Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ABCDEFG
c
ba
: .
.
.
ac
b
180
: .
.
.
dL
1993
ABCDEFG
( (
M
M
M
M
:
?
:
)( (
:
:
(
:
( (
:
V
M
M
M
M
:
:
:
(
:
:
(
:
:
(
:
:
(
:
(
M
M
M
M
:
(
:
:
):(
):(
( t
..
.
Q
.
D -
`
a
` Q a
D
.
i
n D
D
D a .
i
D
D D
a
9
.
` Da
D a
.
.
.
D
D .
- -
- - D
.
`
.
Q
D
D .
.
D . D
D
10
.
` a
-n-
D `
.- -
D? D
?.
D . `
D
D . ` a
D
D .
D D
) .(
.
-
- .
a
D D n
. D D
.
D
.
11
D
.
i- -
.
D
.
n
) (
) ( D ) (
D ) ( D
) ( .
.
. D D
D n
D ) (
) (
D ) (
) (.
D
a D
.
i a
12
) (
) ( ) (
) ( )
( ) (
) ( )
(
) ( ) a
( D
.
i D D
D .
-
-
D D D
D .
` D a
D i
a
` D .
a
a D .
`
.
13
.
i
.
. .
D .
(
14
15
16
` .
D Oliver Holmes
D
.
.
D
D
. `
D
.
D
Q
a
D
.
?
?
17
D
?
.
18
`
D .
a
D
D a
D .
D
`
.
.
D a
a .
a
19
.
D
D ` . -
) (E.G. Lazarus, a
. D
a D ) (
D a
D D
.
D
D ` D
D.
D `-
-
i
.
a
.
) (Tuma, % D )
a( .
.
- -
i a.
20
D
. ) .(
%
.
i -
- - .
- .
D D .`
D D D
a
D D .
D
) (DSM. III. R, . D
:
- : -
- .
(
)
- : )( -
- ---- .
- : )-( - )(
.
)(
- D :
D )-(- )-( D ).(
- ) :( - - .
- : )-().(
- :-- .
- : - ).(
21
)(
)(
)(
22
) :(
) (
)( )(.
D
`
D n a
.
a .
D a a
).( Mishel,
D
.D
D
.D - D-
a .
: - -
-- -
D - `
. D D
: -
D- - ..
D.
) ( D a
) .(
D
D D
D
.
D
D a D .
D
. D
) (Wolpe & Lang, )(
23
) :( D a D n
n D D .
24
i a
: a D
.. .- -
D
D
) (
) i ( .` Q
D ) (
25
1
*!" # $
!"
#
'()
*
+,
-
3 456 # 70 1
8
;<,
*
+,
'
@2% A
B
-"
' I
@2% J#
M
. . .
6 N6O"
$RS
%0
J 1B
$R"
A?
%Q $UG 1VU
YZ[
' $-#[
"
0#
$!" ' 2%0 ]-;
@" N
`
." a
S
cG&X"
%
%Q
'()
#" J/
;
YZ6 k ="
J/
;
$ l
;X 4P6
4# 3 60 E!
4R/ +
$.B F
A.
T
I
W
4?
+0
="
k @! 60 4P
G
R
>. ' md
T-X
$Z-" 8
hC"
-F -.o
$G
hu
3R&U 9
j
B
W -
F 4U mn
$+
o
560 #
F
4UG J 9
.vB"
>. 3 1993 .(zq) eRh
{ |(dd."
- ) 1R(-"
|(
U"
- ) eRh
{ :' *
26
(2)
: e[ : A
e : "Q' / 8@' ?'
: (-' Y!d' : Q' 8@!'
yD 'S^ G , G "D Z'
< 4Qd' .w&' E Y R*:@G 0[ +!' R'' :Re!'
. "D MG7 Xd' ?<
' y x Up s:[ +c' _(pd' o&' *1 A*7 8@' q v
N[ 7 mQ[
.+:@G "g) j 7 mQ[ j = 3 _Me' c mQ[ = 2 _+ < +:@G 7 G) mQ[ = 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
%&' ()
"#$
. ,
+ ,-
12'
67 89
3! 4 5
A BC7 "D> 7 E
(:
A K L!
F' G H$
R'S-' "D>
OP&' ?Q;$
M*N' G H$
UQ- V
9
R'T' G H$
[ L@:
E
Y 17 ZK7 G H$
+b I V Q c X
,a
Q-!G M
+d' G 4
V
G f-!
4I:
M' G g:
>-!
m
o'' G :@
G'n oj' EB
5 N j
G> m!
q!
-p ?!:
> m!
fr s7 X;a
UB' j
+ A
@G t
#u[
: m!
X5r #!
JQ!' +D T' G g:
M*:' v !!
+ o
w@ v e! j
*G ox
- d O !D j
?[ j +- Q ?:!
'c "D> j
+ h!' y!@!
8<! /
UG |;5
UG O;!
+h' @ "D>
4<n X#! j
wn X#! j
. . ]^ . . Y 17 ZK7
! j
27
) :(
i .
28
D
..
D . D
D .
a
.. D
` .
Q
n
.. . n
D .
Q D `
a ..
.
29
30
2
a .
.
D a a
D QD
L. Pavlov
Watson Hull .
a D a a
i
D
.--
.
` :
-
31
.
- )
(Skinner
D
D .
- D) (
D D
D .
- n D
).(
a )(
D
D
D
D .
) (Goldfried & Davison,
.
D a a D a
D.(Kraisner,) a
(
)
a ).(Pichot,
. a a
.`
32
D ) .(Pichot,
Q
- .
Q
D.
D :
- D -
-
D ) .(Kraisner , .
D --
D D
D
D
.D
D
.
-
D
.
D
) a( D
D
D .D
33
D .
- D D
-
-
D . D
`
) .(Eysenck, D
D - n
D . ..
.
- D D
D
.D
D
:
.
.
-
-
`
a .
- n-
D D
34
.n- - D
D
D
.
.
- D
` n
.
.
D
. D
`
. D
` Q
D )
.(
) (Drasne ,
D
.
35
n D )
.(
) (KraisnerD
) ( . D
i D) ( )) .(
: .(
a a
-
) (Abert ) (Jones )-(Peter
n D
.
D
.
)( D
.
36
?
3
: CSR #$
:
o"! ph ;Xn ,8 ";X o" +n .4- ;R e; o" u` &e !" G-` 9
.GR 4fcX ve" . .9" CSR !" -n [~u D
. . . 1
1
1
. . . &' 2
2
. . . )78 3
,-/0 !" 45-6 3
( )*+ 3
. . &!:" 4
AB! CD 4
. . D" 5
-/ 5
. . K-+*7+ %H 6
4J 6
GD
H 4E/ 4=+ >!;? 6
4-O H 7
:;0L MD! G 7
:-X 8
9
A G-`" G;` 9
\V G
! ]+* ^;07 9
;c\$ 10
GD
H" %P 11
4RDh i6
11
BS !"
!" 48` 11
&+J
(4-/S`! 4-f7k)
oB0-+
R 13
&5RL
G;X 15
-n 45;`" 16
37
&R!
L$ 17
&J% 17
:% 19
,- Q 19
-u7 16
7T! m;/ x7JT 17
r) A$ 18
(4-c;p8 &!:" r&%-$ )*
z K-0/7 19
oB0-+ 20
v-yh 20
{
;X! f+ 20
G` ,f w+
21
4$ 22
pD !" m` Y
X 22
[7$ 23
&RDh 23
zh 24
45-6 24
,b ^L 25
- -
` D
D . - -
D D ..
.
D
)
( D .
- -
`
. D
D ) D(
a
.
38
)D (
a
D
`
. .
-
.
-
.
- D -
.
- D
.
D
i
D . `
39
D `
` .
D
.
. - -
:
-D
D .
-
D
D.
-D
...
- D
D ` .
.
- D D
`
D D
D .
D D
. -
D `-
D D
40
D ) --
D D- (.
- -
.
.
) (
a .
D .
D D
)( D .
