1.

Can you explain in detail three or more major differences between code ANSI
B31.1 and code ANSI B31.3?

Answer: There is only one major difference between the two, B31.1 is for Power
Piping and B31.3 is for Refinery/Chemical Plant Piping.

2. There is a power plant inside a Process refinery. Where exactly the ANSI B31.1
& ANSI B31.3 scope break occurs?

Answer: Based on my experience there were two cases. Case #1, B31.1 stopped at
the Power Plant Unit block valves. Thus all piping inside the Power Plant was
B31.1. Case #2, B31.1 stopped at the equipment (Boiler) isolation block valves and
then all other piping was B31.3. This is normally the choice of the
owner/operator/client.

3. Which of the following piping system is more health hazardous. A) Fuel oil
piping b) Process piping with Caustic c) process piping with HF acid d) Sulphuric
acid piping.

Answer: c) process piping with HF acid

4. There is a steam piping with low pocket but without steam trap. What will be
worst consequence of this layout?

Answer: There will be a build up of condensate to the point that a slug will be
pushed by the steam flow. This slug of condensate will cause water hammer and
could rip the piping apart.

5. In what circumstance, the reducer of a pump suction piping will be in bottom
flat position. Explain why the reducer should be so.

Answer: When reducers are placed in pipe Rack they are generally bottom side
flat to maintain BOP to facilitate supporting. (Answer Credit: Samir Kumar)

6. A P&ID shows a spec break (at Flange) between carbon steel & stainless steel
specification. What additional arrangements you have to make for that dissimilar
material flange joint?

Answer: Use the Gasket and bolts from the SS spec.

7. A stainless steel piping specification mentions Galvanized carbons steel bolts.
What is your first reaction ti this and how do you rectify it?

Answer: If that is what the Spec call for then that is what I am supposed to use.
But, I would ask the Piping Material Engineer (PME) why he/she specified
galvanized bolts.

8. How many types of piping specialty items do you know? Why it is called a
piping special? Why not we include them in standard piping specification.

Answer: I could possibly count 50 or more depending on the PME and how the
piping material specs were developed. They are called them SP items because
they are NOT written into the normal Piping Material (Line Class) Specifications.
They are not included because they are normally of limited use, purchased from a
limited product line vendor and are often after thoughts.

9. Draw a typical steam trap station layout and explain why the existence of a by-
pass line around the trap is not a good idea, when the condensate is returning to a
condensate header?

Answer: (No drawing) It is not advisable to have a bypass around a steam trap
because the block valve could be left open and defeat the purpose of the trap.

10. Explain what is a Double block & Bleed valve? Why we need a bleed valve?
When do we use this?

Answer: The primary purpose of a Double Block & Bleed is Safety. However it is
not fail safe. The next better Safety set-up would be Double Block Valve with a
Spec Blind between the valves. The higher level of safety would be double block
valves with a removable spool for absolute isolation.

11. In a typical tie-in where should the spectacle blind be inserted? a) after block
valve and towards existing plant b) before block valve and towards new plant.
Explain why.

Answer: The Spec Blind shall be placed on the Unit side of the Unit Block valves.
This placement allows for the closing of the Unit isolation block valve, the unit
side is depressured and drained. Then the spec blind can be installed for isolation
of the unit.

12. Stress intensification factor (SIF) Where do we use this? Explain this term.
How many types of these SIFs exist?

Answer: Stress Intensification Factor (SIF) is a multiplier on nominal stress for
typically bend and intersection components so that the effect of geometry and
welding can be considered in a beam analysis. Stress Intensification Factors form
the basis of most stress analysis of piping systems. As for the quantity, ask a
Stress Engineer.

13. When all design parameters are same, whose thermal expansion is higher
among the following? A) Carbon steel b) Stainless steel c) Duplex steel d) Cast
Iron e) Galvanized Carbon steel.

Answer: b) Stainless steel

14. In a hose station the hose couplings used for water, air & steam should be
different type. Do you agree? Explain your view.

Answer: I agree. If they are all the same then the hoses can be connected to the
wrong services and could result in the injury of an operator (i.e.: thinking the
hose is connected to water when it is connected to steam).

15. What is your view on the usage of Metallic expansion joints? When they
become necessary and when they could be avoided?

Answer: I do everything I can as a piping designer to avoid the use of all types of
expansion joints. Expansion joints are always the weakest point in any system
where they are used.

16. A water cooler heat exchanger, located on a 20 m high structural platform.
Water header is located u/g. What precaution do you take, in case of Pressure loss
in cooling water header?

Answer: I do not understand this question it does not appear to be a piping issue.
I would assume that the cooling water system has a (loss of) pressure sensor and
the plant shut-down alarms and sequence would be activated.

17. In what order do you arrange the pipes in the Pipe rack and why? How much
% of area should be reserved for Future expansion? Specify a range.

Answer: The largest hottest lines on the outside edge of the pipe rack working in
with cooler lines in towards the middle of the rack. This allows the longer loop
legs as you lay the loops back over the other lines to the other side of the rack and
back. The lower temperature loops would be nested inside the larger, hotter
loops.

Future rack space is normally at the direction of the Client. It may be anything
from 0% to as much as 25%.

18. When a utility line (like condensate or water etc) is connected permanently to
a process piping what precaution we have to take to avoid cross contamination?

Answer: Option #1, double block valve with a drop-out spool.
Option #2, Double block valve with a spec blind.
Option #3, double block valves with a bleed valve.

19. A air fin cooler (2 air coolers with each having 2 inlet nozzles) needs a Typical
piping arrangement. How many types of piping arrangement is possible.

Answer: There are a number of ways to pipe a Fin-Fan cooler depending on what
the P&ID call for?