(. .

.
-

.

.

 (. . )

: .

..

.

.

 (. . )

Overcurrent Relay

" : Overcurrent Relay

" ...
.

.
.

 (. . )

( ) " :

:
.. ......
"
" : " .

. .
2006
mahmoudgilany@yahoo.com :

 (. . )

( ) www.saydsaad.com

. ( )

 (. . )

 (. . )

1-1

Synchrounous Generator
Transformer

(Overhead
) Transmission Lines

( )Underground Cables
Distribution Transformers
( )

( )
.Distribution Boards

Bus Bars

1-1 .

.
.

Relaying Signals

 (. . )

Protective Relays
Circuit Breakers .

.
20kV 300 kV
132 kV

SLBY A
132 kV

Doha Generation Station

R

300 kV

SLBC M
33 kV

SLBY A33
33 kV

SLBC M11
11kV

ABDY M
33 kV

SLBY A11
11 kV

PEE3 M
33 kV

1-1

ABDY M11
11 kV

PEE3 M11
11 kV

 (. . )

1-1
1-1-1

.



.

Open Circuit
. Over load

2-1-1
:

Phases :

Single Line to Ground.

Double Lines to Ground .

Three Lines .

Phase to Phase .

Three Lines to Ground

Phases Unsymmetrical Faults

Phase

Symmetrical Fault Phases.

Earth Faults Phase Faults EF

10

 (. . )

Phase Faults
.
Permanant Faults Transient Faults
.

.
.

2-1
1-2-1


.
:

Trip Signal Circuit Breaker
Block Signal
. Protective Relay
.

:
-1
-2

Protective Relays PR
Circuit Breakers CB

11

 (. . )

-3 and Current Transformer CT & VT :

.Voltage

CBs

Circuit Breakers
.

2-2-1

Transmission Line Generator

Transformer . 1-1

CT VT

GIS

.1-1

1-1

( (VT + CT

Relay + CB +

1- 1 GIS

SF6 .

12

 (. . )

)Circuit Breaker (CB

)Voltage Transformer, (VT
)Current Transformer (CT

Earthing

Switch, ES, Isolator . Busbars

1-1 . GIS

13

 (. . )

3-2-1

gkigaonm somngiS

- -

( )Relaying Signals :

( ).

) ).

Phases ( ).

Circuit Impedance Z

.
) .

4-2-1 :

.
.

1-1 ANSI Code

IEC

14

 (. . )

1-1

Field Failure
Lock out

Synchronizing Check
Circuit Breaker

40
86

15

25
52

 (. . )

5-2-1 toriroC srkgakrS

Circuit Breakers
( ) Relay
.
CBs (
)Arc CB

Breaker Poles
. :

.CBs
CB :
Oil-CB ) ( 30 kV
.

. ) (Pump
.
.
CB :
Air Compressor CB
.
CB :
CB
. CB
) (Vacuum CB
.

16

 (. . )

. SF6
CB : SF6
CBs ( SF6 ).
) (SF6


.
) ( Lime Stone .
SF6
SF6 SF6 .
.
CBs ( ).


- -
Short Circuit


.
Busbars SF6

GIS Short

Circuit Phases .

17

 (. . )

6-2-1 tsS

Protective Relay
CBs . Relaying Signals
Relay Current/Volatge Transformer Relay
) CB
( Trip Coil .
2-1 Overcurrent Relay
Relay
Inverse Relay
Contacts CB Trip Coil
. CB Poles CB ANSI code 52
Relay 51 .1-1

( ) Trip or Block 20
( Delay Time Relays
)Reverse OC Relays
50 100
. Fault Clearing Time
:
.CB. ( Relay
+ )Relay ( CB Relay
.)CB

18

 (. . )

Bus bar

Relay 51

CT

Re

a ct
ont

C
lay

52a

52

2-1 Relay

52

52

CB

7-2-1 Relay CB

Trip .

Breaker Failure,
. BF . 3-1

19

 (. . )

CT

CB

R
BF
T

3-1 Breaker Failure

R Trip CB

. BF BF
Timer CB

. CB

CT

BF CB Auxilary Contacts
BF .

CB Timer

BF Trip
.3-1

3-1

20

 (. . )

1-3-1

Protective Zones

Zones

.
.

. 4-1
Zone-3

Zone-5
Zone-4

Zone-1

Zone-6

Zone-2

Zone-7

: 4-1

) Zone-1 ( 1
2
3
Busbars 4
. Transmission Lines

.

21

 (. . )

( (Overlap
. Busbars

2-3-1 Main and Backup Protection

.

Breaker Failure Relay
Trip CB CB
Breaker Failure

.

3-3-1 Directional Protection

5-1 F

R3, R4 .

22

 (. . )

R6

R5

R2 R3

R4
C

R1
A

: 5-1
R1, R6
Time Delay R2, R5

R3, R4 R3, R4 R2,
R5 B
C - . R2, R5
Directional
Protection .

( .) 5-1
.
F 5-1 R2, R5
.
R1, R3, R4, R6
.

:

) (F 5-1

Forward Faults
Reverse Faults
R1, R3, R4, R6

.R2, R5

23

 (. . )

Internal Faults

External Faults

.

6-1

:
) (F1
Relays 15 .16

15

Relays 7 .9
G1

G2 .

10 8

7
2, 4, 30 CBs

G3 . G2
.

24

 (. . )
G1
40

G2

B2
9

11

30

L6
L5

12

B1

B4
10

13
15

B3

L3

L2

8
4

L7

L8

L1

F1

B5

16
B6

L4

17
L9

6
18

50

B8
B9

19

14

B7

G3
B10

L10

G4

20

60

6-1

4-1

Reliability

Reliable

( )16

F1 Unreliable .

25

 (. . )

* Selectivity

Relaiable Relay
Reliable


Selective :
. . Selective
6-1 F1
9 15
9 ) (Unselective .
* Sensitivity

Sensetive



.
* Adequateness

Relay
.
Relays

( ) Power Rating . Relay . - .

26

 (. . )

Busbar .

,
,
250
.
* Speed

,
Short Circuit BB 40
80
,
5 80
.
Stability
)( Protection Schemes
.
(Time
) Delay :
.1 .
.2 Relays :
)(Starting Current
() Transient Faults
). ( Load Fluctuations

27

 (. . )

* Stability

Short Circuit
Transient Faults .
Economics
.

5-1
Electromagnetic

Relays Static Relays

. Digital Relays

Overcurrent Relay

1-5-1 cicEegamortcelE



Hinged Armature Relay Plunger
.Type Relay
Induction Disc
. Relays Electromechanical Relays
. 2-1 .
(
) .

28

 (. . )

. CB
Stable


.
Inertia

.

