Microcontroller Lab Manual

MICROCONTROLLERS LAB IVth SEM EC
R.N.SHETTY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Channasandra, Banga!r"#$%&&%'
MICROCONTROLLER
LABORATORY MANUAL
(&%ESL)*+
,E-ARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS . COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
/&&0
8051 MANUAL RNSIT 1
VTU ,RAFT SYLLABUS
SUB1ECT2 MICROCONTROLLERS LAB E3AM HOURS2 4
(C!55!n t! EE, EC, IT, TC, BM and ML+ E3AM MAR6S2 $&
I. -ROGRAMMING
'. ,ata Trans7"r # B!89 5!:", E;8hang", S!rt<ng, F<nd<ng arg"st ""5"nt <n an
arra=
/. Ar<th5"t<8 Instr>8t<!ns # Add<t<!n?s>@tra8t<!n, 5>t<A<8at<!n and d<:<s<!n, sB>ar",
C>@" C ('% @<ts Ar<th5"t<8 !A"rat<!ns C @<t addr"ssa@"+
4. C!>nt"rs
). B!!"an . L!g<8a Instr>8t<!ns (B<t 5an<A>at<!ns+
$. C!nd<t<!na CALL . RETURN
%. C!d" 8!n:"rs<!n2 BC, C ASCIID ASCII C ,"8<5aD ,"8<5a # ASCIID HE3 #
,"8<5a and ,"8<5a # HE3
*. -r!gra5s t! g"n"rat" d"a=, -r!gra5s >s<ng s"r<a A!rt and !n#Ch<A t<5"r
?8!>nt"r
II. INTERFACING
Er<t" C Ar!gra5s t! <nt"r7a8" 0&$' 8h<A t! <nt"r7a8<ng 5!d>"s t! d":"!A s<ng"
8h<A s!>t<!ns
0. S<5A" Ca8>at!r >s<ng % d<g<t s":"n#s"g5"nt d<sAa= and H"; 6"=@!ard <nt"r7a8"
t! 0&$'
F. AAhan>5"r<8 LC, Aan" and H"; 9"=Aad <nA>t <nt"r7a8" t! 0&$'
'&. E;t"rna A,C and T"5A"rat>r" 8!ntr! <nt"r7a8" t! 0&$'
''. G"n"rat" d<77"r"nt Ga:"7!r5s S<n", SB>ar", Tr<ang>ar, Ra5A "t8. >s<ng ,AC
<nt"r7a8" t! 0&$'D 8hang" th" 7r"B>"n8= and a5A<t>d"
'/. St"AA"r and ,C 5!t!r 8!ntr! <nt"r7a8" t! 0&$'
'4. E":at!r <nt"r7a8" t! 0&$'
8051 MANUAL RNSIT 2
Introduction
-ROCESSOR >s"d <s At5" AT0FC$'E,/ # micro controller that has 64Kbtes o! on"
chi# #ro$ram memor% It is a &ersion o! 8051 'ith enhance( !eat)res%
* AT 8+,51-.2 o#erates at 11%05+2 M/0
-ROCESSOR FEATURES
ON#CHI- MEMORY2 CO,E MEMORY2 64K 1tes o! !lash%
,ATA MEMORY2 256 1tes o! RAM2 13+2 1tes o! 4RAM2 2K 1tes o! --5R6M%
ON#CHI- -ERI-HERALS
7 16"bit Timers8,o)nters2*9atch .o$ Timer2*5ro$rammable ,o)nter Arra :5,A; on
5ort1 i%e% 59M an( ,a#t)re < ,om#are2 S5I :Serial 5eri#heral Inter!ace; on 5ort12*=)ll
()#le> enhance( UART%
INTERRU-TS
Nine so)rces o! interr)#t :both e>ternal an( internal;%
T'o ->ternal interr)#ts INT0 an( INT1 are #ro&i(e( 'ith #)sh b)tton s'itches? these can
also be )se( as $eneral"#)r#ose s'itches%
I?O (-!rt+ L<n"s =o)r 10"#in connectors !or all the 72 I86 lines%
502 51 an( 52 5ort lines are a&ailable on a 26"#in connector2
'%3/ LC, . SERIAL I?O are also a&ailable%
8051 MANUAL RNSIT 7
Cr"at<ng and 8!5A<<ng a HIV<s<!n/ Ar!J"8t
1% .o)ble ,lic@ on the *Aision7 icon on the (es@to#%
2% ,lose an #re&io)s #roBects that 'ere o#ene( )sin$ C 5roBect"D,lose%
7% Start -r!J"8t C N"G -r!J"8t, an( select the ,5U !rom the (e&ice (atabase :.atabase"
Atmel" AT8+,51-.2;% :Select AT8+,51-.2 or AT8+,51R.2 as #er the boar(;%6n
clic@in$ E6KF2 the !ollo'in$ o#tion is (is#lae(% ,hoose Ges%
4% ,reate a so)rce !ile :)sin$ =ile"DNe';2 t#e in the assembl or , #ro$ram an( sa&e this
:!ilename%asm8 !ilename%c; an( a(( this so)rce !ile to the #roBect )sin$ either one o! the
!ollo'in$ t'o metho(s% :i; 5roBect",om#onents2-n&ironmentan( 1oo@s"Da((!iles"D
bro'se to the reH)ire( !ile "D 6K I6RJ
:ii; ri$ht clic@ on the So)rce Kro)# in the 5roBect 9in(o' an( the Add F<"s t! Gr!>A
o#tion%
5% Set the Tar$et o#tions )sin$ "D -r!J"8t C OAt<!ns 7!r Targ"t o#ens the *Aision2
OAt<!ns 7!r Targ"t C Targ"t con!i$)ration (ialo$% Set the 4tal !reH)enc as 11%05+2
Mh02 an( also the OAt<!ns 7!r Targ"t C ,"@>g C >s" "<th"r S<5>at!r ? 6"< M!n<t!r#
$' dr<:"r.
I! 6"< M!n<t!r# $' dr<:"r <s >s"d 8<89 !n S"tt<ngs "D ,6M 5ort settin$s select the
,6M 5ort to 'hich the boar( is connecte( an( select the ba)( rate as 1+200 or +600
:recommen(e(;% -nable S"r<a Int"rr>At o#tion i! the )ser a##lication is not )sin$ on"
chi# UART2 to sto# #ro$ram e>ec)tion%
6% 1)il( the #roBect? )sin$ 5roBect "D 1)il( 5roBect% *Aision translates all the )ser
a##lication an( lin@s% An errors in the co(e are in(icate( b C ITar$et not create(J in the
1)il( 'in(o'2 alon$ 'ith the error line% .eb)$ the errors% A!ter an error !ree b)il(2 $oto
.eb)$ mo(e
8051 MANUAL RNSIT 4
3% No' )ser can enter into ,"@>g mo(e 'ith ,"@>g# Start ? St!A ,"@>g s"ss<!n (ialo$%
6r b clic@in$ in the icon%
8%The #ro$ram is r)n )sin$ the ,"@>g#R>n comman( < halte( )sin$ ,"@>g#St!A
R>nn<ng. Also the :reset2 r)n2 halt; icons can be )se(% A((itional icons are
:ste#2 ste# o&er2 ste# into2 r)n till c)rsor;%
+% I! it is an inter!ace #ro$ram the o)t#)ts can be seen on the L,.2 ,R62 motor2 le( stat)s2
etc% I! it is a #art A #ro$ram2 the a##ro#riate memor 'in(o' is o#ene( )sin$ Aie' "D
memor 'in(o' :!or (ata RAM < 4RAM locations;2 9atch 'in(o' :!or timer #ro$ram;2
serial 'in(o'2 etc%
NoteL To access (ata RAM area t#e a((ress as .L0020h%
Similarl to access the .5TR re$ion :4RAM"#resent on chi# in AT8+,51-.2; sa +000h
location t#e in 4L0+000/%
8051 MANUAL RNSIT 5
'. ,ATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS
'+ Er<t" an ass"5@= ang>ag" Ar!gra5 t! trans7"r n K'& @=t"s !7 data 7r!5 !8at<!n
0&4$h t! !8at<!n 0&)'h (G<th!>t !:"raA+.
6RK 0000/
SMM5 70/
6RK 70/
M6A .5/2N80/
M6A R02N75/ 88so)rce a((ress
M6A R12N41/ 88(estination a((ress
M6A R72N05/ 88co)nt
1A,KL M6A .5L2 r0
M6A4 A2O(#tr
M6A .5L2 R1
M6A4 O(#tr2A
IN, R0
IN, R1
.MNP R72 1A,K
/-R-L SMM5 /-R-
-N.