. D
) (
`
D )
( .`
) (
) ( .`
D .
i
.
41
D
n :
)( D
D
D :`
i
D Da
a D D .
42
4
-
D
- i
:
- :
D-
.a
D
a
a D
n
.
D
43
D
. ` :
D
.
-
.
` - -
D
.
. )(
a D ) ( D )( .
D )( D
i aD.a
) ( D
D D
D n .
D `
D . D
D D D
) ( ) (
) ( ) (D D )
.( D ) (
D n
)-(.
` . )(
44
aD
D .
DD
. D
aD )D ( D ) (
.
D
)Leuis ) (
.(1990, Kragher
.
- )():(
a
D D . )(-
D )-(Skinner
.
)() (Skinner) (
)
D( )(.
D a --
` .
.
-
- D
.
45
D D
. )(
D
.
)( D Q
)(
) ( )( ) () ().(
D Q )( .
. D D
.a
D D )
D D(
D
.
) :( a
.
46
.
.
D .
` D
.
D
: D
D
D
D )D(
D . D
.
.
. :
.a
) (Levis , D
D
) .(Levis, 1990,. Milan ,
.
D
D .
Q
47
D Q )( .
a Dn Q
`.
) :( )
( D
. D
D .
- :
)(Bandura ,
D .
a D
- D -
) ( ) (.
a
:
48
.
.
Q .
- :
- D
D D .
) (Ellis , ) (Beck ,
.
.
- -
) (Stamfle , D) (
) ( )nik-
(Eyse D .
a a
D.
Q a
. a
.
a
D D
D D
.
n
D .
D -
-
a .
50
n
`
.
D
.
n .
a
a . D
n a .n
D .
n
. D aD a
D a
D ) ( .
`
i D .
D
a . `
.
51
) :(
D
.a a
D D
)
( . a
)
(
) ( .
D
a
.
52
)(
D n
.
D .
D
D
.
53
(1) Hyperactivity
(2) Seperation anxiety
(3) Avoidance disorders
(4) Eating disorders
(5) Anorexia Nervosa
(6) Obesity
(7) Pica
(8) Tica
(9) Enuresis
(10) Encoprusis
(11) Autism
(12) Fear survey schedule
(1) Cognitive therapy
(2) Assertiveness
(3) Behavior modification
(4) Psychotherapy
(5) Second wave
(6) Cognitive learning
(7) Social learning
(1) Association Conditioning
(2) Generalization
(3) Higher Order Conditioning
(4) Extinction
(5) Spontaneous Recovery
(6) Operant Learning
54
(7) Operant Conditioning
(8) Positive Reinforcement
(9) Negative Reinforcement
(10) Punishment
(11) Shaping
(12) Modeling
(13) Stimulus Satiation
(14) Implosive or Flooding therapy
55
56
57
58
} .
a
D .
D
.
59
60
5 ) (
) (
D
)() (
D
D i
.
.
n
D) (
.
D ) (
D D D
.
61
D M. C. Jones )
D ( D D
. -Peter
-
D .
i
D
D.
D
D D a a .
-D
) (Joseph Wolpe D
%
) ( D
D
a . :
D
D D
).(Wolpe
:
- D
D D D
D .
D .
D
. D a
D .
62
D ) (
D D
)
.(
- D D D
.
D
a a
.
`
D .
D a aD
D ) (King, Cranstoun, & Josephs ,
D ) (Aliens
n
.
. D
n
:
.
.
.
`
.
.
63
.
-
D) (
.
D D
. `
. D
) (Lazarus .
D
D .
`
.
D
D
D
.
D
-
- D
D
D D a.
):(
64
D D .
) (
a D
.
) ( D
D
) (
a .
D a a
- .
)
D ) :
.(Benson al. 1974, Lazarus, 1971
) (Peterson and Harbeck, 1990. p .
a a D
D ) (Anderson ,
) ( .
D .
65
) :(
D D .`
` ` .
.
D- -
D .
.
.((Peterson and Har beck,
) (
n .
66
n
D ) (
D .. D
. D
D
. `
D .
a a
D
n
.
67
68
6
) (
D
a
D
D .
a
. D
a a
i
D
.
a
69
Tofranil
. ) .(
.
a )( ) (
D .
n - -
.
:
- D
a
D
.
-
D .
-
.
D
! .
.
a
D `.
70
i
) ( :
- Bond
-
-
.
- )
( a
n .
- a
.
-
D D
D
D .
- D
`
).(
*)( #$%&
'
4
:
:
:
"!
71
-
D D .
.n
D
.
- D
.. .
n .
a a
a .
.
D
D D
D .
..
.
D
)(
-
D Q - D .
)(:
- -
a . D
D D ) (
72
) a (
.
.
` D D
D
)(
D
D
D.a
D .
- -
D . D
.
D D
.
D .. D D
D D D D.
D D a
D
D ` .
QD `
) ( .
` D D
) .(
73
` D :
)
(.
D D D
D..
` D i:
-
` .
) :(
n `
.
D a
a
)
(
D D
`
D .
74
-
.
-
D.
-
.
D D
D
` n
.
)(
.
D )D( D
i .
D D
` D
.
D D
.
D D
D
D.
D
. D D
75
a
D .
D
D .
D D .
D
` D .
D
D
.
`
D
...
) ( ) ( ):(
- -
D .
.
D
.
76
) :( D ) a(
D . D D
.
D a.
77
D.
D
D
n .
D D
. a -
D - D
D a )
D D
D
D( D :
- .
D
.
- .
) (
D .a
.
-
.
-
D a
a D
D .
78
- D
.. D i
).(Ingersoll, 1988, Neisworth & Smith ,
) D
(
D a
Da
D a
.
):(
`
n . D
D ) (
.
` :
D D
.
D
:
- D
- -
) ( -
79
) :( )(
. D .
n
. D D
D
.
80
i - D
.
.
.
- D :
.
-
!
D ) (
.
-
D .
- .
- D D
.
n D D
. D
a
.
D
a D
81
) :( :
D
.
82
D
.
` D
D) (
Ibrahim, & Ibrahim 1989, Ibrahim,) ,.
.(Ibrahim, & Glick,
n
Q
.
D
:
D
D .. D
D
..
D- -
`
) (Bandura ,
) (Ingersoll ,
) ( Ingersoll , a
) (Eimers & Aitchison, l
D
D .
83
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
) :( D
D )( )( )(
)( . ) (
)( .
D .
84
n .
D ).(Bandura ,
D
. D
a
.
-
-
a .
)(:
)(
D) (
D
. `
D .
D )
(.
)(
`
D
D
)Peterson & ,
.(Harbeck
85
) (
`
D .
.`
.
a
D (Giampo et. al .,) a ) (Lazarus , .
D
).(Peterson & Harbeck ,
86
))( D
.
D a
. .
D D .
n
D D
.
87
D n .. ..
D D
. `
. D
.
D- -
.
.. .
D .
.
88
- -
D .
D
) (Bandura ,
n
. D
D
n
D D
).(Nietze & Susman ,
a
D .
.
89
. D
D
D.
i.
) (Madanes ,
a .
D .. .
-
- .
n a .
D D.
D
. D
) D ( )
(.
.
a an-
-
90
D
.
D
` D
: ) () (
) ( ) .( a
D .
D D D
) (Bandura & Ross , n
`
` .
-D
-
.
)---(
.
D . D
-)` ( a
D ),
.(Argyle - -
i
D D . )(Bandura ,
a D a
91
D
).()(
D n .
D D
D
) D
(.
D a
D .
`
D a Da
) (Madle & Neisworth , D
) (ingersoll , a D aD a
).(Madle & Neisworth ,
Da
) (
D ) (Lovaas ,
D
a .a
)&Lovaas, Freitag, Nelson
(1987, Waldar
) D
( D a
aD .ai (Conner 'O )
:
- n
D
92
) :(
. D
D .
Q .
93
.
- n
D ).(
a D a a
D n
.
a
D .
D
.
Da
D
a
.
i D
n
D
i
).(Peterson & Harbeck ,
:
D
D
. a
94
)
(
.