2- 1

2-5-1 seoelE cciotS

Static Relays

29

 (. . )

Operational Amplifer

Op Amp CB.
. 3-1

3-1 Static

Op Amp
Unstable

. Digital Relays

3-5-1 llrleoi cciotS

Digital Protection
Numerical Relays
.

Digital Numbers
1

30

 (. . )

Cycle
.


.

( Static or electromechanical
)

Digital

Communications

. .4-1

4-1

31

 (. . )

4-5-1 Adaptive Digital gkigaS

Microprocessor Technology.

.

Relay

.
.

5-5-1 Multifunction Digital gkigaS

.
Hardware
Software
Relay
Multifunction Relay .


.


:

.

32

) .. (

Digital Protection
1. Rockefeller, G.D., "Fault Protection with Digital Computer",
IEEE Transactions on PAS, Vol. PAS-88, No. 3, pp 438-461,
April 1969.
2. A.G. Phadke, T. Hlibka and M. Ibrahim, "A digital computer
system for EHV substations: Analysis and field tests", IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-95,
No. 1, pp 291-301, Jan/Feb 1976.
3. Horowitz, S.H., Phadke, A.G., Throp, J.S., "Adaptive
Transmission System Relaying", IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp 1436-1445, Oct. 1988.

4. M. Ramamoorty, "Application of Digital Computers to Power

System Protection", Journal of Inst. Eng. (India), Vol. 52, No.
10, June 1972, pp. 235-238.
5. Horowitz, S.H., Phadke, A.G., Throp, J.S., "Adaptive
Transmission System Relaying", IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp 1436-1445, Oct. 1988.
6.

Rockefeller, G.D., Wagner, C.L., Linders, J.R., "Adaptive

Transmission Relaying Concepts for Improved performance",
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 14461458, Oct. 1988.

7.

Jampala, A.K., Venkata, S.S., Domborg, M.J., "Adaptive

Transmission Protection: Concepts and computational issues",
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp 177185, Jan. 1989.

33

 (. . )

34

 (. . )

) ( CT and VT
Relaying Signals

CT & VT

.

:
-1

-2 ( /)
.

-3 / .

35

 (. . )

1-2
VTs 100 110
kV, kW, kWh , kVARh

Directional O/C , E/F , Over/Under Voltage

.Load Shedding Interlock

VTs

- - Rated
Power

V.A
. 300MVA

(
)Turns Ratio Voltage drop VT

Saturation .

1-1

VT

CT GIS Out-door Stations

VT . 1-2

36

 (. . )

1-2

Potential

Transformer Capacitive Voltage Transformer

1-1-2

37

 (. . )

Rated Voltage .1 ( 12
)kV
Level Voltage .2 (12
) 28 75 110 - 100.

Breakdown - Pulse Voltage .3

.
Turns Ratio .4 .

.5

Accurecy Class

.

. VT

0.1
0.2 0.5 1.0 . 3.0
P 3P and 5P

.Protection
.

2-1-2

Error

)100.............................(2 1

Kn
Vs
VP

38

K nV s V p
Vp

Error

 (. . )

Bs 3941/197s

1-2 .2-2

1-2
0.8- 1.2 Rated Voltage

Phase
)(minutes
%
-/+ 5
-/+ 10
-/+ 20
-/+ 40

-/+ 0.1
-/+ 0.2
-/+ 0.5
-/+ 1.0
-/+ 3.0

Accuracy Class

0.1
0.2
0.5
1.0
3.0

2-2
0.25- 1.0 Rated Burden at0.8 pf

Phase
)(minutes
%
-/+ 120
-/+ 240

-/+ 3.0
-/+ 6.0

Accuracy Class

3P
6P

3-1-2 TV

VT PhaseNeutral

( . ) VA , VB, VC

1-2 VT Phases .

39

 (. . )

High Voltage Side

VT
(

Relay

1-2 VT

Phases

Phase . 2-2
Residual Connection

Unsymmetrical Faults Three

Phases

.Unsymmetrical Faults

Symmetrical Faults

Residual

. Voltage Zero Sequence

Voltage

Vresidual

Zero

Sequence Voltage .

Broken Delta
.

40

 (. . )

Residual Voltage

2-2 Residual Connection

4-1-2

Capacitor Voltage Transformer

CVT VT 3-2

Phases

Capacitor divider
VT

CVT VT

41

 (. . )

Relay

3-2

2-2 tV

5
Turns Ratio - 100 : 5 :
300 : 5 - 200 : 5 . 3000:1

Outdoor 2-2

GIS 1-1

.2-2

42

 (. . )

2-2

1-2-2

Relay
4-2 .

CT 4-2 .
Digital

Numbers . A/D Converter

43

 (. . )

Vs I s R
Relay

IS

Relay

R
IS

IP

IP

4-2

2-2-2

CT
CT BB CB

5-2 CT BB protection CB
. Overlap
.

CTs -2

5 F BB Protection
. BB
CB .

44

 (. . )

F
BB-Protection
Feeder
Protection

BB-Protection

Feeder
Protection

5-2

3-2

NS
IS N
NP

IP IS

N
.Turns Ratio
ZB

EMF
ES IS

45

 (. . )

. 6-2 / Vo/p

Vo / p I S Z B ES I S RCT
RCT
.RL

NP

IP

IS

NS
ES

RCT

ZB

: 6-2 .

d
dt

ES

ES

B A
B

) . ) Tesla = wb/m2

A . m2

46

 (. . )

EK
Knee-point Voltage
] [2-1

EK = 4.44 * N* F * A * BMax

F Hz N .

ZB
:

1-

:
CT Ratio 2000/5
RCT+L = 0.31
IPri-max = 40 kA
Bmax = 1.6 Tesla
Core CSA = 20 cm2

N = 2000/5 = 400
Isec-max = 40,000/400 = 100A

2-1
EK = 4.44 * N * F * A * BMax
EK = 4.44 * 400 * 50 * 20 * 10-4 * 1.6 = 284 Volts

Burden

Rmax = 284 / 100 = 2.84

47

 (. . )

0.31

ZB = 2.84 -0.31 = 2.53

4-2
CT

.Excitation Current, Ie

Ze

.7-2 /
.

7-2

8-2

Magnitization

Curve . Excitation Curve

point .

48

Knee-

 (. . )

) International Electric Code ( IEC

%10 Es Ie
.%50 CT
. Saturation
.

10%

EK
%50

Ie
Excitation Current

Sec. Induced Voltage

ES

IK

8-2

5-2

( )

(. )Saturation

49

 (. . )

( ) " "

d

dt

(
. 9-2

) .

9-2 DC Component

R, X
R, X.

Turns Ratio

Saturation

) (Distorion
.
.

9-2

50

 (. . )

6-2

mmf

mmf .

mmf

mmf core
Shunt
Impedance, Ze 7-2

Short Circuit

mmf
.

7-2 CT
Burden VA Load
( ) .

