c ti u cho gii iu ch .
o

rng
logic
km
tra
s 4
10 . 3
2 , 1
truyn d tc
sng dng qung
t
8
n = = =

67
Ngi ta dng cc loi b cn bng thch ng s iu chnh cho hin tng ny chng
pha inh ci thin s khng phng ca p ng qua bng IF. C loi b cn bng nghing (Slope)
v cn bng cu vng (Hump) (hnh 1.57b).
4) Cc b cn bng ngang thch ng bng gc
Mt phng php khc c th chng mo ti bng tn gc . S hot ng b cn bng
ngang c th c gii thch tt nht bng xem p ng xung knh mo so snh vi p ng xung
knh l tng, trong c ct ngang khng cn bng ti lc ngng du hiu. p ng xung
knh mo c s bin dng v m ti cc im ni c th l im ct khng hay ni cch
khc l hiu ng vng mo tr. Mc tiu ca b cn bng bng gc l ti thiu ho nhiu giao
thoa du hiu (ISI) do iu kin truyn sng ngha l b cn bng ngang cng bc im ct
khng ng ni n cn xut hin . Sau tnh ton thnh lp c ton b s khi b cn bng
ngang bng gc trn c s cc mch logic.
1.3.2.5. H thng truyn dn vi ba s
S khi tng qut ca mt h thng truyn dn vi ba s c cho hnh 1.58.

Hnh 1.58: S khi h thng vi ba s
Vai tr ca cc khi chc nng trong s hnh 1.58 nh sau.
a/ Pha pht
* Khi K v giao din ng s c cc chc nng sau:
+ Phi khng vi ng s
+ Khuych i v cn bng cp ng truyn s

68
+ Bin i m ng vo m my
+ Ti sinh tn hiu s
+ Khi phc xung ng h
* Khi x l s bng gc pht:
+ Ghp thm cc thng tin iu khin v qun l ng truyn
+ Mt m ho cc thng tin quan trng
+ M ho knh chng li
+ Ngu nhin ho tn hiu s trc khi a ln iu ch
* Khi iu ch v bin i nng tn:
+ iu ch sng mang bng tn hiu s chuyn i tn hiu s ny vo vng tn s cao
thun tin cho vic truyn dn
+ i vi cc my pht i tn vi iu ch thc hin trung tn khi bin i nng tn cho
php chuyn tn hiu trung tn pht vo tn s v tuyn trc khi pht.
* Khi khuych i cng sut:
+ Khuych i cng sut pht n mc cn thit trc khi a pht vo khng trung.
b/ Pha thu:
* Khuych i tp m nh:
+ Khuych i tin hiu thu yu trong khi khuych i rt t tp m
* Bin i h tn, khuych i trung tn v gii iu ch :
+ i vi my thu i tn trc khi gii iu ch tn hiu thu c bin i vo trung tn thu
nh khi bin i h tn. Trong qu trnh bin i h tn do xut hin tn s nh gng nn
khi bin i h tn thng lm thm nhim v trit tn s nh gng.
+ i vi cc my thu i tn sau bin i h tn l khuych i trung tn. Nhim v ca khi
chc nng ny l khuych i, lc nhiu knh ln cn v cn bng thch ng vng tn s
cng nh cn bng tr nhm cc phn t ca knh truyn dn .
+ Gii iu ch tn hiu thu phc hi tn hiu s
* X l s bng tn gc thu:
+ Thc hin cc chc nng ngc vi khi x l s bng gc pht nh:
Gii ghp xen
Gii m knh
Gii ngu nhin
Phn lung cho lung s chnh v lung s iu khin qun l ng truyn
Cn bng thch ng vng thi gian gim thiu nh hng ca phainh
* Khuych i v giao din ng s:
+ Khuych i tn hiu s n mc cn thit trc khi a ra ngai my
+ Bin i m my vo m ng
+ Phi khng vi ng s

69
c/ Giao din mi trng truyn dn:
+ L h thng anten-phi v cc thit b siu cao tn cho php cc my thu v my pht giao
tip vi mi trng truyn dn v tuyn.
1.3.3. H thng thng tin di ng
1.3.3.1. Cc c im chnh ca thng tin di ng
Cng ngh thng tin v tuyn pht trin vi nhng bc di t in bo, pht thanh v
tuyn v truyn hnh ti vic s dng tri ph cho in thoi di ng. Vn p ng s tng
trng v dung lng m khng cn tng ph v tuyn c gii quyt bng cch gim cng
sut ca trm thu pht v tuyn BTS ch phc v mt vng nh (Cell) v ph sng mt vng rng
bng cch t nhiu cell lin tip nhau. Mi cell c n nh mt phn nh ca ton b ti
nguyn ph tn s c n nh. Cc cell t xa nhau c th s dng cng cng mt tn s, l
xut x ca tn mng t ong Cellular. Nh kh nng s dng li tn s ny m mng cellular c
dung lng ln hn.
Th h u tin ca cc h thng t ong l cc h thng Analog c hng NTT s dng ti
Tokyo vo nm 1977. Mng Analog NMT c s dng ti chu u vo nm 1981, mng AMPS
c s dng ti Bc M vo nm 1983.
Vo cui nhng nm 80 th h u tin ca h thng Cellular da trn cc k thut bo hiu
analog t ra li thi. Nhng tin b v cng ngh mch tch hp cho php cc k thut m ho
tin tin c s dng, cho php tng hiu qu s dng ph v tuyn. Thm vo vin thng s
cho php s dng m ho sa sai cung cp mt phng thc chng li nhiu, vn gy nhiu
kh khn cho h thng analog. Ngoi ra cc h thng s cho php ghp cc loi s liu khc nhau
v iu khin hiu qu mng li.
S trin khai ton cu ca h thng thng tin cellular s bt u vo u nhng nm 90.
chu u l GSM, h thng ny thng nht tiu chun trc c dng chu u nh h
thng NMT bn o Scandinavia, h thng C-450 c v cc h thng khc nh TACS v R-
2000. H thng GSM t oc hai mc ch l ci thin cng ngh truyn dn v cung cp mt
tiu chun thng nht. bc M l h thng DAMPS (tiu chun IS 136), Nht l h thng
PDC, ngoi ra cui nhng nm 90 xut hin h thng CDMA (tiu chun IS-95).
Ngoi nhim v phi cung cp cc dch v nh mng in thoi c nh thng thung, cc
mng thng tin di ng phi cung cp cc dch v c th cho mng di ng m bo thng tin
mi lc, mi ni.
m bo cc chc nng ni trn cc mng thng tin di ng phi m bo mt s c
tnh c bn sau:
1. S dng hiu qu bng tn c cp pht t c dung lng cao do s hn ch ca
di tn v tuyn s dng cho thng tin di ng.
2. m bo cht lng truyn dn yu cu. Do truyn dn c thc hin bng v tuyn l
mi trng truyn dn h, nn tn hiu d b nh hng ca nhiu pha inh. Cc h
thng thng tin di ng phi c kh nng hn ch ti a cc nh hng ny. Ngoi ra
tit kim bng tn mng thng tin di ng ch c th s dng cc Codec tc thp.
Cc Codec ny phi c thit k theo cng ngh c bit t c cht lng truyn
dn cao.

70
3. m bo an ton thng tin tt nht. Mi trng truyn dn v tuyn l mi trng rt d
b nghe trm v s dng trm ng truyn nn cn phi c bin php c bit m
bo an ton thng tin. m bo quyn li ca ngi thu bao cn gi b mt s nhn
dng thu bao v kim tra tnh hp l ca mi ngi s dng khi h truy nhp mng.
chng nghe trm cn mt m ho thng tin ca ngi s dng. mt s h thng thng
tin di ng ngi ta s dng mt kho nhn dng b mt ring lu b nh an ton.
h thng GSM th SIM-Card c s dng. Ngi thu bao cm th ny vo my di
ng ca mnh v ch c ngi ny c th s dng n. Cc thng tin lu gi SIM-Card
cho php m bo an ton thng tin.
4. Gim ti a rt cuc gi khi thu bao di ng chuyn t vng ph ny sang vng ph
khc.
5. Cho php pht trin cc dch v mi, nht l cc dch v phi thoi.
6. mang tnh ton cu phi cho php chuyn mng quc t.
7. Cc thit b cm tay phi gn nh v tiu th t nng lng.
1.3.3.2. Cc cng ngh s dng trong thng tin di ng
Cng ngh FDMA
Cng ngh FDMA l cng ngh a truy cp phn chia theo tn s. Ph tn s qui nh cho
lin lc di ng c chia thnh 2N di tn s k tip, cch nhau mt di tn phng v. Mi di
tn c gn cho mt knh lin lc. N di tn dnh cho lin lc hng ln, sau mt di tn phn
cch l N di tn k tip dnh cho lin lc hng xung .
c im: mi MS oc cp pht i knh lin lc sut thi gian thng tuyn. Nhiu giao
thao do tn s cc knh ln cn nhau l rt ng k BTS phi c b thu pht ring lm vic vi
mi MS trong t bo.
H thng FDMA in hnh l h thng di ng AMPS (Advanced mobile phone system) .
Cng ngh TDMA
Cng ngh TDMA l cng ngh a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian. Ph tn s quy nh
cho lin lc di ng c chia thnh di tn lin lc, mi di tn lin lc ny c dng chung cho
N knh lin lc, mi knh lin lc l mt khe thi gian trong chu k 1 khung. Tin tc c t
chc di dng gi, mi gi c bt ch th u gi, th ch cui gi, cc bt ng b, cc bt bo v
v cc bt d liu .
c im: Tn hiu ca thu bao c truyn dn s. Lin lc song cng mi hng thuc
di tn lin lc khc nhau. Gim nhiu giao thao, gim s my thu pht BTS. Fading v tr
truyn dn l nhng vn k thut rt phc tp, ngoi ra ISI (giao thao cc k hiu) hay mt
ng b cng l nhng vn cn gii quyt.
H thng TDMA in hnh l h thng di ng GSM (Global System for Mobile
communication).
Cng ngh CDMA
Cng ngh CDMA l cng ngh a truy cp phn chia theo m. Mi MS c gn mt m
ring bit v k thut tri ph tn hiu gip cho cc MS khng gy nhiu ln nhau trong iu kin
cng mt lc dng chung di tn s.

71
c im: di tn tn hiu rng hng trm Mhz, s dng k thut tri ph phc tp. K
thut tri ph cho php tn hiu v tuyn s dng c cng trng rt nh v chng pha inh
hiu qu hn FDMA hay TDMA. Vic cc thu bao MS trong t bo dng chung tn s khin cho
thit b truyn dn v tuyn n gin, vic thay i k hoch tn s khng cn l vn phc tp,
chuyn giao tr nn mm do hn, iu khin dung lng trong t bo rt linh hot.
H thng CDMA cng p dng k thut nn s nh TDMA, nhng vi tc bit thay i
theo tch cc thoi, nn tn hiu thoi c tc bit trung bnh nh hn.
1.3.3.3. Cu trc v cc thnh phn ca h thng GSM
H thng GSM c th chia thnh ba phn chnh : h thng BSS, h thng mng chuyn
mch NSS v h thng vn hnh v bo dng O&M (hnh 1.59).

Hnh 1.59: Cu trc tng qut ca h thng GSM
BTS (Base Transceiver Station) : Trm thu pht gc
BSC (Base Station Controller) : B iu khin trm gc
MSC (Mobile Service Switching Center) : Trung tm chuyn mch cc dch v di ng
HLR (Home Location Register) : B ghi dch nh v thng tr
EIR (Equipment Identity Register) : B nhn dng thit b
AuC (Authentication Center) : Trung tm nhn dng
VLR (Visitor Location Register) : B ghi nh v tm tr
ISDN (Intergrated Services Digital network) : mng s t hp a dch v
PSPDN (Packet Switching Public Digital network) : mng chuyn mch gi cng cng
PSTN (Public Switching Telephone Network) : Mng chuyn mch thoi cng cng
PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) : mng di ng mt t cng cng)
a s cc chc nng c bit ca h thng GSM c thc hin bi h thng cc trm pht
BSS trong vic lin lc vi thit b u cui mobile. H thng BSS c chia thnh hai khi chc
nng : Trm pht BTS v b iu khin trm pht BSC. Mt mng GSM dung lng cao thng
BSC
BSC
BTS
BTS

HLR VLR

EIR AuC

MSC
ME
SM
PSTN,ISDN
CSPDN
PSPDN
PLMN
Um Abis A
Station
Base Station Subsystem Network Subsystem

72
thng c hng ngn BTS. BTS cung cp chc nng v tuyn thu pht v bo hiu cho s tng
tc vi cc phn t khc ca mng. Vng ph sng ca mt BTS gi l mt Cell. BSC thc hin
chc nng chuyn mch v iu khin cc knh v tuyn cho h thng BSS. BSC n nh knh v
tuyn trong ton b thi gian thit lp mt cuc gi v gii phng ti nguyn khi cuc gi kt
thc. Chc nng di ng ch trong ni vng h thng BSS c thc hin bi BSC. Cc chc
nng ny lm cho cu trc ca BSC cao hn ca BTS.
Thng thng mi BSC iu khin hng chc BTS. Khi chuyn m TCE kt hp vi BSS
chuyn i tn hiu thoi c trng GSM thnh dng m dng trong mng in thoi c nh
thng thng. V tr ca b chuyn m TCE c th t ti hai v tr tu thuc vo c trng c th
ca h thng : t ti v tr ca BSC hoc v tr ca MSC. V tr t c ngha i vi gi thnh
truyn dn bi v tn hiu gia BTS v b chuyn m l 16 Kbit/sec. Ti b chuyn m, tn hiu
16 Kbit/sec c chuyn i thnh 64 Kbit/sec qua MSC ti mng thoi c nh.
Vic chuyn mch gia cc thu bao c thc hin bi trng chuyn mch trong MSC.
Mt MSC kt ni vi cc mng khc nh l mng thoi c nh PSTN, mng ISDN, mng s liu
gi PSPDN.
Mt b s liu logic c gi l b ng k d liu ch cha ng cc thng tin lin quan
n vic ng k ca mi thu bao nh cc dch v v v tr ca thu bao. c th nh tuyn
cc cuc gi ti, cc thng tin a ch ca vng khch c cha trong HLR. Mt ngn hng gi
liu l b ng k d liu khch VLR ph trch vic ghi ch cc ng k yu cu v thng tin v
tr ca cc thu bao c tr trong vng phc v ca n. Thm vo mt b nhn thc thit b EIR
c s dng ngn cn vic s dng trm hoc cc my mobile cm tay khng c php.
Mt cuc gi ti my MS c nh tuyn ti tng i MSC cng trong mng di ng cng
cng mt t PLMN ca thu bao. Bng cch s dng cc thng tin cha trong HLR v VLR cuc
gi c nh tuyn ti MSC m thu bao ang . Trong khi thu bao ang trong mng ch
th tng i MSC ch v MSC cng l ging nhau.
1.3.3.4. Giao din v tuyn
Mt trong nhng mc ch sm nht trong s nghin cu pht trin ca h thng GSM l
xc nh mt giao din m cho php cc nh khai thc (Operator) xy dng mng li ca mnh
t cc phn t mng ca cc nh cung cp khc nhau, v cho php xy dng mng li c cht
lng cao vi gi c hp l. Mt trong cc giao din quan trng nht l giao din v tuyn : giao
din Abis gia BTS v BSC, giao din A gia BSC v MSC. Tt c cc giao din ny c dng
cho vic truyn dn cc thng tin ca ngi s dng cng nh iu khin bo hiu. Thm vo
c mt vi giao din gia MSC, VLR, HLR.

73

Hnh 1.60. Cu trc khung v a khung
Giao din v tuyn bao gm hai bng tn s song cng 25 Mhz cho c ng ln v ng
xung (Uplink v downlink), gii bng tn l 890-915 MHz v 935-960 MHz (hnh 1.60). Cng
ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s FDMA c ng dng cho mi sng mang c rng
bng tn l 200 KHz. V phng din thi gian mi sng mang c ghp vo 8 khe thi gian
lin tip (s dng cng ngh a truy nhp theo thi gian TDMA). Mt chu k nhc li lin tip
ca mi khe thi gian gi l mt khung TDMA. Thng tin bo hiu v s liu ca ngi s dng
c bo v chng li cc iu kin li trn giao din v tuyn bng cch s dng m sa li (m
xon) v an xen. S liu c m ho khi c a vo cc Burst, m ho v iu ch s dng
kho dch ti thiu Gauss (iu ch tn s GMSK) qua giao din v tuyn. V mt logic cc knh
lu lng c t hp ca cc khe thi gian trong cc khung TDMA lin tip, thc hin iu
khin lin kt chm SACCH v cc khe thi gian ri trong mt a khung 26 (Hnh 1.61).

Hnh 1.61. T chc ca cc Burts, khung TDMA v a khung

74
ng ln (uplink) chm 3 khe thi gian so vi ng xung. Vic ny l mt chi tit rt
quan trng cho vic thit k MS ch vic pht v thu khng bao gi cng mt thi gian khng
ging nh cc h thng Cellular analog. iu ny n gin cho vic thit k bi v vic cn thit
cch ly gia cc mch thu v pht l gim i. Thm vo thu v pht, vic gim st ca cc
Cell ln cn c yu cu cho mc ch chn la Cell.
MS RX
3 4 5 6 7 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 0 1

MS TX
7 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 3 4 5 6

Gim st

Hnh 1.62. Hot ng ca MS trong ch thoi hoc s liu s dng mt khe thi gian
Hnh 1.62 cho thy s hot ng ca mt MS trong trng thi truyn thoi hoc s liu.
Trong v d ny khe thi gian 2 c s dng cho vic thu v pht. Vic pht c th sm hn mt
cht m bo thi gian n chnh xc ti BTS. Vic gim st ca cc cell ln cn c thc
hin trong khong thi gian gia vic thu v pht theo khung TDMA. Trnh t ny c tip tc
lp li trong ton b thi gian din ra cuc gi tr khung ri trong a khung 26. Trong ton b
khung ri, MS thc hin vic ng b vi cc Cell ln cn.
1.3.3.5. M ho knh v iu ch
truyn dn s ngi ta thng o cht lng ca tn hiu thu c bng t s li bt
(BER). BER ni ln bao nhiu bt trong tng s bt thu c mc li. T s ny cng nh cng tt.
Tuy nhin do ng truyn dn lun lun thay i nn ta khng th gim hon ton xung khng,
ngha l phi cho php mt lng li nht nh. c th ci thin t s li bt BER ngi ta
dng cc phng php m ho knh. Thng thng m ho knh c th pht hin li v chng
mc no sa c li. M ho knh phi tr gi l thm s bt kim tra, tc l lm tng lng
thng tin truyn trn ng truyn.
Trong thng tin di ng s dng hai phng php m ho c bn l m khi v m xon. m
ho khi ta b sung mt s bt kim tra vo mt s bt thng tin nht nh, cc bt kim tra ch ph
thuc vo cc bt thng tin khi bn tin. m xon, b m ho to ra khi cc bt thng tin m ha
khng ch ph thuc vo khi bn tin hin thi, m cn ph thuc vo cc bt ca cc khi trc.
Cc m khi thng c s dng khi c bo hiu nh hung theo khi, chng hn v
tuyn di ng mt t tng t khi s liu c pht i theo khi. N cng thng c s dng
pht hin li khi thc hin ARQ (yu cu t ng pht li). M ho xon lin quan nhiu hn
n sa li, chng hn khi khng c phng tin ARQ.

75
C hai phng php u c s dng GSM, trc ht mt s bt thng tin c m ho
khi to nn mt khi thng tin kim tra. Sau tt c cc bt ny c m ho xon to
nn cc bt c m ho.C hai bc trn u c p dng cho c ting v s liu mc d cc s
m ho chng hi khc nhau. L do s dng m ho kp v ta mun sa li nu c th (m
ho xon) v sau c th nhn bit c (m ho khi) xem liu thng tin c b hng n mc
khng dng c hay khng.
1.3.3.6. Cc th h thng tin di ng
Mng thng tin di ng t bo (Cellular) tri qua 3 th h: 1G, 2-2.5G v 3G (hnh 1.63).
H thng th h th nht 1G l cc h thng di ng tng t, c thit k truyn ti thoi.
Th h 2 (2-2.5G) s dng cng ngh s. H thng th h 3 (3G) p ng ng k phn thiu ht
ca cc tiu chun th h hai hin c, c v loi hnh dch v v tc truy nhp. H thng di
ng s hin ti c thit k ti u cho thng tin thoi, trong khi h thng 3G ch trng n
kh nng truyn thng a phng tin.

Hnh 1.63: Xu th pht trin mng thng tin di ng
Thng tin di ng th h th nht
H thng th h th nht, xut hin vo cui nhng nm 70 u nhng nm 80, dng k
thut iu tn (FM) tng t, trong c h thng AMPS l h thng ng ch nht. AMPS s
dng cng ngh FM truyn dn thoi v bo hiu s cho thng tin iu khin. Cc h thng th
h th nht khc gm c:
+ AMPS bng hp (NAMPS): c a vo s dng nm 1982, y l tiu chun tng t
thnh cng nht. H thng c trin khai kh nhiu nc trn th gii.
+ H thng TACS: ban u c ginh ring cho Anh v cng da trn AMPS. Ch tiu
TACS ban u c m rng thnh ETAC. ETAC ch yu c trin khai khu vc Chu
Thi Bnh Dng.
+ H thng thoi di ng Bc u (NMT-900): l h thng tng t xut hin u tin, c
a vo Thu in v Na Uy nm 1979.