D
:
a .
n
.
)(Bandura ,
a
) :(
.
.
D D D
D .
95
) :(
D . D D
D n
D
D n
D .
96
D
.
D D.
D
D D
.- -
D i D
n
.
. a
:
- D.
- .
- D .
D D a
D- D
D
.
) ( )(
--
D
D .
:
- D n
D.
97
- D
) (Wolpe D
D n
D.
-
:
- a ) ( .
- a ) ( .
- D
.
- D
D .
- D
.
-
.
-
)(
D a a D
).(Herbort
D
` D
` D
D D
D .
D
.
:
- D.
98
- .
- D
.
- D D i .
- .
-
.
- .
D
:
- D.
- .
- .
-
D ...
)(Herpert, 1987; Lang & Jackoon, 1976
) ( ) (:
`
n i D
D
.
) .(
D .n
D D .
`
D
99
`
D .
) (Argyle , D
:
- D
D .
- D
.
-
.
- a .
-D .
D D
D D D
.
. -a -
a .
100
n
.D D
D
.
D
D ..
.
a
i D D
D .
.
101
102
8
`
D .
n
D
-D
.
(Beck et al., 1978; Ellis, 1977; Freeman & Davis,
)1991; Herbert,1987; Meichenbaum,1977
a
D
. D
-D
D
D
).(Meichenbaum, 1977
`
103
D :
- D D.
- .
-
D .
- .
- :
D
. D
D
.
) (Ellis , D D
.
D i ) (Azrin & Nunn ,
D
.
`
- -
D D )Zurilla ,
.(D & Goldfried a -
D
D) ( .
104
- :
D
.
).(Kazdin ,
) (Beck ,
- - D
D D .
` D
.
.
D
);Beck, 1967. Beck, et. al., 1979
.(Kaslow& Arcusin,
- ):(
--
n
.
D
D
.
a ) (Seligman ,
D D
D
105
D)(
.
.
`
n
) ) ( (.
.
D .
.
`
DD .
D
D ) ( ` .
DD
D
D . )
(
.
i `
D
D .
D D
.
- :
106
D a
D . .
D D
D D D
:
(E. g., Bandura, 1969; Beck, 1979; Ellis, 1968, 1977; Freeman & Davis,
)1991; Freeman & Zaken - Greenburg, 1988; Meichenbaun, 1977
- : .
- :
.
- :
.
.
- : a
:
n
.
-D :
)
(
: D
.
- :
107
.
- :
. D -D
:
.
- :
D a a - aa
- n
.
D .
- -D : -n
-
.
D aD :a
D
.
.
D a a
.
- :
.
D :
108
` n
.
- :
:
.
` D `
.
D
D
.
- ( (
:
D D D
D
D D
D .`
:
-
.
- D D :
? ?
?
-
109
a .
a D
n D
.
- D
`
. -
- n-
-
D .
D
.
- )((:
a Meichenbaum ,
D
a D D .
)n
D (
D .
D
D.
) (Herbert ,
a .
110
) :( n
D
. a D D
n
`.
111
: .. ..
. `
.
- :
i a
)( .
.
. D
D D
).(Herbert ,
- )(
D D
.
D
` ` .
a
D )
( )(
- :
D
` .
. D
112
.
- :
D
D D .
.
` n
) (
.
- :
--
D
. -
-
D
.n
:
D .
- :
. D
.-
i D ` -
- D- .
D . D
113
i
D
D
. - -
--D D
.
- ( :
D
.
.
-
a
.
D
D
.`
` D D
.
D
.
114
D
.
D
.
D n :
D D D
D
.
115
116
= : =
9
)(
)Mcgeee, Menolascino, ,
(Hobbs, & Menousek
D
aD a D .a
D.
a
D
i
. D-
- D
. - -
. D
D :
- i
n
117
D.
- .
aD
D.
- ` )
D i (.
D
D
a D .
- D
n
D :
- - -
D .
D )(
.
n D
D
.
D
) ( D
.
.
.
118
= : =
.
D
.
.
D Q
`
D Q D
a) aD (.
- D :
.
D D
.
D
D . D
.
:
- .
- ` )n (
D .
- ) (.
D Q
D .
D D
.
D
119
) :(
D
D
.
D
i
)(
. D
)(
n D
)(
D
.
) D(
.
:--
D.
)(
)(
)(
120
= : =
;
D
. D .
D
.
D
:
- D
.
- .
.
D D D Q
D ) ( .
D .
- D.Q
-
D ) ( D
a.
121
D
.
D )
a(
. D
D i
.
122
10
D n
) .(
- - D
D .
.
D
a
?
/
.
- n-
.
D
D D . D
123
D
. D
D . a )(
D D
.
124
D
(5) ! "#
$% & '
*
+,
-
.& /0 &#
)
1
.$& '*
(! "# $%
+!
, -,/0 "! -!
.
<
(789 :
;) 789
=&
: =&
:?! 2
7
N
&
'* D&I
O!
$%
-FG 3
U
# Dc# -4) $&
'* Z38 d
DEFG! B9 D <! ^
9 D <!
.(e3f
.5
U =< a YWM = D0
"# g# 5
jI $7
-I -kH B38 DEFG
=&
R7) [U* 6
125
"#0 6#G 7
(5) ! "# $
%
.
8
./ 0
+,-
1234 56 10
?3 @
@A ?BC DE! @FF
. G 1) ;H0 IJ- $K0L
@2R NE O ?F'4 G 5< ?S>
(%[ / 1F'4
.1
I
>4 @j 1'C 5 1"k &l[ 1N'
n
5 o! & d
.\0 U ?A
.+,!
zE n
{
1 ()*
.z) U
.
.
126
D D
.. a D
. n
D D
.
127
128
(1) Habituation
(2) Reciprocal inhibition
(3) Phobias
(4) School Phobias
(5) Relaxation
(6) In vivo
(7) Relaxation
(8) Tics
(9) Muscle relaxation
. D( )
. D `
(2) Raven progressive Matrices
(3) Draw-A-Person Test
(4) Punishment
(5) Response cost
(6) Time out
(7) Ignoring
(8) Testing Period
(9) Gentle Teaching
(10) Progressive approximation
(11) Differential reinforcement of other responses (DRO)
(12) Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior
(1)- Modeling
(2)- Assertive training
(3) Role playing
129
(4) Homosexuality
(5) Heterosexuality
) ( .
. a
D
).(Whitaker & Wickelly, 1964
(7) Autistic disorders
) ( D .control group
) ( .
(9) Assertiveness training
(10) Emotional freedom
(11) In Vivo
(12) Role playing
(13) RehearsaL
(1) Problem solving skills
(2) Negative expectations
(3) Learned helplessness
(4) Panic
(5) Learned hope
(6) Fantasize consequences
(7) Coping skills
(1) Gentle teaching
(2) Posture
130
131
132
William Osler D
`
D .
D
.
D
` D a
i n
.
Q
- D-
a n D
...
D `
D Q
Q
.
133
134
11
) (
: :
.
D D
.
.
D
D
`
) . `
( .
D
-
135
D n -
a .
: :
D
D .`
D D
D ) ( ) (
.
a:a
- a-- n
.
- D `
D .
i D ) (
D D
D . D
D a D D D
.
D aD a n
) (
D ) ( D
.
: :
D :
:
.
136
.
:
.
D
..
: .
i D ) (
D .
:
- )-- ..(.
- .
- .
- ? )-- -(.
- ? )
D ).(Base line data
- ? )
- - - ..(.
- ) D D( ?
) - -(.
- D ? )
- ..
(.
- D )- a
--- - ..(.
: :
D D
137
()* '1
&
!
"#$
8
9
10
11
12
138
(7) #$' 23
/ !" #$
4 +5 6 8 '9
/ / :> ?#@ A : (B#) 678
=</ / :
*)(
+,-.
139
D )( D
D
.
:
- D
.
: :
%
D :
% .
:
)
(.
.
:
% ) :(
D )( D D
D (( ) .(
. `
`
) (.