RESULT2
1e!ore ->ec)tionL 10 locations 4L8075h are !ille( )# 'ith (ata%
A!ter ->ec)tionL 10 locations 4L8041h are !ille( )# 'ith (ata !rom 8075h%
Ag!r<th5
1% Initiali0e re$isters to hol( co)nt (ata < also the so)rce < (estination a((resses%
2% Ket (ata !rom so)rce location into acc)m)lator an( trans!er to the (estination
location%
7% .ecrement the co)nt re$ister an( re#eat ste# 2 till co)nt is 0ero%
NoteL =or (ata trans!er 'ith o&erla# start trans!errin$ (ata !rom the last location o!
so)rce arra to the last location o! the (estination arra%
8051 MANUAL RNSIT 6
/+ ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE -ROGRAM TO E3CHANGE A BLOC6 OF ,ATA.
Er<t" an ass"5@= ang>ag" Ar!gra5 t! ";8hang" n K $ @=t"s !7 data at !8at<!n
&&/*h and at !8at<!n &&)'h.
6RK 00/
SMM5 70/
6RK 70/
M6A R72N05/ 88co)nt
1A,KL M6A4 A2Or0
M6A r22a
M6A4 a2Or1
M6A4 Or02a
M6A a2 r2
M6A4 Or12a
IN, R0
IN, R1
.MNP R72 1A,K
/-R-L SMM5 /-R-
-N.
A<t"r >s<ng 3CH 8!55and.
6RK 0000/
SMM5 70/
6RK 70/
M6A R72N05/ 88co)nt
1A,KL M6A4 A2Or0
M6A r22a
M6A4 a2Or1
4,/ a2 r2
M6A4 Or12a
4,/ a2 r2
M6A4 Or02a
IN, R0
IN, R1
.MNP R72 1A,K
/-R-L SMM5 /-R-
-N.
RESULT2
1e!ore ->ec)tionL 5 locations at 4L0023h < 4L0041h are !ille( )# 'ith (ata%
8051 MANUAL RNSIT 3
A!ter ->ec)tionL The (ata at 4L8023h < 4L8041h are e>chan$e(%
Ag!r<th5
1% Initiali0e re$isters to hol( co)nt (ata :arra si0e; < also the so)rce < (estination
a((resses%
2% Ket (ata !rom so)rce location into acc)m)lator an( sa&e in a re$ister%
7% Ket (ata !rom the (estination location into acc)m)lator%
4% ->chan$e the (ata at the t'o memor locations%
5% .ecrement the co)nt re$ister an( re#eat !rom ste# 2 to 4 till co)nt is 0ero%
4+ ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE -ROGRAM TO SORT NUMBERS.
??BUBBLE SORT -ROGRAM
Er<t" an ass"5@= ang>ag" Ar!gra5 t! s!rt an arra= !7 nK % @=t"s !7 data <n
as8"nd<ng !rd"r st!r"d 7r!5 !8at<!n 0&4$h.(>s" @>@@" s!rt ag!r<th5+
6RK 0000/
SMM5 70/
6RK 70/
M6A R02N05 88co)nt n"1 "ARRAG SIP-"n" 5ass ,o)nter
L1L M6A (#tr2 N+000h 88arra store( !rom a((ress +000h
M6A A2R0 88initiali0e e>chan$e co)nter
M6A R12A
L2L M6A4 a2 O(#tr 88K-T NUM1-R =R6M ARRAG
M6A 12 A 88< ST6R- IN 1
IN, (#tr
M6A4 a2 O(#tr 88ne>t n)mber in the arra
,LR , 88reset borro' !la$
M6A R22 A 88ST6R- IN R2
SU11 A2 1 882n( " 1st no%Qno com#are instr)ction in 8051
M, N6-4,/K 88 MN, " =6R AS,-N.INK 6R.-R
M6A A21 88-4/ANK- T/- 2 N6-S IN T/- ARRAG
M6A4 O(#tr2a
.-, .5L 88.-, (#tr"INSTRU,TI6N N6T 5TR-S-NT
M6A a2R2
M6A4 O(#tr2a
IN, .5TR
N6-4,/KL .MNP R12L2 88(ecrement com#are co)nter
.MNP R02L1 88(ecrement #ass co)nter
hereL SMM5 here
-N.
Ag!r<th5
1% Store the elements o! the arra !rom the a((ress +000h
2% Initiali0e a #ass co)nter 'ith arra si0e"1 co)nt :!or n)mber o! #asses;%
8051 MANUAL RNSIT 8
7% Loa( com#are co)nter 'ith #ass co)nter contents < initiali0e .5TR to #oint to the
start a((ress o! the arra :here +000h;%
4% Store the c)rrent an( the ne>t arra elements #ointe( b .5TR in re$isters 1 an(
r2 res#ecti&el%
5% S)btract the ne>t element !rom the c)rrent element%
6% I! the carr !la$ is set :!or ascen(in$ or(er; then e>chan$e the 2 n)mbers in the
arra%
3% .ecrement the com#are co)nter an( re#eat thro)$h ste# 4 )ntil the co)nter
becomes 0%
8% .ecrement the #ass co)nter an( re#eat thro)$h ste# 7 )ntil the co)nter becomes 0%
RESULT 2
1e!ore ->ec)tionLUnsorte( Arra at +000h
A!ter ->ec)tionL Sorte( Arra :.escen(in$ or(er; at +000h
)+ Er<t" an ass"5@= ang>ag" Ar!gra5 t! 7<nd th" arg"st ""5"nt <n a g<:"n str<ng
!7 n K % @=t"s at !8at<!n )&&&h. St!r" th" arg"st ""5"nt at !8at<!n )&%/h.
6RK 0000/
SMM5 70/
6RK 70/
M6A R72N6 88len$th o! the arra
M6A .5TR2N4000/ 88startin$ a((ress o! the arra
M6A4 A2O.5TR
M6A r12a
N-4T1GT-L IN, .5TR
M6A4 A2O.5TR
,LR , 88reset borro' !la$
M6A R22A 88ne>t n)mber in the arra
SU11 A2R1 886T/-R N)m " 5R-AI6US LARK-ST no%
M, s@i# 88 MN, !or smallest element
M6A A2r2 88U5.AT- lar$er n)mber in r1
M6A R12A
s@i#L.MNP R72N-4T1GT-
M6A .5L2 N62/ 88L6,ATI6N 6= T/- R-SULT"4062/
M6A A2R1 88LARK-ST NUM1-R
M6A4 O.5TR2A 88ST6R- AT N4062/
6A-RL SMM5 6A-R
-N.
Ag!r<th5
1% Store the elements o! the arra !rom the a((ress 4000h
2% Store the len$th o! the arra in r7 an( set it as co)nter%
8051 MANUAL RNSIT +
7% .5TR is loa(e( 'ith startin$ a((ress o! the arra%
4% Store the !irst n)mber o! the arra in r1 :r1 is assi$ne( to hol( the lar$est n)mber;%
5% Increment .5TR%
6% S)btract the n)mber #ointe( b .5TR !rom the contents o! r1 :to com#are 'hether
the ne>t arra element is lar$er than the one in r1;%
3% I! the element #ointe( b .5TR is lar$er then loa( the lar$er n)mber into r1%
8% .ecrement the co)nter an( re#eat ste#s thro)$h 5 )ntil the co)nter becomes 0%
+% Store the lar$est n)mber in r1 in a((ress 4062h
RESULT2
1e!ore ->ec)tionL
A!ter ->ec)tionL Location 4062 has the lar$est element%
/. ARITHMETIC INSTRUCTIONS
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE -ROGRAM ILLUSTRATING A,,ITION,
SUBTRACTION, MULTI-LICATION AN, ,IVISION .