76
Tt c cc h thng Cellular th h th nht trn u dng a truy nhp phn tn (FDMA),
mi knh c gn cho mt bng tn s duy nht trong mt nhm cell.
Thng tin di ng th h th hai
Hin ti c bn cng ngh di ng th h 2-2.5 ang cng tn ti: GSM, CdmaOne, TDMA
v PDC, trong GSM l ph bin nht. Sau y l mt s c im chnh ca cng ngh ny.
Vo nm 1982, CEPT (Confrence Eroupenne des Postes et des Tlcommunication)
thnh lp Nhm c trch v thng tin di ng GSM (Group Spcial Mobile). Nm 1989, Vin
Tiu chun Vin thng Chu u (ETSI - Eropean Telecommunication Standards Institute) a ra
cc tiu chun k thut ca GSM. Hin ti, nhm 3GPP (3G Partnership Project) ang tin hnh
xy dng tiu chun mng 3G cho chu u.
H thng GSM cho php ti 8 ngi dng cng chia s mt bng tn v tuyn 200 KHz
bng vic gn ln lt cc khe thi gian cho mi ngi dng. GSM s dng bng tn 900 MHz
v 1800 MHz trn ton th gii ngoi tr Bc M (bng tn 1900 MHz). Sp ti, bng tn 450
MHz v 850 MHz s c s dng.
K t khi i vo hot ng, h thng GSM cung cp dch v nhn tin SMS (Short
Message Service), y l dch v chuyn mch gi phi kt ni vi gii hn ca bn tin nh hn
160 k t. Vic truyn s liu c th c thc hin bng phng thc chuyn mch knh CSD
(Circuit Switched Data) vi tc 14,4 Kb/s. Gii hn v tc truyn s liu dn ti s cn
thit ra i tiu chun truyn s liu tc cao qua chuyn mch knh HSCSD (High Speed
Circuit Switched Data) v dch v chuyn mch gi v tuyn GPRS (General Packet Service).
HSCSD cho php tc truyn s liu cao hn CSD (ln ti 57,6 Kb/s), nhng n cng
ging nh CSD l phi da trn phng thc chuyn mch knh. V vy, s dng cng ngh ny
khng mang li hiu qu cao khi truyn lu lng c tc bit thay i. Hn na, HSCSD cn s
dng vi knh v tuyn (ti 4 knh). Nhc im ny ca HSCSD khin cho ch c t nh khai
thc s dng cng ngh ny. Hu ht cc nh khai thc s dng cng ngh GPRS.
GPRS tun th phng php iu ch v tuyn, bng tn, cu trc khung ca GSM v c
thit k da vo mt s nguyn tc sau:
- Lin tc: cho php gi v nhn d liu bt c lc no
- Tc bt cao: bng tn thc tng ng vi tc kt ni ca Modem Dial-up.
- Ci thin vic s dng ngun ti nguyn v tuyn: nhiu ngi s dng chia s cc knh
v tuyn.
- Cp knh v tuyn ring bit cho kt ni i (Uplink) v n (Downlink)
- Duy tr ng thi dch v truyn s liu v dch v thoi
T u nm 2002, mt cng ngh mi c tn l EDGE (Enhanced Data Rate for Global
Evolution) c trin khai M. Cng ngh ny ci tin GPRS bng cch p dng phng php
iu ch v tuyn mi, lm tng bng tn ln 3 ln so vi GPRS.
Thng tin di ng th h th ba
c nhiu n lc quc t a ra mt chun 3G ton cu. C 2 h thng xut chnh
cho 3G c hip hi Vin thng quc t ITU (International Telecommunication Union) xem xt:
UMTS ca chu u: bao hm 2 h thng khc bit c lin quan ti phng php iu
ch:

77
- CDMA tri ph trc tip: CDMA bng rng, cn c gi l song cng phn chia tn s
FDD (Frequence Division Duplex).
- CDMA-TDD: song cng phn chia thi gian TDD (Time Division Duplex).
Cdma2000 ca Bc M (v mt s nc chu ): CDMA a sng mang, l th h mi
pht trin t cng ngh cdmaOne.
Mc d c s dng trong th h 3G, nhng cng ngh EDGE ch c xem nh l bc
pht trin chuyn tip t cng ngh GSM ln 3G m thi.
1.3.3.7. Cc dch v trong h thng GSM
Dch v s liu cng nh thoi trong GSM thng thng l chuyn mch knh. Mt giao
din v tuyn tc 12 kbit/sec (13 kbit/sec cho thoi) sau khi thc hin sa sai t tc 22.8
kbit/sec. Mt tc ti a cho ngi s dng l 9.6 kbit/sec gia my cm tay MS v MSC.
Cc dch v thoi c bn
Bn cnh dch v thoi c bn rt quen thuc cho php thit lp cuc gi gia hai thu bao
di ng, gia thu bao di ng v thu bao c nh, ... mng di ng GSM hin nay c kh nng
cung cp cc dch v b sung kh phong ph nh
- Cc dch v nhn dng thu bao CLIP, CLIR, MCID.
- Cc dch v chuyn thoi CFU, CFB, CFNR.
- Dch v chuyn tip cuc gi CT.
- Dch v cuc gi ch CW.
- Cc dch v cuc gi ba bn 3PTY v cuc gi hi ngh CONF.
- Cc dch v hn ch cuc gi BAOC, BOIC, BAIC.
- Dch v hon tt cuc gi n thu bao bn CCBS.
- Dch v gi cuc gi HOLD.
- Dch v thng bo thi gian cuc gi AOC.
- Dch v bo hiu t ngi s dng n ngi s dng UUS.
Cc dch v b sung nu ch n thun ni ln kh nng sn sng p ng cc yu cu v
mt dch v ca mng di ng. Trong tng trng hp c th vic thc hin cc dch v ny cn
b nh hng bi mt s yu t khc nh kh nng k thut v qun l ca mng ch, hn ch do
chuyn vng, hn ch do chng loi v th h thit b s dng.
Cc dch v d liu
Tiu chun GSM nh ngha cc chc nng u ni vi cc mng PSTN, ISDN, mng s
liu gi PSPDN, mng s liu chuyn mch knh CSPDN v cc mng truy nhp trc tip (ETS
94a). Vic u ni vi PSTN c thc hin qua Modem t trong chc nng u ni MSC.
Chc nng ny c thc hin rng ri trong cc sn phm ca cc nh sn sut tng i MSC v
my cm tay MS. Vic kt ni vi mng s liu gi thng c thc hin bi Modem ti b
bin i khng ng b (asynchronous packet assembler and disassembler -PAD). Tnh ch li
ca thit b u cui khng ng b lm tng trng vic s dng ca cc dch v khng ng
b cp trn v lm cho cc dch v ng b tr nn li thi. Thm vo cc dch v ny, truy
nhp bng hp narrowband tr thnh dch v s liu quan trng trong GSM.

78
Thun li ca cuc gi s liu GSM-ISDN l thi gian thit lp u ni t u cui ti u
cui. Trong vic u ni hon ton s ISDN, khng cn thit cho vic thit lp quan h modem,
iu ny lm gim ng k thi gian thit lp cuc gi. Trong thc t thit lp quan h modem c
th thc hin trong khong t 134 dn 17 giy, trong khi thit lp mt u ni ISDN s dng mt
b Adapter chuyn i thng thng ch trong khong 4 giy. Cng vi bo hiu trong GSM, vic
thit lp cuc gi trong PSTN trong khong 22 giy, trong khi thit lp u ni s liu GSM-
ISDN ch khong 10 giy. Nh vy thi gian cho thit lp cuc gi c th c xem xt c
gim ng k. ISDN cng cho php s khc nhau gia mt vi dch v s liu hoc thoi s dng
mt s thu bao.
Thm vo cc dch v s liu l dch v Fax nhm 3 s dng cng knh mang vi cc dch
v s liu c cung cp. Khuyn ngh ca ITU-T c s dng trong ton b qu trnh thit lp
u ni, truyn dn cung cp u ni t u cui ti u cui. Vic yu cu thi gian thc ca
giao thc facsmile lm cho tnh nng khng cn sa li ca GSM thm tin cy. y l l do ti
sao vic thc hin ca dch v facsmile c trin khai vi cc dch v kiu trong sut
(transparent mode). Kiu trong sut m bo thi gian tr c nh vi nhiu loi bt li tc
khc nhau, trong khi kiu khng trong sut (non transparent) m bo tc bt li thp vi thi
gian tr truyn dn thay i. Trong u ni vi mng s liu, vic tr thay i c chp nhn.
Mt dch v s liu khc hon ton vi cc dch v s liu nu trn l dch v bn tin
ngn SMS. N l mt loi dch v gi cho php thu v pht ca cc bn tin c kch c ln ti 160
k t. Cc bn tin c truyn gia my u cui MS v trung tm nhn tin. Chc nng ca trung
tm nhn tin ny nh l mt server cha v chuyn hng cho bn tin n tn khi bn tin c th
phn pht n ngi nhn. Vic truyn ca bn tin ti hoc t mt MS ri c thc hin thng
qua knh iu khin lin kt nhanh FACCH. Trong khi MS ang c mt cuc gi c thit lp,
bn tin c truyn song song trn mt knh iu khin lin kt chm SACCH. Do vn i hi
ca bo hiu vic truyn mt bn tin ngn ch din ra trong khong thi gian vi giy. Dch v bn
tin ngn SMS c s dng rng ri thng bo cho ngi s dng bn tin Voice-mail n.
Hin nay theo khuyn ngh ca ETSI 95n cho php kt ni ti 255 bn tin.
S pht trin thm nhiu cc ng dng thng minh trong h thng GSM ang din ra nhanh
chng. Tuy nhin, mt vi ng dng nh cc dch v thng tin v giao thng, chng khon khng
th c cung cp vi mt tc s liu thp t cc knh iu khin nh trn. V vy, mt dch
v v tuyn gi GSM cho php truyn d liu vi tc cao ang c cc nh khai thc di ng
GSM hng ti.
Ngoi ra dch v nhn tin qung b ti cc Cell c s dng chuyn pht ng thi mt
bn tin no ti nhiu ngi s dng trong mt vng ph sng nht nh. Tuy vy bn tin ny
khng th c thu nhn trong khi cuc thoi hoc s liu ang din ra. Kch c cc i ca cc
bn tin l 88 byte v 15 bn tin c th c kt hp.
1.3.4. H thng thng tin v tinh
Nhu cu thng tin in thoi i khong cch xa ti cc im khc nhau trn tri t i hi
loi ngi khng ngng pht minh sng to . Vo nhng nm 1960 khi con ngi phng thnh
cng v tinh nhn to bay quanh qu t, mt phng tin thng tin v tuyn sng cc ngn mi
xut hin v tr thnh thng mi. Lc ny ngi ta t trn trm v tinh cc thit b thu pht v
tuyn thu sng t mt im trn mt t v pht tr li nhiu im khc hay thng tin chuyn

79
tip hai chiu. thng tin tt ch c mt vi di tn s c s dng v gi l ca s tn s v
tr nh l bng C (tn s khong 3,7 n 6,5 GHz) hay bng Ku (11 n 18 GHz).
Cc loi v tinh thng tin c sp xp trn cc qu o khc nhau bay vng quanh qu t.
Ngi ta chia ra s loi qu o v tinh : v tinh qu o nghing elp, v tinh qu o cc, v
tinh a ng b hay qu o xch o (hnh 1.64).
Cc v tinh a ng b c chu k quay vng c ng b vi tri t hoc bi ca n.
Qu o a tnh l mt s a ng b duy nht c nh v trn xch o qu t . V tinh ti
qu o a tnh c cao v tc c nh khi quan st t mt v tr trn mt t. Thi gian i
mt vng ca v tinh l 23 gi 56 pht 4,1 giy v cao ca n l 35.765 km tc 3,073 km/s.
Qu o Elip
quo a cc

Qu o xch o
Hnh 1.64: Cc qu o v tinh thng tin
V tinh qu o elip ly tm qu t l mt trong hai tiu im ca hnh elp, cao vin
im khong 35.600 km, cao cn im khong 3.960 km, chu k quay di 12 gi. Vi vng
nhn thy l 8 gi, ni chung ba v tinh c th ph sng trm quanh tri t.
Cc v tinh qu o qu t tm thp LEO
S
, c cao 850 km, quay vng ht 100 pht,
c bng tn v tuyn lm vic 1-2 GHz phc v cho PCN thun tin.
Vi cc mc ch thng tin khc nhau rt nhiu v tinh nhn to c phng ln cc
qu o quanh qu t, lm nn mng v tinh thng tin dy c v bo m thng tin ton cu
nhanh chng, thun li v tin cy (hnh 1.65).


80
Hnh 1.65: Mt s v tinh thng tin th gii
Cc phng php truy nhp trong thng tin v tinh c pht trin khng ngng:
- a truy nhp chia tn s (FDMA).
- a truy nhp chia thi gian (TDMA).
- a truy nhp chia m (CDMA).
Cc lnh vc dng v tinh l:
- H in thoi v tinh trn bin INMARSAT (1979).
- H thng tin ca t chc INTELSAT.
- Cc h thng thng tin khu vc (vng ph sng hp).
Ngoi ra cn cc dch v truyn thng mi
- H thng IDR (Intermediate Rate) c tc iu ch trung bnh.
- H thng IBR (Intelsat Business Service) dch v thng mi Intelsat.
Cc h thng tin hai chiu c thng mi ho pht trin SAT v Internet.
- H Vista c mt vi knh thoi tng t, anten ng knh 4mt.
- H VSAT Vitnam (VNPT/VTI) dng FDMA-DAMA.

Chng 2. C s k thut chuyn mch

81
CHNG 2: C S K THUT CHUYN MCH
Cc h thng chuyn mch c ngha c bit quan trng i vi mng vin thng. Cc
nh qun l h thng vin thng khi a ra nhng quyt nh chin lc pht trin mng thng
da trn mt s tiu ch nh tin cy, mm do cng nh chc nng p ng c ca h
thng chuyn mch trong mng m h ang qun l. Nng lc ca h thng chuyn mch l nhn
t quyt nh cho php tr li cc cu hi nh: h thng c kh nng cung cp cc dch v nh th
no, gi thnh dch v c tho mn ngi s dng hay khng? Cng ngh chuyn mch gn lin
vi cng ngh mng. Cc mng in thoi trc y s dng cng ngh chuyn mch knh. Xu
hng hin nay l xy dng cc mng hi t da trn chuyn mch gi, cung cp c dch v thoi
v s liu mt cch mm do.
Trong chng ny s trnh by nhng c im quan trng nht ca c hai h thng chuyn
mch knh v gi.
2.1. Chuyn mch knh
2.1.1. Tng i chuyn mch s
Vo khong thp nin 60 ca th k 20, xut hin th h tng i in t s l s kt hp
gia cng ngh in t vi k thut my tnh. Tng i in t s u tin iu khin theo chng
trnh ghi sn c gii thiu ti M vo nm 1965. Sau , hng lot cc tng i in t s
thng mi ra i. Cc th h tng i u tin s dng h thng chuyn mch s, song cc mch
giao tip thu bao vn l Analog. Sau hu ht cc h thng chuyn mch s u a ra cc cu
hnh h tr cho cc dch v mi nh ISDN, dch v cho mng thng minh, v cc tnh nng mi
tng thch vi s pht trin ca mng li.
Ngy nay, s bng n ca mng Internet tc ng mnh m n cng nghip vin thng
v xu hng hi t cc mng my tnh v truyn thng tr thnh mt bi ton mang tnh thi
s. Mt mng c th cho php truyn thng bng rng vi cc loi hnh dch v thoi v phi thoi.
Tc cao v m bo cht lng phc v (QoS) tr thnh nhng vn cp thit cn phi
gii quyt. Cc h thng chuyn mch in t s cng phi dn thay i theo hng ny cng vi
cc ch tiu k thut v giao thc mi.
2.1.1.1. Phn cp cc h thng tng i
Thng thng cc h thng chuyn mch c phn cp trong mng. ITU-T khuyn ngh 3-
5 cp cho mt quc gia, tuy nhin hin nay ang c xu hng gim s cp mng n nh hn
v mt ng b. Sau y l mt v d v phn cp cc h thng tng i:
- Tng i ni ht (lp 5). N c giao din trc tip vi cc thu bao v u ni ti tng i
lin tnh (Toll) qua cc ng trung k. Cc tng i ny c chc nng ghi thng tin cc
thu bao.
- Tng i qu giang v lin i, lin tnh (lp 4). Hu ht tt c cc tng i lp 5 u u ni
ti tng i lin tnh. Cc tng i qu giang chuyn mch cc lu lng trung k ti tng i
lin tnh cp cao hn. Dch v iu hnh cc c th cung cp bi cc tng i ny.

82
- Tng i lin tnh (lp 3). Tng i lin tnh s cp c th trc tip phc v cc tng i
lp 4 v lp 5 ph thuc vo trin khai cc ng trung k. Ni cch khc, nu trong iu
kin bnh thng cc ng trung k b ht, th lu lng t cc lp tng i thp hn c
th n thng lp 3. Cc tng i lp 3 c kh nng lu tr, sa i, tin bin dch, bin
dch hoc bin i m cc con s nhn c cng nh l tm tuyn hiu qu nht ti cc
tng i cp cao hn.
- Tng i lin vng (lp 2). C chc nng nh mt trung tm chuyn mch lin tnh v c
th nm trong s cc tng i lp 1.
- Tng i ca quc t (lp 1). Cc tng i ny truy nhp trc tip ti cc tng i ca ca
cc nc khc. N cng cung cp tr gip iu hnh quc t.
u im ca mng phn cp l n cung cp mt c ch tm tuyn ng hiu qu qua
mng. Nhc im l nu cc tng i lin tnh hay lin vng c s c th mt vng rng ln s b
cch ly. C th d phng mt vi hng thay th nhng chng cng khng th ti dch v.
2.1.1.2. Cu trc chc nng ca tng i k thut s
Chc nng chnh ca h thng tng i l chuyn mch. Trng chuyn mch ca tng i
k thut s SPC c cu to t nhiu phn t chuyn mch v c iu khin bi phn mm
theo chng trnh ghi sn. Cc ma trn chuyn mch c sp xp nh th no l do thit k ca
nh sn xut, nhng u da trn cc phn t chuyn mch c bn l n v chuyn mch theo
thi gian (T) hay chuyn mch khng gian (S). M hnh n gin nht ca mt trng chuyn
mch ch ra trn hnh 2.1.
Trng
chuyn mch
B x l
trung tm
Cc b /k
Li vo Li ra

Hnh 2.1. M hnh h thng chuyn mch n gin
Nhim v quan trng nht ca trng chuyn mch l thc hin qu trnh u ni cho mt
u vo ti mt u ra (tuyn s liu, khe thi gian, ) di s iu khin ca b x l trung
tm. V mt vt l, trng chuyn mch c th c cc cu trc ghp hp TS, ST, STS,TST,
TSSST, TTT. Tuy nhin, cu trc ghp TST ang s dng ph bin nht v hiu qu kinh t, cc
ch tiu k thut, dung lng v mt s u im khc. Ti trng chuyn mch, cc ma trn
chuyn mch tng S c cu to t cc phn t logic AND hoc phn t 3 trng thi di s
iu khin ca cc b vi x l cc b, cn cc chuyn mch tng T l cc b nh truy xut ngu
nhin (RAM) v cng c iu khin bi cc b vi x l cc b.
Trn hnh 2.1 ch th hin mt cch n gin vn iu khin trng chuyn mch. Trn
thc t ti cc tng i qu trnh iu khin thng phn cp thnh nhiu mc, th hin c cu
iu khin phn tn ti cc b x l bn trong. Mt s h thng chuyn mch dung lng nh

83
thng s dng c cu iu khin tp trung, c th hiu l ton b hot ng iu hnh h thng
nm trong mt nhm b x l duy nht. Cc b x l cp thp c iu khin bi cc b x l
cp cao v thng thng c mt b hoc nhm b x l lp thnh trung tm x l, c trch nhim
qun l v iu hnh ton b h thng chuyn mch s.
C th m rng khi nim v h thng chuyn mch s bng vic xt thm cc khi chc
nng theo hng phc v cho thu bao v cc ng dy trung k (hnh 2.2). Cc module trung k
(TM) v thu bao (LM) l nhng khi hp nht ca h thng chuyn mch. Chng i din cho cc
ng dy thu bao hoc nhm trung k ging nhau trn mt l mch in, gi l thit b ng dy
hoc thit b trung k, v c u ni ti trng chuyn mch qua giao din iu khin.
Trng
chuyn mch
B x l
trung tm
Cc b /k
Module
ng dy
Module
trung k
Module
ng dy
Module
trung k
Li vo
Li ra

Hnh 2.2 M hnh h thng chuyn mch c cc module ng dy v trung k

Cc h thng chuyn mch s s dng nhiu cch khc nhau kt ni cc ng dy thu
bao trong module ng dy. Mt vi h thng chuyn mch s cho php kt cui khng ch mt
ng dy trn mt module ng dy m cn cho php nhm nhiu ng kt cui ti mt
module ng dy. Cc kiu kt ni ny u c u im v c nhc im. Nu mt module
ng dy nhiu ng c cht lng km, n c th nh hng ti mt s ng dy trong
module . Tuy nhin, trong trng hp mt thit b ng dy hng, th c th d dng ci t
li sang thit b ng dy mi nu module gm nhiu ng dy thu bao. Tng t i vi
vic s dng cc trung k trn module trung k. Trong cc h thng chuyn mch hin i c th
thm vo cc phn t module ng dy hay trung k m khng phi lp mi h thng. iu ny
cho php d dng pht trin v cung cp cc dch v mi. Tc dng ca tng thit k ny l
m bo cho h thng tin cy nht nh khi h thng hon ton hot ng t ng.
Hng pht trin tip theo tp trung vo phn iu khin h thng. Ti y pht trin cc
khi nim x l phn tn trong mi trng h thng chuyn mch s (hnh 2.3). Trn hnh v c
th thy rng b iu khin tp trung c thay th bng cc b x l iu khin phn tn,
thm vo l b x l iu khin module ng dy v trung k.

84
Trng
chuyn mch
B x l
trung tm
Cc b /k
Module
ng dy
Module
trung k
Module
ng dy
Module
trung k
Li vo
Li ra
I
C
I
C
Cc b /k

Hnh 2.3 M hnh h thng chuyn mch c cc b iu khin cc b

Nhim v iu khin h thng chuyn mch c phn b cho hng lot cc b x l
iu khin cc khi chuyn mch cng nh l cc nhm module thu bao v trung k. B x l
trung tm iu khin hot ng ca cc b iu khin ny. Kiu kin trc ny rt mm do v cho
php xy dng cc tng i c dung lng khc nhau nh qu trnh tng s lng b x l iu
khin mng. V d, mt tng i nh c th cu hnh ch mt b x l iu khin ton b, trong
khi cu hnh ca tng i ln hn c th c vi b x l iu khin cc b. Kh nng x l ca
b vi x l iu khin trung tm, cc b vi x l iu khin mng v kch thc mng ng vai
tr quan trng trong vic xc nh dung lng ti a ca h thng.
trng chuyn mch ca tng i hot ng c hiu qu, cc knh tn hiu s thng
c ghp li c lung tc cao nht v ng nht cho tt c cc li vo c tc khc nhau.
Thut ng ch lung tc cao l Highway (HW). Tc HW c th bng bao nhiu l tu thuc
vo tng tng i c th. Chnh v vy, trc khi i vo trng chuyn mch chnh, thng thng
h thng tng i c cc mch giao tip IC vi cc chc nng ghp knh, ghp lung, tp trung
lu lng hoc tng t nh vy.
hon tt cc khi nim c bn v mt tng i in t s, ta xem xt thm cc khi chc
nng dch v h thng, trong quan trng nht l khi chc nng bo hiu. S h thng tng
i vi cc khi chc nng dch v th hin trn hnh 2.4. Mc ch ca cc mch iu khin dch
v l cung cp m mi quay s, chung, v cc chc nng lin quan khc. Trong h thng chuyn
mch s hin i mi mt module ng dy hoc trung k hoc nhm module c th u ni ti
mt mch iu khin phc v. Cc mch phc v to ra cc tn hiu c bn kt ni cc h
thng tng i trong mng cng nh thc hin chc nng iu hnh trong mng ni chung.

85
Trng
chuyn mch
B x l
trung tm
Cc b /k
Module
ng dy
Module
trung k
Module
ng dy
Module
trung k
Li vo
Li ra
I
C
I
C
Cc b /k
SC SC

Hnh 2.4: M hnh h thng chuyn mch in hnh

Chc nng cc khi trong m hnh h thng tng i trn hnh 2.4 c th nh sau.
Khi chc nng chuyn mch
Gm cc trng chuyn mch khng gian v thi gian, thc hin nhim v chuyn thng
tin t mt tuyn u vo ti mt tuyn u ra.
Khi chc nng iu khin trung tm
Gm cc b vi x l thc hin cc nhim v iu khin phc v cho u ni s liu qua
trng chuyn mch, vn hnh v bo dng h thng tng i in t s.
Khi chc nng cc b iu khin
L cc b vi x l thc hin x l mc thp hn b x l trung tm (c gi l x l th
cp), h tr cc chc nng x l ti cc khi thit b theo lnh iu khin t b x l trung tm.
Khi giao tip IC
Lm nhim v giao din gia tc thp v tc cao, chun ho cc lung s liu trc
khi a vo trng chuyn mch. Ngoi ra, IC cn m nhim vic truyn s liu iu khin ti
cc khi thit b khc.
Khi module ng dy v trung k
m nhim vai tr giao din vi mng thoi bn ngoi v thc hin qu trnh bin i cc
tn hiu tc khc nhau thnh dng tn hiu tiu chun trc khi a chng ti trng chuyn
mch.
Mch phc v SC
Cung cp cc chc nng bo hiu cho ton h thng, bao gm bo hiu cho ng dy thu
bao v bo hiu cho ng dy trung k.
Ngoi cc chc nng lit k trn, cn mt chc nng na rt quan trng ca tng i in
t s l vn hnh v bo dng h thng (O&M). Tng i hot ng 24/24 gi v lin tc trong
nhiu nm, i hi n nh ngn hn v di hn cho h thng. Chnh v vy, chc nng vn
hnh v bo dng t ng c khai thc trit vi rt nhiu phng php kim tra v khi
phc li a dng, phong ph gip cho h thng c an ton v tin cy.