-
` D
D .
- D ) (
140
D
.
-
D .
-
D D ..
: D D
.
: D
D .
-
.
: :
:
- .
D
D .
: - D-
. D
.
: `
.
- --
:
141
,F4C D5
<3
@A ><B
*C D5
E?0;
45;
(84<
/ >;?"
9
;
(: (I
)
45;
J
5
& J
;
:~A
?
)
S + MB ) "
9 + .$[/
7 6OB
^3
80= $[! E
% /^
[
:V+ n d >6 + 8 ^0W M! + . .
N6 + , 0W! T>c ^/[
|6\' N\ TK> `lB
! "#
9-
7: 2
)3 1 $456 786 ./0
1
!
:34+
-
./02 ( 1
)*! +, ( 1
66= >
+
53 2 ( 2
;
.HI
5EF G
7
.66D ( 2
8MB+ NOP0
67 ( 3
6 MB ( 3
T, 7
"S
R
X YF
6
OW ( 4
\
! ^HB
+ "] ( 4 + -0+\ ( 5
T>[
8=
5>
-B
a
^ P
6V7
67 ( 5
d -
e7 ( 6
d ^>+
i V
>PV+ )+
T,
6\ "M7 ( 6
"l
( 7
3h
T,
7 -
p ( 8
r6\ st
V
67 ( 7
8/
^39[
;o
d 2 n
( 9
6
)+ H B ( 8
.v
w n[P
Ke
y[
V
- =B (10
5!I
8+ Y ( 9
{V
-/0
V [+ ^o
:B |
n6!
V
n
!
; !
(11
^H B Y
-= G
7
c T66=
H B (12
T,!
g#+
~A
r6R
:SB n[
5 F (13
SB |
G
*+ ,-
' ()
$%& H5;
$% &' ( 1
"# 1
8
9
567
-A !B &' ( 2
+ ? 9@ 2
7 - L &' ( 3
?KF 3
.5EF
#' 4
T>+ &' ( 4
UPV
!
8[
&' ( 5
" 5
T, `+
5! 6
>%, 6\ ( 6
bc
^O! -/h
ge% 7
N7
k@ 8
n/o ( 7
$% 9
"S
!q2
.6
+,
N02 ( 8
N/
10
-V7
tx
-/
h nz ( 9
Y>'3
-B[+ (10
UPV
G
7
-0M+ (11
^3+ 11
-B' 6\*!
:|
V
n/o (12
>67} (13
N/M2
Kt
>67} (14
sA
>\ (15
:|
. T6\ G
7
+ n ? M
M+ T 6A *
142
) :( )
( D i
).(:Daley,
143
3
: CSR #$
:
o"! pd ;Xk ,8 ";X o" +k .4- ;R g; o" u_ &g !" G-_ 9
.GR 4hcX sg" . .9" CSR !" -k Z}u D
. . . 1
1
. . . &' 2
1
2
. . . )78 3
,-/0 !" 45-6 3
( )*+ 3
. . &!:" 4
AB! CD 4
. . D" 5
-/ 5
. . K-+*7+ %H 6
4J 6
GD
H 4E/ 4=+ >!;? 6
4-O H 7
:;0L MD! G 7
Y !" Z/ 8
:-X 8
A G-_" G;_ 9
[V G
! \+* ];07 9
`;8
9
BS !"
;c[$ 10
4RDd e6
11
GD
H" %P 12
&+J
oB0-+
R 13
(4-/S_! 4-h7m)
&5RL
G;X 15
-k 45;_" 16
v
X ;8) *" 16
-u7 17
&R!
L$ 17
(4%/ v4J$
:% 19
&J% 17
oB0-+ 20
!;R ,h 18
y K-0/7 20
,- Q 19
z
;X! h+ 21
4$ 22
s-{d 20
G_ ,h t+
22
Z7$ 23
pD !" j_ `
X 23
yd 24
&RDd 24
45-6 24
~;6" BkJ
,b ]L 25
~;6" &5RL 26
144
: )
( D
.`
.
: D )
( ) .
(.
:
.` D
D )(
-
D
D.
8
! "#!$ %& '()
$ *+, -./
. . .
"!
*)(
+
,-
....
/ 0
1 01
23 4
0
" 56
=
<;
>?)
#
"! $>@ A
1
7B
)?HI J
7& 0
EK
J3L- 56
?6 MK N
!%O
)?$I J
7B
J3L- FP
<
C
QC
04 0
EK
J3L- RS
@ $ 7 # $0
)?. . TS- J
04 U
1K
<'F
V WC
X
?$<
5 FG
TE
<HY WC 7
3
*)([
0\93
]
H[
-
^ $ 7 $WC
_ .X . . .
145
:
) `
(.
:
) `
(.
- .
- D a
.
: :
D .
D
.
D
..
..
` D
):
(.
146
D
: )
(
.. ` .
147
148
12
` D D
.
D . `
. `
) (
:
- D
D
.
-
D .
.
149
) :( D D
D
D . D D
.
.
-
D .
- D
D
D :
-
D n
.
D .
. :
?
?
-
150
D
.
-
)
..
(.
-
)
(.
D a D.
- D D
.
-
.
D.
-
n
.
- .
` `
D.
- D
D D .
151
152
13
.
D
i
.
D
.
D
) a (.
D D
: )( D
D )
( n
..
.
` `
153
D.
D D.
D :
- .
- .
- a : D.
- a .
D :
. D
.
:
D .
) ( .
.
D D
.
D.
D
154
) (
.
) (
.
. `
a .
.
D .
D
:
.
. ) (a
. .
.
: .
D
. .
` a D
D
.
. :
D
. .
D D
.
155
D )
( .
.
D
.
D .
..
.
D D
.
:
D )
..( .
a . )(
.
.
. .
.
D D
D . .
D
. :
D .
`
D .
156
D a
:
D
D : D
.. . D .
D .
D : D .
. .
D
D.
i
D .
D
.
D .
D D.
..
D .. D a
D
.
157
158
14
.
.
.
.
D
.
:
159
-
D a a .
a a D
.
- .
.. ..
.. .
n
--
.
i
.
-
D .
-
.
-
` .
D
D
.
160
...
!
) :( D
.
D
D
.
161
162
15
-:
`
.
.` i
a
:
-
:
- .
-
D
) (
.
D .
-
163
*)( '&
!" #$%
:
:
:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
.
i . .
-
)
D D .. ..
D (.
-
.
- i a.a
.. .
.
i
a
. D
` .
.. ..
164
.
a .
D D D .
- :
.
.n D .
D D a
.
D n
D D .
- - :
..
..
. ..
) D(.
.. D .
D D
.
` D a
.. D
. `
.
.
D
165
D D D .
.
..
166
(1) Base line
167
168
169
170
`
.. .
D
D .
.
i
`
D D .
i
D .
Q D
D .
171
172
16
.
.
D
.
D
.
.
.
.
173
- .
- .
- .
-
.
) ( D
) (
.
Learning Disabilities -
-
.
- .
-D .
- )
(.
-
` D.
-
D .
174
` . a
:
-
.
`
D .
n .
) (
. D
)(
-
.
`
.
.
:
- .
- .
-
.
D :
175
-
D D
) ( D .
)D ( :
.
. D D
.`
.`
) ( .
-
D
.
-
D
a a.
- a
D
a
.
- D D D
.
D) (
.
-n
176
.
- D n
.
.
a
.
- D
- -
.
- .
-
.
D :
-
. ..
- .
- .
- .
- .
- ..
`) ..
.(
- .
:
177
: D
:
) a-- -(.
D .
a
D.
D.
: :
: D
D.
: :
D
. .
.
.
.
::
.. :
.
.
D D .
178
a D D.
: D:
D .
:
:
..- .. .
: :
.
. a D .
a
a a
.
: :
.
: :
. . a
.
.
.
:
:
179
D.
: :
` ) ( .
.
.
.`
.
: D:
.
.
: :
.
:
.
` D `
. ` n
D .
::
. n
D .
180
i
. D .
.
i
D .
:
- n .