-
.
Burden CT

51

 (. . )

Burden 12.5 VA

5A

Burden :
ZB = P / I2 = 12.5 /25 = 0.5

Burden

: +
.

Measurements .

Low Burden

Low Burden
) . ) Electromagnetic or Static Relays

10-2

52

 (. . )
ES

1A

ES

100/1

1V
Ie
1A
ES

10

ES

100/1

10 V

Ie
1A

ES

100 V
100

ES

100/1

Ie

ES

1A
?=V

1000

ES

100/1

Ie

10 -2

1-7-2 tVS
CT :

Protection CT

Instrument CT

53

 (. . )

CT

CT
.

CT

( Es )7-2

. ,11-2
.

11-2

CT
:
Non Directional Over Current Protection O/C
Non Directional Earth Fault Protection E/F
Differential Protection

54

 (. . )

CT VT
:
Directional Earth Fault
Distance Protection

CT
.
kWH , kVARH meters
kW , kVAR meters
.

Measurements
( ZB : + ZL

).

8-2
:
Rated Burden VA )2.5 , 5.0, 7.5 , 10, 15, 30 VA ( :

Continous Rated Current

Short circuit current and duration time

.
Rated 1 2 5 .
30

. 1A

55

 (. . )

3000/1 . Class Class .

Classes
Class X

5P, 10P

. BS Class 5P Instantenous OC Relays

Class 10P Overcurrent
IDMT

Class
.Class-X
IEC Classes 5P, 10P, TPX,

. TPY, TPZ
:

Accuracy Limit Factor ALF

. Saturation Factor

.
200/1 ALF = 5

. 200 * 5 = 1000A

ALF 2-2
CT : ALF

56

 (. . )

][2 2

rated VA
ALF I n RCT ALF
In

Vk

Vk 1-2
1-2 Bmax
.

1-8-2

CT

5P10

100/1 ,

CT %5

10
10

1A .

) Accurecy Limit Factor( ALF

. CT

10A 1000A
. % 5

9-2

Commissining Tests :
Turns Ratio Magnitization Curve
.

57

 (. . )

1-9-2
.

( S1 S2
) P1 P2

. 12-2
.
P1

P2
IPri
ISec

S1

S2

12-2

CT

Flicker Test CT
6 13-2

S1 .

58

 (. . )

IP
P1

S1

S2

P2

IS
V

13-2 Flicker CT

2-9-2 Saturation Test

Variac
. Variac

:
.

Demagnetization .
.8 -2

59

 (. . )

01-2

TC

CT

. Vk
VS Relay

VS

> VK

Relay :

2-
OC Relay 0.02 ohm
7226

CTR = 1000/5 , 7.5VA, 10P20

RCT = 0.26
RL = 0.15

) VS = If-Sec (RCT + RL + Rr
= 7226 * 5/1000 * (0.26 + 0.02 + 0.15) = 15.54 Volts

rated VA
ALF I n RCT ALF
In

Vk

VK = 7.5/5 * 20 + 5 * 0.26 * 20 = 56 Volts

5A = In

VS < VK
. CT

60

Relay

 (. . )

-1 (
.) 14-2

IPri

ISec

Es

RCT
ZB

14-2

) ..(2-3

RCT
ZB

)ES = ISec (RCT + ZB

Burden ( +

).
-2 ( ) ES Bmax
:
)(2-4

..

A
F

ES = 4.44 *F *A *N* Bmax 10-8

)(in2

)(50 Hz

61

 (. . )

Turns Ratio
N
Lines/in2
Bmax
: m2 wb/m2
Es . 10-8
-3 Bmax

" " ( )100,000 Lines/in2

Bmax ( )2-4

3-

N= 2000 : 5

A= 3.25in

0.31 ( )Burden . 2

350000A 50Hz

IL

5
87.5 A
2000

I L 35000

Es
Es = IL (ZB + ZL) = 87.5 (0.31 + 2) = 202.1 V

62

 (. . )

) (2-4

202.1
70,030 Lines / in 2
2000
4.44 50 3.25
10 8
5

ES
8

4.44 F A N 10

Bmax

( ) 100,000 Lines/in2
.

63

) .. (

1- M.I. Gilany , K. El-Naggar, A discrete dynamic filter for
detecting and compensating CT saturation, Accepted in
Journal of Electric Power Systems Research, May, 2006.
2- M. Gilany, E. Aboul-Zahab, Saber M. Saleh, Neural NetworkBased Technique For Reducing CCVT Errors Under Fault
Conditions", 10th International Middle East Power System
Conference, MEPCON 2005, Port Said, Egypt, pp. 489-493,
Dec. 13-15, 2005.
3- IEEE Guide for the Application of Current Transformers Used
for Protective Relaying Purposes IEEE Standard C37.110-1996.
4- Y. C. Kang, J. K. Park , S. H. Kang , A. T. Johns and, R. K.
Aggarwal,
An Algorithm for Compensating Secondary
Currents of Current Transformers, IEEE Transaction on Power
Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 1, Jan. 1997, PP 116-124.
5- Yong Cheol Kang, Ui Jai Lim , Sang Hee Kang, and Peter A.
Crossley, Compensation of the Distortion in the Secondary
Current Caused by Saturation and Remanence in a C.T , IEEE
Transaction on power delivery, Vol.19, No.4 , October, 2004,
PP 1642-1649.
6- jiuping Pan , Khoi Vu, and Yi Hu, An Efficient Compensation
Algorithm for Current Transformer Saturation Effects, IEEE
Transaction on power delivery, Vol.19, No.4 , October, 2004,
PP 1623-1628.
7- D. Hou and J. Roberts, Capacitive Voltage Transformers:
Transient Overreach Concerns and Solutions for Distance
Relaying, 22nd Annual Western Protective Relay Conference,
Spokane, WA, USA, October 2426, 1995.

64

 (. . )

65

 (. . )

Overcrrent Relays

Overcurrent Relays

1-3

1-1-3
Relay
Relay .

2-1-3 RF
) (Short Circuit

R ( ) ZLF
Fault Resistance, RF . 1-3
( ..)

:

VS
).......................................(3 1
Z LF RF

66

IF

 (. . )

High

Impedance Fault
.

.

Xs

Z LF

Xs

R
RF

Xs

IF

1-3

RF
.

8750
)(3-2

/Ft of Arc

Rarc

I 1 .4
350

I
3000
1.3
I

Rarc
Rarc

.
.

67

 (. . )

3-1-3

. Low Source Impedance.

1-3
( ) Xs/3

Strong Source

XS

XS/3

. .Weak Source

2-3 sycteRttcer ucrevO

Overcurrent Relays

Overcurent Relays :
-1

Definite Current Relay

( 1- )2-3
-2

( Definite Time Relay 2- . ) 2-3

68

 (. . )

: 2-3 Overcurrent Relays

Instantenous OC

F1& F2

.3-3

69

 (. . )
B

A
F2

F1

50

3-3

50

B F1 , F2

( ) Definite Time

Transient Fault

Permenent Fault

.
ZSource ( ZLine

Short Circuit

4-3 .