86
2.1.2. Chuyn mch thi gian k thut s
Trong trng hp tng qut, khi c yu cu chuyn mch cho cc khe thi gian khc ch s
th phi ng dng trng chuyn mch thi gian. Nh chng ta bit cc mu thng tin thoi
cn phi chuyn i trong mt khong thi gian gi l khe thi gian TS. Khe thi gian c coi l
v tr nm gi trn trc thi gian. Cc khe thi gian ca mt cuc gi c xut hin nh k v
ghp nhau lin tip theo cc ch s to thnh khung PCM. V d, khung PCM tc c s E1
c 32 khe thi gian vi di khung l 125 microsec v mi khe thi gian c di xp x 3,9
microsec. Trc khi xem xt trng chuyn mch thi gian k thut s chng ta cn hiu r khi
nim trao i khe thi gian TSI. Trao i khe thi gian c ngha l trao i v tr trn trc thi
gian hay chnh xc hn l tr trn trc thi gian. Qu trnh trao i khe thi gian ch xut hin trn
cng mt khung v tr ln nht khng vt qu di ca khung l 125 microsec.
2.1.2.1. Cu trc trng chuyn mch thi gian
Cu to ca chuyn mch tng T bao gm 02 thnh phn chnh l b nh thoi S-Mem
(Speech Memory) v b nh iu khin C-Mem nh trn hnh 2.5. Chc nng c bn ca S-Mem
l nh tm thi cc tn hiu PCM cha trong mi khe thi gian pha u vo to tr thch
hp theo yu cu. N c gi tr t nh nht l 1TS v ln nht l (n-1)TS.
Nu vic ghi cc tn hiu PCM cha trong cc khe thi gian pha u vo ca tng chuyn
mch T vo S-Mem c thc hin mt cch tun t th c th s dng mt b m nh phn
modulo n cng vi b chn rt n gin iu khin. Lu rng khi tn hiu ng h phi
hon ton ng b vi cc thi im u ca TS trong khung tn hiu PCM s dng trong h.
B nh C-Mem c chc nng iu khin qu trnh c thng tin lu m ti S-Mem. B
nh C-Mem c n nh, bng s lng khe thi gian trong khung tn hiu PCM s dng. Trong
thi gian mi TS, C-Mem iu khin qu trnh c mt nh tng ng trong S-Mem. Nh vy
hiu qu tr ca tn hiu PCM c xc nh mt cch chnh xc bi hiu s gia cc khe thi
gian ghi v c b nh S-Mem.

87
0
n
0
n
Selector 1
Selector 2
TS
count
Clock
R/W
R/W
R W Data
R W
Add
Local controller
HW vo
HW ra
Trung tm iu khin
TS 3
TS 7
0
7(3)
S-MEM
C-MEM

Hnh 2.5 Trng chuyn mch thi gian tn hiu s
Tnh khng gian trong chuyn mch thi gian xut hin trong qu trnh kt ni cho mt
cuc gi no . Thng thng vic chuyn ni dung thng tin trong cc khe thi gian l c nh
i vi mt cuc gi. Khi , ni dung nh chim dng trong b nh iu khin cng l c
nh, v nh vy n mang tnh khng gian.
2.1.2.2. iu khin trao i khe thi gian
Nguyn l iu khin trao i khe thi gian trong chuyn mch thi gian T s c trnh
by qua v d sau y.
Gi s c yu cu chuyn mch phc v cho cuc ni gia TS#3 ca lung tn hiu PCM
u vo vi TS#7 ca lung tn hiu PCM u ra ca chuyn mch tng T trn hnh 2.5. Cn c
yu cu chuyn mch, h thng iu khin trung tm CC ca tng i s to cc s liu iu khin
cho tng T. thc hin iu ny CC s np s liu v a ch nh phn nh s 3 ca T-Mem
vo nh s 7 ca C-Mem, sau CC giao quyn iu khin cc b cho chuyn mch tng T
trc tip thc hin qu trnh trao i khe thi gian theo yu cu chuyn mch.
Tip theo, qu trnh m t c xc nh v d theo di, chng ta kho st t thi im
bt u TS#0 ca khung tn hiu PCM. Qu trnh ghi thng tin PCM cha trong cc khe thi gian
pha u vo vo b nh S-Mem c thc hin mt cch ln lt v ng b nh hot ng phi
hp gia b m khe thi gian TS-Counter v b chn a ch Selector1. C th l khi bt u
khe thi gian TS#0, tn hiu ng h tc ng vo TS-Counter lm n thit lp trng thi 0 to
t hp m nh phn tng ng vi a ch m nh phn nh 0 ca S-Mem. B chn a ch
Selector1 c s dng iu khin c hay ghi b nh S-Mem (RAM), trong trng hp ny
n chuyn m a ch ny vo bus a ch Add ca S-Mem ng thi to tn hiu iu khin ghi

88
W, do vy t hp m tn hiu PCM cha trong khe thi gian TS#0 ca lung s u vo c ghi
vo nh 0 ca S-Mem. Kt thc thi gian TS#0 cng l bt u TS#1 song ng h li tc ng
vo TS-Counter lm cho n chuyn sang trng thi 1 to a ch nh phn cho nh s 1 ca S-
Mem. Selector1 chuyn s liu ny vo bus a ch ca S-Mem, ng thi to tn hiu iu khin
ghi W do t hp m tn hiu PCM trong khe thi gian TS 1 ca lung s u vo c ghi vo
nh 1 ca S-Mem. Qu trnh xy ra tng t i vi cc khe thi gian TS2, TS3, v tip theo
cho ti khe thi gian cui cng TSn ca khung. Sau tip tc lp li cho cc khung tip theo
trong sut thi gian thit lp cuc ni yu cu.
ng thi vi qu trnh ghi tn hiu vo S-Mem, C-Mem thc hin iu khin qu trnh c
cc nh ca S-Mem a tn hiu PCM ra vo cc khe thi gian thch hp theo yu cu. C
th din bin qu trnh xy ra nh sau.
Bt u khe thi gian TS7, tn hiu ng h tc ng vo TS-Counter lm n chuyn trng
thi to m nh phn tng ng a ch nh s 9 ca C-Mem. B chn a ch Selector2 chuyn
s liu ny vo Bus a ch ca C-Mem ng thi to tn hiu iu khin c R cho b nh C-
Mem, kt qu l ni dung cha trong nh s 9 ca C-Mem c a ra ngoi hng ti Bus a
ch c pha u vo ca Selector1. V ni dung ca nh s 7 C-Mem cha a ch nh phn ca
nh s 3 ca S-Mem do vy b chn a ch Selector1 chuyn a ch ny vo Bus a ch ca S-
Mem, ng thi n to c tn hiu iu khin c R ca S-Mem. Kt qu l ni dung cha
trong nh s 3 ca S-Mem c a ra ngoi vo khong thi gian ca khe thi gian TS7,
ngha l thc hin ng chc nng chuyn mch yu cu cho trc. Qu trnh tip tc lp li
nh trn vi chu k 125 microsec vi cc khung tip theo cho ti khi kt thc cuc ni.
Nh vy, c th nhn thy rng trng chuyn mch thi gian gy tr cho tn hiu. tr
ln nht ca mt knh l n-1 khe thi gian. C hai phng thc iu khin cho trng chuyn
mch thi gian s. Phng thc th nht l iu khin u ra SWRR ( Sequence Write Random
Read) hay cn gi l Ghi vo tun t c ra c iu khin. Phng thc th hai l iu khin u
vo RWSR ( Random Write Sequence Read) hay cn gi l phng thc Ghi vo c iu khin
c ra tun t. Dung lng ca trng chuyn mch thi gian s ph thuc vo tc x l ghi,
c ca cc b nh truy xut ngu nhin. Thng thng cc khi chuyn mch thi gian c x
l song song tng dung lng v gim tc ghi c.
2.1.3. Chuyn mch khng gian k thut s
2.1.3.1. Cu trc tng chuyn mch khng gian
Mt chuyn mch khng gian k thut s bao gm mt ma trn TDM vi cc h thng
PCM u vo v u ra, c iu khin bi b iu khin cc b. truyn bt k khe thi gian
no trong h thng PCM n khe thi gian ra tng ng, to thch hp ca ma trn chuyn
mch khng gian phi c kch hot trong sut thi gian hot ng ca khe thi gian ny m
bo rng s chuyn hng khng gian tn hiu c hon tt. Trong sut thi gian ca cuc gi
(cc mu tn hiu thoi cch nhau 125 microsec) tip im ny c s dng, sau tip im s
phc v cho cuc ni khc. Tnh chu k ny s c iu khin bi mt vi phng php n
gin thng qua b iu khin cc b.
Tng chuyn mch khng gian S d trn cc ma trn tip im chuyn mch c kt ni
theo hng v ct (hnh 2.6). Cc hng u vo v cc tip im chuyn mch c tip ni vi cc
tuyn PCM u vo. Cc ct u ra v cc tip im chuyn mch c tip ni vi cc tuyn

89
PCM u ra. Cc tip im chuyn mch ny c th l cc linh kin bn dn logic s khng nh (
v d cng AND ).
Cc tip im c iu khin bi mt b nh u ni ( Connection Memory ) hay cn gi
l b nh iu khin ( Control Memory ) nm trong khi iu khin cc b. Mi b nh iu
khin c s ngn nh bng s khe thi gian ca tuyn PCM u vo. Nh vy mi tip im
chuyn mch trong mi ct c gn mt a ch duy nht, v a ch cho php tc ng m tip
im. S bit nh phn trong mt ngn nh iu khin cn phi nh s ht a ch cc tip
im. Vi ma trn nh trn hnh 2.6, tng s a ch l n + 1. Khi , s bit cn thit trong mt
ngn nh CM phi ln hn hoc bng log
2
(n+1). Nu c n tuyn u vo v m tuyn u ra th ta
cn c ma trn n x m.
Thng thng ma trn chuyn mch l vung (n x n). Mi b nh u ni c ni ti b
gii m a ch. B gii m ny thc hin gii m thng tin a ch c t CM iu khin tip
im trn ct tng ng vi a ch . Qu trnh iu khin chuyn mch bao gm vic c ni
dung nh trong khong thi gian ca TS cn chuyn qua v s dng cc a ch la chn
tip im thng qua b gii m DEC. Qu trnh ghi/c b nh c iu khin thng qua b
chn Selector vi tn hiu ng h ly t b cung cp thi gian c s ng b vi tn hiu ca
tuyn PCM. Cc s liu ghi vo b nh iu khin CM trn c s thng tin s liu t b iu
khin trung tm CC. Tn hiu a ch Add t b chn Selector s tr n cc a ch m s liu
iu khin cn truy xut ng b vi tuyn PCM u ra trn ct.

DEC
0
n
Selector
TS
counter
R W Data
R/W
Add
Clk
Local controler
L
o
c
a
l

c
o
n
t
r
o
l
e
r
L
o
c
a
l

c
o
n
t
r
o
l
e
r
L
o
c
a
l

c
o
n
t
r
o
l
e
r
PCM
vo
0
1
2
3
n
PCM ra
0 1 2 m
Ma trn u ni
B iu khin u ni
Bus iu khin
Hng u vo
Ct u ra

Hnh 2.6 Nguyn l chuyn mch khng gian k thut s
Nh vy, trng chuyn mch khng gian khng gy tr v mt thi gian, nhng c th gy
nn hin tng Blocking khi c nhiu hn mt khe thi gian u vo cng mun u ni ti 1 khe

90
thi gian u ra. Dung lng ca trng chuyn mch khng gian ph thuc vo s tuyn u vo
v u ra cng vi dung lng knh ( khe thi gian ) trn mi tuyn.
Tnh thi gian trong trng chuyn mch khng gian c l gii trn thc t ca cc tip
im , n ch thc s ng trong khong thi gian nh trc ti cc khe thi gian.
2.1.3.2. iu khin trng chuyn mch khng gian
C 2 phng php iu khin trng chuyn mch khng gian k thut s l iu khin
theo ct (u ra) v iu khin theo hng (u vo). Vic iu khin c thc hin bng cch s
dng cc b ghp knh v tch knh logic s. B ghp knh logic s l mt thit b tch hp cho
php n u vo kt ni vi 1 u ra tu thuc vo a ch nh phn t trn ng iu khin
(hnh 2.7a). Cn b tch knh logic s th c cu trc ngc li (hnh 2.7b).
Dung lng ca chuyn mch khng gian c th m rng bng cch ghp knh theo thi
gian cho cc u vo, nhng qu trnh gia tng dung lng ny b hn ch bi tc hot ng
ca cc mch logic. Mt gii php khc cho tc ca cc phn t logic l s dng phng php
ghp song song, tuy nhin phng php ny s lm phc tp hn trong qu trnh iu khin v
lm gim tin cy ca h thng.
MUX
CM-1
...
MUX
CM-2
...
MUX
CM-N
...
1 2 N
1
2
N
Li vo
DEMUX DEMUX
DEMUX
CM-1
CM-1
CM-N
1 2 N
Li ra
Li ra
1
2
N
Li vo
(A)
(B)

Hnh 2.7 Cu trc ca trng chuyn mch khng gian thc t
Cc trng chuyn mch khng gian thc t thng c cu trc module m nhim tng
phn lu lng ca ton b tng i. Nhng ma trn qu ln s khng thc hin c trn mt
bng mch in ngay c khi dng cc chip VLSI. Tnh hiu qu kinh t ca tng i s y hng
thit k cc chuyn mch khng gian s theo module. Cc module thng dng nht thng s

91
dng ma trn 8x8 v 16x16. Ma trn 64x64 cng c s dng song hn ch hn. cu hnh cc
ma trn chuyn mch ln, cc module s c ghp lin thng vi nhau.
2.1.4. Chuyn mch ghp
Trn y trnh by cu trc chc nng ca cc trng chuyn mch thi gian v khng
gian s. Nhc im ln nht ca trng chuyn mch thi gian l tr, cn ca trng chuyn
mch khng gian l s tc nghn cng c ch ra. p ng yu cu thc t v m rng
dung lng tng i, trong c cu trng chuyn mch ca h thng tng i in t s ngi ta
s dng qu trnh ghp cc trng chuyn mch.
V mt vt l, phn h chuyn mch s gm mt s module c s, trn c cha trng
cc chuyn mch S v T c cu trc ghp hp vi nhau. Cc kiu ghp c th l TS, ST, STS,
TST. Sau y l mt s m hnh v d.
2.1.4.1. Khi chuyn mch T-S
Khi chuyn mch T-S bao gm mt trng chuyn mch thi gian trn u vo v mt
trng chuyn mch khng gian trn u ra (hnh 2.8). Trn cu hnh ny thng thng cc
trng chuyn mch thi gian u vo thc hin theo phng thc ghi vo tun t c ra c iu
khin. Trn ma trn chuyn mch khng gian thc hin theo phng thc iu khin u ra. Vi
khi chuyn mch T-S ny, cc chuyn mch thi gian s chuyn ni dung thng tin gia cc khe
thi gian u vo v u ra mong mun, trong khi chuyn mch khng gian kt ni cc tuyn vo
v ra.
IT#0
IT#1
IT#2
IT#3
S
TS3 TS10
TS10 TS11 TS7
TS11
Chuyn mch T Chuyn mch S

Hnh 2.8 V d v m hnh chuyn mch ghp TS
c im ca khi chuyn mch T-S l mc d cho php tng dung lng ln hn so vi
chuyn mch mt tng T nhng vn tc nghn vn c th xy ra trn cc khe thi gian tng
ng ti pha tng chuyn mch khng gian S.
2.1.4.2. Khi chuyn mch S-T
Cu trc ca khi chuyn mch ghp S-T ging nh khi chuyn mch ghp T-S, ngoi tr
chuyn mch khng gian kt ni cc tuyn u vo vi u ra trc khi thc hin trao i ni
dung thng tin trong cc khe thi gian ti u ra (hnh 2.9).

92
OT#0
OT#1
OT#2
OT#3
S
TS10
TS10 TS11
TS11 TS3
TS7
Chuyn mch S Chuyn mch T

Hnh 2.9 V d v m hnh chuyn mch ghp ST
Khi chuyn mch S-T cho php tng dung lng ln hn so vi chuyn mch mt tng,
tuy nhin vn tc nghn ti pha tng chuyn mch khng gian S vn cha th khc phc c.
2.1.4.3. Khi chuyn mch S-T-S
Khi chuyn mch ghp S-T-S kt hp cc chuyn mch khng gian S qua trng chuyn
mch thi gian T gim thiu tc nghn xy ra trong mng chuyn mch. Kiu chuyn mch ny
thng c s dng trong nhng nm u ca cng ngh in t, khi cc b x l tc cao c
gi thnh rt t v kh ch to.
Khi chuyn mch S-T-S i xng thng c cu hnh iu khin cho tng S1 u vo theo
phng thc iu khin theo hng ( u vo) v tng S2 iu khin theo ct ( u ra).
2.1.4.4. Khi chuyn mch T-S-T
Cu hnh chuyn mch T-S-T rt c a chung khi tin b khoa hc k thut p dng vo
cng ngh ch to tng i. Theo l thuyt Clos, khi thc hin ghp cc trng chuyn mch
trung gian th s khe thi gian trung gian ti thiu qua tng S l 2N-1, trong N l s khe thi
gian trn u vo ca tng T1 hay trn u ra ca tng T2. Hnh 2.10 l v d m hnh chuyn
mch T-S-T.

IT#0
IT#1
IT#2
IT#3
OT#0
OT#1
OT#2
OT#3
S
Tng T1 Tng S Tng T2
TS3 TS10
TS10 TS11 TS7
TS11 TS3
TS7

Hnh 2.10 V d v m hnh chuyn mch ghp TST
Khi chuyn mch T-S-T cng ging nh cc kiu ghp khc u nhm mc ch tng
dung lng v gim tc nghn. Tuy nhin, khi ghp hp cc trng chuyn mch s lm phc

93
tp ha vn iu khin. ng thi, tin cy ca ton b h thng cng s gim xung khi c
nhiu khi thit b hot ng song song v cn ng b vi nhau.
2.2. Chuyn mch gi
2.2.1. Nguyn l chuyn mch gi
K thut chuyn mch knh c ng dng rng ri trong cc mng vin thng trong
khong thi gian di, tuy nhin n cng th hin kh nhiu nhc im nh tc c nh, u
cui cn kh dng v cng tc , ti nguyn ginh ring, ... khc phc nhng nhc im
ny, k thut chuyn mch gi ra i.
K thut chuyn mch gi ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong cc mng truyn s liu
trc y v ngy nay l mng hi t NGN, cho php truyn ti khng ch d liu, m c ting
ni, video, v.v.
Khi nim c trng cho mng chuyn mch gi l kin trc mng (Topology). Topology
cp n phng cch u ni cc thit b bng cc ng thng tin. Mng chuyn mch gi
bao gm cc thnh phn c bn sau (hnh 2.11): trm (station), nt mng (node) v cc ng
truyn dn (link).

Hnh 2.11: Mng chuyn mch gi
Cc trm c th l my tnh hoc cc thit b u cui khc, c chc nng to v thu s liu.
Nt mng l mt h thng chuyn mch hay nh tuyn, thc hin cc chc nng phn gi (nt
gc), hp gi (nt ch), chuyn mch, lu tm v chuyn tip cc gi tin (cc nt trung gian).
Cc lin kt ng vai tr l ng truyn thng tin gia cc nt.
Mi trm trong mng chuyn mch gi c u ni vi mt nt mng. Mng khng lin
quan n ni dung thng tin c trao i gia cc trm. Mc ch ca n ch l chuyn s liu t
trm ny n trm khc (t ngun ti ch). Mng chuyn mch gi c c im l lu lng
truyn s liu thng c yu cu trao i tin nhanh, v do thi gian truyn tin rt ngn (<1s).
Vi thi gian truyn tin ngn nh vy th k thut chuyn mch knh l khng thch hp bi v
thi gian thit lp v gii phng knh c th lu hn rt nhiu so vi thi gian truyn tin.

Nt CM 6
Nt CM 5
Nt CM 2
Nt
CM3
Nt CM 4
Nt CM1
User E
User A

94
Trong k thut chuyn mch gi, cc bn tin cn truyn c chia ct thnh cc thnh phn
nh gi l gi tin. Mi gi li c a thm phn iu khin mng c th nh tuyn gi
n ch theo yu cu. Nguyn tc chuyn mch l ti tng nt gi c nhn, lu tm v chuyn
tip ti nt tip theo cho n khi n ch cui cng. Nhn chung, cc bc cn thit truyn
thng tin i t ngun n ch nh sau:
- Bc 1: Phn on gi pha pht
- Bc 2: nh tuyn cc gi
- Bc 3: Ti hp gi pha thu
Tu thuc vo giao thc truyn thng m c th c nhiu mc phn chia bn tin thnh cc
gi vi chiu di khc nhau. Ngoi nhng thng tin c ct t bn tin, gi cn c chn thm
cc phn u (tiu ) v ui phc v cho vic nh tuyn qua mng.
Hnh 2.12 minh ho giao thc ct gi.
Hnh 2.12: Nguyn l ct mnh v to gi
2.2.2. Chuyn giao hng kt ni v phi kt ni
Trong mng chuyn mch gi cc gi tin c chuyn qua mng t nt ny ti nt khc
theo nguyn l lu m v pht chuyn tip. Mi nt sau khi thu mt gi s tm thi lu gi
mt bn sao ca gi vo b nh m cho ti khi pht chuyn tip gi ti nt tip theo hay ti trm
ca ngi s dng.
Chuyn mch gi c th p ng c yu cu hot ng truyn tin mt cch nhanh chng,
k c khi c s thay i mu lu lng hoc c s hng hc mt phn hay nhiu tnh nng khc
ca mng. K thut chuyn mch gi s dng hai phng php tiu biu chuyn cc lung gi
t ngun n ch l lc d liu (Datagram) v mch o (Virtual Circuit).
Trong phng php chuyn gi theo lc d liu (hnh 2.13), mi gi c truyn c
lp vi cc gi khc, khng lin quan g n gi c truyn trc . Gi thit rng trm A c
3 bn tin 1, 2, 3 cn gi n B. Trm A truyn s liu n nt 4. Nt 4 thc hin phn gi, v nh
tuyn cho tng gi. n c nt 6 ni vi trm B, nt 4 c th to tuyn gi qua nt 5 hoc 3.
V d, gi 1 qua nt 3, cn hai gi 2 v 3 qua nt 5. Nh vy ngha l cc gi khng c chuyn
trn cng mt tuyn, v do c th n ch khng theo th t. Ti nt ch (nt 6) cc gi tin
c sp xp li theo th t gi n trm B. Nu mt trong cc gi c li hay mt th vic
truyn coi nh khng thnh cng.