5; 9rite an AL5 to #er!orm the !ollo'in$L
I! >R0"#er!orm ' S &? else i! >R1"#er!orm '"&? else i! >R2"#er!orm 'T&? elsei! >R7"
#er!orm '8&2 'here ' < & are ei$ht bit n)mbers%
6RK 0000/
SMM5 70/
6RK 70/
M6A R02 N40/
M6A4 A2OR0
M6A R12 A 88R1 /AS ,6N.ITI6N 4
IN, R0
M6A4 A2OR0
M6A 12 A 881 /AS 1ST NUM1-R"&
IN, R0
M6A4 A2OR0 88A /AS 2N. NUM1-R"'
,MN- R12N002,KSU1
A.. A21 885-R=6RM A..ITI6N
M6A 12N00 881 /AS ,ARRG
MN, SKI5
M6A 12N01/
SKI5LSMM5 LAST
,KSU1L ,MN- R12N012,KMUL
,LR , 88R-S-T 16RR69 =LAK
SU11 A21
M6A 12N00 881 IN.I,AT-S 16RR69
8051 MANUAL RNSIT 10
MN, SKI51
M6A 12N0==/ 88== IN.I,AT-S N-KATIA- NUM1-R
SKI51LSMM5 LAST
,KMULL ,MN- R12N022,K.IA
MUL A1 8816 bit #ro()ct in A1 'ith A ha&in$ lo'er bte
SMM5 LAST
,K.IAL ,MN- R12N0726T/-R
.IA A1 88U)otient in A < remain(er in 1
SMM5 LAST
6T/-RLM6A A2N00
M6A 12N00
LASTL IN, R0
M6A4 OR02A
IN, R0
M6A A21
M6A4 OR02A
/-R-LSMM5 /-R-
-N.
Ag!r<th5
1% Store the con(ition > in r1%
2% Loa( the !irst an( secon( n)mbers to A an( 1 re$isters res#ecti&el
7% ,om#are the contents o! r1 an( #er!orm the o#erations a((2 s)b2 etc accor(in$l%
4% Store the res)lt #resent in A an( 1 re$isters to the a##ro#riate memor locations%
RESULT2 1e!ore ->ec)tionL A.. SU1

A!ter ->ec)tionL A.. A!ter ->ec)tionL SU1
1e!ore ->ec)tionL MUL A!ter ->ec)tionL MUL
ASSEMBLY -ROGRAM ILLUSTRATING SLUARE AN, CUBE O-ERATIONS.
88c)be is an e>am#le o! 16"bit arithmetic o#eration
88(e#en(in$ on !la$ con(ition2 sH)are or c)be is #er!orme(
88 =la$ is a bit in the bit a((ressable RAM2 sa 1
st
bit o! location 20h is )se(2 then bit
a((ress is 01
6; An ei$ht bit n)mber 4 is store( in e>ternal memor location +000h% 9rite an AL5 to
com#)te :i; the sH)are o! the n)mber 4 i! LS1 o! (ata RAM 20h :bit a((ress 01/; is set
:ii; the c)be o! the n)mber 4 i! LS1 o! (ata RAM 20h :bit a((ress 01/; is reset%
Store o)r res)lt at locations +0012 +0022 +007h%
6RK 0000/
SMM5 70/
6RK 70/
M6A .5TR2N+000/
M6A4 A2O.5TR 88K-T NUM1-R"4
M6A R02A 88ST6R- IN R0
M6A 12A
MUL A1 88SUUAR- IT"4V2
,LR , 88=6R ST6RINK R-SULT
M1 012LAST 88I= 1IT 01 IS S-T T/-N -N.2 -LS- .6 ,U1-
5US/ 1 88ST6R- U55-R 5ART 6= SUUAR-
M6A 12A 881"L69-R 5ART 6= 4V2
M6A A2R0 88A"4
MUL A1 884TL69-R 4V2
IN, .5TR
M6A4 O.5TR2A 88ST6R- 5ARTIAL R-SULT
M6A A21
M6A R22A 88U55-R 5ART 6= 4TL69-R 4V2 IN R2
565 1 88K-T 1A,K U55-R 5ART 6= SUUAR-
M6A A2R0 88A"4
MUL A1 884TU55-R 4V2
A.. A2R2 88A.. T6 5ARTIAL R-SULT
LASTLIN, .5TR
M6A4 O.5TR2A
M6A A21
A.., A2N00 88A.. ,ARRG T6 1:=6R SUUAR- R-SULT2 ,R0;
IN, .5TR
M6A4 O.5TR2A
/-R-LSMM5 /-R-
-N.
RESULT2
,U1- 6= 56/ IS +14+8 9/I,/ IS ST6R-. AS +82 142 0+ :L69-R 1GT- =IRST;
To $et sH)are ma@e the .
1
bit o! (ata memor 20h hi$h2 sa ==2022062etc% The bit a((ress
is 01% Similarl bit a((ress 38h corres#on( to .0 bit 0! (ata ram location 2=h%
Ag!r<th5
1% Store the ei$ht bit n)mber > in A2 r0 < 1 re$isters%
2% M)lti#l A an( 1 re$isters to obtain the sH)are :sa SU/LSUL; o! the n)mber >%
7% ,hec@ i! bit 01 is set% I! set $o to en( :storin$ the res)lt;2 else (o the c)be
o#erations%
4% The hi$h #art o! the sH)are res)lt :SU/; is store( on the stac@%
5% M)lti#l the lo' #art o! the sH)are res)lt :SUL; 'ith > :#artial c)be res)lt;%
6% Store the lo' #art o! the abo&e res)lt at +001h < the hi$h #art in R2%
3% Retrie&e the hi$h #art o! the sH)are res)lt :SU/; store( on the stac@ < m)lti#l
'ith >%
8% A(( the lo' #art o! the abo&e res)lt :SU/T4; 'ith R2 an( store in +002h%
+% A(( the hi$h #art :SU/T4; 'ith the res)ltin$ carr an( store in +007%
4. -ROGRAM ILLUSTRATING BIT MANI-ULATIONS
3; T'o ei$ht bit n)mbers NUM1 < NUM2 are store( in e>ternal memor locations 8000h
< 80001h res#ecti&el% 9rite an AL5 to com#are the 2 nos%
Re!lect o)r res)lt asL i! NUMIWNUM22 S-T LS1 o! (ata RAM 2= :bit a((ress 38/;
I= NUM1DNUM22 S-T MS1 6= 2=:3=/;% i! NUM1 R NUM2",lear both LS1 < MS1
o! bit a((ressable memor location 2=h
6RK 0000/
SMM5 70/
6RK 70/
M6A .5TR2N8000/
M6A4 A2O.5TR
M6A R02A
IN, .5TR
M6A4 A2O.5TR
,LR ,
SU11 A2R0
MP -UUAL
MN, 1IK
S-T1 38/
SMM5 -N.1
1IKLS-T1 3=/
SMM5 -N.1
-UUALL,LR 33/
,LR 3=/
-N.1LSMM5 -N.1
-N.
Ag!r<th52
1% Store the elements o! the arra !rom the a((ress 4000h
2% Mo&e the !irst n)mber in r0 an( the secon( n)mber in re$ister A res#ecti&el
7% ,lear carr !la$ an( s)btract the t'o n)mbers2 i! the carr !la$ is 0:i! the nos are
eH)al;2 ,lear both LS1 < MS1 o! bit a((ressable memor location 2=h
4% I! the carr bit is set then Set MS1 o! 2=:3=/;2 else LS1 o! (ata RAM 2= :bit
a((ress 38/;%
RESULT L
1; 1e!ore ->ec)tionL 4L08000h R 45 < 4L8001 R 75
A!ter ->ec)t)ionL .L02=/ R01
). LOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS
0+ ASSEMBLY -ROGRAM ILLUSTRATING LOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS (BYTE
LEVEL+
7 ei$ht bit n)mbers 42 NUM1 < NUM2 are store( in internal (ata RAM locations 20h2
21h < 22/ res#ecti&el% 9rite an AL5 to com#)te the !ollo'in$%
I= 4R0? T/-N NUM1 :AN.; NUM22 I= 4R1? T/-N NUM1 :6R; NUM22
I= 4R2? T/-N NUM1 :46R; NUM22 -LS- R-S R002 R-S IS 27/ L6,ATI6N
6RK 0000/
SMM5 70/
6RK 70/
M6A A2 20h 88(onot )se N2 as (ata ram 20h is to be accesse(
M6A R12A 884 IN R1
M6A A221/ 88A "NUM1
,MN- R12N02,K6R
ANL A2 22/
SMM5 -N.1
,K6RL,MN- R12N012,K46R
6RL A2 22/
SMM5 -N.1
,K46RL,MN- R12N0226T/-R
4RL A2 22/
SMM5 -N.1
6T/-RL ,LR A
-N.1L M6A 27/2A 88ST6R- R-SULT
/-R-L SMM5 /-R-
-N.
Ag!r<th52
1% 5oint to the (ata RAM re$ister 20h an( store the con(ition >%
2% 5oint to 21h an( 22h an( mo&e the !irst n)mber to A re$ister%
7% ,om#are the contents o! r1 an( #er!orm the o#erations accor(in$l%
4% The res)lt 'ill be store( in 27/ re$ister%
RESULT2
1;1e!ore ->ec)tionL .L020/ R002 21R0!2 22 R 12
A!ter ->ec)tion .L027/ R 02
A!ter ->ec)tion .L027/ R 1=
A!ter ->ec)tion .L027/ R 1.