70

 (. . )
B

51

51

0.2 Sec

0.6 Sec

4-3

-3 ( )Normal Inverse OC

. 5-3

.
ZSource ZLine
.

71

Short Circuit

 (. . )

5-3 Normal Inverse

Overcurrent Relay :
Inverse OC

Instantenous

Setting .6-3

72

 (. . )

6-3 Inverse OC Instanentous OC

.

.
Inverse Relay :
1

Very inverse

characteristic . 7-3

Setting
.

Relays

. Time multiplaier .
- 2

Extremely inverse

characteristic 7-3

.Fuse

73

 (. . )

Overheating
.

7 3 )Very Inverse (Left) and Extermely Inverse (Right

-4 OC Relays InverseDefinite IDMT
Minimum Time Inverse

( Instantaneous )

. Inverse + Definite Time . 8-3

.

( )Directional Unit ( ) Directional OC
Setting

74

 (. . )

8-3

IDMT

9-3 .

75

 (. . )

9-3 DT Realay IDMT Relay

3-3

OC Relay Setting

Inverse

Instantenous .
OC :
-1 CT

-2 Pickup
-3

Time Dial Setting

Inverse

. Overcurrent Relay

1-3-3

).Transformer Ratio (CTR

Current

76

 (. . )

CTR :
-1 ( .) Full Load Current
-2 .CT

CTR

1A 5A .
CTR
.

1-
4600
130 CT 100

) X : 5( CTR :

<100

4600

<100

ISC

4600 * 5
230
100

CTR 300 : 5 300

.230 :
130 5
2.1A
300

( 5) .

4600 5
75 A
300

77

I SC

 (. . )

100A CTR .

2-3-3 : toiaru trrrknC

Inverse

( ) Pickup

TAP

Induction Disc

. Plug Setting Multiplier PSM .

Pickup value

">I

"

TAP Multiple of TAP

TAP TAP
5-3 .TAP

Setting TAP

CT %100
. EF Relay

OC Relays TAP

% 50 % 200 Standard Input

. Relay Standard Input 1A . 5A
IS .Setting
OC Relay Standard Input 1A

100% Is = TAP = 1A %75

TAP
=1.5A

0.75 A

..TAP

78

%150

 (. . )

2-
OC Relay %75

CTR = 100/1 300

.CT

Relay %75 :
TAP = 0.75 * 1A = 0.75A

CTR
300 * 1/100 = 3A
TAP
3A / 0.75A = 4 TAP
TAP .

3-3-3 :

Time Dial Setting , TDS

TAP

5-3
. Time Dial Setting Time Multiplier

Setting, TMS TDS : TMS

.

3-
Overcurrent 5-3
12 Relay Pickup

4 ) (TDS 4 .5-3

79

 (. . )

Relay

TAP :

12 A
3 TAP
4A

I F (as a multiple of TAP)

5-3 TAP=3 4

. 2.0 Sec

4-

A B .10-3

.
IF-Max = 1400A

A
CT 100/5

CT 200/5

51

51

IS = 5A, TDS = 0.5

IS = 5A

10-3 . 4

. TAP = 5A
Relay A

1400
5 A 14 TAP
100
5

IF

5-3 TMS = 0.5

0.15.

80

 (. . )

Relay-B :

1400
5 A 7 TAP
200
5

IF

5-3 0.25

TMS .
. Coordination Time

- 0.3 sec.

- 4-3-3 TMS

.1

0.5

4-3-3
TDS

10-3

0.15 Sec B
) .

( A

Time Gap
. 0.4 sec

. Reset

)t tCB t Re set t Inacc t M arg .......................................(3 3

tCB = Operating time for the circuit breaker = 40 : 100 msec.

treset = Reaset time for the relay = 40 : 70 msec.
tinacc = The sum of inaccuracy in time measurement = 50 : 100 msec.
tmarg = Saftey margin

81

 (. . )

Relays 400
300 .

5-3-3
TAP

1 Pickup
- Pickup

"

">I

- OC

I Load
) I 0.7 * I SC min .........................................................(3 4
Kr
= Pick-up current
= Maximum load current
= Resetting ratio for the relay (Drop off/Pick up).

1.2

>I
Iload
Kr
I

= The samallest fault current that must be detected by

the relay.
1.2
= Safety margins Between 1.5 & 0.7.
Kr Relay
SC min

. Setting Relay Reset

0.95 Setting Kr
. 0.95
2 Pickup :
Pickup

OC

82

 (. . )

In
)........................................................(3 5
Kr

* I 1.5

= Pick-up current
= Resetting ratio for the relay (Drop off/Pick up).

>I
Kr

In

= Nominal current on the side of the transformer where the relay

is installed
1.5 = Safety margins

5-
11-3 132

600( )conductor rated current

OC Relay

Standard Input 1A

800

.1: TAP . R1 & R2 : SC

Current

. 8000 A

R2

F1

R1

11 -3 5-

TAP

. 4-3

I Load
I 0.7 * I SC min
Kr
Tap R1 R2

83

1.2

 (. . )

600
I 0.7 * 8000
0.98

* 1.2

734.693 I 5600
Reset Factor 0.98
.
Pickup 800 % 100
TAP=1A 1

800

R2

. Relays 5-3

. 0.5 = TMS

8000

( )TAP

0.16

.
Relay R1

400 .
TMS 2

R1 8000

0.5 . Relay R2
350 3 = TMS
450

.TMS = 2

84

 (. . )

% 25
Pickup Load 600 : 800

% 125 .

. Overload

OC Relay
1.15 : 1.1 TAP
%25 :

I> = 800* 1.1 = 880 A

1.375 ,
. Overload

6-3-3 stSeotectanS cciotS

OC

: 11-3
Instantenous unit Pickup

1.20 Symmetrical r.m.s Fault

Current . Pickup

">>I

"

R1

R2

R1

85

 (. . )

20 % R2

R1

%20

R2
CT

20%
.

%50

Power Transforner

Transformer Inrush Current
50% . 20%

4-3

Cooled Inrush

%50

Starting
Current
.

Starting Currents Overcurrent Relays

Fault Current

Inrush
"" . Cooled Inrush

86

 (. . )

OC Relay

5-3
Starting Currents Relay

Inrush

5-3 Earth Fault Protection

Overcurrent Relays
. Earth Faults, EF
.
. Phase Faults Earth Fault

Relays .

