CognitiveRadioNetworks:

ImplementationandApplicationissues ImplementationandApplicationissues
inIndia
By
LokeshChouhan
UnderthesupervisionofProf.AdityaTrivedi
ABV IndianInstituteofinformation f f
Technology&Management,
Gwalior
Contents
Introduction
LiteratureReview
CRNA hi CRNArchitecture
Challenges
Issues
Applications Applications
Conclusion&Issuesforfuturework
References
Fig1Ref.fromwww.telcoma.in
Introduction
FixedSpectrumAssignment
WirelessRadioSpectrumEnvironment
FixedSpectrumAssignment
SharedSpectrumConcept
D i S A DynamicSpectrumAccess
i ( ) k
DARPADynamicSpectrumAccess
I lli R di N/ (C i i R di )
NeXtGeneration(xG)Network
IntelligentRadioN/w(CognitiveRadio)
HoleorWhiteSpaceConcept HoleorWhiteSpaceConcept
Fig.1:CRNConcepts
CognitiveRadioNetwork
Wirelesscommunicationinwhichthetransmission
orreceptionparametersarechangedtocommunicate
efficientlywithoutinterferingwithlicensedusers. efficientlywithoutinterferingwithlicensedusers.
Parameterchangesarebasedontheactive
monitoringoffseveralfactorsintheradio monitoringoffseveralfactorsintheradio
environment(e.g.radiofrequencyspectrum).
Thisapproachisenabledbysoftwaredefinedradio
frequencyspectrum.
LiteratureReview
CRNwasfirstdescribedbyMitolainhisPh.DThesis,Cognitive
radio:integratedagentarchitectureforsoftwaredefinedradioin2000.
FCC hasgiventhereportin2003.
DSAconceptwasfirstlyimplementedbyDARPA in2003.
Radiosceneanalysis,Channelstateestimation,predictivemodeling,
Transmitpowercontrol dynamicspectrummanagementaredescribed Transmit powercontrol,dynamicspectrummanagementaredescribed
extensivelybySimonHaykin inFeb.2005.
LiteratureReview
DynamicSharedSpectrumaccessconceptisdescribedbyI.F.Akyildiz in
2006andalsointroducedconceptofCognitiveRadioAdHocNetwork
(CRAHN)whichisinfrastrurelesscognitiveradionetworkinJuly2009.
Wireless RegionalAreaNetwork (WRAN),alsoknownasIEEE802.22 g ( ),
WorkingGrouponWirelessRegionalAreaNetworks.
BriefdetailofCRNplatforms:UniversalSoftwareRadioPeripheral
(USRP),WirelessopenAccessResearchPlatform (WARP)and
Sundance.
CRNArchitecture
Fig.2:CRNArchitecture
CRNFunctions
Spectrum
i
Spectrum
t
Spectrum
bilit
Spectrum
h i sensing
D t ti
management mobility sharing
Detecting
unused
spectrumand
sharingthe

Capturingthe
bestavailable
spectrumto
Maintaining
seamless
communicati
on
Providingthe
fairspectrum
scheduling
spectrum
without
harmful
interference
h h
spectrumto
meetuser
communicati
on
requirements
on
requirements
duringthe
transitionto
better
scheduling
method
among
coexistingCR
users
withother
users.
requirements. better
spectrum.
users.
CognitiveCycle CognitiveCycle
Cognitivecapability
Reconfigurability
Fig3:CognitiveCycle
Challengesinspectrumsensing
Interferencetemperaturemeasurement
Spectrumsensinginmulti usernetworks Spectrumsensinginmultiusernetworks
Detectioncapability
Spectrummanagementchallenges
Decisionmodel.
Multiplespectrumbanddecision.
Cooperationwithreconfiguration.
Spectrumdecisionoverheterogeneous
spectrumbands. p
Challengesofspectrummobility
Spectrumhandoff. p
Spectrummobilityinmultipleusers Spectrummobilityinmultipleusers.
Spectrumsharingchallenges
Commoncontrolchannel(CCC).
Dynamicradiorange Dynamicradiorange.
Spectrumunit.
Implementationissues
ReadinessoftheCRNbackbone
DefiningpointofInterconnectandInterface.
D fi i i fU if i b d i i i DefinitionofUniformservicebasedpriorities.
Defaultserviceandroutingrequirement Defaultserviceandroutingrequirement.
ServiceauthenticationandAuthorization.
Regulatoryissues Regulatoryissues
Migrationfromservicebasedlicensingtoserviceneutrallicensingregime.
Issuesrelatedwithconvergedlicensing Issuesrelatedwithconvergedlicensing.
Reclassificationofthelicenses.
Pricingissuestoendusers.
Migrationfromservicebasedpricingtoserviceneutralpricing.
RevenuesettlementoftheoperatorsinCRNenvironment RevenuesettlementoftheoperatorsinCRNenvironment.
QoS issues QoS issues
NeedtodefineQualityofservicesparametersinCRNenvironment.
M i i Q Si i k d i li d fi d MonitoringQoSinvariousnetworksandensuringcompliancetodefined
QoS parametersinCRNenvironment.
E i E d E dQ S h k EnsuringEndtoEndQoSacrossthenetworks.
Needtodefineuniqueservicebasedpriorities Needtodefineuniqueservicebasedpriorities.
Reliabilityacrossdiverseapplications.
Securityissues Securityissues
Protectionfromvariousprotocolattacks.
Applicationattacks.
Unauthorizeduserintroduction.
U th i d t t d t Unauthorizedaccesstosystemdata.