A!ter ->ec)tion .L027/ R 00
The abo&e #ro$ram can also be 'ritten as sho'n belo' :)sin$ in(irect a((ressin$;
6RK 0000/
SMM5 70/
6RK 70/
mo& r02N20h
M6A A2OR0 886N ,/I5 .ATA RAM".6N6T US- M6A4
M6A R12A 884 IN R1
IN, R0
M6A A2OR0 88A "NUM1
IN, R0 88 R0 56INTS T6 NUM2
,MN- R12N02,K6R
ANL A2 OR0
SMM5 -N.1
,K6RL,MN- R12N012,K46R
6RL A2 OR0
SMM5 -N.1
,K46RL,MN- R12N0226T/-R
4RL A2 OR0
SMM5 -N.1
6T/-RL ,LR A
-N.1LIN, R0
M6A OR02A 88ST6R- R-SULT
/-R-LSMM5 /-R-
-N.
B!!"an :ar<a@" instr)ctions are also calle( as @<t ":" !g<8a instr)ctions
+; 7 ei$ht bit n)mbers 42 NUM1 < NUM2 are store( in internal (ata RAM locations
20h2 21h < 22/ res#ecti&el% 9rite an AL5 to com#)te the !ollo'in$%
I= 4R0? T/-N LS1 6= NUM1 :AN.; LS1 6= NUM22
I= 4R1? T/-N MS1 6= NUM1 :6R;MS1 6= NUM2 2
I= 4R2? T/-N ,6M5L-M-NT MS1 6= NUM1
ST6R- T/- 1IT R-SULT IN R-S2 9/-R- R-S IS MS1 6= 27/ L6,ATI6N
6RK 00/
SMM5 70h
6RK 70h
M6A R0220/ 88R0"4
,MN- R02N02,K1
M6A ,208/ 88LS1 6= NUM1 :21/; " 1IT A..R-SS "08
ANL ,210/ 88LS1 6= NUM2 :22/; " 1IT A..R-SS "10
SMM5 LAST
,K1L,MN- R02N12,K2
M6A ,20=/ 88MS1 6= NUM1 :21/; " 1IT A..R-SS "0=
ANL ,213/ 88MS1 6= NUM2 :22/; " 1IT A..R-SS "13
SMM5 LAST
,K2L,MN- R02N22,K7
,5L 0=/
M6A ,20=/ 88MS1 6= NUM1 :21/; " 1IT A..R-SS "0=
SMM5 LAST
,K7L,LR ,
LASTLM6A 1=/2, 88R-S IS MS1 6= 27/ L6,ATI6N "1=/
/-R-LSMM5 /-R-
-N.
RESULT L 20h R 00 RD AN. 6= LS1sR1 :hence 80 in 27h location;
20h R 01 RD 6R o! MS1s R 0 :hence 00 in 27h location;
20h R 01 RDcom#lement o! MS1 o! 21h location% /ence 21h is chan$e( to A1 an( 27h
location has 80h
1e!ore ->ec)tion A!ter ->ec)tion

Ag!r<th5 L
1% Mo&e the con(ition 4 :!rom 20h location; into R0 re$ister%
2% I! 4R0? then mo&e LS1 bit o! 21h to carr !la$ an( EAN.F ,arr !la$ 'ith LS1
bit o! 22h% Koto ste#5
7% I! 4R1? then mo&e MS1 bit o! 21h to carr !la$ an( E6RF ,arr !la$ 'ith MS1
bit o! 22h% Koto ste#5
4% I! 4R0? then com#lement MS1 bit o! 21h an( mo&e it to carr !la$% Koto ste#5
5% Store ,arr !la$ at MS1 bit o! 27h location%
$. COUNTERS
ASSEMBLY -ROGRAM ILLUSTRATING HE3 U-?,OEN COUNTERS.
88co)nter #ro$ram " he>8binar co)nters
10; 9rite an AL5 to im#lement :(is#la; an ei$ht bit )#8(o'n binar :he>; co)nters on
'atch 'in(o'%
N!t"2 to r)n this #ro$ram2 a!ter selectin$ .-1UK session in the main men) )se
V<"G#M Eat8h. 8a Sta89 G<nd!G2 in the 9atches select 'atch 1:or 2; an(
#ress =2 an( enter a :!or acc)m)lator A;
6RK 0/
SMM5 70/
6RK 0/
M6A a2N00
1A,KL A,ALL .-LAG
IN, a 88d"8 a !or binar (o'n co)nter
MNP 1A,K
/-R-LSMM5 /-R-
.-LAGL M6A r12N0==/
.-,R1LM6A r22N0==/
.-,RL M6A r72N6==/
.MNP r72X
.MNP r22.-,R
.MNP r12.-,R1
R-T
-N.
RESULT2 Acc)m)lator A is incremente( in binar !rom 002 01202Y0+20A2 012
Y20=2102112Y==
Ag!r<th52
1% Mo&e 00 to A re$ister
2% ,all the (ela s)bro)tine !or 1 secon(2 in (ela #ro$ram mo&e ==/ to re$isters r12
r2 an( r72 loo# an( (ecrement )ntil 0%
7% Increment A re$ister:(ecremant !or (o'n co)nter;
ASSEMBLY -ROGRAM ILLUSTRATING BC, U-?,OEN COUNTERS.
88co)nter #ro$ram C 1,. )#8(o'n co)nters
11; 9rite an AL5 to im#lement :(is#la; an ei$ht bit )#8(o'n 1,. co)nters on 'atch
'in(o'%
6RK 0/
SMM5 70/
6RK 70/
M6A a2N00
1A,KLA,ALL .-LAG
A.. a2N++/ 88A.. 01 !or 1,. )# co)nter
,A A 88!or bc( co)nter
MNP 1A,K
/-R-LSMM5 /-R-
.-LAGLM6A r12N0==/
.-,R1LM6A r22N0==/
.-,RLM6A r72 N0==/
.MNP r72X
.MNP r22 .-,R
.MNP r12 .-,R1
R-T
-N.
Ag!r<th52
4% Mo&e 00 to A re$ister
5% ,all the (ela s)bro)tine !or 1 secon( :in (ela #ro$ram mo&e ==/ to re$isters
r12 r2 an( r72 loo# an( (ecrement )ntil 0;%
6% Increment A re$ister:a(( ++h !or (o'n co)nter;
3% .ecimal a(B)st acc)m)lator !or the 1,. )#8(o'n co)nter%
RESULT2 Acc)m)lator A is incremente( in 1,. !rom 002 012 02Y0+2 102 112Y++%
%. SERIAL ,ATA TRANSMISSION
5ro$ram ill)stratin$ serial ascii (ata transmission :(ata"-;
N!t""to )se res)lt o! this #ro$ram2 a!ter selectin$ .-1UK session in the main men) )se
V<"G#M s"r<a G<nd!G N'% 6n r)nnin$ < haltin$ the #ro$ram2 the (ata is seen in the serial
'in(o'%
12; ,on()ct an e>#eriment to con!i$)re 8051 microcontroller to transmit characters :-;
to a 5, )sin$ the serial #ort an( (is#la on the serial 'in(o'%
6RK 0/
SMM5 70/
6RK 70/
M6A TM6.2N20/ 88timer 1? mo(e 2
M6A T/12N"7 88"7R=. loa(e( into T/1 !or +600 ba)(2 11%05+2M/0%
M6A S,6N2N50/ 888"bit2 1 sto# bit2 R-N enable(
S-T1 TR1 88Start timer 1
AKAINLM6A A2NFF 88trans!er IJ
A,ALL TRANS
M6A a2NF-F 88trans!er I-J
A,ALL TRANS
AKAIN1LSMM5 AKAIN1
TRANSL M6A S1U=2a 88loa( S1U=
/-R-LMN1 TI2/-R- 889ait !or last bit to trans!er
,LR TI 88$et rea( !or ne>t bte
R-T
-N.