Overcurrent Relay

Earth Fault Relay

. overcurrent

( 51

) Inverse ) Inst( 50 Earth Fault Relay 64

1-5-3 gkSojrgi tFnnkiCkj vgrCn wgriC gkiga

IC
= IB = IA

) EF (64
. 12-3

( %20 . (Phases

87

 (. . )
CT

CT

CT

EF
Relay

12-3

Zero Sequence
Current

Symmetrical Components = IA + IB

+ IC

3Io

Zero sequence

component

.Zero Sequence Relay

2-5-3

EF In Neutral Connection

Solid .
Earthing Connection

Capacitances - -
.

88

Stray

 (. . )

. (

.13-3

EF

Relay CT

20% .

CT

EF
Relay

13-3

3-5-3 CFrk sgignik vw trFCkiection

.

. 14-3 Core

89

 (. . )

EF Relay
.

.
Ia
Ib
Ic

14 -3

Earth Connection

Relay 15-3

Core

Sheath Core Earth Connection Core

.

90

 (. . )

15- 3 Earth Connection

4-5-3

. 16-3

.

91

 (. . )

Earthing bar

CT

16-3

5-5-3

Combined EF and Phase Fault Protection

EF Protection Phase
Protection . 17-3
.

CT

CT

CT

OC-1

OC-3

OC-2

EF Relay

17-3

92

 (. . )

6-5-3 Residual Voltage Relay

. VA + VB + VC Residual Voltage

3Vo

VT

( .) 2-2

7-5-3 co tgaecEelat
EF Relays
Phase OC Relays

EF Relay

OC

) (Phase Current

Discrimination

EF

.Protection

6-3 sy ucrevO
OC Relays OC Protection
. Schemes OC Relay

Phase

. 18-3

93

 (. . )
CT

OC

OC

OC

Trip

18-3 OC Relay

Phase

Earth Fault Realy
. 19-3
CT

OC

OC

OC

Trip

EF

19-3 OC Phase EF

94

 (. . )

OC Relays Two
Phases EF Realy

Phases . 20-3
.

CT

OC

OC

Trip

EF

20-3 OC

Two Phases EF
Phase

7-3

. Overcurrent
Standard Input 1A 5A EF Relay 1A
20% . TAP = 0.2A

95

 (. . )

6 -
EF Relay with 1A %20
CTR = 100/1 60
.CT

:
Relay %20 . TAP = 0.2A
CTR
60 * 1/100 = 0.6 A

0.6A / 0.2A = 3 TAP
TAP .
%20 %150 OC Relays

EF

Relay
%20
Phases .
20%

Unsymmetrical

Currents Setting
.

96

 (. . )

8-3
. Setting
.

( A )

0.1 Time Gap

0.3 0.1
. 1.6 -1.3 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.1
( a

) 0.3

. 21-3

C
0.7

0.7
c

1.0

d
D
1.0

21-3

1.3

1.6

0.1

0.4

e
E

0.4

1.3

f
0.1

F
1.6

OC Relays

9-3
)(TDS

) (IS.C

) (T

22-3
.

97

 (. . )

7-
) (1/0 AWG .10 KA

22-3 ( 1/0 AWG )

16 cycle

1/0 10kA
0.267

0.267.

98

 (. . )

22-3

11-3 Directional Relay

Electromechanical Relays
. Overcurrent Relay
.

99

 (. . )

( )
.
Torque,T
:

)T = KVI cos () ..(3-6

Maximum
) Torque Angle (MTA .

Directional Relay Overcurrent Relay

Overcurrent Relay

Circuit Breaker

(
).

)..(3-7

)T = K Va Ia cos (

Phase A
phase

.

)TA = K IA VBC cos (
)..(3-8

)TB = K IB VCA cos (

)TC = K IC VAB cos (

100

 (. . )

90 connection 23-3
) ) IA ( ) VBC .90
. 90 connection
23-3 shifting 30

Vbc ( . ) 30 90
( ) 60
Vbc Ia

Ia

Va R ,

X Shifting

( ) 30
150
Forward
(.) Reverse Direction

101

 (. . )

Ia

Va

rque

150

to
Ma x

Negative
torque
region

30
30

Vbc

e line

Vb

u
Torq
Zero

line

Vbc

30

23-3 () Power factor = 1.0

11-3 sycteRttcer

Electromechanical

Digital

) (Digital Overcurrent .

Overcurrent Realy
.
:
-1 Protective Function .
-2 .

102

 (. . )

-3 (
)
.
-4 Output Contacts (5
200)

CB ) .

-5 Power Supply
( 110 220
-6 (

).

).

-7 .Inrush current
-8 .
-9

Man Machine Interface MMI

Password
.

-10 ) (Event Recording

( ).

1-11-3 .
. Tester

. Tester

. Tester

Timer

:
-1 ( 1 A )5 A
-2

Pichup Current

103

 (. . )

-3 ( Pickup

).

Tester
Tester Relay
Tester

Pickup current

Relay

Relay Trip Signal

Timer

Tester .
Relay Trip Signal
Pickup current
.

Relay

.
.1-3
.
1-3

Low Setting
Phase
Test Results
Op-Time
Error

Setting

Pickup Current
Error

Rest Factor

Reset
Time

Trip Time

Ipickup

OpTime

Pickup
Current

2%

-2.2%

0.993

0.49

0.51

0.244

0.5

0.25

2%

-2.2%

0.993

0.49

0.51

0.244

0.5

0.25

2%

-2.2%

0.993

0.49

0.51

0.244

0.5

0.25

104

 (. . )

Relay
High Setting Low
Setting OC

EF .
.

. 1-3 .

2-11-3
-1 Relay Pickup current
.
-2 Relay Tester Pickup

-3 ( Relay
) .
-4 Relay Tester

Trip . Relay

Trip

Ipickup .
-4 Relay Pickup current
( )Contacts

Relay

. .

105

 (. . )

3-11-3

Reset Factor

Pickup

Current
Trip Signal
Relay ""

. Relay

Relay Pickup

.Contact Points Contact

Points .Relay

"" Realy

Reset Factor .

)Reset Factor = (IReset)/ Ipickup .(3-9

.
.

4-11-3
Ipickup

Isetting .

( %3

).

106

 (. . )

High Setting

.
1-3 Relay Tester.

1-3 Testers

107

) .. (

1. M. Gilany, A New Technique for High Impedance Fault
Detection in Parallel Distribution Circuits, 14th International
Conference on Power System Protection, Bled, Solvenia, pp.
187-191 , Sept. 29-October 1, 2004.
2. M. Gilany, A New Digital Overcurrent Relay for
Distribution Systems, Journal of Engineering and Applied
Science , Cairo University , Vol. 44, No. 6, pp.1091-1105,
Dec.1997.
3. M. Gilany, M.M. Abd El-Aziz, D. Khlil, High Impedance
Fault Detection Using A Communication Based Element, 2nd
IASTED International Conference on Power and Energy
Systems (EuroPES), pp. 661-664, June 25-28, Crete, Greece,
2002.
4. IEEE Committee Report, "Computer representation of
overcurrent Relay Characteristic", IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp 1659-1667, July 1989.
5. M.S. Sachdev, J.Singh and R.J. Fleming, "Mathematical
models Representing Time-Current Characteristic of
Overcurrent Relays for Computer Applications", IEEE PES
Winter Meeting, New York, Paper No. A78 131-5, pp 1-8,
Jan.-Feb. 1978.
6. Aucoin, B.M., and Russell, B. D., Detection of distribution
High impedance faults using Burst noise signals near 60 Hz,
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. PWRD-2, No. 2,
pp. 342-348, April 1987.