D .
) D(
.
- :
D
n
.
- `
:
D )
(.
- n
D D )`
(.
-
D
.
181
-
D
D .
-
D .
- D
.
.
- .
- .
D
` .
D .
i
D . aa
. .
182
17
a .
`
.a
.
D
D ` .
. D
) (DSM-3- R
:
` D D
.
183
n D
.(From: Matson, Sons, Fialkov, & Kazdin,)
D .
i
D . D -
- . aD Da
n
D D .
.
.
D :
:
D . D
D
D D a.
:
.
:
184
.
D D D
:
` .
D
D . D
D
. D
.
n
D
D.
D `
D ) D(
.
D D
D
.
a D
D a
D .
185
186
18
Q
`
.
D
.
.
D - D
)-(Epstein, Rupp, & Cullinom,
D
D
.
187
.
).(
i . `
`
n )--
- D ( .
` n
..
.
i . D
.
D
.
.
D
D
D.
188
19
)
(
-
.
:
.
i
D .`
- D:
. a
189
. D
D .
.
D ) (Carr & Mcdowell ,
:
. D
D D
. D
. D
D
.
D )
(
D . a
.
D D .
.
.. . D
D .
190
.
.
D .
D
.
-
D .
.
191
192
20
.
.
.i
D
D.
193
D
. ) .( D
D
.
D
D
.
.
D
D )
(.
D .a
n n
. D
- D D
D- .
)(
. D
D D .
194
.
:
- D D
.a
-
.
- D.
-
.
D.
n :
- .
- D : D
D
.
- : D
D .
- :
.
- D :
.
:
195
- `
i .
- .
-
D .
D
D
D
D D
D.
D n .
D
a D
D ...
D
. D
D .
D .
D
D
.
196
21
`
`
.
.
: D .
:
-
.
.
-
.
197
- D D .
- D .
- .
- .
- .
- - - .
D ),
i (Herbert D Q .
) (
.
.
i
.
D .
.
D
.
aD D
D . D
D
.
198
a a :
:
D D
D
D . a
) ( .
D D
.
.
D D
D .
D a :
: :
D
:
-
D .
- D D
D .
.
-
D D D
n ) : `
D a ..(.
-
199
.
D
.
:
D
- -
.
D D .
D .
:
D D
.
D
.
D .
:
D
D
D
.
D
D
D D
200
D
D .
201
202
22
) (
D .
D .
Q
`.
D :
-
D.
-
203
) (.
- . D
.
- .
-
.
- D .
.
- ..
.
Eimers & Aithison,)
.(
.
D . .
a a
D .
D
D .
.
.
D
D
204
.
D
.
D D
. D a
D ).(Eimers & Aithison ,
( : :
D D
D .
a a
.
a D.
a a
a .
D .
D .
D :
: D :
D- - D
.
D a
D .
205
. D D
D
.
: :
a D
.
n
D . D
D D . D D
i
i .
: :
n
. :
-
.
- D .
D
` .
- a a
..
-D : D
.
D . D
..
206
.
:D:
. a
n
D . D
`
a
. D
D .
D
D :
( : (
: D:
D
. a D :
- D
D .
- D
. a D
.
D D . D
.
.
: :
.
D
207
.
D . D
D D.
: D) ( :
D
n
D . D
D .
D
.
D `- -
. D
D .
D D
D
.
: :
D D . D
D
n ) ( D
D .
D D
.
.
.
208
D D .
: D:
D a
. -
D- D n
.
B+
) (.
i
D
.
.
209
210
23
) (
. D
D .
.
:
-
) -
(.
-
) D(.
211
- .
- i
. D
D.
-
D D .
D
D.
-
.
D
.
.
- D a D
D.
-
D D i a
) (
D .
.
D
D n
D D .
212
.
D D
.
D a a
).(Fischer & Gochros ,
D D
. D
.
-
.
- D
.
- D
D )
(.
-
D.
i
D
.
213
a `
.
.
. D
.
D
.
D
D - -
i .
214
24
. )(
a
D
).(Stanton ,
i
D
% a
a
. a
D D
D
% a
a
% a
215
%
) (Schaefer et. al .,
D n
D .(Mahoney ,) %
-
- )().(
) (
D
. D D
.
-
-
.
.
)(Tofranil
D . D
.
216
i
D
D
D .
.
D
.
a D
. n
.a
D.
(
)
D
D .a
n . D
D D
D D
D D
i D
D . D
D D
D D . D
.
217
n D
a D
D
.
a:a
D
.n
.
D
D
D D
:
- D D D .a
-
.
- D .
-
.
D.
D
D
D .
:
218
- D :
- D D )
D (.
) :
-
D
D .
- D
:
D
.
a
. a
a D .
- ) (
D D
.
D D )(
.
219
- D
.
- D
a a
D D
a
D ) (
i D `
D .
- i
D .
. D D
D.
- D
.
- D
.
D )
(
n .
D
.
D
D .
D
D .
D
D .
220
D
D
D .
.
D
D
D D
` .
221
222
25
)
(
i
D .
D
.
:
n -
.
-n D
a D ) .(
a
.
223
- D- D`-
.
-
D
D .
D .
D
.
a
.
D
.
` .. ..
D ..D
.. .. `
.. ..
..
...
.
224
.
` ) (
.. ..
.
- D
- :
.
.
D
:
-
D .
.. ? .. ?
.. .
- .
- -
` .
- D.
-
.
- .
- .
- .
- D.
- .
- .
D
225
D .
D :
.
D
.
D .
- D D-
: a
. D
- -
.
D
D
.
) .(
.
. i
.
- -
.
. a
226
a .. ?..
.. ? .. ?
? :
. .. . .. . n :
- .
- ) (
.
-
D
?
- )(
) (
.
- D
D D .
.
D
D D
.
D ` . D
. :
- .
-
D )
227
%
a
D
D(.
-
.
- D %
. D
:
.
- .
.%
D .
-
.
D . D
.
:
)( .
. ` D
)- D
228
(.
?
:
D
.a
a .
.
:
: ..
.
.
.. .
?
.. .
.. .. ..
.
D .. .
.
:
D .
. D ..
D .
.
..
.
?:
.
229
:
..
. :
? . ..
.. .
?:
..
.. .
:
D
.. .
?
DD ..
: .. .. .
i D
. :
- ..
.. .
- .
- D
.. ) (
.
- ..
.
D .
)n
( :
230
-
a .
- ` D .
` )
D(.
- D .
.
D
D
.
- -
.
D
:
.
a a
D . D
D .
.
. a
231
:
- .
- .
- D .
- :
` -
D
.
-
.
-
)n
a a( .
i
a.a
-
.
.. .
Q .
`
- -
...
-
232
.` i
) D
( )
(.. )
..( .
D
..
.
D
.
-
D.
.
.
-
)D( )( .a
a
a a .
a
.
.
233
- :
D D
.
:
- D .
.. .
- n D :
.
-
D:
..
.
- :
D : .. .. :
.. . D
:
- .
- .
- D .
- D
.
- )
(..
234
-
.
D .
.
D D .a
. :
- )( .
-
D .
- .a
- .
- D D ) .
(.
- .
- .
.
.
..
.
.
235
(1) Attention difficulties
) ( D
D .
(1) Animal Phobia
(1) Time out
(1) Nocturnal Enuresis
(2) Operant learning
) ( ) (Zuckerman & LubinD
D
).(Ibrahim ,
) (
D
. D D
. D
D .
(1) Stress
(2) Tension.
236
237
238
) (
a D .
D n
.
- -
D .
Q a
a
` D .
239
240
26
.a
D
.
:
- n-
- .
D
a D
.
D n
D .
D
n
.
- - -
241
.
-
D . a -Gesell
- a
D
.
- .
.
.
a
a
a ).(Llge, Ames, & Baker ,
D
.
D
.
.
D
D .
n
.
242
a
--
D .
a .
i
D D .
.
D
D .
D
a
.
.
` D
. D
.a :
i
.
) (
.
243
.
.
.
D
.
n
D i
. D
D .