Bn tin c di L
Bn tin
Gi tin
Trng tin u ui

95
Hnh 2.13. Phng php lc d liu (Datagram)
Phng php datagram ch s dng pha chuyn thng tin, khng c thit lp v gii phng
k ni. Do vy giao thc thng tin ca datagram cn c tn gi l giao thc phi kt ni
(Connectionless).
Trong phng php chuyn gi theo kiu mch o (hnh 2.14), trc khi gi c chuyn
i th c mt gi gi l c hiu (TAG) c gi t nt gc, trong c a ch nt gc. C hiu
ny s chy qua cc nt, i n u n t hng chim kt ni qua nt . Khi ng i c
chim, v d t A qua 5 n B, n gi tn hiu cng nhn chim (ACK) n nt gc. Sau , cc
gi s liu c gi mt cch tun t t nt gc n nt ch theo tuyn ng c thit lp.
Hnh 2.14. Phng php mch o (Virtual Circuit)

Nt CM 6
Nt CM 5
Nt CM 2
Nt
CM3
Nt CM 4
Nt CM1
User B
User A
3 2 1
TAG ACK

User A
Nt CM 6
Nt CM 5
Nt CM 2
Nt
CM3
Nt CM 4
Nt CM1
User B
3 2 1

96
Tuyn ng chim (v d t A qua 4, 5, 6 n B) c coi nh c nh trong sut thi gian
kt ni. Kiu truyn tin ny ging vi chuyn mch knh, v do vy c gi l mch o hay
knh o. Trong mi gi, ngoi phn s liu thc cn c thm phn nhn dng lin kt knh o
c s dng cho mc ch ch tuyn.
c im chnh ca k thut mch o l tuyn gia cc trm c thit lp chuyn s liu,
nhng khng c ngha l ng ny c ginh ring nh trong chuyn mch knh. Mi gi c th
c lu tm ti tng nt, sp hng v chuyn ti nt tip theo nu cn. Ti cng mt thi im, mi
trm c th c mt hoc nhiu mch o kt ni ti mt hoc nhiu trm khc trong mng.
Th tc truyn thng tin theo kiu mch o gm 3 pha: thit lp kt ni, chuyn thng tin v
gii phng kt ni. Do vy, giao thc truyn thng trong trng hp ny cn c gi l giao
thc hng kt ni (Connection Oriented). S khc nhau gia datagram v mch o l trong
phng php mch o, nt khng phi thc hin nh tuyn cho tng gi, m n ch thc hin
nh tuyn mt ln duy nht cho tt c cc gi.
Nu hai trm d nh trao i s liu trong mt khong thi gian di th phng php mch
o c nhiu u im hn so vi datagram. Trc tin l mng c th cung cp cc dch v lin
quan n mch o gm c sp xp v iu khin li. Sp xp cp n vic khi cc gi c
chuyn trn cng mt tuyn th chng s n ch theo th t nh khi pht t nt gc. iu khin
li l mt dch v bo m rng khng nhng cc gi n ch theo ng th t m cn n chnh
xc. V d nu gi trong th t t nt 4 khi n nt 6 c li th nt 6 s yu cu nt 4 pht li gi
. u im na l v s dng mch o nn cc gi c chuyn nhanh hn v khng cn th tc
nh tuyn cho tng gi.
u im ca datagram l khng c pha thit lp, do vy khi trm gi s liu ngn th
datagram s phn pht nhanh hn. Datagram mm do hn v khi mt phn ca mng c s c th
n s t nh tuyn li trnh tc nghn.
2.2.3. Cc c im ca chuyn mch gi
u im ca chuyn mch gi so vi chuyn mch knh:
- Hiu qu s dng ti nguyn cao hn v mt lin kt n gia nt v nt c th s dng
ng cho nhiu gi ti cng mt thi im.
- Hai trm vi tc khc nhau c th thng tin oc vi nhau.
- Khi lu lng tng nhiu, trong chuyn mch knh mt s cuc gi s b t chi, nhng
trong chuyn mch gi cc gi vn c th c nhn, c lu tm v khi lu lng gim
cc gi s c truyn i.
- Trong chuyn mch gi d s dng c tnh u tin, cc gi c sp hng ti nt, nt c
th truyn gi c mc u tin cao trc cc gi c mc u tin thp.
Kch thc gi
Mt vn gp phi trong chuyn mch gi l kch thc gi c s dng trong mng. C
mt mi quan h cht ch gia kch thc gi v thi gian truyn dn (hnh 2.15).
Ta kho st mt v d:
- Gi thit mt mch o t trm X n trm Y qua cc nt a v b.
- Bn tin M gm 30 Octet (cn gi l 30 byte), to thnh 1 gi tin
- Thm 3 octet thng tin iu khin gi l tiu c gn u gi.
- Nu ton b bn tin M c gi nh mt gi n 33 octet, th gi u tin c truyn t
X n a.

97
- Khi nhn c tt c cc gi th n c chuyn t a n b. Nu nt b nhn c y
tt c cc gi th nt b chuyn tip n Y.
- Tng thi gian truyn bng 99 Octet thi gian (33 Octet x 3).
By gi, gi s rng bn tin M chia lm hai gi, trong
- Mi gi gm 15 Octet s liu thc,
- Thm 3 octet tiu .
Trong trng hp ny nt a c th bt u pht gi th nht ngay khi gi n trm X m
khng cn ch gi th hai n, nh vy c s chng ln thi gian truyn, nn tng thi gian
truyn trong trng hp ny bng 72 Octet thi gian.

Hnh 2.15. nh hng ca kch thc gi n thi gian truyn
t
X a b Y

Data

Data

Data

Data
1

Data
2

Data
1

Data
2

Data
1

Data
2
1
3
4
5
2
6
7
8
9
10
1
3
4
5
2
6
7
8
9
10
1
3
4
5
2
6
7
8
9
10
X a b Y
X a b Y
1 Gi 2 Gi 10 Gi

98
Nu chia M lm 5 gi th cc nt trung gian s truyn gi sm hn v thi gian truyn s rt
ngn li cn 63 Octet thi gian.
Nhng nu chia M lm 10 gi th thi gian truyn s li tng ln v mi gi s liu tht cn
phi km theo tiu . Nu phn chia gi qu nh th t s tiu /s liu trong gi s tng ln, v
do vy thi gian truyn cng tng theo.
Nh vy, c th thy rng phi thit k gi sao cho c di thch hp m bo truyn
gi nhanh nht.
Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

99

CHNG 3: C S K THUT MNG IP V NGN
3.1. C s k thut mng IP
Ngy nay giao thc IP c s dng rng ri trn phm vi ton cu cho kt ni mng vin
thng. Mng s dng giao thc IP loi b ranh gii gia dch v s liu v thoi. Trc y
chng ta phi xy dng cc mng ring l da trn cc giao thc khc nhau. Do , kh nng kt
ni gia cc h thng l rt kh khn.
Giao thc IP c lp vi lp lin kt d liu. Ngha l lp 2, chng ta c th dng ATM,
Frame Relay, LAN hoc PPP. iu ny cho php truyn gi tin IP gia hai im m gia chng l
cc lin kt lp 2 bt k. Mng IP c xy dng da trn cc tiu chun ton cu ca IETF. Do
, thit b ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau c th d dng tng hot. Hin nay, nu ni ti tiu
chun truyn thng ph bin nht th chnh l giao thc IP.
3.1.1. B giao thc TCP/IP
TCP/IP l b giao thc c pht trin bi cc cc d n nghin cu cp cao (ARPA) ca
b quc phng M. Ban u n c s dng trong mng ARPANET. Khi cng ngh mng cc
b pht trin, TCP/IP c tch hp vo mi trng iu hnh UNIX v s dng chun Ethernet
kt ni cc trm lm vic vi nhau. n khi xut hin cc my PC, TCP/IP li c chuyn
mang sang mi trng PC, cho php cc my PC chy DOS v cc trm lm vic chy UNIX c
th kt ni trn cng mt mng. Hin nay, TCP/IP c s dng rt ph bin trong mng my
tnh, m in hnh l mng Internet.
TCP/IP c pht trin trc m hnh OSI. Do , cc tng trong TCP/IP khng tng ng
hon ton vi cc tng trong m hnh OSI (hnh 3.1). Chng giao thc TCP/IP c chia thnh
bn tng: giao din mng (network interface), lin mng (internet), giao vn (transport) v ng
dng (application).

Hnh 3.1. M hnh OSI v TCP/IP

100
3.1.1.1. Tng ng dng
Tng ng dng cung cp cc dch v di dng cc giao thc cho ng dng ca ngi
dng. Mt s giao thc tiu biu ti tng ny gm:
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): y l mt dch v hng kt ni v tin cy, s dng TCP
cung cp truyn tp gia cc h thng h tr FTP.
Telnet (TERminaL NETwork): Cho php cc phin ng nhp t xa gia cc my tnh.
Do Telnet h tr ch vn bn nn giao din ngi dng thng dng du nhc lnh
tng tc. Chng ta c th nh lnh v cc thng bo tr li s c hin th.
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): Trao i cc ti liu siu vn bn h tr WEB.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Truyn th in t gia cc my tnh. y l
dng c bit ca truyn tp c s dng gi cc thng bo ti mt my ch th
hoc gia cc my ch th vi nhau.
POP3 (Post Office Protocol): Cho php ly th in t t hp th trn my ch.
DNS (Domain Name System): Chuyn i tn min thnh a ch IP. Giao thc ny
thng c cc ng dng s dng khi ngi dng ng dng ny dng tn ch khng
dng a ch IP.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Cung cp cc thng tin cu hnh ng
cho cc trm, chng hn nh gn a ch IP.
SNMP (Simple Network Managament Protocol): c s dng qun tr t xa cc
thit b mng chy TCP/IP. SNMP thng c thc thi trn cc trm ca ngi qun
l, cho php ngi qun l tp trung nhiu chc nng gim st v iu khin trong
mng.
3.1.1.2. Tng giao vn
Tng giao vn chu trch nhim chuyn pht ton b thng bo t tin trnh-ti-tin trnh.
Ti tng ny c hai giao thc l TCP v UDP, mi giao thc cung cp mt loi dch v giao vn:
hng kt ni v phi kt ni.
Giao thc TCP
TCP l giao thc hng kt ni, u cui ti u cui. N l giao thc c tin cy v
cung cp nhiu ng dng mng. Giao thc TCP cung cp cho ta nhiu hnh thc x l truyn tin
ng tin cy. V c bn TCP c th hot ng pha trn phm vi rng ca nhng dy h thng
truyn tin t ng kt ni h thng ti mng chuyn mch gi. Giao thc IP cng phn mnh
hoc nhm li tng phn TCP c i hi hon thnh vic vn chuyn v phn chia thng
qua nhiu mng v kt ni lin tip nhiu cng li vi nhau.
TCP thc hin mt s chc nng nh sau.
Chc nng u tin l nhn lung d liu t chng trnh ng dng; d liu ny c th l
tp vn bn hoc l mt bc nh. TCP chia lung d liu nhn c thnh cc gi nh c th qun
l. Sau gn mo u vo trc mi gi. Phn mo u ny c cha a ch cng ngun v cng
ch. Ngoi ra, n cn cha s trnh t chng ta bit gi ny nm v tr no trong lung d
liu.

101
Sau khi nhn c mt s lng gi nht nh, TCP s gi xc nhn. V d, nu s lng
gi c quy nh l 3 th pha thu s gi xc nhn cho pha gi sau khi nhn c 3 gi. u
im ca vic lm ny l TCP c kh nng iu chnh vic gi v nhn cc gi tin.
Giao thc UDP
UDP (User Datagram protocol) l mt giao thc truyn thng phi kt ni, c dng thay
th cho TCP trn IP theo yu cu ca ng dng. UDP khng cung cp s tin cy, n gi gi tin
vo tng IP nhng khng c s m bo rng gi tin s n c ch ca chng. UDP c trch
nhim truyn cc thng bo t tin trnh-ti-tin trnh, nhng khng cung cp cc c ch gim st
v qun l.
UDP cng cung cp c ch gn v qun l cc s cng nh danh duy nht cho cc ng
dng chay trn mt trm ca mng. Do t chc nng phc tp nn UDP c xu th hot ng nhanh
hn so vi TCP. N thng c dng cho cc ng dng khng i hi tin cy cao trong giao
vn.
K thut iu khin lung v li
Trong tng giao vn c 2 vn k thut quan trng l iu khin lung v iu khin li.
iu khin lung nh ngha lng d liu m ngun c th gi trc khi nhn mt xc
nhn t ch. Trong trng hp c bit, giao thc tng giao vn c th gi mt byte d liu v
i xc nhn trc khi gi byte tip theo. Nhng nu lm nh vy, qu trnh gi s din ra rt
chm. Nu d liu phi i qua on ng di th ngun s trng thi ri trong khi i xc nhn.
Trong mt trng hp c bit khc, giao thc tng giao vn c th gi tt c d liu n c
m khng quan tm ti xc nhn. Lm nh vy s tng tc truyn, nhng c th lm trn ngp
trm ch (trm ch khng x l kp). Bn cnh , nu mt phn d liu b mt, b nhn i, sai
th t hoc b hng th trm ngun s khng bit.
TCP s dng mt gii php nm gia hai trng hp c bit ny. N nh ngha mt ca
s, t ca s ny ln b m gi v ch gi lng d liu bng kch thc ca s. K thut ny
gi l k thut ca s trt (sliding window). Hay ni mt cch khc, thc hin iu khin
lung, TCP s dng giao thc ca s trt. Hai trm hai u kt ni TCP u s dng mt ca
s trt. Ca s ny bao ph phn d liu trong b m m mt trm c th gi trc khi quan
tm ti xc nhn t trm kia. N c gi l ca s trt do c th trt trn b m khi trm gi
nhn c xc nhn.
Ngoi iu khin lung, TCP cn h tr iu khin li. N l k thut m bo tnh tin cy
cho TCP. iu khin li gm cc c ch pht hin phn on b hng, b mt, sai th t hoc nhn
i. N cng gm c ch sa li sau khi chng c pht hin.
Pht hin li trong TCP c thc hin thng qua vic s dng ba cng c n gin: tng
kim tra, xc nhn v thi gian ch (time-out). Mi phn on c cha mt trng tng kim tra
pht hin phn on li. Nu phn on li, n s b TCP pha nhn b i. TCP s dng
phng php xc nhn thng bo s nhn cc gi ti ch m khng li. Khng c xc nhn
gi hng trong TCP. Nu mt phn on khng c xc nhn trc khi ht gi th n c xem
nh b hng hoc b mt trn ng i.
C ch sa li trong TCP rt n gin. TCP ngun t mt b nh thi cho mi phn on
c gi i. B nh thi c kim tra nh k. Khi n tt, phn on tng ng c xem nh
b hng hoc b mt v s c truyn li.

102
3.1.1.3. Tng lin mng
Tng lin mng trong chng giao thc TCP/IP tng ng vi tng mng trong m hnh
OSI, cho php kt ni nhiu mng vi cc cng ngh khc nhau qua mng li s dng giao thc
IP (hnh 3.2).

Hnh 3.2. Kt ni lin mng s dng giao thc IP
Chc nng chnh ca tng mng l nh a ch lgic v nh tuyn gi ti ch. Giao thc
ng ch nht tng lin mng chnh l giao thc lin mng (IP Internet Protocol). Ngoi ra
cn c mt s giao thc khc nh ICMP, ARP v RARP. Sau y s trnh by khi qut v cc
giao thc ny.
Giao thc IP
IP l mt giao thc phi kt ni v khng tin cy. N cung cp dch v chuyn gi n lc ti
a. N lc ti a y c ngha IP khng cung cp chc nng theo di v kim tra li. N ch c
gng chuyn gi ti ch ch khng c s m bo. Nu tin cy l yu t quan trng, IP phi
hot ng vi mt giao thc tng trn tin cy, chng hn TCP.
Giao thc ICMP
Nh trnh by trn, IP l giao thc chuyn gi phi kt ni v khng tin cy. N c
thit k nhm mc ch s dng c hiu qu ti nguyn mng. IP cung cp dch v chuyn gi n
lc nht. Tuy nhin n c hai thiu ht: thiu iu khin li v thiu cc c ch h tr; IP cng
thiu c ch truy vn. Mt trm i khi cn xc nh xem router hoc mt trm khc c hot ng
khng. Mt ngi qun l mng i khi cn thng tin t mt trm hoc router khc.
Giao thc thng bo iu khin lin mng (ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol)
c thit k b p hai thiu ht trn. N c i km vi giao thc IP.
3.1.1.4. Tng truy nhp mng
Tng truy nhp mng i khi cn c gi l giao din mng. N cung cp giao tip vi
mng vt l (thng thng tng ny bao gm cc driver thit b trong h thng vn hnh v cc
card giao din mng tng ng trong my tnh. Chc nng ca tng ny l iu khin tt c cc
thit b phn cng, thc hin giao tip vt l vi cp hoc vi bt k mi trng no c s dng
cng nh l kim sot li d liu phn b trn mng vt l. Tng truy nhp mng khng nh
ngha mt giao thc ring no c, n h tr tt c cc giao thc chun (standard) v c quyn
(proprietory), v d nh Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, X25, Frame Relay, ATM,

103
3.1.2. a ch IP
mc ng dng, chng ta c th coi mt lin mng l mt mng n l kt ni cc trm
vi nhau. mt trm truyn thng vi trm khc, chng ta cn mt h thng nh danh ton cu.
Ni cch khc, chng ta cn t tn duy nht cho mi trm. H thng nh danh ny ch c s
dng ti tng ng dng, khng th s dng tng mng v trn mng cn c cc thc th khc
gn ti, chng hn router.
Mt lin mng c to nn t s kt hp ca cc mng vt l (LAN hoc WAN) kt ni
vi nhau qua cc router. Khi mt trm truyn thng vi mt trm khc, gi d liu c th di
chuyn t mt mng vt l ny n mng vt l khc bng cch s dng cc router ny. Ngha l
vic truyn thng ti mc ny cng cn c mt h thng nh danh ton cc. Mt trm phi c th
truyn thng vi mt trm bt k m khng phi lo lng v mng vt l phi i qua. Ngha l ti
tng ny, mt trm cng phi c nh danh duy nht v ton cc. Hn na, nh tuyn ti u
v hiu qu, mi router cng phi c nh danh duy nht v ton cc ti tng ny.
S hiu nhn dng c s dng tng lin mng ca b giao thc TCP/IP c gi l a
ch lin mng hay a ch IP. i vi phin bn IPv4, a ch ny l mt s nh phn 32 bt, c
thc thi trong phn mm, dng nh danh duy nht v ton cc mt trm hoc mt router trn
lin mng.
Cc a ch IP l duy nht theo ngha mi a ch nh danh mt v ch mt thit b (trm
hoc router) trn lin mng. Hai thit b trn lin mng khng th c cng a ch IP. Tuy nhin,
mt thit b c th c nhiu a ch IP nu chng c kt ni ti nhiu mng vt l khc nhau.
Cc a ch IP l ton cc theo ngha h thng nh a ch ny phi c tt c cc trm
mun kt ni ti lin mng chp nhn.
Mi a ch IP gm 4 byte, nh ngha hai phn: a ch mng (NetID) v a ch trm
(HostID). Cc phn ny c chiu di khc nhau tu thuc vo lp a ch. Cc bt u tin trong
phn a ch mng xc nh lp ca a ch IP.
Hnh 3.3: K php du chm thp phn
d c v d nh, cc a ch IP thng c biu din di dng du chm thp phn.
Trong cch biu din ny, cc byte c tch ring v biu din di dng thp phn, vit cch
nhau bi du chm (hnh 3.3).
3.1.2.1. Cc lp a ch IP
a ch IP c chia lm 5 lp, k hiu l A, B, C, D v E. Chiu di phn a ch mng v
phn a ch trm ca cc lp l khc nhau. Cu trc ca cc lp c ch ra trong hnh 3.4.
Cc bit u tin ca a ch IP c dng nh danh lp a ch (0 - lp A; 10 - lp B;
110 - lp C; 1110 - Lp D v 1111 - lp E).

11000000 00000001 00000010 00000011

192 . 1 . 2 . 3

104
Lp A 0 a ch mng (7
bt)
a ch trm (24 bt)

Lp B 1 0 a ch mng (14 bt) a ch trm (16 bt)

Lp C 1 1 0 a ch mng (21 bt) a ch trm
(8 bt)

Lp D 1 1 1 0 a ch multicast (28 bt)

Lp E 1 1 1 1 Cha s dng (28 bt)

Hnh 3.4. Cc lp a ch IP
a ch Lp A
Trong a ch lp A, byte u tin c dng nh ngha a ch mng. Tuy nhin bt u
tin phi lun lun bng 0, 7 bt cn li nh ngha cc mng khc nhau. Ngha l s mng c
a ch IP lp A rt hn ch. V l thuyt c th c 2
7
= 128 mng lp A. Tuy nhin trn thc t
ch c 126 mng v c 2 mng c dnh ring cho cc mc ch c th.
Trong mt mng a ch lp A, 24 bt c s dng nh danh a ch trm. Ngha l v
l thuyt c th c ti a 2
24
= 16.777.216 trm. Tuy nhin cng c hai a ch c bit (phn a
ch trm gm ton bt 0 hoc ton bt 1) c s dng lm cc a ch c bit. Ngha l thc
t ch c ti a 16.777.214 trm trong mt mng lp A.
Cc a ch lp A c thit k cho cc t chc c s lng my tnh cc ln kt ni vo
mng. Tuy nhin, khng mt t chc no c s lng my ln nh vy do rt nhiu a ch b
lng ph.
a ch Lp B
Trong a ch lp B, 2 byte u c dng nh ngha a ch mng v 2 byte sau nh
ngha a ch trm. Tuy nhin, hai bt u tin trong phn a ch mng lun lun l 10, nn ch
c 14 bt nh ngha cc mng khc nhau. Ngha l c nhiu mng lp B hn lp A. S mng
lp B l 2
14
= 16.384.
Trong mt mng lp B, 16 bt c s dng nh danh trm, ngha l v l thuyt mi
mng c th c ti a 2
16
= 65.536 trm. Tuy nhin cng c hai a ch c bit nn thc t mt
mng lp B ch c ti a 65.534 trm.
Cc a ch lp B c thit k cho cc cng ty c va, nhng cng ty c s lng my tnh
tng i ln. Tuy nhin cng ging nhng mng lp A, nhiu a ch IP b lng ph v rt t cng
ty c s lng my tnh ln nh vy.
a ch Lp C
Trong a ch lp C, 3 byte u c dng cho phn a ch mng v 1 byte cui c dng
cho phn a ch trm. Tuy nhin, 3 bt u tin trong phn a ch mng lun lun l 110, nn
32 bt

105
ch cn 21 bt nh ngha a ch mng. S mng lp C ln hn s mng lp A, B v bng 2
21
=
2.097.152 mng.
Mt mng lp C v l thuyt c th c ti a 2
8
= 256 trm. Tuy nhin thc t ch c th c
ti a 254 trm do c hai a ch c s dng cho cc mc ch c bit.
a ch lp C c thit k cho cc cng ty nh, nhng cng ty ch c t trm ni vo mng.
a ch Lp D
a ch lp D c nh ngha cho truyn a hng (multicasting). Trong lp ny, khng c
phn a ch mng v a ch trm. 4 bt u lun lun bng 1110 nh ngha a ch lp D, 28
bt cn li nh ngha a ch a hng (multicast).
a ch Lp E
Lp E c d phng s dng cho cc mc ch c bit. Khng c phn a ch mng
v a ch trm. 4 bt u tin bng 1111 nh ngha lp E.
3.1.3. a ch cng v socket
Mc d c mt s cch thc hin truyn thng tin trnh-ti-tin trnh, nhng cch thng
dng nht l thc hin thng qua m hnh khch-ch (client-server). Mt tin trnh trn my cc
b, c gi l khch, cn mt dch v t mt ng dng trn trm xa, c gi l ch.
Cc h iu hnh hin nay h tr c mi trng a ngi dng v a chng trnh. Mt
my xa c th chy nhiu chng trnh ng dng cng lc, ging nh nhiu my cc b c th
chy mt hoc nhiu chng trnh khch cng lc. truyn thng, chng ta cn xc nh:
Trm cc b,
Tin trnh cc b
Trm xa
Tin trnh xa
Trm cc b v trm xa c xc nh s dng a ch IP. xc nh cc tin trnh,
chng ta cn mt s hiu nhn dng th hai, l s cng. Trong TCP/IP, s cng l mt s
nguyn nm trong khong t 0 n 65535 (s 2 byte). Chng trnh khch t xc nh n bng
mt s cng c chn ngu nhin. Cng ny c gi l cng ngu nhin.
Chng trnh ch cng phi t xc nh bng mt s cng. Tuy nhin, cng ny khng th
c chn ngu nhin. Nu my ch xa chy mt tin trnh ch v ly mt s ngu nhin l s
cng, th ng dng my khch mun truy nhp v s dng dch v trn my ch s khng
bit c s cng cn s dng. Tt nhin, mt gii php c th l gi mt gi c bit yu cu
s cng ca mt ng dng ch c th, tuy nhin cch ny lm tng lu lng mng. TCP/IP
chn cch s dng cc s cng thng dng cho cc ng dng ch. Mi tin trnh khch phi bit
s cng ca tin trnh ch tng ng.
Nh vy, a ch IP v s cng ng vai tr khc nhau trong vic chn ch cui cng ca
d liu. a ch IP ch xc nh trm trong s nhiu trm khc nhau. Sau khi trm c chn,
s cng xc nh mt tin trnh trn trm c th .
Cc s cng c chia thnh ba vng: thng dng, ng k v ng.
Cng thng dng nm trong khong t 0 n 1023. Nhng cng ny c gn v gim st
bi IANA.