108

 (. . )

109

 (. . )

Distance Relays

, Overcurrent Relays
.

0-4
Relay
, VR Relay IR
. 1-4 ( ZLine +
) ZLoad Short Circuit
Relay

.ZF

10 Z

0.1 100 km .
( )

110

 (. . )
ZL

IR
VR

Load

21

ZL

IR

ZLoad

VR

ZL-ZF

ZF

ZLoad

IR
VR

1-4 Relay
Relay
VT CT.

1-
ZP = 4 = CT ratio
600/1 VT ratio = 115kV/115 :

111

 (. . )
V2
V
V1
CT ratio
600
115
ZR R
ZP
4

0.48
I
IR
VT ratio
5 115000
I FP 2
I1
VFP

)(4 1

( ) 4
.

1-1-4
OC Relays Distance Relays
. .

( ) 2-4
". " T.L

R5

R6
D

R2 R3

R4
C

R1
A

2-4
:
Overcurrent Relays
F
D, C, B, A

Overcurrent

R4 R3 B & C

R6 R1 A &D .

Overcurrent .

OC Relays

OC .

112

 (. . )

:
Distance Relays

A&B C&B

.
R1 A
B&A

Distance Relay

.

2-1-4

Impedance Diagram

Impedance Diagram
Impedances ZLine,
ZRelay , ZFault, ZLoad, RFault . Diagram
R X 3-4 .
Relay .ZLoad
ZFault . RF
RF

RF Load
RF .

113

 (. . )

ZFault

Relay ZLoad

ZLoad Reactive & Active Power

30:40 ( Power Factor .) 0.8

ZLoad Short

Relay

ZLoad RLine XLine

. :

X Line
RLine

tan 1

RF RLine

RF

( . ) 3-4

114

 (. . )

ZLine

CT

ZFault

F1
RF

ZLoad

Distance
Relay

ZLine

Fault
Area

ZRelay

ZLoad

Load

RF

ZFault

SC

Reverse
Fault

3-4 Impedance Diagram

2-4
Zones

Distance Relay R1 4-4

A B Zone-1
Zone-1

.T1

Zone-2 Relay T2

T2 Zone-3

T3

115

 (. . )
T3
T2
T1
C

B
R1

Zone-3

Zone-2

Zone-1

4-4

.
VF/IF
% 10

AB 4-4

%95

%85 (

)
.)-%10( :

%10 100
10 .
( )+ %10
% 105

B and C

T2

116

 (. . )

3-4
Distance
Relays
5-4
. 4-4

Z3
200% L1

Z2
120% L1
Z1
90% L1

B
R1
L2

L1

5 -4

1-3-4 Zone-1
%80 %90
L1 .
.

2-3-4 Zone-2

( ) .

117

 (. . )

Zone-2

Zone-1

%20 Zone-2
BB .

Zone-2

Zone-1

. Zone-2 .

Zone-2

( %20 ) %50 .
Zone-2

Zone-1

Z2

- 6-4 . F1 -6-4 Zone-2

. Zone-3

Zone-2

6-4 .

.
Zone-2 %120

Zone-2 %50

L2 L1 %20

L1 L2 .

118

 (. . )
Z2
Line-1

R1

C
Line-3

Z2
R3

Line-2

R2

F1
A

-
Line-1

R1

Z2
Line-3

R3

R2
Line-2
B

F1
A

6-4 Zone-2

3-3-4 Zone-3

( %20 )
) )Zone-3
Zone-3 R1
5-4 AB
. B Zone -3

119

 (. . )

Secondary
Side (

Load Encroachment

5-4 Z3 4
L1

ZR 4 R1

4-3-4
Zone-4

reverse reach %15-10

. Zone-1 Non-

Directional Zone

.BB

. Breaker Failure Z3
%250

Relay

Main Backup
Breaker Failure

.
Zone-4 Relay
Phase Voltage Directional

Unit

Non-

. directional Zone

120

 (. . )

4-4

: ecOreeec Relays

Distance Relay

.

.

:

1-4-4

Impedance Relay

7-4 ZF

. ZF1

Resistance and Reactance Relay

.

Directional Unit
. Forward Faults
RF ZF2
Zone-1 . 7-4 Relay

. .

121

 (. . )

( ) Fault Area
( ) Loading Area
.
X
Loading
Area

Line

Load

ZF2

ZF1 RF

lt A
re a

Fa
u

7-4 Impedance Relay

2-4-4 MHO Relay

ZFault
3-4 Impedance Diagram
MHO Relay . 8-4
MHO Relays

Polarized

MHO Power Swing Impedance

Relay VPolarized VF . IF
:
RF Impedance Relay
.

122

 (. . )

.8-4 ZF1 and ZF2
7-4 8-4

RF

Relay

( )

ZF2

ZF1 RF

8-4 MHO Relay

3-4-4 Offset MHO

9-4

ZR

123

 (. . )

VR
I Z I1 I 2 RF
ZR 1 F
IR
I1
I1 I 2
RF
I1

ZF

Z F KR F
( ) K RF

Remote end ZR
.9-4

E2

XS2

R1 I1

I2

RF

!XS

E1

I1+I2

E1
KRa

ZF

E2
ZR
I1
I2
I2+I1

9-4

Remote end XS1 > XS2

ZR

124

 (. . )

. MHO
.
Relay
Offset MHO

. 10-4

10-4 Offset MHO

4-4-4 Quadrilateral Relay

RF

. 11-4

R-

axis X-axis .
Relay

125

 (. . )

11-4 Quadrilateral Relay

5-4-4

Lense Char.

Loading Area

Fault Area

Lenz

Charactarstic 12-4
MHO
MHO

. .
X

12-4 Lense Char

126

 (. . )

5 -4

Faulty

Phase Voltage Faulty Phase Current .

ZF .

1-5-4 ZF Phase Faults

Phase to Phase Three Phase
ZF

Two Faulty Phases

Two Faulty Currents .

A,B VAB
. IAB Faulty Phases-to N
Phase-N Phase Two Faulty Phases
VB-N IB-N

Phase

phases Positive Sequence

Current 1-4 ZF .