RESULT2 - is #rinte( on the serial 'in(o' each time the #ro$ram is e>ec)te(%
Th"!r=2 In serial transmission as o##ose( to #arallel transmission2 one bit at a time is
transmitte(% In serial asnchrono)s transmission2 the (ata consists o! a Start bit :hi$h;2
!ollo'e( b 8 bits o! (ata to be transmitte( an( !inall the sto# bit% The bte character to
be transmitte( is 'ritten into the S1U= re$ister% It transmits the start bit% The 8"bit
character is trans!erre( one bit at a time% The sto# bit is trans!erre(% A!ter the transmission2
the TI !la$ R 1 in(icatin$ the com#letion o! transmission% /ence in the s)bro)tine 'ait
)ntil TI is set% Later clear the TI !la$ an( contin)e 'ith transmission o! the ne>t bte b
'ritin$ into the S1U= re$ister% :The #ro$ram can also be 'ritten in interr)#t mo(e;% The
s#ee( o! the serial transmission is set b the ba)( rate 'hich is (one 'ith the hel# o! timer
1% :Re!er Aala;% Timer1 m)st be #ro$ramme( in mo(e 2 :that is2 8"bit2 a)to reloa(;%
1a)( rate ,alc)lationL ,rstal !reH8 :12T72; R :11%05+2M/0;8:12T72; R 28800%
Serial comm)nication circ)itr (i&i(es the machine ccle !reH)enc:11%05+2M/0;8:12;
b 72 be!ore it is bein$ )se( b the timer to set the ba)( rate%
To $et +6002 2880087 is obtaine( b loa(in$ timer1 'ith "7 :i%e%2 == C 7 R =.; !or !)rther
cloc@ (i&ision% =or 2400 ba)( rate2 28800812 RD "12 R =4 in T/1%
Ag!r<th52
1% Initiali0e timer 1 to o#erate in mo(e 2 b loa(in$ TM6. re$ister%
2% loa( T/1 'ith "7 to obtain +600 ba)(%
7% Initiali0e the asnchrono)s serial comm)nication transmission :S,6N; re$ister%
4% Start timer1 to $enerate the ba)( rate cloc@%
5% Transmit the characters IJ < I-J b 'ritin$ into the S1U= re$ister an( 'aitin$
!or the TI !la$%
*+ TIMER ,ELAY -ROGRAM
5ro$ram ill)stratin$ timer (ela
17; Kenerate a 1secon( (ela contin)o)sl )sin$ the on chi# timer in interr)#t mo(e%
6RK 0/ 88Reset Aector
SMM5 70/
6RK 01/ 88T=0 &ector
SMM5 ISR
6RK 70/
M6A a2N00
M6A R02N0
M6A R12N0
M6A TM6.2N02/ 8800000010"R)n timer0 in mo(e 2
M6A T/02N118 88Set )# timer 0 to o&er!lo' in 0%05msec
M6A I-2N82/ 88Z10000010 C -nable timer0 interr)#t
S-T1 T,6N%4 88Start the timer0
/-R-LSMM5 /-R-
ISRL ,LR T,6N%4 88.isable timer0
IN, r1 88r1Tr2 R 100T200 R 20000 T 0%05msec R 1sec
,MN- r12N1002SKI5
M6A r12N00
IN, r0
,MN- r02N2002SKI5
M6A r02N00/
IN, a
SKI5L S-T1 T,6N%4 88-nable Timer
R-TI 88Ret)rn !rom interr)#t s)bro)tine
-N.
RESULT2 Acc)m)lator A is incremente( in binar !rom 002 01202Y0+20A2 012 Y2 0=2
102 112 Y== e&er 1 secon( :!or 77M/0 cloc@ settin$ < e&er 7 secon(s !or
11%05+8M/0;
Al$orithmL
1% Set )# timer0 in mo(e 2 o#eration
2% Loa( T/1 'ith 118 to $enerate an interr)#t e&er 0%05msec%
7% Reset re$isters a2 r1 < r0%
4% Re#eat ste# 4 contin)o)sl
5% 6n interr)#t? ISR at 0001 loaction $oes to ste# 6
6% (isable timer0
3% U#(ate r1 < r0
8% ,hec@ i! 20000 interr)#ts :R1 sec; o&er% Ges Cincrement acc)m)lator a%
8051 MANUAL RNSIT 1+
+% enable timer < ret)rn !rom ISR%
Timer(ela R 12T:253"(ela;8!reH)enc
Timer(elaR0%05msec
.elaR256"::timer(ela T !reH)enc;812; R256":0%05T10
"7
T 77T10
6
;812
R256"173%5 R118%5 88loa(e( in T/0
To $et 1sec (ela
180%05msec R 200T100 in the ISR
:ass)min$ 77 M/P crstal !reH)enc% =or 11 M/02 the calc)lations chan$e;%
0. CONVERSION -ROGRAMS
')+ Er<t" an AL- t! <5A"5"nt d"8<5a t! h"; 8!n:"rs<!n
6RK 0000/
SMM5 70h
6RK 70h
M6A .5TR2N40/ 882"(i$it (ecimal n)mber to be con&erte( is $i&en in (ata
memor 40h
M6A4 A2 O.5TR
ANL A2 N0=0/ 88obtain )##er (ecimal (i$it
S9A5 A 88brin$ to the )nits #lace
M6A 12N0A/ 88MULTI5LG tens (i$it 'ith N0A"to$et tens in he>
MUL A1
M6A r12a 88tem#oraril store the con&erte( tens &al)e
M6A4 A2O.5TR 88$et the (ecimal n)mber a$ain
ANL A2N0=/ 88obtain the )nits (i$it
A.. A2R1 88a(( to the con&erte( tens &al)e
IN, .5TR 88increment (ata a((ress
M6A4 O.5TR2A 88con&erte( he>a(ecimal n)mber in ne>t location
/-R-LSMM5 /-R-
-N.
RESULT L be!ore e>ec)tion" 4L0040/ R 45 :.ecimal81,.;
A!ter ->ec)tionL 4L0041h R 2. :he> &al)e;
Ag!r<th5
1% Mo&e the (ecimal (ata to be con&erte( !rom e>ternal memor 40h to acc)m)lator%
2% AN. A re$ 'ith 0!0h an( obtain the )##er MS1 o! the (ecimal (i$it an( s'a# the
LS1 an( MS1 o! acc)m)lator to brin$ the same to )nits #lace%
7% Mo&e 0ah to 1 re$ister an( m)lti#l 'ith A re$ to con&ert to he> &al)e2 store the
con&erte( tens &al)e in r1
4% Ket the LS1 o! the (ecimal n)mber an( a(( to the con&erte( tens &al)e
5% #oint to the ne>t memor location an( store the res)lt :he>a(ecimal;%
'$+ Er<t" an AL- t! <5A"5"nt h"; t! d"8<5a 8!n:"rs<!n
6RK 0000/
SMM5 70h
6RK 70h
M6A .5TR2N+000/
M6A4 A2O.5TR 88Ket he> n)mber
M6A 12N10
.IA A1 88(i&i(e b 10 :0A/;
IN, .5TR
4,/ A21
M6A4 O.5TR2A 88Store the remain(er :in 1; In )nits #lace
4,/ A21
M6A 12N10 88.i&i(e the H)otient in A b 10
.IA A1
IN, .5TR
4,/ A21
M6A4 O.5TR2A 88Store the remain(er :in 1; In tens #lace
4,/ A21
IN, .5TR
M6A4 O.5TR2A 88Store the H)otient :in A; in h)n(re(s #lace
/-R-LSMM5 /-R-
-n(
RESULT L +000/ C == :/-4 NUM1-R;
+001 to +007 C )n#ac@e( 1,. n)mber :(ecimal;" 52522 :i%e%2 255 store( Lo'er (i$it !irst;
Ag!r<th5
1% Mo&e the he> (ata to be con&erte( to acc)m)lator%
2% Mo&e 10 to 1 re$ister an( (i&i(e 'ith A re$ to con&ert to ascii &al)e
7% Store the con&erte( LS1 &al)e in r3
4% Re#eat the ste# 2 to obtain the con&erte( MS1 &al)e
5% Store the same in r6
16; 9rite an AL5 to im#lement 1,. to AS,II con&ersion
6RK 0000/
SMM5 70h
6RK 70h
M6A R12N50/
M6A A2OR1 88$et 1,. (ata bte !rom RAM location 50h
M6A R22A 88Store in R2
ANL A2N0=/ 88Ket the lo'er nibble
6RL A2N70/ 88A((8or 'ith 70h i%e%2 0"+ con&erte( to 70"7+h
IN, R1
M6A OR12A 88Store the lo'er (i$it[s AS,II co(e
M6A A2R2 88Ket bac@ the n)mber
S9A5 A 88S'a# nibbles in A
ANL A2N0=/ 88Ket the )##er 1,. (i$it
6RL A2N70/ 88,on&ert to AS,II
IN, R1
M6A OR12A 88Store the )##er (i$it[s AS,II co(e
hereL sBm# here
-N.