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Cng ng k nm trong khong t 1024 n 49151, khng do IANA gn v iu khin.
Chng ch c th c ng k vi IANA trnh trng lp.
Cng ng nm trong khong t 49152 n 65535 c th c s dng bi mi tin trnh.
Chng cn c gi l cc cng ngu nhin.
thit lp mt kt ni cn c hai s hiu nhn dng: a ch IP v s cng. S kt hp a
ch IP v s cng c gi l a ch socket. s dng dch v chng ta cn mt cp a ch
socket: a ch socket khch v a ch socket ch. a ch socket khch nh danh duy nht ng
dng khch. a ch socket ch nh danh duy nht ng dng ch. Bn thng tin ny l mt phn
ca tiu IP v tiu TCP. Tiu IP cha a ch IP; tiu TCP cha a ch cng.
3.1.4. nh tuyn trong mng IP
3.1.4.1. Khi nim v nh tuyn
nh tuyn l qu trnh xc nh ng i chuyn ti thng tin trong lin mng t ngun
n ch. N l mt chc nng c thc hin tng mng. Chc nng ny cho php router nh
gi cc ng i sn c ti ch. nh gi ng i, nh tuyn s dng cc thng tin v
Topology ca mng. Cc thng tin ny c th do ngi qun tr thit lp hoc c thu thp thng
qua cc giao thc nh tuyn.
Tng mng h tr chuyn gi cui-ti-cui c gng nht (best-effort) qua cc mng c
kt ni vi nhau. Tng mng s dng bng nh tuyn IP gi cc gi t mng ngun n mng
ch. Sau khi quyt nh s dng ng i no, router tin hnh vic chuyn gi. N ly mt
gi nhn c giao din vo v chuyn tip gi ny ti giao din ra tng ng (giao din th
hin ng i tt nht ti ch cho gi).
Trong mt lin mng, mi mng c nh danh bi mt a ch mng v router s dng
cc a ch mng ny nhn bit ch. Router s dng a ch mng nhn dng mng ch
(LAN) ca mt gi tin trong mt lin mng. Hnh 3.5 minh ha ba a ch mng c dng
nhn din cc phn on kt ni ti router.

Hnh 3.5 nh tuyn gi tin theo a ch mng v a ch trm


107
Khi nh tuyn d liu t ngun n ch, router thng chuyn tip gi t mt lin kt d
liu (mng) ny n mt lin kt d liu khc, s dng hai chc nng c bn l xc nh ng i
v chuyn mch.
3.1.4.2. nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng
Cc tuyn tnh c ngi qun tr cp nht v qun l mt cch th cng. Trong trng
hp tp mng thay i, ngi qun tr phi cp nht li cc tuyn tnh cho ph hp.
nh tuyn ng hot ng khc vi nh tuyn tnh. Sau khi ngi qun tr nhp cc lnh
cu hnh khi to nh tuyn ng, thng tin v tuyn s c cp nht t ng mi khi nhn
c mt thng tin mi t lin mng. Cc thay i v tp mng c trao i gia cc router.
Ti sao nh tuyn tnh
nh tuyn tnh c mt s ng dng hu ch. nh tuyn ng c khuynh hng truyn t
tt c cc thng tin v mt lin mng. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp v l do an ton, chng ta c
th mun che du mt s phn ca lin mng. nh tuyn tnh cho php chng ta ch r thng tin
mun tit l.
Trong trng hp ch c mt ng i duy nht ti mng, th ch mt tuyn tnh ti mng l
. Loi mng ny c gi l mng ct (stub network). Cu hnh nh tuyn tnh cho mt mng
ct trnh c lu lng cp nht nh tuyn ng.
S cn thit ca nh tuyn ng
Mng hnh 3.6 s thch ng khc nhau i vi cc thay i v tp mng, tu thuc vic
n s dng nh tuyn tnh hay nh tuyn ng.
nh tuyn tnh cho php cc router nh tuyn gi tin t mng ny ti mng khc da trn
cc thng tin c cu hnh th cng. Trong v d ny, Router A lun gi lu lng c ch l
Router C qua Router D. Router A tham chiu ti bng nh tuyn ca n v da theo cc thng tin
tnh chuyn tip gi ti Router D. Router D cng thc hin cc cng vic tng t v chuyn
tip gi ti Router C. Router C chuyn gi ti trm ch.
Nu ng i gia Router A v Router D b li, Router A khng khng th chuyn gi ti
Router D thng qua tuyn tnh thit lp ny. Nh vy, truyn thng vi mng ch khng th
thc hin c cho n khi Router A c cu hnh li chuyn gi qua Router B. y chnh l
mt nhc im ca nh tuyn tnh.

Hnh 3.6: nh tuyn ng v kh nng thay th tuyn hng khng
nh tuyn ng hot ng linh hot hn. Theo bng nh tuyn ca Router A, gi c th
ti ch ca n qua Router D. Tuy nhin, cn c mt ng i sn c khc ti ch, l i qua

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Router B. Khi Router A nhn ra rng lin kt ti Router D b li, n iu chnh bng nh tuyn
v ng i ti mng ch s qua Router B.
Khi lin kt gia Router A v D c khi phc, Router A c th mt ln na thay i bng
nh tuyn chuyn ng i ti ch l qua Router D.
Cc giao thc nh tuyn ng cng c th chuyn lu lng t cng mt phin lm vic
qua nhiu ng i khc nhau trong mng c hiu sut cao hn. Tnh cht ny c gi l chia
s ti (load sharing).
S thnh cng ca nh tuyn ng ph thuc vo hai chc nng c bn ca router:
Duy tr bng nh tuyn,
Chia s tri thc cho cc router khc di dng cc cp nht nh tuyn.
nh tuyn ng da vo cc giao thc nh tuyn chia s tri thc gia cc router. Giao
thc nh tuyn nh ngha mt tp lut m router s dng khi lin lc vi cc router k cn.
Xc nh khong cch trn cc ng i mng
Khi mt gii thut nh tuyn cp nht bng nh tuyn, mc ch chnh ca n l xc nh
u l thng tin tt nht lu trong bng nh tuyn. Mi gii thut nh tuyn xc nh thng
tin tt nht theo cch ca ring n. Gii thut to ra mt s, c gi l gi tr metric, cho mi
ng i qua mng. Thng th gi tr metric cng nh th ng i cng ti u.
C th tnh ton cc metric da trn mt c tnh n l ca ng i; hoc cng c th tnh
cc metric phc tp hn bng cch kt hp nhiu c tnh. Cc metric c s dng ph bin
gm: chiu di ng i, tin cy, tr nh tuyn, bng thng, ti, gi truyn thng.
Hu ht cc gii thut nh tuyn u thuc mt trong 3 loi sau:
Gii thut vect khong cch (distance vector).
Gii thut trng thi lin kt (Link State).
Gii thut lai.
Gii thut nh tuyn vect khong cch xc nh hng (vect) v khong cch ti bt k
mt lin kt no trn lin mng. Giao thc nh tuyn vect khong cch gi nh k cc bn sao
ca mt bng nh tuyn t mt router ti cc router hng xm (router ni trc tip). Nhng cp
nht u n ny gia cc router truyn t cc thay i v tp mng.
Gii thut trng thi lin kt (cn c gi l gii thut ng i ngn nht) to li chnh
xc tp ca ton b lin mng (hoc t nht mt phn ca lin mng m Router ni ti). Cc gii
thut nh tuyn trng thi lin kt, cn c gi l gii thut ng i ngn nht trc (SPF),
duy tr mt c s d liu phc tp v thng tin tp. Trong khi gii thut vct khong cch c
cc thng tin khng c th v cc mng xa v khng c hiu bit v cc router xa, th gii
thut nh tuyn trng thi lin kt duy tr cc thng tin y v router xa v cch chng c
kt ni vi nhau.
Cc gii thut trng thi lin kt da trn vic s dng cc cp nht trng thi lin kt. Mi
khi tp trng thi lin kt thay i, cc router u tin bit c s thay i ny gi mt thng
tin mi ti cc router khc hoc ti mt router ch nh (ni cc router khc c th s dng cp
nht).

109
3.1.4.3. Giao thc nh tuyn
Ngy nay, mt lin mng c th ln n mc mt giao thc nh tuyn khng th x l
cng vic cp nht cc bng nh tuyn ca tt c cc router. V l do ny, lin mng c chia
thnh nhiu h thng t tr (AS - Autonomous System). H thng t tr l mt nhm cc mng v
router chu mt quyn lc qun tr chung. N i khi cn c gi l vng nh tuyn (routing
domain). nh tuyn bn trong mt h thng t tr c gi l nh tuyn trong. nh tuyn gia
cc h thng t tr c gi l nh tuyn ngoi. Mi h thng t tr c th chn mt giao thc
nh tuyn trong thc hin nh tuyn bn trong h thng. Tuy nhin, thng ch c mt giao
thc nh tuyn ngoi c chn thc hin nh tuyn gia cc h thng t tr.
Hin nay c nhiu giao thc nh tuyn trong v ngoi ang c s dng. Tuy nhin, tiu
biu nht v ph bin nht l giao thc nh tuyn trong (OSPF) v mt giao thc nh tuyn
ngoi (BGP). OSPF c th c s dng cp nht cc bng nh tuyn bn trong mt h thng
t tr. BGP c th c s dng cp nht cc bng nh tuyn cho cc router ni cc h thng
t tr vi nhau.
3.2. Mng th h mi NGN
Mng thng tin ton cu hin nay c nhng bc pht trin mnh m song ch tp trung
vo 2 lnh vc dch v ch yu l truyn thoi v truyn s liu, tng ng vi n l 2 c s h
tng mng PSTN (thoi) v Internet (s liu). Ngoi ra cn mt s mng cung cp dch v khc
nh mng di ng mt t (PLMN), truyn hnh cp (CATV). Mi h thng ny c mng li
truyn ti v truy nhp ring, nhng u phi s dng chung mng li chuyn mch v ng
trc cp quang quc gia, iu ny gy ra nhiu phc tp trong h thng qun l vin thng, gim
hiu sut phc v, tng chi ph vn hnh bo dng.
NGN (Next Generation Network) l mt gii php mng nhm nng cao kh nng cung cp
dch v ca cc mng hin nay c th truyn a dch v trn nn tng chuyn mch gi, hnh
thnh mt c s h tng mng vin thng duy nht s dng chung mng li cho nhiu mng truy
nhp khc nhau. Mc ch ca NGN l cung cp a dch v thng minh trn c s hi t thoi v
s liu, di ng v c nh theo m hnh dch v client/server.
3.2.1. S cn thit phi chuyn i sang mng th h sau
Mng PSTN hin ti da trn nn tng cng ngh TDM v h thng bo hiu s 7 (CCS7).
V c bn mng ny vn c kh nng cung cp tt cc dch v vin thng bnh thng nh thoi
hay Fax vi cht lng kh n nh. Song nhu cu ca bn thn nh cung cp dch v ln khch
hng ngy cng tng lm bc l nhng hn ch khng th khc phc c ca mng hin ti.
Ngy nay th trng vin thng trong nc v th gii ang trong cuc cnh tranh quyt
lit do vic xa b c quyn nh nc v m ca t do cho tt c cc thnh phn kinh t. Cc
nh cung cp dch v ang phi ng trc sc p gim gi thnh ng thi tng cht lng dch
v. S xut hin v pht trin bng n ca dch v Internet dn n nhng thay i t bin v c
s mng buc cc nh cung cp dch v phi thay i t duy. Di y l mt s hn ch ca
mng hin ti.
a. Cng nhc trong vic phn b bng thng

110
Mng PSTN da trn cng ngh TDM trong ng truyn c phn chia thnh cc
khung c nh l 125s. Mi khung c chia thnh cc khe thi gian (Timeslot). Knh c s
c tnh tng ng vi mt khe thi gian l 64Kb/s. iu ny dn n mt s bt li, v d
nh i vi nhiu loi dch v i hi bng thng thp hn th cng khng c, hay nh i vi
cc dch v c nhu cu bng thng thay i th TDM cng khng th p ng c. Cuc ni
TDM c phn b lng bng thng c nh (Nx64Kb/s) v cc khe thi gian ny c chim
c nh trong sut thi gian din ra cuc ni dn n lng ph bng thng. Chuyn mch gi qun
l bng thng mm do theo nhu cu dch v nn hiu qu s dng bng thng cao hn rt nhiu.
b. Kh khn cho vic t hp mng
Trc y cc loi dch v vin thng khc nhau nh thoi, d liu hay video c cung
cp trn cc mng tch bit nhau. N lc t hp tt c cc mng ny thnh mt mng duy nht
c thc hin t nhng nm 80 vi m hnh mng ISDN bng hp. M hnh ny vn da trn
nn cng ngh TDM v gp phi mt s kh khn nh tc thp, thit b mng phc tp.
tng mng ISDN bng rng da trn nn cng ngh ATM c a ra song c v nh qu
s v t i vi ngi tiu dng. V li ATM cng khng linh hot khi hot ng tc
thp. Gii php IPoverATM nghe c v hp l hn.
c. Kh khn trong vic cung cp dch v mi
Trong mng PSTN ton b phn thng minh ca mng u tp trung cc tng i. Dch
v mi mun c trin khai phi bt u t tng i. iu ny dn n s thay i phn mm v
i khi c phn cng ca tng i rt phc tp v tn km. Ngoi ra, nhu cu ca khch hng
khng ngng tng v nhiu loi dch v mi khng th thc hin trn nn mng TDM.
d. u t cho mng PSTN ln, gi thit b cao, chi ph vn hnh mng ln, khng linh
hot trong vic m rng h thng, vn u t tp trung ti cc trung tm chuyn mch
iu ny dng nh qu r rng. u t cho cc thit mng PSTN rt ln (so vi mng IP).
Cc tng i thng rt t, u t c cc. Chi ph nhn cng cho vic vn hnh bo dng mng
rt cao. Cc chc nng phn cng v phn mm u tp trung ti tng i nn rt kh khn khi
cn thay i. Mng c nhiu cp gy phc tp trong vic phi hp h thng bo hiu, ng b v
trin khai dch v mi. Ngoi ra, vic thit lp trung tm qun l mng, h thng tnh cc hay
chm sc khch hng cng rt phc tp.
e. Gii hn trong pht trin mng
Cc tng i chuyn mch ni ht u s dng k thut chuyn mch knh, trong cc
knh thoi u c tc 64Kb/s. Qu trnh bo hiu v iu khin cuc gi lin h cht ch vi
c cu chuyn mch.
Ngy nay, nhng li ch v mt kinh t ca thoi gi ang thc y s pht trin ca c
mng truy nhp v mng ng trc t chuyn mch knh sang gi. V bi v thoi gi ang dn
c chp nhn rng ri trong c mng truy nhp v mng ng trc, cc tng i chuyn mch
knh ni ht truyn thng ng vai tr cu ni ca c hai mng gi ny. Vic chuyn i gi sang
knh phi c thc hin ti c hai u vo v ra ca chuyn mch knh, lm pht sinh nhng chi
ph ph khng mong mun v tng thm tr truyn dn cho thng tin, c bit nh hng ti
nhng thng tin nhy cm vi tr ng truyn nh tn hiu thoi.
Nu tn ti mt gii php m trong cc tng i ni ht c th cung cp dch v thoi v
cc dch v tu chn khc ngay trn thit b chuyn mch gi, th s khng phi thc hin cc

111
chuyn i khng cn thit na. iu ny mang li li ch kp l gim chi ph v tng cht lng
dch v (gim tr ng truyn). V cng l mt bc quan trng tin gn ti ci ch cui
cng l mng NGN
f. Khng p ng c s tng trng nhanh ca cc dch v d liu
S tht l ngy nay dch v Internet pht trin vi tc chng mt, lu lng Internet tng
vi cp s nhn theo tng nm v trin vng s cn tng mnh vo nhng nm sau trong khi lu
lng thoi c nh dng nh c xu hng bo ha thm ch gim mt s nc pht trin.
Internet thm nhp vo mi gc cnh ca i sng x hi vi nhiu tng rt ngon mc
nh: o to t xa, y t t xa, chnh ph in t hay tin hc ha x hi, v.v... Cc mng cung cp
dch v s liu ni chung v Internet ni ring nu khng ci tin v p dng cng ngh mi th r
rng s khng th p ng c nhng nhu cu ngy cng tng ny.
Vi yu cu v thay i cng ngh mng nh trn, mng th h sau NGN c gii thiu
v ng dng mt s quc gia. Thc tin trin khai cho thy cng ngh mng mi ny p
ng y cc yu cu v k thut v kinh doanh k trn. V vy, mng vin thng Vit nam
khng c s la chn no khc l cn phi chuyn dn sang mng th h sau s dng cng ngh
gi.
3.2.2. Nguyn tc t chc mng NGN
Khi nim NGN v s hi t cng ngh
Cho ti nay, mc d cc t chc vin thng quc t v cc nh cung cp thit b vin thng
trn th gii u rt quan tm v nghin cu v chin lc pht trin NGN, nhng vn cha c
mt nh ngha c th v chnh xc no cho mng NGN. Do nh ngha mng NGN nu ra
y khng th bao hm ht mi chi tit v mng th h sau, nhng c th c coi l khi nim
chung nht khi cp n NGN.
Khuyn ngh Y.2001 ca ITU-T ch r: Mng th h sau (NGN) l mng chuyn mch gi
c kh nng cung cp cc dch v vin thng v to ra ng dng bng thng rng, cc cng ngh
truyn ti m bo cht lng dch v v trong cc chc nng dch v c lp vi cc cng
ngh truyn ti lin quan. N cho php truy nhp khng gii hn ti mng v l mi trng cnh
tranh gia cc nh cung cp dch v trn cc kiu dch v cung cp. N h tr tnh di ng ton
cu cho cc dch v cung cp ti ngi s dng sao cho ng nht v m bo.
Nh vy, NGN c th hiu l mng c h tng thng tin duy nht da trn cng ngh
chuyn mch gi, trin khai cc dch v mt cch a dng v nhanh chng, p ng s hi t gia
thoi v s liu, gia c nh v di ng (hnh 3.7). Nhng kh nng v u im ca NGN bt
ngun t s tin b ca cng ngh thng tin v cc u im ca cng ngh chuyn mch gi v
truyn dn quang bng rng.

112
Hnh 3.7: S hi t gia thoi v s liu, c nh v di ng trong mng th h sau
Nguyn tc t chc mng
tn dng ht li th em n t qu trnh hi t cng ngh v pht huy ti a hiu sut
s dng trong mi trng a dch v, mng NGN c t chc da trn nhng nguyn tc c bn
sau:
- Mng c cu trc n gin;
- p ng nhu cu cung cp cc loi hnh dch v vin thng phong ph v a dng;
- Nng cao hiu qu s dng, cht lng mng li v gim chi ph khai thc, bo dng;
- D dng tng dung lng, pht trin dch v mi;
- C linh hot v tnh sn sng cao, nng lc tn ti mnh;
- Vic t chc mng da trn s lng thu bao theo vng a l v nhu cu pht trin dch
v; khng t chc theo a bn hnh chnh m t chc theo vng mng hoc vng lu lng.
Cc c im ca mng NGN
Vi nhng nguyn tc xy dng c bn nh trn, mng NGN c bn c im chnh:
1. Nn tng l h thng mng m;
2. L mng dch v thc y, nhng dch v phi thc hin c lp vi mng;
3. L mng chuyn mch gi, da trn mt b giao thc thng nht;
4. L mng c dung lng ngy cng tng, tnh thch ng cao v nng lc p
ng nhu cu ca ngi s dng.
Trc ht, do p dng c cu m m:
- Cc khi chc nng ca tng i truyn thng c chia thnh cc phn t mng c
lp, cc phn t phn theo chc nng v pht trin mt cch c lp.
- Giao din v giao thc gia cc b phn phi da trn cc tiu chun tng ng.

113
Vic phn tch lm cho mng vin thng vn c dn dn i theo hng mi, nhng nh
kinh doanh c th cn c vo nhu cu dch v t t hp cc phn t khi t chc mng li.
Vic tiu chun ha giao thc gia cc phn t c th thc hin ni thng cc mng c cu hnh
khc nhau.
Tip n, mng NGN l mng dch v thc y, vi c im:
- Chia tch dch v vi iu khin cuc gi;
- Chia tch cuc gi vi truyn ti.
Mc tiu chnh ca chia tch l lm cho dch v thc s c lp vi mng, thc hin mt
cch linh hot v c hiu qu vic cung cp dch v.
Thu bao c th t b tr v xc nh c trng dch v ca mnh, khng quan tm n
mng truyn ti dch v v loi hnh u cui. iu lm cho vic cung cp dch v v ng
dng c tnh linh hot cao.
NGN l mng chuyn mch gi, giao thc thng nht.
T trc n nay, cc mng vin thng, mng my tnh hay truyn hnh cp tn ti v
cung cp dch v mt cch ring bit. Nhng my nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin ca cng
ngh IP, ngi ta mi nhn thy l cc mng trao i thng tin ny cui cng ri cng tch hp
trong mt mng IP thng nht, l xu th m ngi ta thng gi l dung hp ba mng. Giao
thc IP lm cho cc dch v ly IP lm c s c th thc hin ni thng cc mng khc nhau; con
ngi ln u tin c c giao thc thng nht m ba mng ln u c th chp nhn c; t
c s vng chc v mt k thut cho h tng c s thng tin quc gia (NII).
Giao thc IP thc t tr thnh giao thc ng dng vn nng v bt u c s dng lm
c s cho cc mng a dch v, mc d hin ti vn cn th bt li so vi cc chuyn mch knh
v kh nng h tr lu lng thoi v cung cp cht lng dch v m bo cho s liu. Tc
i mi nhanh chng trong th gii Internet c to iu kin bi s pht trin ca cc tiu
chun m s sm khc phc nhng thiu st ny.
NGN l mng c dung lng ngy cng tng v tnh thch ng cao, c nng lc
p ng nhu cu ca ngi s dng.
Vi vic s dng nn chuyn mch gi v cu trc m, NGN c kh nng cung cp rt
nhiu loi hnh dch v, c bit l cc dch v yu cu bng thng cao nh truyn thng a
phng tin, truyn hnh, gio dc, V vy dung lng mng phi ngy cng tng p ng
nhu cu ngi s dng, ng thi mng NGN cng phi c kh nng thch ng vi nhng mng
vin thng tn ti trc n nhm tn dng c s h tng mng, dch v v khch hng sn c.
3.2.3. Cc cng ngh nn tng cho NGN
3.2.3.1. Cng ngh truyn dn
Mt vn quan trng khi trin khai NGN l cc cng ngh p dng trn mng li phi
sn sng. Trong cu trc mng th h mi, truyn dn l mt thnh phn ca lp truy nhp v
truyn dn. Trong vng hai thp k va qua, cng ngh quang chng minh c l mt
phng tin truyn ti thng tin hiu qu trn khong cch ln, v hin nay n l cng ngh ch
o trong truyn dn trn mng li. Cc ci tin trong k thut ghp knh theo bc sng nng
cao ng k hiu qu kinh t v truyn ti trn mng cp quang.