D n
. D
.
a a D
.
244
: e
27
-
:
- .
- .
-
n
D
.
a D
D
.
a .
i
.
245
.
.
.
.
` i .
.
D
. . D D
.
i .
.
.
D
.
:
- .
- .
- D .
-
.
246
: e
-
.
.
-
.
.
- a
.
D ` a
)(
.
. D
.
a D .
.
D . `
D
).(Lige, Ames, & Baker
247
i .
.
D D .
.
.
.
) (
D
i .
) (
.
..
.
248
e :
(8) *+,
- .!/ 01%23
:
I 2,5
P#
.
'( H> !"
? E 2/9 ?
" F ? <'R ? (, ? )# :
I 3
.S@T
.' H> 2D# U, 6 <, 9;
I 4
I 5
H6 ? A%#
H, ? AT ? U1 c/ :
.9C
H6 M
EG
[1>
?
F) ? 0-9A B1_, :&'
.d%# 0O 6 2D# a F6
249
I 6
(8) *+ ,"
-./ 01$
:
.
6
!
" #$ % " &' " () " " *
+ ,(- / 01 2# ( % (3 4 " 25
.7 / 089
" %( ;< " => ( /
.?@
:BCD *DE4 F CDGH
7
9 : 8
10
C) 0
!G %) 1J) ei C) %) BZ B!H F
GE
.(
12)
!K *C) 1J) ei
rv
X E^ 2D$ ghi j oi
.
E^
ghi $q BN #() 8( ([@ 1E ) #$% & '
.(2D$
.RSJ
JD! rw *
250
28
D
.
`
D
D
)(
D
.
D
D .
a
a
251
D n
.%
`
.
)( D .
.
D a
D
` D
a D D
D
.
) ( D
.
` -
- .
.
`
.
..
.
.
D.
252
(9)
253
.!
"#$ %
& '(
16
)*+ )
& ,/0"0 34
"57 79
34 :50
/57 ;
7 < "
=4 >?@9
< A0
B
C "0 34 "0 D7 >?@9
E50
(G
H
I
J!5 )
5G) )L?M7
N
>?@9
EGO0
.
#P <
"+
Q RS0 7"5 /M T /?7"+ U0
28
XG
D0"?
< YZL0
[\(
U!+ 34
"57 RS
EC
] '0
"
]
]" "77" E_7 MG J!` /! RS0 "+
40
#@ 12
]
&j ?+
!C *
U?!0
< "0 k YZL0 R U?!0
/0"? lG &N m0
MG 6 n 4 D7 ;o
"?NQ
."0" D7 k]
0 /5S p/h"
/ !q0
#@ 15
U0 7
Q]` ]
&j *0
#@ 18
(9)
!
! "# $
% &'
() & *+ ,-. "/ 0 1
$35 2,5 "# 89 :;
() <)= >
/ ,):? ?
. 5A9 ,B *+ CD
24
(G 3/ ,#1
)
H/ I ,-: J)? K(:
L53# JMD9 N
&'
OI9 P & $/ "# ,B
K( *+ 8/ "# Q L
8R. S)
$TD 3UV BV W9 XY
36
48
($
Hq)
)9 b#j >
/ rj
8 10
J t )G e
u9 (j3 e
(V >
/ e
j# ,9# v
f S)
(O[9) ,w LM
.5 *+ 1 "# LM
60
254
a
.
a .
. - a-
.
:
- ) D
...(.
- )
.. ..
(.
- )
(.
- ) -
D - ..(.
D
.
.
.
. D
.
255
256
(1) Nerve Connections
(1) Profound Mental Retardation
257
258
259
260
)(
)(
D a.
D
.
..
D )(
-
.
.
)
.(
261
D :
) (
. .
a
.
! D
a ) ( .
.. )
( ..
) (
. . .
. )
( a
) ( . .
.
. D
) . (.
. .
262
)(
) ( .
D . a
.
...
.
D . .
n D a
) ( .
. ..
D .. .
. D a
a D
. . .
a
) . ( .
. a
. . a
. ) (.
) :(
D .
n
.
D a .
263
.a D
. a
. . .
. a
) a ( .
. a .a
. .
a ) (.
.
)( .
D . ) ( . .
.a
. a
) (.
.
D a
) ( a
) ( . .
. . ) ( . ..
D D ) (.
264
)(
) .a( . a
a ) a(.
.a ) ( .
. ) (.
..
.
.
. .
) (.
D .
.Q
. D
.
. . .
a
.
.
. D .
) ( ..
) (.
.
. .
) ( . .
) ( ) (.
265
) :(
. a
aD a
.
. .
.
.
. a
) .( . .
D . ) ( .
D ) (.
.. .
.
a
) ( .
.
.
) (.
. .
266
)(
. .
) ( . .
. ) ( .
.
a )
(.
.
D ) ( .
a
) ( .
.
) ( . . ..
)(.
.
.
. . a
a ) ( . D :
a
a . .
.
) (.
D
a .
267
.
.
.
) ( .
) ...( a
) ( ) (
) a( . ) a(
) ( .. ) ( ..
.. D
...
.
...
:Q
.
268
)(
.. a
.
.. .
.
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
a .
:
a a a .
.. ..
269
..
a ..a .
... .
D .
.. a a
.
:
..
..
.
:
D ..a
.
D ..
D ..
D
.
(:
D
.
. D
..
..
D .. .
.. ...
..
.. D .a
270
)(
:
.
a a ..a
..
.
D
..
a a
..
.
.a
a
:
.. `
.
..
a
D
271
D ...
..
..
.
... .. ....
..
.
.. ..
.. ...
.
.. ..Q
a .. ..
.
:
..
.. ..a
.. a ..D.
.. .. ..a .. ..
.. .
.. .. ..
.. .. ...
.. .. .
.. .
.. ..
...
.. .. ..
272
)(
..
.. ..
..
.
.
..
.. ..
..
..
.. ..
a .. ..
.. .. ..
..
a .. ..
..
D
.
.. ..
.
.. ..
.
.. ..
273
..
.
. Q
.. i
.
.
.
) :(
.
a
D ..
.
a
..a
D
.
274
)(
)(
:
-
D D D.
- D D
D
.
- a
` a
- -
n
.. . D
275
D
.
:
- (:
-
-
a a D : a
.
D .
...
- :
n
a D a
a a )
D ( . D
D
D .
.
.
D ` .
D
.
- :
a
n D D
D .. .
276
)(
- (Interruption :
D )
( .
.
D D
.
a D
D
.
D
D
) ( .
- Redirection :
) ( .
.
D ..
.
` .
- Ignoring
D
D . D
D .
277
) ( .
.
.
Reward :
-
D
..
D .
D
. . D D
D .. D a
.
` .
)(:
- :
D .
- :
.
- :
D D
D.
278
279
280
Time out:
-
- . a
a .
D D
.
Depression:
.
D
D . Reactive Depression
)
(
.
. D a n
.
.
Progressive Matrices:
`
. .(Raven ,) a
) ( Psychologist:
D .
D D D
.
281
Conditioned response:
D
D.
Relaxation:
n
D .
Social disapproval
a ) D( )
( .
D .
a a
D .
Cognitive Style:
D D
.
D .
D :D
) D(
D ...
Ellis Beck D
.
Developmental Disabilities:
) (.
282
Modeling:
a )
(.
Token Economy:
Token
D .
D . )
( D
. .
D
. .
)D D D
( `
` n
.
D .
.
Emotion:
D D
D . Emotional
.
Extinction:
.
D ` .
283
Bulimia:
D.
Spontaneous Recovery:
Environment planning:
D
D
D . D D
.Environment Control
Mental Retardation:
n D
.
D.
Anxiety Hierarchy:
D D
) :
(.
Negative Practice:
.
D
i ` .
284
Reinforcement:
Positive Reinforcement:
) (
.
...
)( Partial Reinforcement:
D a a
.
D .
D
D ) (.
Negative Reinforcement:
.
) (
.
Accidental Reinforcement:
. .
285
D
D
D
a D .