RESULT L The 1,. co(e 28 at .L0050h is con&erte( to 2 AS,II co(es"78h 72h
Ag!r<th5 L
88,on&erts the 1,. bte in A into t'o AS,II characters%
1% Mo&e the 1,. (ata to be con&erte( to acc)m)lator%
2% Ket the lo'er nibble:1,. (i$it; < A.. :or 6RL; 'ith 70h
7% Store the con&erte( AS,II &al)e
4% Ket the hi$her nibble:tens 1,. (i$it; < A.. :or 6RL; 'ith 70h
'*+ Er<t" an AL- t! <5A"5"nt h";ad"8<5a t! ASCII 8!n:"rs<!n
??Th<s Ar!gra5 as! <>strat"s 8!nd<t<!na @ran8h<ng (1NC+, 8a and r"t>rn
<nstr>8t<!ns.
6RK 0000/
SMM5 70h
6RK 70h
M6A R12N50/
M6A A2OR1 88$et he>a(ecimal (ata bte !rom RAM location 50h
M6A R22A 88Store in R2
ANL A2N0=/ 88Ket the lo'er nibble
A,ALL AS,II 88,on&ert to AS,II
IN, R1
M6A OR12A 88Store the lo'er (i$it[s AS,II co(e
M6A A2R2 88Ket bac@ the n)mber
S9A5 A 88S'a# nibbles in A
ANL A2N0=/ 88Ket the )##er 1,. (i$it
A,ALL AS,II
IN, R1
M6A OR12A 88Store the )##er (i$it[s AS,II co(e
hereL sBm# here
AS,IILM6A R42A 88Store a
,LR ,
SU11 A2N0A/ 88,hec@ i! (i$it DR0A
M6A A2R4
MN, SKI5
A.. A2N03/ 88A(( 03 i! D0+
SKI5LA.. A2N70/ 88-lse a(( onl 70h !or 0"+
R-T
-N.
RESULT L The 1,. co(e 2, at .L0050h is con&erte( to 2 AS,II co(es"47h:!or 01; <
72h :!or 02; Another ->am#le"1A

Ag!r<th5 L
88,on&erts the he>a(ecimal bte in A into t'o AS,II characters%
1% Mo&e the he>a(ecimal (ata to be con&erte( to acc)m)lator%
2% Ket the lo'er nibble < call AS,II ro)tine
4% Ket the hi$her nibble < call AS,II ro)tine
AS,II s)bro)tine
1% I! (i$it $reater than 0+2:!or A"=; a(( 03h < 70h
2% -lse :i%e%2 !or 0"+; a(( onl 70h
7% ret)rn
'0+ Er<t" an AL- t! <5A"5"nt ASCII t! h";ad"8<5a 8!n:"rs<!n
6RK 0000/
SMM5 70h
6RK 70h
M6A R12N50/
M6A A2OR1 88$et ascii bte !rom RAM location 50h
,LR ,
SU11 A2N41/
M6A A2OR1
M, SKI5
,LR ,
SU11 A2N03/
SKI5L,LR ,
SU11 A2N70/
IN, R1
M6A OR12A 88Store the he> co(e
hereL sBm# here
-N.
RESULT L The AS,II co(e 45 at .L0050h is con&erte( to he>a(ecimal "0- at 51h
N!t"2 =or this #ro$ram the in#)t (ata sho)l( be onl in the ran$e 4&h#4Fh < )'h t! )%h%
Ag!r<th5 L
88,on&erts the AS,II characters into he>a(ecimal n)mber%
1% Mo&e the AS,II character to be con&erte( to acc)m)lator%
2% I! character is $reater than 41h2:!or A"=;2 then s)btract 03h < 70h
7% -lse :i%e%2 !or 0"+; s)btract onl 70h
4% Store the con&erte( he>a(ecimal n)mber%
INTERFACING -ROGRAMS
HardGar" Int"r7a8<ng
1%9a&e!orm Keneration )sin$ .)al .A,
2%Ste##er Motor inter!ace%
7%444 he>a(ecimal Keboar( inter!ace
4%., motor inter!ace
5%,alc)lator )sin$ Keboar( an( Se&en se$ment (is#la%
6%-le&ator control%
3%Tem#erat)re sensor%
F"at>r"s !7 E5@"dd"d C
\ , is a sim#le #ro$rammin$ lan$)a$e an( so &er eas to co(e%
\ -mbe((e( , has most !eat)res o! ,"lan$)a$e 'ith more stress on certain bit
mani#)lati&e instr)ctions%
\ This !eat)re ma@es it eas to 'rite #ro$ram !or ], an( ]5%
\ Keil is a &ersatile so!t'are 'ith a cross com#iler that 'ill con&ert the , #ro$ram to
assembl lan$)a$e an( th)s the #ro$ram can be e>ec)te( on the (esire( tar$et :sa
8051;%
Some o! the bit mani#)lati&e instr)ctions )se( are
Smbol 6#eration
< 1it'ise AN.
^ 1it'ise 6R
_ 1it'ise N6T
DD Shi!t Ri$ht
WW Shi!t Le!t
V 50%0
'.,>a ,a8 Int"r7a8" t! g"n"rat"
a%SH)are 'a&e!orm
b%Trian$)lar 9a&e!orm
c%Ram# 'a&e!orm
(%Sine 'a&e!orm
8
0
5 P0
1 P1

HC
Dual
DAC
CRO
Xout

'.aAg!r<th5 7!r SB>ar" Ga:" g"n"rat<!n
Let initial2 am#lit)(e o! the sH)are 'a&e be 2%5&:3=; an( !reH)enc co)nt 100%
6)t#)t the &al)es 00h:0!!; an( 3!h:on; Aal)es thro)$h 50%
I! am#lit)(e @e is #resse( then increase the &olta$e in ste#s o! 0%15&:8;%
I! the !reH)enc @e is #resse( increment the co)nt in ste#s o! 50% I! the co)nt
e>cee(s 1000 reset it bac@ to 100%
-&er time am#lit)(e an( !reH)enc chan$es o)t#)t the &al)e thro 50 an( note the
'a&e!orm on ,R6%
-r!gra5 7!r sB>ar" Ga:"
Nincl)(e WR-K51>.2%/D
sbit Am# R 57V7? 8T 5ort line to chan$e am#lit)(e T8
sbit =re R 57V2? 8T 5ort line to chan$e !reH)enc T8
&oi( (ela:)nsi$ne( int >; 8T (ela ro)tine T8
`
!or:?>D0?>"";?
a
main:;
`
)nsi$ne( char on R 0>3!2o!!R0>00?
)nsi$ne( int !re R 100?
'hile:1;
`
i!:bAm#; 8T i! )ser choice is to chan$e am#lit)(e T8
`
'hile:bAm#;? 8T 'ait !or @e release T8
onSR0>08? 8T Increase the am#lit)(e T8
a
i!:b=re; 8T i! )ser choice is to chan$e !reH)enc T8
`
i!:!re D 1000; 8T i! !reH)enc e>cee(s 1000 reset to (e!a)lt T8
!re R 100?

'hile:b=re;? 8T 'ait !or @e release T8
!re SR 50? a 8T Increase the !reH)enc T8
50Ron? 8T 'rite am#lit)(e to #ort T8
51Ron?
(ela:!re;?
50 R o!!? 8T clear #ort T8
51 R o!!?
(ela:!re;?
aa
'.@Ag!r<th5 7!r Tr<ang>ar Ga:" g"n"rat<!n
6)t#)t the initial &al)e 00 thro)$h 50%
Increment it in ste#s o! 1 )ntil a co)nt &al)e o! ==h :5A; is reache(% -&er time
re#eat ste# 1%
.ecrement it in ste#s o! 1 )ntil a 0ero &al)e is reache( an( re#eat ste# 1%
-r!gra5 7!r tr<ang>ar Ga:"2
main:;
`
)nsi$ne( char iR0?
50 R 0>00? 8T 50 as 6)t#)t #ort T8
'hile:1;
`
!or:iR0?iW0>!!?iSS;` 8T Kenerate 6N #)lse T8
51 R i?
50 R i?
a
!or:iR0>!e?iD0>00?i""; 8T Kenerate 6== #)lse T8
`50 R i?
51 R i?a
a
a
'.8.Ag!r<th5 7!r Ra5A Ga:" g"n"rat<!n
6)t#)t the initial &al)e 00 thro)$h 50%
Increment it in ste#s o! 1 )ntil a co)nt &al)e o! ==h :5A; is reache(% -&er time
re#eat ste# 1%
Re#eat ste# 1 < 2 contin)o)sl%
-r!gra5 7!r Ra5A Ga:"7!r5
main :;
` Unsi$ne( char iR0?