114
Mt s im mnh ca h thng truyn dn trn cp quang c th k n l:
- Hin nay trn 60% lu lng thng tin truyn i trn ton th gii c truyn trn mng
quang;
- Cng ngh truyn dn quang SDH cho php to ng truyn dn tc c cao (n*155
Mb/s) vi kh nng bo v ca cc mch vng c s dng rng ri nhiu nc v Vit
Nam;
- Cng ngh WDM cho php s dng rng bng tn rt ln ca si quang bng cch kt
hp mt s tn hiu ghp knh theo thi gian vi di cc bc sng khc nhau v c th s
dng c cc ca s khng gian, thi gian v di bc sng. WDM cho php nng tc
truyn dn ln ti 5 Gb/s, 10 Gb/s v 20 Gb/s.
Nh vy, c th ni cng ngh truyn dn ca mng th h mi s l SDH, WDM vi kh
nng hot ng mm do, linh hot, thun tin cho khai thc v iu hnh qun l. Cc tuyn
truyn dn SDH hin c v ang c tip tc trin khai rng ri trn mng vin thng l s pht
trin ng hng theo cu trc mng mi. Cn tip tc pht trin cc h thng truyn dn SDH v
WDM, hn ch s dng cng ngh PDH.
Ngoi ra, c th nhn thy rng th trng thng tin v tin trong khu vc c s pht trin
mnh trong nhng nm gn y v s cn tip tc trong nhng nm ti. Cc loi hnh dch v v
tinh rt pht trin nh: DTH tng tc, truy nhp Internet, cc dch v bng rng, HDTV,
Ngoi cc ng dng ph bin i vi nhu cu thng tin qung b, vin thng nng thn, vi s s
dng kt hp cc u im ca cng ngh CDMA, thng tin v tinh ngy cng c xu hng pht
trin c bit trong lnh vc thng tin di ng v thng tin c nhn.
Mt vn quan trng l ngy nay IP tr thnh giao din hon thin thc s cho cc
mng li NGN. V vy cc mng truyn dn phi ti u cho iu khin lu lng IP. Mt gii
php c tnh thuyt phc hin nay l hi t cc lp d liu v cc lp quang trong mng li. Vic
hi t ny mang li mt s li th nh cung cp cc dch v tc cao, bo v dng thng tin lin
tc cho mng quang vi chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS.
3.2.3.2. Cng ngh truy nhp
Trong xu hng pht trin NGN s duy tr nhiu loi hnh mng truy nhp vo mt mi
truyn dn chung nh:
- Mng truy nhp quang,
- Mng truy nhp v tuyn,
- Mng truy nhp cp ng s dng cc cng ngh ADSL, HDSL,
- Cc mng truy nhp bng rng.
Nhn chung l phi a dng ho cc phng thc truy nhp, c v tuyn v hu tuyn. Xu
hng hin nay l tch cc pht trin v hon thin em vo ng dng rng ri cc cng ngh
truy nhp tin tin nh truy nhp quang, truy nhp WLAN, truy nhp bng rng, c bit l trin
khai rng hnh thc truy nhp ADSL v h thng di ng 3G.
3.2.3.3. Cng ngh chuyn mch
Chuyn mch cng l mt thnh phn trong lp mng truyn ti ca NGN. So vi hnh thc
chuyn mch TDM trc y th cng ngh chuyn mch trong NGN c nhng thay i ln.

115
Mng th h mi da trn nn cng ngh chuyn mch gi, cho php hot ng vi nhiu tc
v c kh nng cung cp nhiu loai hnh dch v khc nhau.
S la chn cng ngh chuyn mch cho NGN c th l IP, ATM hay MPLS. Tuy nhin,
nhng nghin cu hon thin v cng ngh MPLS gn y ha hn cng ngh ny s l cng
ngh chuyn mch ch o trong NGN. Bn cnh , mt cng ngh khc l chuyn mch quang
cng ang c nghin cu v ch to th nghim. Trong tng lai s c cc chuyn mch quang
phn chia theo khng gian, theo thi gian hay theo di bc sng. Hy vng l cc chuyn
mch quang tc cao s sm c ng dng trong thc t.
Sau y l nhng nt khi qut v c im cng ngh, cc u nhc im cng nh l kh
nng ng dng ca tng loi cng ngh chuyn mch nhc n trn.
IP
S pht trin v ph bin ca IP l mt thc t khng ai c th ph nhn. Hin nay lng
dch v ln nht trn cc mng ng trc trn thc t u l t IP. Trong cng tc tiu chun ha
cc loi k thut, vic bo m tt hn cho IP tr thnh trng im ca cng tc nghin cu. IP
l giao thc chuyn tip gi tin, trong vic chuyn gi tin c thc hin theo c ch phi kt
ni. IP nh ngha c cu nh s, c cu chuyn tin, c cu nh tuyn v cc chc nng iu
khin mc thp.
Gi tin IP cha a ch ca bn gi v bn nhn. a ch IP l s nh danh duy nht trong
ton mng v mang y thng tin cn cho vic chuyn gi tin ti ch. C cu nh tuyn c
nhim v tnh ton ng i ti cc nt trong mng. Do vy, cc thit b nh tuyn phi c cp
nht thng tin v topo mng, nguyn tc chuyn tin (nh trong BGP) v phi c kh nng hot
ng trong mi trng mng nhiu cp. Kt qu tnh ton ca c cu nh tuyn c lu trong
cc bng chuyn tip (forwarding table) cha thng tin v chng tip theo c th gi gi tin ti
hng ch. Da trn cc bng ny, b nh tuyn chuyn cc gi tin IP ti ch.
Phng thc chuyn tin truyn thng l theo tng chng mt. cch ny, mi nt mng
thc hin vic tnh ton chuyn tip gi tin mt cch c lp. Do vy, yu cu kt qu tnh ton
cc thng tin nh tuyn ti tt c cc nt phi nht qun vi nhau. S khng thng nht ca kt
qu s dn n vic chuyn gi tin sai hng, iu ny ng ngha vi vic mt gi tin. Kiu
chuyn gi tin theo tng chng hn ch kh nng ca mng. V d, vi phng thc ny, nu cc
gi tin chuyn ti cng mt a ch i qua cng mt nt th chng s c truyn qua cng mt
tuyn ti im ch. iu ny khin cho mng khng th thc hin mt s chc nng khc nh
nh tuyn theo ch, theo dch v. Tuy nhin, phng thc nh tuyn v chuyn tin ny nng
cao tin cy cng nh kh nng m rng ca mng.
Giao thc nh tuyn ng cho php mng phn ng li vi s c bng vic thay i tuyn
khi router bit c s thay i v topo mng thng qua vic cp nht thng tin v trng thi kt
ni. Vi cc phng thc nh CDIR (Classless Inter Domain Routing), kch thc ca bn tin
c duy tr mc chp nhn c, v do vic tnh ton nh tuyn u do cc nt t thc hin,
mng c th m rng m khng cn bt c thay i no. Tm li, IP l mt giao thc chuyn
mch gi c tin cy v kh nng m rng cao. Tuy nhin, vic iu khin lu lng rt kh
thc hin do phng thc nh tuyn theo tng chng. Mt khc, IP cng khng h tr cht lng
dch v (QoS).
ATM

116
Cng ngh ATM da trn c s ca phng php chuyn mch gi nhanh, trong thng
tin c nhm vo cc gi tin c chiu di c nh v ngn. Cc chuyn mch ATM cho php
hot ng vi nhiu tc v dch v khc nhau.
ATM c hai c im quan trng.
Th nht, ATM s dng cc gi c kch thc nh v c nh gi l t bo (cell). Cc t
bo nh vi tc truyn ln s lm cho tr truyn v bin ng tr gim nh i vi cc dch
v thi gian thc, ng thi cng s to iu kin cho vic hp knh tc cao c d dng
hn.
Th hai, ATM c kh nng nhm mt vi knh o thnh mt ng o nhm gip cho vic
nh tuyn c d dng. nh tuyn trong ATM khc vi IP mt s im. ATM l cng ngh
chuyn mch hng kt ni. Kt ni t im u n im cui phi c thit lp trc khi
thng tin c gi i. ATM yu cu kt ni phi c thit lp thng qua bo hiu. Mt khc,
ATM khng thc hin nh tuyn ti cc nt trung gian. Tuyn kt ni xuyn sut c xc nh
trc khi trao i d liu v c gi c nh trong sut thi gian kt ni. Trong qu trnh thit
lp kt ni, cc tng i ATM trung gian cung cp cho kt ni mt nhn. Vic ny thc hin hai
iu: dnh cho kt ni mt s ti nguyn v xy dng bng chuyn t bo ti mi tng i. Bng
chuyn t bo ny c tnh cc b v ch cha thng tin v cc kt ni ang hot ng i qua tng
i. iu ny khc vi thng tin v ton mng cha trong bng chuyn tin ca b nh tuyn IP.
Qu trnh chuyn t bo qua tng i ATM cng tng t nh vic chuyn gi tin qua b
nh tuyn. Tuy nhin, ATM c th chuyn mch nhanh hn v nhn gn trn t bo c kch thc
c nh (nh hn ca IP), kch thc bng chuyn tin nh hn nhiu so vi ca b nh tuyn IP,
v vic ny c thc hin trn cc thit b phn cng chuyn dng. Do vy, thng lng ca
tng i ATM thng ln hn thng lng ca b nh tuyn IP truyn thng.
IP over ATM
K thut ATM, do c cc tnh nng nh tc cao, cht lng dch v v iu khin lu
lng nn c s dng rng ri trn mng ng trc IP. Khi yu cu tnh thi gian thc trn
mng li cao, IP over ATM l k thut c th c ngh n. C th ni MPLS chnh l s ci
tin ca IP over ATM, cho nn vic nhn li mt cht v k thut ny y cng l iu cn thit.
IP over ATM l k thut kiu xp chng, n xp IP (lp 3) ln trn ATM (lp 2). Do giao
thc ca hai tng hon ton c lp vi nhau, gia chng phi nh mt lot giao thc na (nh
NHRP, ARP,) mi m bo ni thng. iu hin nay trn thc t c ng dng rng
ri. Nhng trong tnh trng mng li c m rng nhanh chng, cch xp chng cng gy ra
nhiu vn cn xem xt li.
Trc ht, vn ni bt nht l trong phng thc xp chng, khi cn thit lp, bo dng
hay g b lin kt gia cc im nt, s vic phi lm (nh s VC, lng tin iu khin) s tng
theo cp s nhn (bnh phng ca s im nt). iu ny c th gy nn nhiu phin phc, nht
l khi mng li ngy cng rng ln th chi phi kiu s lm cho mng tr nn qu ti.
Th hai l, phng thc xp chng s phn ct c mng li IP over ATM ra lm nhiu
mng logic nh (LIS), cc LIS trn thc t u l trong mt mng vt l. Gia cc LIS dng b
nh tuyn trung gian lin kt, iu ny s nh hng n vic truyn nhm gi tin gia cc
LIS khc nhau. Mt khc, khi lu lng rt ln, nhng b nh tuyn ny s gy hin tng nghn
c chai i vi bng rng. Hai im nu trn lm cho IP over ATM ch c th thch hp cho mng
tng i nh nh mng x nghip, khng th p ng c nhu cu ca mng ng trc

117
Internet trong tng lai. Trn thc t, c hai k thut IP v ATM ang tn ti vn yu km v
kh nng m rng thm.
Th ba l, vi phng thc chng xp, IP over ATM vn khng c cch no m bo QoS
thc s.
Vn th t l c hai k thut IP v ATM t ban u u c thit k ring l, khng xt
g n k thut kia, iu ny lm cho s ni thng gia hai bn phi da vo mt lot giao thc
phc tp, cng vi cc b phc v x l cc giao thc ny. Cch lm nh th c th gy nh
hng khng tt i vi tin cy ca mng ng trc. Cc k thut MPOA (Multiprotocol
over ATM a giao thc trn ATM), LANE (LAN Emulation M phng LAN), cng chnh
l kt qu nghin cu gii quyt cc vn , nhng cc gii thut ny u ch gii quyt
c mt phn cc tn ti, nh vn QoS chng hn. Phng thc m cc k thut ny dng
vn l phng thc chng xp, kh nng m rng vn khng .
Hin nay xut hin mt loi k thut IP over ATM khng dng phng thc xp chng,
m dng phng thc chuyn mch nhn, p dng phng thc tch hp. K thut ny chnh l
c s ca MPLS.
MPLS
Xt t gc cc nh thit k mng th s pht trin nhanh chng v m rng khng ngng
ca Internet cng vi s tng vt v s lng cng nh tnh phc tp ca cc loi hnh dch v
dn dn lm cho mng vin thng hin ti khng cn kham ni. Mt mt, cc nh khai thc than
phin kh kim c li nhun, nhng mt khc th thu bao li ku ca l gi c qu cao, tc
qu chm. Th trng bc bch i hi c mt mng tc cao hn vi gi c thp hn. y l
nguyn nhn cn bn ra i mt lot cc k thut mi, trong c k thut chuyn mch nhn
a giao thc MPLS.
Bt k k thut ATM tng c coi l nn tng ca mng s a dch v bng rng (B-
ISDN), hay l IP t thnh cng ln trn th trng hin nay, u tn ti nhng nhc im kh
khc phc c. S xut hin ca MPLS gip chng ta c c s chn la tt p cho cu
trc mng thng tin tng lai. Phng php ny dung hp mt cch hu hiu nng lc iu
khin lu lng ca thit b chuyn mch vi tnh linh hot ca b nh tuyn. Hin nay cng c
nhiu ngi tin tng mt cch chc chn rng MPLS s l phng n l tng cho mng ng
trc trong tng lai.
MPLS tch chc nng ca IP router lm hai phn ring bit: chc nng chuyn gi tin v
chc nng iu khin.
Phn chc nng chuyn gi tin, vi nhim v gi gi tin gia cc router, s dng c ch
hon i nhn tng t nh ATM. Trong MPLS, nhn l mt s c di c nh v khng ph
thuc vo lp mng. K thut hon i nhn v bn cht l vic tm nhn ca mt gi tin trong
mt bng cc nhn xc nh tuyn ca gi v nhn mi ca n. Vic ny n gin hn nhiu so
vi vic x l gi tin theo kiu thng thng, v do vy, ci thin c kh nng ca thit b. Cc
router s dng k thut ny c gi l LSR (Label Switch Router).
Phn chc nng iu khin ca MPLS bao gm cc giao thc nh tuyn lp mng vi
nhim v phn phi thng tin gia cc LSR, v th tc gn nhn chuyn thng tin nh tuyn
thnh cc bng nh tuyn cho vic chuyn mch. MPLS c th hot ng c vi cc giao thc
nh tuyn Internet khc nh OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) v BGP (Border Bateway
Protocol). Do MPLS h tr vic iu khin lu lng v cho php thit lp tuyn c nh, vic

118
m bo cht lng dch v ca cc tuyn l hon ton kh thi. y l mt im vt tri ca
MPLS so vi cc nh tuyn c in. Ngoi ra, MPLS cn c c ch chuyn tuyn nhanh (fast
rerouting).
Do MPLS l cng ngh chuyn mch hng kt ni, kh nng b nh hng bi li ng
truyn thng cao hn cc cng ngh khc. Trong khi , cc dch v tch hp m MPLS phi h
tr li yu cu dung lng cao. Tuy nhin, kh nng phc hi ca MPLS m bo cung cp dch
v ca mng khng ph thuc vo c cu khi phc li ca lp vt l bn di.
Bn cnh tin cy, cng ngh MPLS cng khin cho vic qun l mng c d dng
hn. Do MPLS qun l vic chuyn gi tin theo cc lung, cc gi tin thuc mt lp chuyn tip
FEC c th c xc nh bi mt gi tr ca nhn. Nh , trong min MPLS, cc thit b o lu
lng mng c th da trn nhn phn loi cc gi tin. Lu lng i qua cc tuyn chuyn
mch nhn (LSP) c gim st mt cch d dng dng RTFM ( Real Time Flow Measurement).
Bng cch gim st lu lng ti cc LSR, nghn lu lng s c pht hin v v tr xy ra
nghn c th c xc nh nhanh chng. Tuy nhin, gim st lu lng theo phng php ny
khng a ra c ton b thng tin v cht lng dch v (v d nh tr t im u n im
cui trong min MPLS).
Tm li, MPLS l mt cng ngh chuyn mch IP c nhiu trin vng. Vi tnh cht c cu
nh tuyn ca mnh, MPLS c kh nng nng cao cht lng dch v ca mng IP truyn thng.
Bn cnh , thng lng ca mng s c ci thin mt cch r rt. Tuy nhin, tin cy l
mt vn thc tin c th khin vic trin khai MPLS trn mng Internet b chm li.
3.2.4. Cc t chc v hng pht trin NGN
Trn th gii c nhiu t chc quc t v vin thng, mi t chc li a ra cc b tiu
chun ring cho mnh, do vy khi pht trin NGN cng c nhiu tng khc nhau c a ra
bi nhiu t chc khc nhau.
M hnh ca ITU
Cu trc mng th h sau NGN nm trong m hnh cu trc thng tin ton cu GII (Global
Information Infrastructure) do ITU a ra. M hnh ny gm 3 lp chc nng nh sau (hnh 3.8):
Cc chc nng ng dng;
Cc chc nng trung gian bao gm:
Chc nng iu khin dch v,
Chc nng qun l;
Cc chc nng c s bao gm:
Cc chc nng mng (gm chc nng truyn ti v chc nng iu khin),
Cc chc nng lu tr v x l,
Cc chc nng giao tip ngi my.


119
Hnh 3.8: Cc chc nng GII v mi quan h gia chng
Mt s hng nghin cu ca IETF
Theo IETF cu trc h tng mng thng tin ton cu cn c mng truyn ti s dng giao
thc IP vi bt c cng ngh lp no. Ngha l IP cn c kh nng truyn ti kt hp vi cc
mng truy nhp v ng trc s dng cc giao thc kt ni khc nhau.
i vi mng truy nhp, IETF c IP trn mng cp v IP trn mi trng v tuyn. i vi
mng ng trc, IETF c hai giao thc chnh l IP trn ATM v IP vi giao thc im ni im
PPP trn nn mng phn cp s ng b SONET/SDH.
M hnh IP over ATM xem IP nh mt lp trn lp ATM v nh ngha cc mng con IP
trn nn mng ATM. Phng thc tip cn ny cho php IP v ATM hot ng vi nhau m
khng cn thay i giao thc. Tuy nhin phng thc ny khng tn dng ht kh nng ca ATM
v khng thch hp vi mng nhiu router v khng t hiu qu cao.
IETF cng l t chc a ra nhiu tiu chun v MPLS. Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a
giao thc MPLS l kt qu pht trin IP Switching s dng c ch hon i nhn nh ATM
truyn gi tin m khng cn thay i cc giao thc nh tuyn ca IP.
M hnh ca MSF
MSF (Multiservice Switch Forum - din n chuyn mch a dch v) a ra m hnh cu
trc mng chuyn mch a dch v (hnh 3.9) bao gm cc lp:
Lp thch ng
Lp chuyn mch
Lp iu khin
Lp ng dng
Ngoi ra trong m hnh ca MSF cn c lp qun l l mt lp c bit xuyn sut cc lp
thch ng, chuyn mch v iu khin. Trong cn phn bit chc nng qun l vi chc nng
iu khin. Lp iu khin c nhim v kt ni cung cp cc dch v thng sut t u cui ti
u cui vi bt c loi giao thc v bo hiu no.

Cc chc nng trung gian
Giao din
chng
trnh ng
dng
Giao din
chng
trnh c
s
Cu trc
Cc chc nng ng dng
Cc chc nng c s
Cung cp dch v
x l v lu tr
thng tin phn tn
Cc chc
nng
giao tip
ngimy
Cc chc
nng
x l v
lu tr
Chc nng
iu khin
Chc nng
truyn ti
Chc nng iu khin
Chc nng truyn ti
Cung cp
dch v
truyn thng
chung
Truyn thng
v ni mng
thng tin
Cc chc nng trung gian
Giao din
chng
trnh ng
dng
Giao din
chng
trnh c
s
Cu trc
Cc chc nng ng dng
Cc chc nng c s
Cung cp dch v
x l v lu tr
thng tin phn tn
Cc chc
nng
giao tip
ngimy
Cc chc
nng
x l v
lu tr
Chc nng
iu khin
Chc nng
truyn ti
Chc nng iu khin
Chc nng truyn ti
Cung cp
dch v
truyn thng
chung
Truyn thng
v ni mng
thng tin

120
Hnh 3.9: Cu trc mng chuyn mch a dch v
M hnh ca ETSI
ETSI vn ang tip tc tho lun v m hnh cu trc mng th h sau NGN. Vi mc tiu
cung cp tt c cc dch v vin thng truyn thng v cc dch v mi bao gm: PSTN/ISDN,
X25, FR, ATM, IP, GSM, GPRS, IMT2000, ETSI phn chia nghin cu cu trc mng theo
cc lnh vc:
Lp truyn ti trn c s cng ngh quang
Mng li dung lng cao trn c s cng ngh gi IP/ATM
iu khin trn nn IP
Dch v v ng dng trn nn IP
Qun l trn c s IT v IP
Theo phn lp ca ETSI th NGN c 5 lp chc nng. Cc ng dng t nh khai thc mng
c cung cp cho khch hng thng qua cc giao din dch v. Cc giao din dch v c phn
thnh 4 loi: giao din dch v thoi, giao din dch v s liu, giao din dch v tnh cc v giao
din dch v ch dn (hnh 3.10).