D
.
:
):Differential Reinforcement Of Other Behavior (DRO
)
D( . D i
D . D
D .
D .
D
D.
:
)Differential Reinforcement Olncompatible Behavior (DRL
D `
D
`
.
Continuous Reinforcement:
a i
286
a
.
Stimulus Satiation:
D D .
.
D
D
.
Conditioning:
a
) (.
Shaping:
D
` D
.
.
Over Correction:
D .
D
D D . D
287
D .` D
.
Social Learning:
n
.
.
)( Operant Learning:
D
Skinner
)
D(.
Cognitive Learning:
D .
D ) : (.
Habituation:
D
D D D
.
Catastrophic Thinking:
.
288
) ( Desensitization:
D D ) (.
Response Cost:
D
D ) (
.
Fading:
D .
D
a .
D a
.
) ( Aversion:
.
.
) ( Assertiveness:
D
.
`
.
289
D ....
Psychologist:
) (
) ( Baseline:
a .
Monolog:
) (
Psychosis:
D
D
D
)
.(.
Behavior:
`
...
Target Behavior:
D .
290
: .
Antecedents:
D D
D )
(.
Skinner Box:
) (.
Environment Control:
) (.
Stimulus Control:
D D .`
D D
D . D
.
Psychiatrist:
) ( Biofeedback:
)
( D D
...
291
Neurosis:
.
D .
D .
) :
D )( (.
Anrxiety Neurosis:
D D ) . (.
Punishment:
)
(.
Psychoanalytical Therapy:
D Q D
.
Aversion Therapy:
) (.
Behavior Therapy:
D D
.
- Cognitive-Behavior Therapy:
D ) (.
292
Chemo Therapy:
D
a D a
.
Cognitive Therapy:
D
) .
-(.
Existential Therapy:
D
D )-(.
Psychotherapy:
D
aD D D
.
Psychology:
D
.
) (
293
Schizophrenia:
) (.
) ( Phobia:
.
D .. .
D
) . (.
Model:
) -(.
Anxiety:
D
D) . (.
Compulsive Behavior:
D
) (.
Catastrophic:
) (.
)( Consequences:
)n D (
.
294
Role playing:
n
D .
Monolog:
a (Meichenbaum) D
D
D D D . D
D
D .
Primary Reinforcer:
a
.
Conditioned Stimulus:
` n .
D n
.
) (.
Hormone:
.
295
Anorexia Nervosa:
D
.
Hallucinations:
Auditory Hallucinations
Visual Hallucination
.
`
.LSD
Hysteria:
.
D D
.
Delusions:
.
) (:
Obsessive Compulsive:
) .
(.
296
) ( . : . : .
) ( . : . :
D.
) ( . . : D . .
) ( . : .
: D.
) ( ) ( )( .
D .Di D
D .a - .
) ( ) ( )( .
. ) ( - /.
) ( :
. :.
) ( . .
) ( . D .
:D . .
) ( . .
:D . .
REFRENCES
Adesso V.J. (1990). Habit disorders. In A.S. Bellack, M. Hersen, & A.E. Kazdin (Eds.) International
handbook of behaviour mod ification and therapy. (2nd Ed.). New York: Plenum Press. American
Psychatric Association. (1987) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders Third Edition-R.
Washington. D.C.: APA.
American Psychological Association. (1988). Hospital practice: Advocacy issues. Washington. DC:
APA.
Argyle, M. (1973). Psychology and Social problems. London: Me thuen & Co.
Argyle. M. (1986). Social behaviour. In M. Herbert (Ed), Psychology for Social Workers (2nd ed.),
London: Methuen.
Bandura, A. (1969). Principles of behaviour modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
297
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Beck, A.T. (1967). Depression. New York: Harper.
Beck, A.T. (1971). Cognition, affect and psychopathology. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 24, 495-500
Beck, A. (1974). Depressive neurosis. In S. Arieti & E. Brody (Eds.), American handbook of psychiatry
VoL. 3. New York: Basic Books.
Beck. A.T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and emotional disorders. New York: International Universities
Press.
Beck, A.T. (1987). Congintive therapy. In J.K. Zeig (Ed.) The evolu tion of psychotherapy. New York,
N.Y.: Bruner/Mazel, Inc.
Beck, A.T., Brady, J.P., & Quen, J.M. (1977). The history of de pression. New York: Insight
Communication.
Beck, A.T., Rush, A.J., Shaw, B.F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York:
Guilford Press.
Beck, A.T. (1987). Cognitive therapy. In J.K. Zeig (Ed.) The evolu tion of psychotherapy. New York:
Bruner/Mazel, Inc.
Can, E.G., & McDowell, J.J. (1987). Social control of self-injurious behaviour of organic etiology. In.
C.E. Schaefer, H.L. Millman, S.M. Sichel, & J. R. Zwilling, (Eds.), Advances in therapies for children.
San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Craighead, W.E., Kazdin, A.E. & Mahoney, M.J. (1976). Behaviour modification: Principles, issues,
and applications. Boston.: Houghton Mifflin.
Daley, M.F. (1979). Reinforcement menue: Finding effective re inforcers. In J.D. Krumboitz & C.E.
Thoresen (Eds.) Behavioural counseling cases and techniques. New York: Holt, Rinehart & winston.
DZurilla, T.J., & Goldfried, M.R. (1971). Problem-Solving and be haviour modification. Journal of
Abnormal Psychology, 78, 107- 126.
Elmers, R., & Aitchison R. (1977). Effective parents, responsible children. New York: McGraw Hill.
Ellis, A. (1962). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. New York: Lyle Stuart.
Ellis, A. (1987). The evolution of rational-emotive therapy (RET) and cognitive behaviour therapy
(CBT). In J.K. Zeig (Ed.,) The evolution of psychotherapy. New York: Bruner/Mazel, Inc.
Ellis, A. (1990). How to stubbornly refuse to make your self mis erable about anything. New York:
Lyle Stuart Book.
Eysenck. H.J. (1979). The conditioning model of neurosis. Be havioural and Brain Sciences. 2, 155166.
Fischer, J., & Nehs, R. (1987). Treatment of swearing behaviour. In C.E. Schaefer, H.L. Millman,
S.M., Sichel, & J.R. Zwilling. (Eds.), Advances in therapies for children. San Francisco: Jos sey-Bass
Publishers.
Foa, E.B., & Wilson, R. (1991). Stop obsessions: How to overcome your obsessions and compulsions.
New York: Bantam Books. Frame, C., Matson, J.L., Sonis, W.A., Fiakov, M.J., & Kazdin, A.E. (1987).
298
=
Social skills-training with a depressed boy. In C.E. Schaef er, H.L. Millman, S.M., Sichel, & J.R.
Zwilling, (Eds.), Advances in therapies for children. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Franks,
C.M., & Barbrack, C.R. (1986). Behaviour therapy with adults: an integrative perspective. In M. Hersen,
A.E. Kazdin, & A.S., Bellack (Eds.) The Clinical psychology handbook, New York: Pergamon Press.
Freeman, A., & Davis, D.D. (1990). Cognitive therapy of depression. In A.S. Bellack, M. Hersen, &
A.E. Kazdin (Eds.) International handbook of behaviour modification and therapy. (2nd Ed.). New
York: Plenum Press.
Giampa, F.L., Walker-Burt, G., & Lamb, D. (1984). Group homes curriculum. Part III. Michican.
Lansinc: Michigan Department of Mental Healths Office of Resource Development.
Goldfried, M.R. & Davison, G.C. (1977). Clinical behaviour ther apy. New York: Holt, Rinehart &
Winston.
Goifried, M.R., & Goldfried, A.P. (1975). Cognitive change methods. In F.H. Kanfer, and A.P. Goldstein
(Eds.), Helping people change. New York: Pergamon Press.
Gonzales, L., Hays, R.B., Bond, M.A,, & Kelly, J.G. (1986). In M. Hersen, A.E. Kazdin, &A.S. Bellack
(Eds). The clinical psychol ogy handbook. New York: Pergamon Press.