50 R 0>00? 8T 50 as 6)t#)t #ort T8
'hile :1;
`
!or :iR0?iW0>!!?iSS; 8T Kenerate 6N #)lse T8
`
51 R i?
50 R i? a
a
a
'd.Ag!r!th5 7!r S<n" Ga:"
,om#)te (i!!erent ste# &al)es :c R 20
o
215
o
Y; o! sine )sin$ the eH)ation
AR 2%5A S2%5Asinc% % 6)t#)t the &al)es thro 50%
More the ste#s smoother 'ill be sine 'a&e%
-%$%L c R 0
o

AR 2%5A S2%5Asinc R 2%5A
The &al)e sent to .A, is 25%645AR 128%
-r!gra5 7!r s<n" Ga:"
main:;
`
static int ad17eR`12821+222782255227821+22128264213202132642128a?
)nsi$ne( char iR0?
50 R 0>00? 8T 50 as 6)t#)t #ort T8
'hile :1;
`
!or:iR0?iW17?iSS; 8T 6)t#)t (i!!erent &al)es T8
` 50 R adie? a
a
a
/.St"AA"r M!t!r
\ Ste##er motor )nli@e ., motor rotates in ste#s%
\ Ste##er motor has 4 coils 'hich !orms the stator an( a central rotor%
\ Rotation (e#en(s on e>citation o! stator coils%
ste# coil A coil 1 coil , coil .
1 0 0 0 1
2 1 0 0 0
7 0 1 0 0
4 0 0 0 1
Anone o! these &al)es !orms the initial &al)e% To $et 760o re&ol)tion 200 ste#s are
reH)ire(%
Ste# an$leR 760
o
8200 R 1%8
o
% :(i!!erence bet'een 2 teeth;%
Ag!r<th5 7!r St"AA"r M!t!r
\ ,on!i$)re 50 as o)t#)t%
\ A##l the initial e>citation o! 11 to motor coils thro)$h 50%
\ =or cloc@'ise motion "Rotate ri$ht once the e>citation an( re#eat ste# 2%
\ =or anticloc@'ise motion "Rotate le!t once the e>citation an( re#eat ste# 2%
88-r!gra5 7!r st"AA"r 5!t!r <nt"r7a8"
&oi( (ela :)nsi$ne( int >; 8T .ela Ro)tine T8
`
!or:?>D0?>"";?
ret)rn?
a
Main : ;
`
)nsi$ne( char Aal2 i?
50R0>00?
Aal R 0>11?
!or :iR0?iW4?iSS;
`
50 R Aal?
Aal R AalWW1? 8T AalR AalDD1? !or cloc@'ise (irectionT8
(ela :500;?
a
a
4. )3) HE3 6"=@!ard
Ag!r<th5 7!r 6"=@!ard Int"r7a8"
\ ,on!i$)re 51 as o)t#)t #ort to scan the ro's an( 50 as in#)t #ort to rea( the
col)mn &al)es%
\ =irst select the last ro' b $ro)n(in$ that ro'% Scan the col)mns o! entire ro' i! a
@e is #resse( in that ro' then one o! the col)mn rea(s E0F%
\ I! no' @e is #resse( in the selecte( ro' all 1Fs is ret)rne(% So scan ne>t ro'%
Re#eat the action )ntil all ro's are scanne(%
8051 MANUAL RNSIT
8051f,
50
=R, 26#in
,able
5S
Ste##er
Motor
Inter!ace
,ar(
5S
Ste##er
Motor
2+
885ro$ram !or 444 he> @e#a(%
Nincl)(e W R-K51>.2%/D
Nincl)(e Wintrins%hD
Nincl)(e glc(%hg
)nsi$ne( char ro's2col)mns2res)lt2abhi?
)nsi$ne( char tem# R 0?
&oi( (ela:;
`
)nsi$ne( int i?
!or:i R 0? i WR 20000? i SS;?
a
&oi( .is#la:;
`
i!:res)lt D 0>0+;
`
res)lt SR 0>73?
9rite,har:res)lt;?
a
else
`
res)lt SR 0>70?
9rite,har:res)lt;?
a
a
&oi( KeScan:;
`
a$ainL col)mns R 0>33?
ro's R 0>04?
res)lt R 0>0c?
ne>tL 51 R col)mns?
col)mns DDR1?
i!:,G;

col)mns R col)mns ^0>08 ?
tem# R 50?
tem# R :tem# < 0>0!;?
8051 MANUAL RNSIT
8051f,
50
=R, 26#in
,able
5S
444
Keboar(
Inter!ace
,ar(
5S
444 /e>
@e#a(
70
i!:tem# bR 0>0!;
`
rotL tem# DDR 1?
i!:b,G;
`
,lrLc(:;?
ret)rn?
a
else
`
res)lt SR 1?
$oto rot?
a
a
else
`
res)lt "R 0>04?
ro's ""?
i!:ro's RR 0;
$oto a$ain?
else
`
$oto ne>t?
a
a
a
&oi( main:;
`
50 R 0>!!?
51 R 0>00?
InitLc(:;?
9riteStrin$ :gK-G 5R-SS-.Rg;?
'hile:1;
`
KeScan:;?
9riteStrin$ :gK-G 5R-SS-.Rg;?
.is#la:;?
a
a
).,C M!t!r
Ag!r<th5 7!r ,C 5!t!r <nt"r7a8"
\ ,on!i$)re 50251 as o)t#)t #ort an( 57 as in#)t #ort%
\ Let initiall the motor rotate 'ith hal! s#ee( co)nt 3!h%
\ I! IINRJ b)tton is #resse( re()ce the co)nt beca)se the s#ee( is in&ersel
#ro#ortional to co)nt%
\ I! I.-,J b)tton is #resse( increase the co)nt%
-r!gra5 7!r ,C 5!t!r
sbit inrR 57V2? 88s#ee( increment s'itch
sbit (crR 57V7? 88s#ee( (ecrement s'itch
main:;
`
)nsi$ne( char iR0>80?
50 R 0>3!? 8TR)n the motor at hal! s#ee(%T8
'hile :1;
` i! :binr;
`'hile :binr;?
i!:iD10;
iRi"10? 88increase the ., motor s#ee(
a
i!:b(cr;
`
'hile:b(cr;?
i!:iW0>!0;
iRiS10? 88(ecrease the ., motor s#ee(
a
50Ri?
a a
$.Ca8>at!r >s<ng 6"=@!ard and *#s"g5"nt d<sAa=
Ag!r<th5
\ Rea( the n)mbers n1 an( n2 !rom @eboar( an( (is#la them on se&en se$ment%
\ Rea( the o#eran( !rom the @e#a( i! @e #resse( is 1 :S;2 ,:";2.:T;2-:8; then
res#ecti&e o#eration is #er!orme(%
\ Res)lt is (is#lae( on 2 (i$it se&en se$ment (is#la%
\ I! an time the @e #resse( &al)e ret)rne( as 10h then clear the L,.%
8051 MANUAL RNSIT
8051f,
50
=R, 26#in
,able
57%2:inr;
57%7:(ec;
5S
., Motor
Inter!ace
,ar(
5S
.,
Motor
72
-r!gra5 7!r 8a8>at!r
&oi( .is#,har:)nsi$ne( char ch;?
&oi( ,lrL-.:;?
)nsi$ne( char $et@e:;?
)nsi$ne( char $etn)m:;?
)nsi$ne( char $et6#:;?
sbit ,l@ R 57V4? 8T ,loc@ line !or 3 se$ment (is#la T8
sbit .at R 50V0? 8T .ata line !or 3 se$ment (is#la T8
main:;
`
)nsi$ne( char tm#R0>0!!2n1R02n226#2Res?
)nsi$ne( char N)mTabd10e R `

0>0c020>0!+20>0a420>b020>++20>+220>8220>0!820>8020>+0 a?
)nsi$ne( char 6#Tabd4e R ` 0>8820>01!20>c820>0a1a?
bit Ne$R0?
,lrL-.:;? 8T ,lear 3 se$ment (is#la T8
'hile:1;
`
Ne$ R 0? 8T Ne$ati&e !la$ T8
n1R$etn)m:;? 8T Ket 1st n)mber T8
6# R $et6#:; " 0>01? 8T Ket 6#co(e% 0>0b is @eco(e o! [S[:see @eboar( schematics;T8
n2R$etn)m:;? 8T Ket 2n( n)mber T8
'hile:$et@e:;bR0>17;? 8T 'ait !or [R[ @e T8
,lrL-.:;?
s'itch:6#; 8T 5er!orm corres#on(in$ o#eration T8
`
case 0L Res R n1 S n2?
brea@?
case 1L
i!:n2Dn1; 8T chec@ !or ne$ati&it T8
`
8051 MANUAL RNSIT
8051f,
50
=R, 26#in
,able
5S
Ke#a(
5S
3 Se$
.is#la
77
Ne$ R 1?