...
TCP/IP Video ATM
Multiservice
...
Voice
Lp
ng dng
B iu khin
IP/MPLS
B iu khin
Voice/SS7
B iu khin
ATM/SVC
TDM FR
Chuyn mch lai ghp
Lp
iu khin
Lp
chuyn
mch
Lp thch
ng
Cc giao thc, giao din, API bo hiu/IN tiu chun
Lp
qun
l
Cc giao thc,
giao din
m rng
Cc giao din logic v vt l tiu chun
...
TCP/IP Video ATM
Multiservice
...
Voice
Lp
ng dng
B iu khin
IP/MPLS
B iu khin
Voice/SS7
B iu khin
ATM/SVC
TDM FR
Chuyn mch lai ghp
Lp
iu khin
Lp
chuyn
mch
Lp thch
ng
Cc giao thc, giao din, API bo hiu/IN tiu chun
Lp
qun
l
Cc giao thc,
giao din
m rng
Cc giao din logic v vt l tiu chun

121
Hnh 3.10: Cu trc chc nng mng NGN theo ETSI
3.2.5. S tin ha ln NGN v cc vn cn quan tm
Mc tiu tin ti NGN
S tin ha ca mng vin thng ln NGN nhm t c cc mc tiu sau:
Cung cp a loi hnh dch v vi gi thnh thp, ng thi m bo thi gian a dch
v mi ra th trng c rt ngn.
Gim chi ph khai thc mng v dch v.
Nng cao ti a hiu qu u t.
To ra nhng ngun doanh thu mi, khng ph thuc vo ngun doanh thu t cc dch
v truyn thng.
Yu cu chung khi xy dng NGN
Vic xy dng mng NGN cn m bo cc yu cu c bn sau y:
Trnh lm nh hng n cc chc nng cng nh vic cung cp dch v ca mng
hin ti. Tin ti cung cp dch v thoi v s liu trn cng mt h tng thng tin duy
nht. ng thi phi h tr cc thit b khch hng ang s dng.
Mng phi c cu trc n gin, gim thiu s cp chuyn mch v chuyn tip truyn
dn nhm nng cao hiu qu s dng, cht lng mng li v gim chi ph khai thc
bo dng. Cu trc t chc mng khng ph thuc vo nh gii hnh chnh. Cu trc
chuyn mch phi m bo an ton, da trn chuyn mch gi.
H thng qun l mng, dch v phi c tnh tp trung cao.
Vic chuyn i phi thc hin theo tng bc v theo nhu cu ca th trng.
Hn ch u t cc k thut phi NGN cng lc vi vic trin khai v hon thin cc
cng ngh mi.
Phi bo ton vn u t ca nh khai thc.
Cc nh khai thc mng v
cc ng dng i vi khch hng
Chc nng mng thng minh c bn
Chc nng mng c bn
Giao din
dch v thoi
Giao din
dch v
s liu
Giao din
dch v tnh
cc
Giao din
dch v
ch dn
Chc nng chuyn ti mng
Cc nh khai thc mng v
cc ng dng i vi khch hng
Chc nng mng thng minh c bn
Chc nng mng c bn
Giao din
dch v thoi
Giao din
dch v
s liu
Giao din
dch v tnh
cc
Giao din
dch v
ch dn
Chc nng chuyn ti mng

122
Xc nh cc giai on cn thit chuyn sang NGN. C cc sch lc thch hp cho
tng giai on chuyn hng vic trin khai NGN c n nh v an ton.
L trnh chuyn i
Qu trnh chuyn i t mng hin ti sang NGN c th c thc hin thng qua cc bc
sau:
u tin gii quyt phn ti lu lng Internet cho tng i chuyn mch ni ht. m
bo cung cp dch v truy nhp bng rng ti cc thnh ph ln trc.
To c s h tng thng tin bng rng pht trin cc dch v a phng tin, phc
v cc chng trnh tin hc ha v chnh ph in t ca quc gia.
u tin thc hin trn mng lin tnh trc nhm p ng nhu cu v thoi v tng hiu
qu s dng cc tuyn truyn dn ng trc.
Mng ni tnh thc hin c trng im ti cc thnh ph c nhu cu truyn s liu, truy
nhp Internet bng rng.
Lp t cc thit b chuyn mch th h mi, cc my ch phc v cc dch v a
phng tin cht lng cao.
Cc hng pht trin NGN
Ni chung vic xy dng NGN c th c nhn di hai gc ca hai nh khai thc dch
v khc nhau: cc nh cung cp dch v truyn thng (ESP Established Service Provider) v nh
cung cp dch v mi (ISP Internet Service Provider hoc ASP Application Service Provider).
Tu vo hin trng ca mng hin ti v quan im ca nh khai thc m c th chn mt trong
hai hng pht trin NGN: xy dng mng hon ton mi v xy dng trn c s mng hin c.
i vi cc nh cung cp dch v truyn thng, hng pht trin c th l t chc li mng
c nng lc x l cc dch v bng rng, gim s lng cc phn t mng xp chng nhm ti
u ha mng PSTN. Mt khc cn tng bc trin khai cc cng ngh v dch v ca mng th h
mi, khi u bng vic trin khai VoIP mc qu giang x l lu lng Internet, kt ni lu
lng mng di ng v cc lu lng khng th d bo trc (s liu). Vic nh hng chuyn
mch qu giang sang NGN c tin hnh ng thi vi vic lp t cc cng tch hp VoIP,
thit b iu khin cng phng tin MGC hot ng theo cc giao thc chuyn mch mm nh
MEGACO, MGCP, SIP, SIGTRAN, BICC, Song song vi vic trin khai cng ngh l phi
xy dng mt mng ng trc duy nht, nng lc truyn ti cng lc nhiu loi hnh lu
lng s pht sinh khi cung cp cc dch v NGN.
i vi cc nh cung cp dch v ISP hoc ASP, do c sn h tng chuyn mch gi nn
cc nh khai thc ny rt thun li trong vic xy dng mng NGN. Khi tin hnh trin khai mng
th h sau h c th lp t cc b iu khin cng phng tin MGC, cc server truy nhp mng
NAS (Network Access Server) v cc server truy nhp bng rng BRAS (Broadband Remote
Access Server), ng thi s dng cc giao thc bo hiu SIP, H.323, SIGTRAN, cho VoIP v
cc giao thc mi b sung cho mng.
Nh vy c th thy rng c nhiu gii php c a ra nhm p ng nhu cu ca cc
nh khai thc mun chuyn t mng truyn thng sang mng th h sau. Cc ESP c xu hng
xy dng NGN da trn c s mng hin ti, cn cc ISP/ASP thun li hn khi pht trin NGN
theo quan im th hai l xy dng mng hon ton mi. Song d xy dng mng theo xu hng

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no th vic pht trin mng u phi da vo nhu cu mi ca khch hng thu ht v gi
khch hng. iu ny cng c ngha l cc nh khai thc s trin khai mng NGN theo hng
p ng cho nhu cu pht trin dch v ca khch hng.
Cc vn cn quan tm khi trin khai NGN
Mc d vic tin ti NGN c khng nh l tt yu, trong qu trnh trin khai vn cn
nhiu vn cn quan tm nghin cu v cn nhc c th a ra gii php chuyn i thch
hp.
Trc ht, cc nh khai thc dch v vin thng phi xem xt mng TDM m h tn rt
nhiu chi ph u t quyt nh xy dng mt NGN xp chng hay thm ch thay th cc tng
i truyn thng bng nhng chuyn mch cng ngh mi sau ny. Mt s la chn hp l c th
l gim cc cp chuyn mch, c bit l cc tng i ni ht v chuyn dn cc loi thu bao
sang thnh thu bao NGN. Cc nh khai thc cn tm ra phng php cung cp cc dch v mi
cho khch hng ca h trong thi k qu trc khi cc mng ca h chuyn sang NGN mt
cch y .
Vn ln cn nhc ti khi chuyn sang cng ngh gi l phi h tr dch v thoi qua IP
v hng lot cc dch v gi tr gia tng khc trong khi c ch best effort phn phi cc gi tin
khng cn p ng na. Mt thch thc cn bn l m rng mng IP theo nhiu hng, nhiu
kh nng cung cp dch v trong khi vn gi c u th gn nh ca mng IP.
Mt kha cnh khc l quy m mng phi ln cung cp cho khch hng nhm chng
li hin tng tc nghn c chai trong lu lng ca mng li. Vic tng s lng cc giao din
m cng lm tng nguy c mt an ninh mng. Do vic m bo an ton thng tin mng
chng li s xm nhp tri php t bn ngoi tr thnh vn sng cn ca cc nh khai thc
mng. Ngoi ra, khi m rng mng phi m bo p ng cc yu cu v tin cy, ng thi cc
dch v trin khai phi c ti u ho trong vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn mng.
Vn cng khng km phn quan trng l phi pht trin cc gii php qun l thch hp
cho NGN trong mi trng a nh khai thc v a loi hnh dch v. Mc d cn mt nhiu thi
gian v cng sc trc khi h thng qun l mng c trin khai nhng mc tiu ny vn c gi
tr v s mang li nhiu li ch nh gim thiu cc chi ph vn hnh, khai thc v qun l mng.
3.2.6. Kin trc phn lp mng NGN theo m hnh Call Server
Cho n nay NGN vn l xu hng pht trin mi, cha c mt khuyn ngh chnh thc no
ca ITU v cu trc NGN. Cc hng khai thc v cung cp thit b vin thng a ra mt s
m hnh khc nhau. Cc din n, hip hi v t chc vin thng khc cng ang c gng tin
ti nhng nguyn tc v chun chung cho mng NGN. T cc m hnh ny c th thy cu trc
mng vin thng th h sau c c im chung l bao gm cc lp chc nng sau: lp truy nhp
v truyn dn, lp truyn thng v lp iu khin. Nu xem xt t gc kinh doanh v cung cp
dch v th cn c thm lp ng dng dch v. Trong mi trng pht trin cnh tranh th s c rt
nhiu thnh phn tham gia kinh doanh trong lp ng dng dch v ny. Ngoi ra, trong m hnh
cu trc mng cn c lp qun l l mt lp c bit xuyn sut bn lp trn. Kt ni gia cc lp
chc nng l cc giao din lp trnh m API (hnh 3.11).

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Lp ng dng
Lp iu khin
Lp truyn thng
Lp truy nhp v truyn
dn
Giao din m API
Giao din m API
Giao din m API
L
p

q
u
n

l

Hnh 3.11: Cu trc mng th h sau (t gc dch v)
3.2.6.1. Lp truy nhp v truyn ti
+ Phn truy nhp
Vi truy nhp v tuyn c cc h thng thng tin di ng GSM hoc CDMA,
truy nhp v tuyn c nh, v tinh. Trong tng li cc h thng truy nhp
khng dy s pht trin rt nhanh nh truy nhp hng ngoi, bluetooth hay
WLAN (802.11).
Vi truy nhp hu tuyn, hin nay c cp ng v xDSL ang c s dng.
Tuy vy trong tng lai truyn dn quang DWDM, PON s dn chim u th,
th trng ca xDSL v modem s dn thu nh li.
Lp truy nhp cung cp cc kt ni gia thu bao u cui v mng ng
trc qua cng giao tip thch hp. NGN cng cung cp hu ht cc truy nhp
chun cng nh khng chun ca cc thit b u cui nh: truy nhp a dch
v, in thoi IP, my tnh PC, tng i ni b PBX,
+ Phn truyn ti
Ti lp vt l cc cng ngh truyn dn quang nh SDH, WDM hay DWDM
s c s dng.
Cng ngh ATM hay IP c th c s dng trn mng li m bo QoS.
Cc router c s dng bin mng li khi lu lng ln. Khi lu lng
nh switchrouter c th m nhn lun chc nng nhng router ny.
Lp truyn ti c kh nng h tr cc mc QoS khc nhau cho cng mt dch
v v cho cc dch v khc nhau. Lp ng dng s a ra cc yu cu v nng
lc truyn ti v n s thc hin yu cu .
3.2.6.2. Lp truyn thng
Lp truyn thng gm cc thit b l cc cng phng tin MG (Media Gateway) nh:

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+ Cng truy nhp: AG kt ni gia mng li v mng truy nhp, RG kt ni mng li v
mng thu bao nh.
+ Cng giao tip: TG kt ni mng li vi mng PSTN/ISDN, WG kt ni mng li vi
mng di ng.
Lp ny chu trch nhim chuyn i cc loi mi trng (FR, PSTN, LAN, v tuyn, ) sang
mi trng truyn dn gi c p dng trn mng li v ngc li.
3.2.6.3. Lp iu khin
Lp iu khin bao gm cc h thng iu khin m thnh phn chnh l Softswitch cn gi
l MGC hay Call Agent, c kt ni vi cc thnh phn khc nhau nh SG, MS, FS, AS kt
ni cuc gi hay qun l a ch IP.
Lp iu khin c nhim v kt ni cung cp cc dch v truyn thng t u cui n
u cui vi bt k loi giao thc bo hiu no. Cc chc nng qun l v chm sc khch hng
cng c tch hp trong lp iu khin. Nh c giao din m nn c s tch bit gia dch v v
truyn dn, iu ny cho php cc dch v mi c a vo nhanh chng v d dng.
Hin nay lp iu khin vn rt phc tp, kh nng tng thch gia cc thit b ca cc
hng l vn cn quan tm. Cc giao thc, giao din bo hiu v iu khin kt ni rt a dng,
cn cha c chun ho v ang tip tc pht trin. Do vy, cn c thi gian xem xt v quan
tm n tnh tng thch ca cc loi giao din v giao thc khi la chn thit b mi.
3.2.6.4. Lp ng dng
Lp ny gm cc nt thc thi dch v (thc cht l cc server dch v), c chc nng cung
cp cc ng dng cho khch hng thng qua lp truyn ti. Cc dch v cung cp c th l dch v
mng thng minh IN, dch v tr tin trc, dch v gi tr gia tng Internet, v.v. H thng ng
dng v dch v mng ny lin kt vi lp iu khin thng qua cc giao din m API. Nh giao
din m ny m cc nh cung cp c th trin khai nhanh chng cc dch v trn mng.
Lp ng dng cung cp cc dch v c bng thng khc nhau v nhiu mc . Mt s
dch v s thc hin lm ch vic iu khin logic ca chng v truy nhp trc tip ti lp ng
dng, cn mt s dch v khc s thc hin iu khin t lp iu khin.
3.2.6.5. Lp qun l
Lp qun l l mt lp c bit xuyn sut cc lp t kt ni cho n ng dng. Ti lp
qun l ngi ta c th khai thc hoc xy dng mng qun l vin thng TMN nh mt mng
ring theo di v iu phi cc thnh phn mng ang hot ng. Cc chc nng qun l c
ch trng l qun l mng, qun l dch v v qun l kinh doanh.
3.2.7. Chc nng v hot ng ca cc phn t mng
NGN khng phi l mng hon ton mi c xy dng t u. Trong cu trc vt l ca
NGN cn c cc thnh phn m bo vic kt ni vi cc mng hin hnh v tn dng cc thit b
vin thng hin c nhm t c hiu qu khai thc ti a. Cc phn t chnh trong mng th h
sau c th thy r trn hnh 3.12.

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Hnh 3.12: Cc thnh phn chnh trong mng th h sau
C rt nhiu thit b k thut c ch ra trn hnh v, song y s ch cp n nhng
thit b th hin r nt s tin tin ca NGN so vi mng vin thng truyn thng. C th nhng
thit b c trnh by trong phn ny l cng phng tin (MG), b iu khin cng phng tin
(MGC), cng bo hiu (SG), my ch phng tin (MS) v my ch ng dng/c tnh (AS/FS).
3.2.7.1. Cng phng tin - MG
Cng phng tin (Media Gateway - MG) l thit b chuyn i giao thc ng khung v
truyn ti t loi mng ny sang mt nh dng yu cu ca mt loi mng khc, thng thng l
t dng chuyn mch knh sang dng gi. Thc t, n chuyn i gia cc m truyn trong mng
IP (truyn trn RTP/UDP/IP) vi m ho truyn trong mng SCN (PCM, GSM). Vic chuyn i
ny c iu khin bng Softswitch. MG thc hin vic m ho, gii m v nn d liu. Cc
hot ng ny c thc hin bi cc b x l tn hiu s DSP. Ngoi ra, MG cn tp hp d liu
cho vic tnh cc v h thng chm sc khch hng (kh nng cung cp h s, h tr nhanh cuc
gi c trong thi gian thc v phi thi gian thc) hay pht hin ngng d liu nu yu cu. MG
h tr cc giao thc nh tuyn chnh nh OSPF, IS-IS, BGP.
Ty theo v tr v chc nng, ngi ta phn ra nhiu loi cng phng tin khc nhau:
- MG trung k (TG - Trunking Gateway): kt ni cc chuyn mch thuc
PSTN/ISDN ti phn li NGN;
- MG truy nhp (AG - Access Gateway) kt ni gia mng li NGN vi mng truy
nhp;
- MG dn c (RG - Regidental Gateway): Kt ni mng li NGN vi mng thu bao
nh dn;

127
- MG truy nhp di ng (WAG Wireless Access Gateway): cho php cc khch
hng ca mng di ng 3G kt ni ti NGN;
- MG trung k di ng (WG Wireless Gateway): cho php mng di ng 3G kt ni
ti NGN;
- MG bo hiu (SG Signalling Gateway): chuyn i tn hiu bo hiu s 7 gia
mng chuyn mch knh v mng gi.
Yu cu chnh i vi MG l phi cung cp cht lng thoi tt, c th l phi m bo tr
v t l mt gi thp. Nhng trong trng hp di thng quan trng hn cht lng th vic nn d
liu li l mt c tnh quan trng. MG cung cp tp hp cc codec thoi nh G723.1, G711,
G729, G726, GSM v cc h tr cn thit khc cho php la chn cc yu cu v cht lng thoi
v gii thng. Thm vo , cc c tnh nh kh ting vng v b m jitter cng nhm ci
tin cht lng thoi v tin nghi ngi dng. MG h tr lp khong lng v to cc nhiu nn
gim khi lng ti trong mng.
Mt yu cu gn nh bt buc i vi MG l tnh m. iu ny cho php kt ni MG vi
cc phn t mng khc nh MGC s dng cc giao thc chun nh MGCP, MEGACO/H.248 hay
SIP. Vic s dng cc giao thc chun cho php nh iu hnh t ph thuc nht vo cc nh cung
cp v thun tin trong vic thay th cc phn t mng. Ngy nay cc Media Gateway h tr IPv4,
nhng chng c th pht trin h tr IPv6 l chun c mong i cho tng lai.
Vn quan trng khc l tnh bo mt. Ngi dng khng c nhn thc s khng th s
dng MG. Trong thit b Media Gateway s dng cc giao thc nhn thc nh PAP, CHAP hay
IPSec. linh hot ca cc Gateway l mt yu cu quan trng, bi v n cho php nh iu hnh
mng m rng mng nu cn thit. Ngoi ra, tin cy cng l mt yu t khng th thiu i vi
cc thit b MG.
3.2.7.2. B iu khin cng phng tin - MGC
B iu khin cng phng tin (Media Gateway Controller - MGC) l thnh phn chnh
ca h thng Softswitch. N a ra cc quy lut x l cuc gi, cn MG v SG s thc hin cc
quy lut . MGC iu khin SG thit lp v kt thc cuc gi. Ngoi ra n cn giao tip vi h
thng OS v BSS.
MGC chnh l cu ni gia cc mng c c tnh khc nhau, nh PSTN, SS7, mng IP. N
chu trch nhim qun l lu lng thoi v d liu qua cc mng khc nhau. N cng c gi l
Call Agent do chc nng iu khin cc bn tin. Call Agent thc hin iu khin cuc gi lin
quan ti m hnh cuc gi, chuyn giao tn hiu v iu khin cng phng tin. N phi cung
cp mt giao din ph hp vi Application Server c th iu khin dch v v chnh sch. Cc
Call Agent phi hp tc hot ng vi nhau thc hin mt cuc gi c bn. Truyn thng gia
cc MGC c thc hin bi cc giao thc chun nh BICC hay SIP-T. Ngoi ra, Call Agent
cng cho php cc u cui IP kt ni trc tip s dng cc giao thc in hnh nh SIP hay
H.323 (hnh 3.13).
Softswitch thc hin vic nh tuyn v nh s c bn, bo hiu s 7, thu thp d liu lu
lng, bo dng h thng, iu khin qu ti, ghi s liu cc, c chc nng iu khin mng,
cung cp cc dch v mng thng minh v dch v mng IP. MGC kt hp cng MG, SG v cc
thnh phn khc nh MS, FS, AS kt ni cuc gi hay qun l a ch IP.


128

Hnh 3.13: Vai tr v v tr ca Call Agent trong m hnh mng th h mi
Yu cu chnh i vi cc MGC l tnh m, c ngha l cho php s dng cc giao thc
chun v giao din lp trnh ng dng m. Tnh nng ny m bo tnh c lp ca cc nh cung
cp i vi s pht trin ca dch v v cho php s dng dch v ba bn. Tuy nhin, hin nay cc
giao thc chun v giao din lp trnh ng dng cha hon thin m bo tng thch hon
ton.
3.2.7.3. Cng bo hiu - SG
Cng bo hiu (Signalling Gateway - SG) to ra chic cu ni gia mng bo hiu SS7 vi
mng IP di s iu khin ca Media Gateway Controller (MGC). SG lm cho MGC ging nh
mt nt SS7 trong mng bo hiu SS7. Nhim v ca SG l x l thng tin bo hiu.
Cng bo hiu m nhim cc chc nng sau:
- Cung cp vic lin kt bo hiu gia mng TDM v mng gi.
- Ph thuc vo loi bo hiu s dng (ISUP, ISDN, V5.2, ...), SIGTRAN c s
dng hiu qu (m bo thi gian thc) v tin cy (h tr khng mt gi v jitter trong
mng gi).
- Vi thoi v bo hiu c nhn trn cng mt knh, chc nng SG thng c tch
hp trn MG.
- Vi ISUP quasi-associated (s dng STP) th SG l thit b c lp.
3.2.7.4. My ch phng tin - MS
My ch phng tin (Media Server - MS) l thnh phn la chn ca Softswitch, c s
dng x l cc thng tin c bit. MS cung cp chc nng tng tc gia ngi gi v cc ng
dng thng qua thit b vin thng, v d n c th tr li cuc gi, pht thng bo, c th, cung
cp cc lnh thoi nh s dng cng ngh nhn dng ting ni. MS phn pht dch v thoi v

129
video trn mng gi, nh cu hi ngh (nu dch v ny khng c MG h tr), thng bo (cc
thng bo n gin do MG gi), IN v mt s tng tc ngi dng.
Chc nng MS c th c tch hp trong Softswitch hoc MG. Cc chc nng ny c
th l bt buc hoc la chn. C hai nhm chc nng chnh l:
- Cc chc nng ti nguyn phng tin nh tch tone, tng hp thoi, phng tin
nhn dng ting ni, ...
- Cc chc nng iu khin phng tin nh nhc, ghi bn tin, v.v.
Trn th trng, MS l nhng thit b c iu khin bng SIP, MGCP hoc
H.248/Megaco v l gii php ca SRPs (Service Resource Point) h tr cho IN. Mt Media
Server phi h tr phn cng DSP vi hiu sut cao nht.
3.2.7.5. My ch ng dng/c tnh AS/FS
My ch c tnh (Feature Server FS) l mt server lp ng dng cha mt lot dch v
ca doanh nghip. Chnh v vy n cn c gi l my ch ng dng thng mi (Application
Server). My ch c tnh xc nh tnh hp l v h tr cc thng s dch v thng thng cho
h thng a chuyn mch. Gia Softswitch v FS c th s dng cc giao thc chun hoc giao
din chng trnh ng dng m API. V hu ht cc AS/FS t qun l cc dch v v truyn thng
qua mng IP nn chng khng rng buc nhiu vi Softswitch v vic phn chia hay nhm cc
thnh phn ng dng.
Mc tiu chnh ca my ch ng dng l iu khin v qun l cc ng dng mt cch hiu
qu, kinh t v nhanh chng. N cho php a ra cc dch v mi khng cn cp nht phn mm
Softswitch trong thi gian ngn. Mt dch v mi c th c pht trin bi bn thn cc nh
khai thc mng. Cc my ch ng dng iu khin tt c cc logic v kt ni ng dng. Phn
mm my ch ng dng c th n gin ho vic kt ni cc h thng web mi, cc h thng t
trong cc v tr khc nhau v cc h thng k tha thng qua web client.
Sau y l mt s tnh nng c bn ca cc my ch ng dng.
Tnh nng chung
- Server ng dng phi cung cp s tch hp Web h tr giao din Web cho ngi
qun l, khai thc v bo tr.
Tnh nng xc thc v bo mt
- iu khin cc phn t mng thc hin xc thc, cp php v cc kh nng tnh ton
cho cc dch v c cung cp;
- Tr gip c ch ng k, c th l yu cu ng k SIP hoc H.323;
- Cung cp cc dch v bo mt nh m ho hay xc thc m bo truy cp bo mt
ti cc dch v.
Tnh nng truyn thng
- Truyn thng vi cc ng dng trong hoc ngoi;
- Truyn thng vi cc my ch iu khin ti nguyn mng bn ngoi.
Tnh nng cung cp d liu

130
- Cung cp c s d liu thu bao v dch v;
- Qun l giao dch trn c s ca cc lut ACID. Ni chung, nh qun tr giao dch
hoc b gim st c thit k nhn thc khi nim ACID.
Tnh nng hot ng, qun l v iu khin
- Qun l dch v, bao gm cc phn t lin quan n kim ton, c tnh dch v,
- Qun l h thng, bao gm cc phn t lin quan n hot ng, qun l v khai thc
cc my ch ng dng (v d nh qun l cnh bo, gim st c tnh, bt gi v khi
phc h hng, ).
- Qun l thi gian vng i dch v, bao gm tr gip s trin khai dch v, cung cp
dch v, thu dch v, kch hot v gii kch hot dch v, xc nh phin bn ca dch
v,
Tnh nng thc hin dch v
- Tr gip thc hin a ng dng hay a trng hp ca cng ng dng;
- Mi trng tr gip thc hin dch v, bao gm tp cc kh nng c lp dch v
truy cp cc h thng bn ngoi thng qua cc giao thc, giao din chng trnh ng
dng qun l cc phin dch v, truy cp dch v, cc s kin v khai bo, ng
nhp v tng tc logic dch v,
Nh vy, my ch ng dng s l nn cng ngh thng tin, ng vai tr kin to dch v
trong mng thng minh nhm m rng tnh nng ca chng bao ph cc tnh hung mi ca
mng. Cc giao din gia my ch ng dng v mi trng kin to ng dng c th c cung
cp trn c s cc cng c nh ngn ng CPL. S thc hin ng dng s c thi hnh sau khi
np m ng dng (m thng c phin dch) trn mi trng server ng dng. Trong nhng
trng hp nh vy, my ch ng dng phi h tr ngn ng kch bn c s dng.
3.2.8. iu khin kt ni trong mng NGN
Trong chng trc trnh by v cu trc mng v cc thit b k thut cu thnh nn
mng NGN. Ni dung ca chng ny s gii thiu cc vn lin quan n kt ni v iu khin
kt ni trong mng NGN thng qua cc giao thc khc nhau. cc thit b trong mng c th
phi hp hot ng vi nhau cn phi s dng rt nhiu giao thc, tuy nhin y s ch trnh
by nhng giao thc tiu biu lin quan n vn bo hiu v iu khin cc thit b k thut
nu trn.
3.2.8.1. Vai tr ca iu khin kt ni trong NGN
Trong cu trc mng NGN chc nng iu khin kt ni c tch ring thnh mt lp v
y ln nm trn lp truyn ti v di lp ng dng/dch v. Lp iu khin kt ni c t
chc thnh mt cp cho ton mng nhm gim s cp mng v tn dng ti a nng lc x l
cuc gi ca cc thit b th h mi vi mc tiu gim chi ph u t. Lp iu khin c nhim v
thng nht cc tiu chun kt ni gia cc nh cung cp dch v v nh cung cp mng cng nh
l gia cc nh cung cp mng thnh vin, nhm m bo thng sut vic cung cp cc dch v
vin thng n ngi s dng.