Harris, S.L. (1986). Behaviour therapy with children. In M. Hersen, A.E. Kazdin, & A.S. Bellack,
(Eds.), The clinical psychology handbook. New York: Pergamon Press.
Hawton, K., & Kirk, J. (1991), Problem-solving. In K. Hawton, P.M. Slakovskis, J. Kirk, and D.M.
Clark (Eds.), Cognitive behaviour therapy for psychiatric problems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Herbert, M. (1987a). Behavioural treatment of children with prob lems: A practice manual. London:
Academic Press.
Herbert, M. (l987b). Conduct disorders of childhood and ad olescence: a social learning perspective
Chichester: John Wiley. Ibrahim, A. & Ibrahim, R (1990). The behavioural non aversive (gen tle)
teaching approach and its therapeutic applications in severe be havioural problems. I: Techniques and
& theoretical foundations. The Arab Journal of Psychiatry. 1, No 3, 201-210.
Ibrahim, A., Glick J. & Ibrahim, R. (1991) The behavioural non aversive (gentle) teaching approach
and its therapeutic applica tions in severe behavioural problems. II. An applied case study of severe
aggression. The Arab Journal of Psychiatry. Vol. 2. No.
1, 44-52.
hg, F.L., Ames, L.B., & Baker, S.M. (1981). Child behaviour: Spe cific advice on problems of child
behaviour. New York: Harper & Row.
Ingersoll, B. (1988). Your hyperactive child. New York: Dou bleday.
Ingram, R.E., & Scott, W.D. (1990). Cognitive behaviour therapy. In A.S. Bellack, M. Hersen, & A.E.
Kazdin (Eds.) International handbook of behaviour modification and therapy (2nd Ed.), New York:
Plenum Press.
Karoly, P. (1975). Operant methods. In F. Kanfer and A.P. Goldstein (Eds.). Helping people chan2e.
New York: Pergamon.
299
Kaslow, N.J., & Racusin, G.R. (1990). Childhood depression. In A.S. Bellack, M. Hersen, & A.E.
Kazdin (Eds.) International hand book of behaviour modification and therapy (2nd Ed.). New York:
Plenum Press.
Kazdin, AR (1990). conduct disorders. In A.S. Bellack, M. Hersen. & A.E. Kazdin (Eds.), International
handbook of behaviour modification and therapy. (2nd Ed.) New York: Plenum Press. Kendell, P.C.,
& Bemis, K.M. (1986). Thought and action in psycho therapy: The cognitive-behavioural approaches.
In M. Hersen, A.E. Kazdin, & A.S. Bellack (Eds.) The clinical psychology handbook New York:
Pergamon Press.
Krasner, L. (1990). History of behaviour modification. In A. S. Bellck, M. Hersen, & A.E. Kazdin
(Eds.), International hand book of behaviour modification and therapy. (2nd Ed.), New York: Plenum
Press.
Lazarus, A.A. (1971). Behaviour therapy and beyond. New York: McGraw Hill.
Levis, D.J. (1990). The experimental and theoretical foundations of behaviour modification. In A.S.
Bellack, M. Hersen, & A.E. Kaz din (Eds.) International handbook of behaviour modification and
therapy. (2nd Ed.), New York: Plenum Press.
Liberman, R.P., DeRisi, W.J., & Mueser, K.T. (1989). Social skills training for psychiatric patients.
New York: Pergamon Press. Lovaas, 0.1. (1977). The autistic child: Language development through
behaviour modification. New York: Irvington.
Madanes, C. (1988) Strategic family therapy. San Francisco: Jos sey-Bass Publishers.
Madle, R.A., & Neisworth, J.T. (1990). Mental retardation. In A.S. Bellack, M. Hersen, & A.E. Kazdin
(Eds.) International hand book of behaviour modification and therapy (2nd Ed.). New York: Plenum
Press.
McGee, J. Menolascino, F.J, Hobbs, D.C., & Menousek, P.E. (1987). Gentle Teaching: A non aversive
approach to helping persons with mental retardation. New York: Human Sciences Press. Meichenbaum,
D.H. (1969). The effects of instruction and re inforcement on thinking and language behaviour in
schizo phrenics. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 7-101-114. Meichenbaum, D.H. (1977). Cognitivebehaviour modification New York, Plenum Press.
Mischel. W. (I 968L Personality and assessment. New York: John
Wiley & Sons.
Mischel, W. (1979). On the interface of cognition and personality. American Psychologist 39, 351364.
Morrison, R.L. (1990). International dysfunctions. In A.S. Bellack, M. Hersen, & A.E. Kazdin (Eds.)
International handbook of be haviour modification and therapy (2nd Ed.). New York: Plenum Press.
Neisworth, J T., & Smith, R.M. (1973). Modifying retarded be. haviour. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
OConner, R.D. (1969). Modification of social withdrawal through symbolic modeling. Journal of Applied
Behaviour Analysis, 15- 22.
OLeary, K.D., & Wilson, G.T. (1975). Behaviour therapy: Ap plication and outcome. Englewood
300
=
Cliffs, NJ.: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Patterson, L., & Harbeck, C. (1990). Medical disorders. In A.S. Bel
lack, M. Hersen, & A.E. Kazdin (Eds.) International handbool! of behaviour modification and therapy
(2nd Ed.). New York: Plenum Press.
Pichot, P. (1989). The historical roots of behaviour therapy. J of Be haviour Therapy & Exp. Psychology
0, Pp. 107-114.
Schaefer, C.E., Millman, H.L., Sichel, S., & Zwilling, J.R. (1987). Advances in therapies for children.
San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Pub lishers.
Schmaling, K.B., Fruzzetti, A.E., & Jacobson, N. (1991). Marital problems. In K. Hawton, P.M.
Slakovskis, J. Kirk, and D.M. Clarl< (Eds.), Cognitive behaviour therapy for psychiatric problems.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Seligman, M.E.P. (1975) Helplessness. San Francisco: W.H. Free man.
Seligman, M. (1988). Me decades generate depression: in dividualism erodes commitment to others.
The APA Monitor. Vol. 19, No. 10.
Skinner, B.F. (1953). Science and human behaviour. New York: Macmillan.
Skinner, B .F. (1974). About behaviourism. New York: Knopf. Spiegler, M.D. (1983). Contemporary
behaviour therapy. Palo. Alto, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company.
Stampfl, TG., & Levis, D.J. (1976). Implosive therapy: A be havioural therapy. In J.T. Spence, R.C.
Carson, & J.W. Thibaut (Eds.) Behavioural anuroaches to theranv. Morristown. NJ:
General Learning Press.
Tuma, J.M. (1989). Mental health services for children: The state of the art. American Psychologist,
44, 188-199.
Weiss, R.L., Heyman, R.E. (1990). Marital distress. In A.S. Bellack, M. Hersen, & A.E. Kazdin (Eds.)
International handbook of be haviour modification and therapy (2nd Ed.) New York: Plenum Press.
Wolpe, J. (1958), Psychotherapy by reciprocal inibitiontanford Stanford University Press.
Wolpe, J. (1973). The practice of behaviour therapy (2nd ed.), New York: Pergamon Press.
Wolpe, J. (1987). The promotion of scientific psychotherapy. In J.K. Zeig (Ed.), The evolution of
psychotherapy. New York: Bruner/Mazel, Inc.
Wolpe, J., & Lang, P.J. (1964). A fear survey schedule for use in behaviour therapy. Behaviour Research
and Therapy, 2, 27- 30.
Wolpe, J., & Lazarus, A.A. (1966). Behaviour therapy techniques: A guide to the treatment of neurosis,
New York: Pergamon Press
301
302
( :
.
D
.
D D
D .
Q D.
D
APA`
D
....
.
D
D
.
.
:
.
.
D
D
:
.
303
`.
.
D . a
D D D
.
a
.
.
.
-
D .
D .
D
D .
D.
D .
n
.
D
D .
304
de
Q
D
.
D
D D
.
-
` D
-
n
D D
.. .
D
D ` a
. -Q -Q
?
? .