127

 (. . )
1-4 A-B : A-B-C

Fault Quantity

Phase to Phase Fault

Three Phase Fault

B-C

A-B-C

I1

Ia

(a2 a)I1

a2 I1

Ib

(a a2)I1

a I1

Ic

2(Zs1+ZL1) I1

ZL1 I1

Va

(2 a2ZL1-ZS1) I1

a2 Z L1 I1

Vb

(2 aZL1-ZS1) I1

a Z L1 I1

Vc

Z1

Positive Sequence

Impedance .

)Phase to Phase (B_C

Vbc Vb Vc 2 a 2 a Z1I1

) Z1 .............................(4 2
I bc I b I c
2 a 2 a I1

Three Phase Fault

Vbc Vb Vc a 2 a Z1I1

) Z1 ............................(4 3
I bc I b I c
a 2 a I1

Vbc Ibc

Phase to Phase . 3-Phase

ZF . Z1

ZF Relay ZSource

128

 (. . )

VB IB

Zs :

)...........(4 4

2
2
V B a 2 I1 Z L1 a a I 1 Z s1
ZB

IB
a 2 a I1

ZF

1
) 90 .Z s1 ......(4 5
3

2
30 .Z L1
3

ZB

VB IB
phase Zs

.

2-5-4 ZF cogea oonieS

ZF
Earthing
13-4

Earthing . Supply
Relaying
Point

A
B
C

13-4 Relay

129

Supply

 (. . )

. Relay

. RF RF
:

). (4-6

Va = I1*Z1+ I2*Z2 + I0*Z0

) (4-7

Ia = I1 + I2 + I0

). (4-8

IN = Ia + Ib + Ic = 3I0

Z1 Z2 K

) (4-9

K = Z0/Z1

4-7 4-6 4- 4-8

& 9

K 1

* Va Z1 I a I a I b I c
) .........(4 10
3

Va Ia ZR Relay Z1

K 1

Z R 1
) Z1 ..........................(4 11
3

ZF
. Relay . Compensation

130

 (. . )

3-5-4
Residual Compensation 11-4
Relay

I N Z 0 Z1
K 1

I
[
]
a
N
3 Z1
3

Ia

Z1 Va .

Software .
Replica Impedance
14-4

Relay

Impedance
.

IN
Replica
Impedance

Ia

Ia+IN(Z0-Z1)/3Z1
Z1

Ia Z1 +IN(Z0-Z1)/3

14-4

131

 (. . )

4-5-4 RF ZF
RF ZF . Phase-to-Phase Fault
. 15-4

RL

RF

XL

IBC

VBC

15-4 Phase-to-Phase

RF

).........(4 12

2RL I BC jX L I BC I BC RF
I BC

Z ph ph

ZF Relay Phase-to-Phase

)........(4 13

132

RF
2

Z Ph Ph RL jX L

 (. . )

RF
Phase to Phase Zone Reach
R
Phase

Phase-to-

5-5-4
RF
.

8750
/Ft of Arc

)(4-14

Rarc

I 1 .4
350

I
3000
1.3
I

Rarc
Rarc

.1-4

( . 4000).

133

 (. . )

1-4

6-5-4

( ) SIR ZR

16-4

Vs
Vs
* ZL
)......(4 15
Zs
Zs ZL
1
ZL

VR I R * Z L

) ) ZS/ZL .Source Impedance Ratio, SIR
. 30

134

 (. . )

Zs

VR
ZL
R1
IR

VS

16-4

Zs Short Circuit Capacity

:

).....................................(4 16
15-4
SIR

) (kV 2
MVAsc

Zs

SIR

Distance Relay

( ) .

.

7-5-4

( ) SIR

Ploarization Voltage

. .Polarization Voltage or Memory Characteristic
Polarization Voltage

ZF

135

 (. . )

8-5-4


N

VT

) (CT Ia-N , Ib-N , Ic-

Va-N , Vb-N , Vc-N

Line Voltages and Line Currents Vab, Vbc ,

Vca, Iab, Ibc , Ica VT . CT

Input Quantities 12 .

Selector Switch

.
: Phase Quantities

6-4

.
Forward Fault

Phase angle phase R

136

 (. . )

and X Relay
XLine RLine
80 .
Short Circuit
X 20

Reverse Fault
180 Phase ZR
R-X

.Blocking Zone

7-4 ecOreeec ucrev

Distance Relays
Distance Relays :
1- Over-reach
2- Parallel lines
3- Under-reach
4- In-Feed

1-7-4 Over-reach

( )
Over-reach

137

 (. . )

2-7-4
Over-reach
.
Relay

Mutual Impedance

Zm 17-4 .

Zm

Zm

Over-reach .

Zm

17-4

Digital Relays

Setting

138

 (. . )

3-7-4

Under reach

( )

Z
Under-reach

. -

. Under-reach

4-7-4

In Feed

Under-reach Remote In-feed

Problem . 18-4

ZF

ZL

I1+I2

I1

R1

I2

18 -4 In-Feed
R1 I1 and I2 :

)..............(4 17

VR I1 * Z L ( I1 I 2 ) * Z F

I1

VR IR

ZR = ZL + ZF + (I2/I1) ZF
ZL+ZF

High Impedance Fault

.

139

 (. . )

8-4 gretrceS
)
Starting Function . Detection
Digital
.
Starting

.
Phase-Faults
Single Phase

Single Pole Tripping .

Faulted Phase

Breakers

Starting

ZF

Starting :
-1
-2
-3

1-8-4 Overcurrent Starting

Z

Parallel Lines

.

140

 (. . )

2-8-4 Under Voltage Starting :

Short Circuit Current

Weak

System High Impedance

SC

Starting

Shut down

.
. Minimum Current
: %70
Distance Relay

3-8-4 Under Impedance Starting

Under Impedance Relay
Protective Zones

.Zone-4 Z
: Starting
( ) Blocking

. Power Swing

Starting

Heavy Loading.

:
Power Swing Distance Relays
Z Relay Zone-1

141

 (. . )

. ZR

9-4
Relay 5-4
8-4

CB

CBs .
Communication Relays
.

Relays
Relay

Communications

Pilot Schemes .

1-9-4

Communication

-1 Pilot Wire

25.

Induced Voltage .

142

 (. . )

-2 Power Line Carrier

PLC Communication
.
-3 Fiber Optic Cables

150.

.
. 19-4

19-4

143

 (. . )

11-4 Pilot Schemes

Distance

Relay

Relay

. Loss of Stability

. Unstable

Transient Transient
Auto Re-closure

CB

Two Relays

Relay

(
)

CB

( ) Transfer Tripping Scheme

CB

) (Blocking Schemes
:

144

 (. . )

1-11-4 Zone-1 vmCknSoFn sinkxk

Relay

Radial System . Auto Re-closure

Zone-1 %80

%120 Auto Re-closure

Auto Re-

closure Relay
(. )%80

: ....
:

Zone-1 ( )%120

Arc Resistance

. Zone-1
: Auto Re-
closure Relay ........ .