131
Vi cc chc nng iu khin lp truyn ti, truy nhp v cung cp cc dch v mng NGN,
lp iu khin bao gm nhiu module nh: iu khin kt ni ATM, iu khin kt ni IP/MPLS,
(hnh 3.14). Cc thit b ca lp truyn ti v truy nhp c iu khin v kt ni thng qua
giao din API. Cc ng dng v dch v cho khch hng c iu khin bng cc server c lp
vi mng truyn ti. Cc b iu khin nh IP/MPLS Controller, ATM/SVC Controller,
Voice/SS7 Controller c t tng ng vi v tr ca cc nt Core ti cc vng lu lng chnh.
Hnh 3.14: Kt ni v iu khin cc phn t trong mng NGN
Vic t chc kt ni cc mng hin thi (PSTN, PLMN, Internet, ) c thc hin thng
qua cc cng Media Gateway (MG). Giao thc iu khin s dng l MGCP hoc Megaco/H.248.
Cc thit b Softswitch hay MGC trn mng c kt ni vi nhau qua knh bo hiu BICC hoc
SIP. Trn hnh 3.15 minh ha cu trc lp iu khin bo hiu v cc giao thc lin quan trong
gii php mng NGN ca Siemens.

Feature
SS7
POTS
ISDN
xDSL
ATM
ISDN
xDSL
ATM
COPS
NB
Mng li
ATM/IP/MPLS
PSTN
NB
SS7 BICC or SIP
Controllers
Controllers
Access Gateway
Access Router
Trunk Gateway
SS7
SIP
PTS
AIN or CS-x

132
Hnh 3.15: Cu trc v cc giao thc iu khin bo hiu trong mng NGN
3.2.8.2. Hot ng ca h thng da trn chuyn mch mm
Vi chc nng chuyn mch v iu khin cuc gi, softswitch l thnh phn chnh trong
mng th h sau NGN. Mt cch n gin, chng ta c th hiu softswitch l h thng chuyn
mch da trn phn mm, thc hin c y cc chc nng ca cc tng i in t truyn
thng. Ngoi ra, softswitch cn cho php lin kt gia cc mng IP, Mobile v PSTN truyn
thng, iu khin v chuyn mch lu lng hn hp thoi-d liu-video. Softswitch l h thng
mm do, tch hp c c chc nng ca tng i ni ht hoc tandem vi chc nng tng i
doanh nghip (PBX). Tuy nhin, khc vi mng chuyn mch knh da trn cc tng i in t,
lu lng cuc gi trong mng chuyn mch mm khng i qua softswitch, cc u cui trao i
d liu vi nhau thng qua cc thit b ca lp truyn thng.
M hnh h thng
M hnh ti thiu ca h thng da trn chuyn mch mm cho trn hnh 3.16. T hnh v
c th thy cc khi c bn ca h thng bao gm: chuyn mch mm (softswitch hay MGC -
Media Gateway Controller), cng kt ni SS7/IP, cc cng phng tin MG (Media Gateway),
khi tnh cc, h thng qun l, cc my ch ng dng v thnh phn cui cng khng th thiu
l mng li chuyn mch gi. Theo thut ng chuyn mch mm th chc nng chuyn mch vt
l c thc hin bi cng phng tin Media Gateway (MG), cn x l cuc gi l chc nng
ca b iu khin cng phng tin Media Gateway Controller (MGC).

PSTN PSTN
ATM
ISDN
xDSL
xDSL
SS7 link
SG
H thng qun
l mng
Corba, SNMP, API,PINT
BICC Sigtran
C7/IP Sigtran
H.248/Megaco Sigtran
MG
Softswitch
MGC
Softswitch
MGC
H.248/Megaco Sigtran
SS7 link C7/IP Sigtran
ATM
ISDN
MG
Knh Trung k Knh Trung k
Nt truy nhp, MG Nt truy nhp, MG

Mng
IP (ATM, MPLS)

STP
STP
SG

133
Hnh 3.16. M hnh ca h thng da trn chuyn mch mm
Nh trn hnh v ta cng thy r trong chuyn mch mm cc thnh phn c bn ca h
thng l cc module ring bit nhau, phn mm x l iu khin cuc gi khng ph thuc vo
phn cng chuyn mch vt l cng nh mi trng li truyn thng tin. Cn i vi mng truyn
thng th tt c cc thnh phn u tch hp trong mt thit b phn cng. Nh vy, mng chuyn
mch mm l mng x l tp trung v mt logic nhng ti nguyn phn tn, chuyn mch cuc
gi c thc hin trn nn mng chuyn mch gi v to ra nhiu u th vt tri so vi mng
truyn thng.
Cc u im c bn ca mng chuyn mch mm c th k n nh sau.
Th nht, chuyn mch mm cho php c mt gii php phn mm chung i vi vic x l
cuc gi. Phn mm ny c ci t trn nhiu loi mng khc nhau, bao gm c mng chuyn
mch knh v mng gi (p dng c vi cc dng gi v mi trng truyn dn khc nhau).
Th hai, do phn mm iu khin c th chy trn cc h iu hnh v mi trng my tnh
chun, cho php tit kim mt cch ng k chi ph trong vic pht trin v ng dng cc phn
mm x l cuc gi.
Th ba, chuyn mch mm cho php cc phn mm thng minh ca nh cung cp dch v
c th iu khin t xa thit b chuyn mch t ti tr s ca khch hng. y l mt yu t quan
trng trong vic khai thc tim nng ca mng trong tng lai.
Cc chc nng MGC
MGC hay Softswitch l trung tm ca mng NGN. N c nhim v to cu ni gia cc
mng c c tnh khc nhau bao gm PSTN, SS7 v IP. Khc vi tng i truyn thng, trong
MGC tt c cc chc nng iu khin hay chuyn mch u do phn mm m nhim. Cc chc
nng chnh ca MGC c th hin trn hnh 3.17.

H thng
Tnh cc
H thng
Qun l
Mng bo
hiu SS7
T
D
M
T
D
M
Chuyn mch
mm
Mng gi
(Packet Network)
Media
Gateway
Media
Gateway
IP
ATM
IP
ATM
Cc ng
dng
MGCP
Megaco


134
Hnh 3.17. Cc chc nng chnh ca MGC
Nhim v ca tng thc th chc nng c th nh sau:
AS-F (Application Server Function) l thc th thi hnh cc ng dng, c nhim v
chnh l cung cp cc logic dch v v thi hnh mt hay nhiu ng dng/dch v.
MS-F (Media Server Function) cung cp cc dch v tng cng cho x l cuc gi. N
hot ng nh mt server x l cc yu cu t AS-F hoc MGC-F.
MGC-F (Media Gateway Control Function) cung cp logic cuc gi v tn hiu bo
hiu x l cuc gi cho mt hay nhiu Media Gateway.
CA-F (Call Agent Function) l mt phn chc nng ca MGC-F. Thc th ny c
kch hot khi MGC-F thc hin vic iu khin cuc gi.
IW-F (Interworking Function) cng l mt phn chc nng ca MGC-F. N c kch
hot khi MGC-F thc hin cc bo hiu gia cc mng bo hiu khc nhau.
R-F (Routing Function) cung cp thng tin nh tuyn cho MGC-F.
A-F (Accounting Function) cung cp thng tin dng cho vic tnh cc.
SG-F (Signaling Gateway Function) dng chuyn cc thng tin bo hiu ca mng
PSTN qua mng IP.
MG-F (Media Gateway Function) dng chuyn thng tin t dng truyn dn ny
sang dng truyn dn khc.
Ch rng CA-F v IW-F l hai chc nng con ca MGC-F. Ring thc th Inter-operator
Manager c nhim v lin lc, trao i thng tin gia cc MGC vi nhau.
T ngha ca cc thc th chc nng c th thy MGC m nhim cc cng vic sau y:

135
iu khin cuc gi, duy tr trng thi ca mi cuc gi trn mt Media Gateway;
iu khin v h tr hot ng ca Media Gateway, Signaling Gateway;
Trao i cc bn tin c bn gia 2 MG-F;
X l bn tin SS7 (khi s dng SIGTRAN);
X l bn tin lin quan QoS;
Pht hoc nhn bn tin bo hiu;
nh tuyn (bao gm bng nh tuyn, phn tch s v dch s);
Tng tc vi AS-F cung cp dch v hay c tnh cho ngi s dng;
C th qun l cc ti nguyn mng (port, bng tn, ).
Trn y ch l nhng chc nng c bn nht. Ngoi ra, ty thuc vo nhu cu thc t m
MGC cn c th c b sung thm nhng chc nng khc na.
Qu trnh x l cuc gi
hiu r hn hot ng ca h thng da trn chuyn mch mm, sau y trnh by khi
qut cc bc x l cuc gi trong trng hp thu bao gi i l thuc mng in thoi truyn
thng PSTN. Cc trng hp khc th hot ng ca chuyn mch mm cng s tng t.
C th cc bc x l cuc gi c thc hin nh sau:
(1) Khi c mt thu bao (thuc PSTN) nhc my v chun b thc hin cuc gi th tng i ni
ht qun l thu bao s nhn bit trng thi nhc my ca thu bao. SG ni vi tng i
ny thng qua mng SS7 cng nhn bit c trng thi mi ca thu bao.
(2) SG bo cho MGC trc tip qun l mnh thng qua CA-F, ng thi cung cp tn hiu mi
quay s cho thu bao. Ta gi MGC ny l MGC ch gi.
(3) MGC ch gi gi yu cu to kt ni n MG ni vi tng i ni ht ban u nh MGC-F.
(4) Cc con s quay s ca thu bao s c SG thu v chuyn ti MGC ch gi.
(5) MGC ch gi s dng nhng s ny quyt nh cng vic tip theo s thc hin. C th l
cc s ny s c chuyn ti chc nng R-F v R-F s s dng thng tin lu tr ca cc
my ch nh tuyn cuc gi.
Trng hp u cui ch cng loi vi u cui gi (u l thu bao PSTN):
- Nu thu bao b gi cng thuc MGC ch gi, tin trnh thc hin tip bc (7),
- Cn nu thu bao b gi thuc s qun l ca mt MGC khc, tin trnh thc hin theo
bc (6).
(6) MGC ch gi s gi yu cu thit lp cuc gi n mt MGC khc. Nu MGC cha phi
l ca thu bao b gi (ta gi l MGC trung gian) th n tip tc chuyn yu cu thit lp
cuc gi n MGC khc na cho n khi n ng MGC b gi. Trong qu trnh ny, cc
MGC trung gian lun phn hi li MGC gi yu cu n n. Cc cng vic ny c
thc hin bi CA-F.
(7) MGC b gi gi yu cu to kt ni vi MG ni vi tng i ni ht ca thu bao b gi (MG
trung gian).
(8) ng thi MGC b gi gi thng tin n SG trung gian, thng qua mng SS7 xc nh
trng thi ca thu bao b gi.

136
(9) Khi SG trung gian nhn c bn tin thng bo trng thi ca thu bao b gi (gi s l ri)
th n s gi ngc thng tin ny tr v MGC b gi.
(10) MGC b gi gi phn hi v MGC ch gi thng bo tin trnh cuc gi.
(12) MGC b gi gi thng tin cung cp tn hiu hi m chung cho MGC ch gi, qua SG ch
gi n thu bao ch gi.
(13) Khi thu bao b gi nhc my th qu trnh thng bo tng t nh cc bc trn: qua nt bo
hiu s 7, qua SG trung gian n MGC b gi, ri n MGC ch gi, qua SG ch gi n
thu bao thc hin cuc gi.
(14) Kt ni gia thu bao ch gi v thu bao b gi c hnh thnh thng qua MG ch gi v
MG trung gian..
(15) Khi kt thc cuc gi th qu trnh s din ra tng t nh thit lp cuc gi.
Lu x l cuc gi c minh ha trn hnh 3.18.

137

Hnh 3.18. Lu x l cuc gi trong chuyn mch mm
C th nhn thy, cng ging nh trong chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch mm phi thit
lp kt ni trc khi thc hin m thoi. Trong chuyn mch knh, knh bo hiu v knh thoi
l hai knh khc nhau nhng cng truyn n mt im x l trn cng kt ni vt l (knh bo
hiu c thit lp trc, sau knh thoi mi c thit lp). Cn i vi chuyn mch mm
th hai knh ny khng ch l ring bit m chng cn c truyn trn hai kt ni khc nhau:
thng tin bo hiu c truyn qua SG v thng tin thoi c truyn qua MG.
3.2.8.3. Mt s giao thc iu khin bo hiu in hnh
H thng chuyn mch mm c kin trc phn tn. Cc chc nng bo hiu v x l bo
hiu, chuyn mch v iu khin cuc gi c thc hin bi cc thit b nm phn tn trong cu
hnh mng. c th to ra cc kt ni gia cc u cui nhm cung cp dch v cho ngi s
Nhc my,
nhn s
Ringback
tone
Rung
chung
Nhc my
tr li
IAM
IAM
CRCX
OK
Invite
CRCX
OK
IAM
IAM
ACM
ACM
ACM
ACM
ANM
ANM
183
200
MDCX
OK
ACK
SS7
SIGTRAN
MGCP
SIP
ANM
ANM
Thng tin thoi
m thoi
m thoi

138
dng, cc thit b ny phi trao i cc thng tin bo hiu vi nhau. Cch thc trao i thng tin
bo hiu c quy nh bi cc giao thc bo hiu.
Cc giao thc bo hiu v iu khin chnh s dng trong mng NGN l:
- H.323;
- SIP (Session Initiation Protocol);
- SIGTRAN (Signaling Transport);
- MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol);
- Megaco/H.248;
- BICC (Bearer Independent Call Control).
Cc giao thc ny c hai t chc khc nhau xy dng v pht trin l IETF (Internet
Engineering Task Force) v ITU (International Telecom Union). C th phn cc giao thc trn
thnh hai loi l: giao thc ngang cp (H.323, SIP) v giao thc ch t (MGCP, Megaco). Tng
giao thc c vai tr khc nhau trong vic thit lp cuc ni, chng cng c nhng th mnh v
im yu khc nhau.
Giao thc ngang cp H323, SIP c s dng trao i thng tin bo hiu gia cc MGC,
gia MGC v cc Server. Giao thc ch t MGCP, Megaco l giao thc bo hiu iu khin gia
MGC v cc Gateway (trong MGC iu khin Gateway). SIGTRAN l giao thc bo hiu gia
MGC v Signaling Gateway. BICC l giao thc m bo truyn thng gia cc server (hay
MGC). Mi giao thc s nh ngha cc thit b phn cng, ngn xp giao thc, cc loi bn tin,
lnh cng nh th tc thit lp, duy tr v gii phng kt ni khc nhau.
Hnh 3.19 cho thy v tr v mi quan h gia cc giao thc bo hiu v iu khin trong
mng NGN. Giao thc H.323 phin bn 1 v 2 h tr H.245 trn nn TCP, Q.931 trn nn TCP v
RAS trn nn UDP. Cc phin bn 3 v 4 ca H.323 h tr thm H.245 v Q.931 trn nn UDP.
Giao thc SIP h tr c TCP v UDP. Trong mng NGN cc cuc gi thoi u l cc cuc gi
VoIP.


139
Hnh 3.19: V tr v mi quan h gia cc giao thc trong mng NGN

Thut ng vit tt

140
THUT NG VIT TT
T vit tt T y ngha
AAA Authentication/Authorization/
Accouting Server
My ch nhn thc/cho php/ thanh
ton
A/D Analog-Digital Converter B chuyn i tng t-s
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subcriber Line ng dy thu bao s khng i
xng
AG Access Gateway Cng truy nhp
AS Application Server My ch ng dng
ATM Asynchoronous Transfer Mode Phng thc truyn giao khng ng
b
B-ISDN Broadband-ISDN ISDN bng rng
BRAS Broadband Remote Access System H thng iu khin truy nhp bng
rng
BW Bandwidth Bng thng
CAS Channel Associated Signalling Bo hiu knh lin kt
CATV Cable Television Truyn hnh cp
CCS Common Channel Signalling Bo hiu knh chung
CGI Common Gateway Interface Giao din cng chung
COPS Common Open Policy Service Dch v chnh sch m chung
CPL Call Processing Language Ngn ng x l cuc gi
CS Call Server My ch cuc gi
DNS Domain Name System H thng tn min
DSLAM Digital Subcriber Line Access
Multiplex
B ghp knh truy nhp ng dy
thu bao s
DTE Data Terminal Equipment Thit b u cui s liu
FR Frame Relay Phng thc chuyn khung
FS Feature Server My ch c tnh
FTP File Transfer Protocol Giao thc truyn file
GE Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet Gigabit
GK Gatekeeper B gi cng trong mng H.323
GSM Global System for Mobile
Communication
H thng truyn thng di ng ton
cu
GW Gateway Cng phng tin
HTML Hyper Text Markup Language Ngn ng nh du siu vn bn
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Giao thc truyn siu vn bn
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force Lc lng c nhim v k thut
Thut ng vit tt

141
Internet
IP Internet Protocol Giao thc Internet
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network Mng (s) a dch v tch hp
ISP Internet Service Provider Nh cung cp dch v Internet
ITU International Telecommunication
Union
Lin minh vin thng quc t
ITU-T

ITU Telecommunication
Standadization Sector
Lin minh vin thng quc t - Tiu
ban chun ha vin thng
LAN Local Area Network Mng ni ht
MCU Multipoint Control Units Khi iu khin a im trong mng
H.323
MG Media Gateway Cng phng tin
MGC Media Gateway Controller Thit b iu khin cng phng tin
MGCP Media Gateway Control Protocol Giao thc iu khin cng phng tin
MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extension
Giao thc th in t
MS Media Server My ch phng tin
NGN Next Generation Network Mng vin thng th h sau
N-ISDN Narrow-ISDN ISDN bng hp
OSI Open System Interconnection Kt ni h thng m
PBX Private Branch Exchange Tng i c quan
PC Personal Computer My vi tnh c nhn
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network Mng di ng mt t
POTS Plain Old Telephone Service Dch v thoi truyn thng
QoS Quality of Service Cht lng dch v
RAS Registration, Admission, Status ng k, Chp nhn v Trng thi
RFC Request For Comments Yu cu kin (IETF) bnh lun
RSVP Resource Reservation Protocol Giao thc lu tr ti nguyn mng
RTP Real Time Protocol Giao thc thi gian thc
RTSP Real Time Streaming Protocol Giao thc kim sot lung d liu
SAP Session Advertisement Protocol Giao thc qung co trong phin kt
ni
SDH Synchronuous Digital Hierarchy Phn cp s ng b
SDP Session Description Protocol Giao thc m t cc phin kt ni a
phng tin
SG Signalling Gateway Cng bo hiu
SIGTRAN Signaling Transport Giao thc chuyn i bo hiu
SIP Session Initiation Protocol Giao thc khi to phin
SS7 Signalling System No 7 H thng bo hiu s 7
Thut ng vit tt

142
TCP Transmission Control Protocol Giao thc iu khin truyn dn
TDM Time Division Multiplexing Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian
TG Trunking Gateway Cng giao tip
TMN Telecommunication Managament
Network
Mng qun l vin thng
UDP User Datagram Protocol Giao thc d liu ngi s dng
WDM Wave Division Multiplexing Ghp knh theo bc sng
WG Wireless Gateway Kt ni mng li vi mng di ng
WLAN Wiless Local Area Network Mng LAN khng dy
XML Extensible Markup Language Ngn ng nh du m rng - l ngn
ng phn mm dng trong thng mi
in t v tm kim cc Web

Mc lc

143
MC LC
CHNG 1: C S K THUT TRUYN DN...................................................3
1.1. K thut iu ch v ghp knh............................................................................ 3
1.1.1. Cc phng php m ha v iu ch ........................................................3
1.1.2. iu ch xung m PCM..............................................................................4
1.1.3. K thut ghp knh ...................................................................................14
1.2. Thng tin quang ..................................................................................................30
1.2.1. M hnh h thng thng tin quang............................................................30
1.2.2. Cc loi cp si quang ..............................................................................32
1.2.3. My pht tn hiu quang ...........................................................................40
1.2.4. My thu tn hiu quang .............................................................................46
1.3. Thng tin v tuyn..............................................................................................55
1.3.1. Cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn ..................................................55
1.3.2. H thng truyn dn vi ba s ....................................................................58
1.3.3. H thng thng tin di ng .......................................................................69
1.3.4. H thng thng tin v tinh ........................................................................78
CHNG 2: C S K THUT CHUYN MCH.............................................81
2.1. Chuyn mch knh..............................................................................................81
2.1.1. Tng i chuyn mch s .........................................................................81
2.1.2. Chuyn mch thi gian k thut s...........................................................86
2.1.3. Chuyn mch khng gian k thut s.......................................................88
2.1.4. Chuyn mch ghp....................................................................................91
2.2. Chuyn mch gi ................................................................................................93
2.2.1. Nguyn l chuyn mch gi ......................................................................93
2.2.2. Chuyn giao hng kt ni v phi kt ni ................................................94
2.2.3. Cc c im ca chuyn mch gi ..........................................................96
CHNG 3: C S K THUT MNG IP V NGN .........................................99
3.1. C s k thut mng IP........................................................................................99
3.1.1. B giao thc TCP/IP.................................................................................99
Mc lc

144
3.1.2. a ch IP ................................................................................................ 103
3.1.3. a ch cng v socket ............................................................................ 105
3.1.4. nh tuyn trong mng IP....................................................................... 106
3.2. Mng th h mi NGN ..................................................................................... 109
3.2.1. S cn thit phi chuyn i sang mng th h sau ............................... 109
3.2.2. Nguyn tc t chc mng NGN.............................................................. 111
3.2.3. Cc cng ngh nn tng cho NGN ......................................................... 113
3.2.4. Cc t chc v hng pht trin NGN................................................... 118
3.2.5. S tin ha ln NGN v cc vn cn quan tm.................................. 121
3.2.6. Kin trc phn lp mng NGN theo m hnh Call Server ..................... 123
3.2.7. Chc nng v hot ng ca cc phn t mng ..................................... 125
3.2.8. iu khin kt ni trong mng NGN...................................................... 130
THUT NG VIT TT ........................................................................................ 140

K THUT VIN THNG
M s: 412KVT260

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TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1

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