Denialofservices(DOS)andDistributedDenialofservicesattacks e a o se ces ( O ) a d s u ed e a o se ces a ac s
(DDOS).
Issues
Routingchallenges
Commoncontrolchannel
Intermittentconnectivity
Rerouting
Queuemanagement
Transportlayerchallenges
RTT
d ff
Transportlayerchallenges
SpectrumHandoffLatency
Crosslayerchallenges
DynamicNatureandRerouting
Challengesinspectrummanagement
SpectrumHandoffLatency RouteFailureandRecovery
Challengesinspectrumhandoff
SpectrumHandoffLatency,RouteFailureandRecovery
Challengesinspectrumsharing
SpectrumSensingCapabilityandSharingDelay
Challengesinupperlayers
DynamicFrequency,MultipleHopsandSpectrumhandoffs,
C a e ges uppe aye s
CRNApplications
Military
Network
CRMesh
Network
Emergency
Network
Multimedia Multimedia
CRN
Applications
Leased
Network
Cellular
Networks
Conclusion
SpectrumAwarenessConcept.
VeryUsefulforB3GNetworks.
Spectrumsharingtechniquescanhelpusfilltheregulatory
gapsinaparticularinterferenceenvironment.
Agreatdealofresearchstillneedstobedoneonsimulating
andexploretheseintelligentnetworkideas andexploretheseintelligentnetworkideas.
C l i Conclusion
Cognitiveradiotechnologycansolvetheproblemofspectrum
underutilization.
Channelassignmentincognitiveradionetworksisespecially g g p y
challenginginCRN.
MainaimofthisresearchisCharacterizeandanalyze,andenhance
thethroughputandprovidesecuritysolutions
24
References
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in transmission dynamics of West Nile Virus, Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, DOI
10.1007/s11538009 94800.
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generation wireless internet, IEEE Communications Magazine 42 (3) (2004) 128138. ge e at o w e ess te et , Co u cat o s aga e 4 (3) ( 004) 8 38.
3. FCC, ET Docket No 03222 Notice of proposed rule making and order , December 2003. DARPA
XG WG, The XG Architectural Framework V1.0, 2003.
4. DARPA XG WG, The XG Vision RFC V1.0, 2003.
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A i C i i ( ) ( ) Areas in Communications 23 (2) (2005) 201 220.
6. R.W. Thomas, L.A. DaSilva, A.B. MacKenzie, Cognitive networks, in: Proc. IEEE DySPAN 2005,
November 2005, pp. 352360.
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Wireless Communication and Networking 2005 g 5
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networking using coordinated dynamic spectrum access, in: Proc. IEEE WoWMoM 2005, June
2005, pp. 7885.
9. O. Ileri, D. Samardzija, N.B. Mandayam, Demand responsive pricing and competitive spectrum
allocation via spectrum server in: Proc IEEE DySPAN 2005 November 2005 pp 194 202 allocation via spectrum server, in: Proc. IEEE DySPAN 2005, November 2005, pp. 194202.
References
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2005, November 2005, pp. 8287.
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Th kY ThankYou
xGNetworkArchitecture
xGnetworkfunctions
xGnetworkonlicensedband
xGnetworkonunlicensedband
xGNetwork
xGnetworkapplications
LeasedNetwork
CognitiveMeshNetwork CognitiveMeshNetwork
EmergencyNetwork
MililatryNetwork
E i ti hit t Existingarchitectures
Spectrumpolling
CORVUS
DIMSUMnet
DRiVE
OCRA OC
SpectrumSensing
Inordertoavoidinterferencethespectrumholesneed
tobesensed
i d i h ffi i primaryuserdetectionthemostefficientway.
SpectrumSensing
Transmitterdetection
(noncooperativedetection)
Matchedfilterdetection
Energydetection
Cyclostationaryfeaturedetection
Cooperativedetection
Interferencebaseddetection
Spectrumsensingchallenges
SpectrumSensing
TransmitterDetection
whetherthesignalfromaprimarytransmitter
islocallypresentinacertainspectrumornot islocallypresentinacertainspectrumornot
Threedifferentapproaches
matchedfilterdetection atc ed te detect o
energydetection
Cyclostationarydetection
CooperativeDetection
methodwhereinformationfrommultipleusers
areincorporatedforprimaryuserdetection areincorporatedforprimaryuserdetection
S t S i SpectrumSensing
Fig.5.Classificationofspectrumsensingtechniques
SpectrumManagement
Neededtocapturethebestavailablespectrumtomeet
usercommunicationrequirements
C i i di h ldd id h b Cognitiveradiosshoulddecideonthebestspectrum
bandtomeettheQoSrequirementsoverallavailable
spectrumbands spectrumbands.
managementfunctionsclassifiedas
spectrumanalysis spectrumanalysis
spectrumdetection
Spectrummanagementchallenges. p g g
SpectrumMobility
Theprocesswhereacognitiveradiouserexchangesits
frequencyoffoperation.
T h i d i b Targettousethespectruminadynamicmannerby
allowingtheradioterminalstooperateinthebest
availablefrequencyband availablefrequencyband.
Seamlesscommunicationrequirementsduringthe
transitiontobetterspectrummustbemaintained. p
Spectrumhandoff
SpectrummobilitychallengesinxGnetworks
SpectrumSharing
Providingthefairspectrumschedulingmethod
Sharingisamajorchallengeinopenspectrumusage.
CorrespondstoMACproblemsinexistingsystems.
SpectrumSharing
Fig6ClassificationofspectrumsharinginxG networks Fig6ClassificationofspectrumsharinginxG networks
basedonarchitecture,spectrumallocationbehavior,and
spectrumaccesstechnique