To evaluating

= =
2
1
2
1
2 1
PdV W W
Keep in mind this is an area under
PV diagram

There are 2 classes of problems
1. Relation between P and V
given in experimental data or
graphical form then evaluate
equation using graphical or
numerical integration
2. Relation between P and V is
ftted for direct integration
Polytropic Process
PV
n
constant
P
!
V
!
n

P
2
V
2
n
n
n
n
n
n
V
V P
V
V P
V
t Cons
P
2 2 1 1
tan
= = =

=
2
1
1 1 2 2
1 n
V P V P
PdV
"or n not equal to !
"or n ! P
!
V
!

P
2
V
2
#nd
1
2
1
2
1
1
V
V
Ln V P PdV

=
Heat Transfer Mode
$eat transfer is the transport of
energy due to a temperature
di%erence between di%erent
amounts of matter
How Heat can transfer
1. Conduction : transfer
through energy exchange between
molecules
dx
dT
kA Q =
.
2. Convection: heat transfer
through contact of two substances
due to bul& motion i'e' medium
is moving
T hA Q =
.
3. Radiation : heat transfer by
transmitting energy as
electromagnetic wave in space(
no need a matter
4
.
s
AT Q =
emissivity( )tefan*
+olt,mann constant
T
s
surface temperature
-onsider gas in a cylinder ftted
with a movable piston
Case 1 Positive heat to gas *
temp increase ** pressure
increase but if external force is
constant then volume increase
"or .egative heat /out from gas0
everything go another way
Case 2 Positive heat with external
force decrease*** gas pressure
decrease** temp decrease
1ecouple direction of heat
transfer and temperature change
occur due to the characteristic of
external force** 2oad
To evaluate energy either in wor&
or heat over time

=
2
1
o
2 1
dt W W
or
dt Q Q
2
1
o
2 1

=
# simple average solution
t W dt W W avg
o
2
1
o
2 1
=