Res R n2 " n1?
brea@? a
Res R n1 " n2? brea@?
case 2L Res R n1 T n2?
brea@?
case 7L Res R n1 8 n2?
brea@? a
.is#,har:N)mTabdResZ10e;? 8T .is#la n)mber T8
.is#,har:N)mTabdRes810e;?
i!:Ne$; 8T i! ne$ati&e res)lt (is#la ["[ T8
.is#,har:0>01!;?
aa
&oi( .is#,har:)nsi$ne( char ch; 8T Ro)tine to (is#la char on 3 se$ment T8
`
)nsi$ne( char i2tm#?
50R0>00?
!or:iR0?iW8?iSS; 8T !or all bits T8
`
tm# R ch < 0>80?
i!:tm#; 8T 'rite (ata (e#en(in$ on MS1 T8
.at R 1?
else
.at R 0?
,l@ R 0? 8T Ki&e ,l@ 5)lse !or snchroni0ation T8
,l@ R 1?
ch R ch WW 1? 8T Ket ne>t bit T8
a
a
&oi( ,lrL-.:;
`
)nsi$ne( char i?
!or:iR0?iW4?iSS;
.is#,har:0>0!!;? 8T 0>!! !or clear se$ment : see 3 se$ment man)al !or more in!o; T8
a
)nsi$ne( char $et@e:;
` )nsi$ne( char i2B2in(>2t?
52 R 0>00? 8T 52 as 6)t#)t #ort T8
50 R 0>0!!?
in(> R 0>00? 8T In(e> !or storin$ the !irst &al)e o! scanline T8
'hile:1;
`
!or:iR1?iWR4?iWWR1; 8T !or 4 scanlines T8
`
52 R 0>0! < _i? 8T 'rite (ata to scanline T8
t R 50? 8T Rea( rea(lines connecte( to 50T8
t R _t?
i!:tD0; 8T I! @e #ress is tr)e T8
`
!or:BR0?BWR3?BSS; 8T ,hec@ !or 8 lines T8
` t DDR1?
i!:tRR0; 8T i! $et #resse( @eT8
`
ret)rn:in(>SB;? 8T Ret)rn in(e> o! the @e #resse( T8
a
a
a
in(> SR 8? 8T I! no @e #resse( increment in(e> T8
a aa
)nsi$ne( char $etn)m:; 8T Metho( !or $ettin$ n)mber T8
`
)nsi$ne( char tm#?
'hile:1;
`
tm# R $et@e:;?
i!:tm# W 0>0a ^^ tm#RR0>10; 8T i! #resse( @e is n)mber2 ret)rn T8
ret)rn:tm#;?
aa
)nsi$ne( char $et6#:; 8T Metho( !or $ettin$ 6#erator T8
`
)nsi$ne( char tm#?
'hile:1;
`
tm# R $et@e:;?
i!::tm# D 0>0a << tm# W0>0!;^^ tm#RR0>10; 8T i! #resse( @e is a 6#erator2 ret)rn T8
ret)rn:tm#;?
a a
%.E":at!r
Ag!r<th5 7!r "":at!r <nt"r7a8"
\ Rea( the !loor reH)est thro)$h in#)t #ort 51%
\ I! the c)rrent !loor an( reH)este( !loor are the same no chan$e li$ht )# the
corres#on(in$ L-. thro)$h 50%
\ I! the reH)este( !loor $reaterthan c)rrent mo&in$ )# o! the li!t is in(icate( b
$lo'in$ o! L-.Fs !rom c)rrent !loor to the reH)este(%
\ I! the reH)este( !loor lesserthan c)rrent mo&in$ (o'n o! the li!t is in(icate( b
$lo'in$ o! L-.Fs !rom c)rrent !loor to the reH)este(%
-r!gra5 7!r E":at!r
Nincl)(e WR-K51=%/D
&oi( (ela:)nsi$ne( int;?
main:;
`
)nsi$ne( char =lrd+e R `0>!!20>0020>0720>!!20>0620>!!20>!!20>!!20>0+a?
)nsi$ne( char =,lrd+e R `0>!!20>0-020>0.720>!!20>01620>!!20>!!20>!!20>3+a?
)nsi$ne( char ReH=lr2,)r=lr R 0>012i2B?
50 R 0>00?
50 R 0>0!0?
'hile:1;
`
51 R 0>0!?
ReH=lr R 51 ^ 0>0!0?
'hile:ReH=lr RR 0>0!!;
ReH=lr R 51 ^ 0>0!0? 8T Rea( ReH)est =loor !rom 51 T8
ReH=lr R _ReH=lr?
i!:,)r=lr RR ReH=lr; 8T I! ReH)est !loor is eH)al to ,)rrent =loor T8
`
50 R =,lrd,)r=lre? 8T ,lear =loor In(icator T8
contin)e? a 8T Ko )# to rea( a$ain T8
else i!:,)r=lr D ReH=lr; 8T I! ,)rrent !loor is D reH)est !loor T8
`
i R =lrd,)r=lre " =lrdReH=lre? 8T Ket the no o! !loors to tra&el T8
B R =lrd,)r=lre?
!or:?iD0?i""; 8TMo&e the in(icator (o'n T8
`
(ela:25000;?
aa
else 8T I! ,)rrent !loor is W reH)est !loor T8
`
i R =lrdReH=lre " =lrd,)r=lre? 8T Ket the no o! !loors to tra&el T8
B R =lrd,)r=lre?
!or:?iD0?i""; 8T Mo&e the in(icator U# T8
`
50 R 0>0!0 ^ B?
BSS?
8051 MANUAL RNSIT
8051f,
50
=R, 26#in
,able
5S
-le&ator
inter!ace
5S
76
(ela:25000;?
a a
,)r=lr R ReH=lr? 8T U#(ate ,)rrent !loor T8
50 R =,lrd,)r=lre? 8T ,lear the in(icator T8
a
a
&oi( (ela:)nsi$ne( int >;
`
!or:?>D0?>"";?
a
*.T"5A"rat>r" S"ns!r
The inter!ace car( has a .A, to con&ert the act)al tem#erat)re to (i$ital this is com#are(
'ith re!erence tem#erart)re% Reala also a #art o! inter!ace car( 'ill t)rn on an( o!! to
in(icate i! the act)al tem#erat)re is abo&e or belo' re!erence%
Ag!r<th5 7!r T"5A"rat>r" s"ns!r
1% ,on!i$)re 50 an( 51 as o8#2 57 as in#)t #ort%
2% Set )# a co)nter 'ith intial &al)e 0>!! sen( it to (ac thro 50 a!ter a (ela chec@ i!
com#arator o8# has $one lo'%
7% I! lo' com#are 'ith set &al)e i! act)al $reaterthan set t)rn on the rela else t)rn o!!%
-r!gra5 7!r t"5A"rat>r" s"ns!r.
sbit ,m#h6)t R 57V4? 8TIn#)t 1it !or ,om#arator o)t#)tT8
sbit Relh,on R 50V0? 8TRela controller 1it i%e /eater 5o'er s)##l controlT8
8T1" S)##l 6==2 0"S)##l 6NT8
N(e!ine .ach.ata 51 8T.A, in#)t .ata 56RT i%e% 51T8
&oi( (ela:;
` int l?
!or :lR0?lWR0>8?lSS;?
a
main:;
`
)nsi$ne( char .acI#?
&oi( (ela:&oi(;?
.ach.ata R0>00? 8TMo&e 00h to .ac in#)tT8
8051f,
50252257
=R, 26#in
,able
5S
Tem#
Sensor
Inter!ace
5S
/eat
So)rce
50R0>00? 8Tma@e 50 as o)t#)tT8
'hile:1;
`
.acI#R 0>!!? 8T.A, in#)t .ata co)nterT8
(o
`
.acI#SS? 8TIncrement the .A, in#)t .ataT8
.ach.ata R .acI#? 8TMo&e the .A, (ata to .A,T8
(ela:;?
a'hile:,m#h6)t;? 8T ,hec@ com#arator o)t#)t !or lo' T8
i!:.acI# D 0>20; 8T,om#are 'ith the set &al)e i%e%0>20T8
Relh,on R 1?
else
Relh,on R 0? 8T Rela 6N2 S)##l 6== T8
a
a

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Microcontroller Lab Manual

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MICROCONTROLLERS LAB IVth SEM EC

R.N.SHETTY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

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