Relay

Zone-1 ( )%80

%120

Auto Re-closure

CBs .

145

 (. . )

2-11-4 Slkr VrouuorkiC Vrgn DTT

Relay

Relay . Direct Under Reach

Transfer Trip .

R-A Relay 20-4

F Zone2 Zone-3
B Under
reach Reach .Zone-1 R-
A DTT

R-B

.Zone-1

R-A Local conditions

. Direct . Under Reach

. R-A

Zone-1 OR-
gate .

146

 (. . )
R-B

R-A

T/R

T/R

Trip Command from R-B

OR

Trip CB-A

20-4 DTT
3-11-4

Directional Comparison Blocking

Relay External Fault

Blocking Relay R-A

21-4 Forward

CB

Relay R-B .
R-A -

. Zone-1 R-B External

Blocking R-A .
Internal

Blocking .
Transmission Line open

circuit ( )
Blocking .

147

 (. . )

Zone-1 Limit
Ext. Fault

R-A

R-B

Blocking Signal

21 -4
4-11-4

Permissive Under-reach Transfer Trip

) 22

DCB

( R-B -4

( ) CB-A R-A

Zone-1 Extended Zone-1

. ZA
R-A
Under-reaching ""
Trip R-B

.Permissive
Z2 ZA R-A
" Starting " R-B

.
. AND-gate

CB-A Trip :
-1 Z1 . R-A
-2 ZA
.

148

 (. . )
R-B

R-A

ZA

Z1

Z1

Trip CB-A

22 -4

OR

ZA
AND

PUTT

5-11-4 Permissive Over-reach Transfer Trip

Relay

Forward Fault

Zone-1 or Zone-2 (R-

B ) 22-4
( ) CB-A R-A

Forward Zones

Over-reaching

"" .Relay

High Impedance Relays
Forward
Zone-3

( + )
. Pilot Schemes

149

) .. (

1. M. Gilany, K. El-Nagar, A Technique for Improving and
Assessment of the Performance of Transmission Lines Backup
Protective Relays, GCC CIGRE Regional Conference on
Transmission Line Design and Operation, , pp. 143-149, Kuwait, 12 Dec. 2004.(Prize of the best paper in the Conference).
2. M. Gilany, Sayed Saad, High Impedance Faults in Tapped
Overhead Double Circuits", GCC Power 2005 Conference, Doha
28th 30th November 2005.
3. M. Gilany , E. Aboul-Zahab, Bahaa Hassan, "A New Method For
Enhancement of Distance Relay Performance Against OpenConductor Conditions", 10th International Middle East Power
System Conference, MEPCON 2005, Port Said, Egypt, pp. 613618, Dec. 13-15, 2005.
4. M. I. Gilany, O. P. Malik, and G. S. Hope, A digital technique for
parallel transmission lines using a single relay at each end, IEEE
Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 7, pp. 118123, Jan. 1992.
5. M. Gilany, O.P.Malik, G.S.Hope, A Laboratory Investigation of a
Digital Protection of Parallel Transmission Lines , IEEE Trans.
On Power Delivery , Vol. 1, No.1, pp.193-198, Jan.1995.
6. M. Gilany, Bahaa Hassan, O.P. Malik The Egyptian Electricity
Authority Strategy for Distance Relay Setting , Journal of
Electric Power System Research ,Vol.56, pp. 89-49, 2000.

150

) .. (

7. M. Gilany, A Logic-based Technique for Backup Protective

Relays, Journal of Electric Power Components & Systems, volume
33, No. 12, 2005.
8. M.I. Gilany, E.M. Tag Eldin, M.M. Abdel Aziz and D.K. Ibrahim,
Travelling Wave-Based Fault Location Scheme for Multi-end
Aged Underground Cable system, Accepted in the IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, March 2006.
9. Sun Junping, Sheng Wanxing, Wang Sunan, Study on the new
substation Automation network communication systems,
Proceedings of CSEE, 23(3), pp. 16-19, 2003.
10. S. Ward, T. Dahlin, and B. Ince, Pilot protection communications
requirements, 14th International Conference on Power System
Protection, Bled, Solvenia, pp. 1333, Sept. 29October 1, 275,
2004.
11. Tarlochan S. Sidhu, David Sebastian Baltazar, Ricardo Mota , and
Mohindar S. Sachdev, A New Approach for Calculating Zone-2
Setting of Distance Relays and Its Use in an Adaptive Protection
System, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 19, NO. 1, Jan.
2004.

151

 (. . )

152

 (. . )

20

OC EF
.

Molded Case CB, MCCB

MCCB
.

1-5
Phase to Phase
Phase Interturn Fault

153

 (. . )

Impulse Voltages Rated Voltage.

Core Faults

Eddy Currents

- -
Bochholz Relay
.
Tank Fault

.

Earthing of the Neutral Point .
1-5 .

: 1-5 ( SF6 )

2-5
Overcurrent Relays

154

(Radial

 (. . )

) .Network Overcurrent

OC Relay .

Differential Protection

Unit Protection
.

Differential Relay
.

1-2-5
. 1-5

) (I1 I2 .Differential Current

I1 = I2

.
CT

CT
Protected
Element

I1

I2
I1

Relay

I2

1-5

155

 (. . )

Differential

Protection "" .

Protected zone .

Faults

External

Unit Protection

External

Differential Relay

.Faults Unit Protection .

2-2-5

.

Stray

Capacitance

156

 (. . )

) (Saturation
(

).

3-2-5

Baised / Percentage Differential Relay

( ) 1-5

.2-5

CT

CT
Protected
Element

I2

I1
I1 I2

Op. Coil

Restraining Coil

2-5
:
Differential Current ) (I1 I2
Operating Current

( Operating Coil

)2-5

Restraining Torque

157

 (. . )

. )2

I1 I 2

( Restraining Coil -5

Mean through current

.

.
( )
.
:

1-
Iin =5A

Iout = 4.5 A

Iop = (5 4.5) = 0.5A

5 4.5
4.7 A
2

I Re s

0.5
.
:
Iin = 20 A

&

158

Iout = 1 A

 (. . )

Iop = 20 1 = 19 A

20 1
10.5 A
2

I Re s

Percentage Differential Relay . Biased Differential Relay

: :

Op. Coil
.

SC
.

4-2-5
3-5
Iop
.IRes
IOP
I1- I2
40%
20%

Operate

10%

Restrain

I1 I
2

IRes

3-5

159

 (. . )

) (Slope

I op
I Re s

Slope %10 %20 %40

%10 .
.3-5

CT.

Iop

.
Iop
: %10

.
0.2A

. Minimum Pickup current .

25 150 .

2-
Differential Relay

%10 . 4-5

320A

. 304A CTR

400 : 5

160

 (. . )

I1 , I2

IOp IRes :

320 5
4A
400
304 5
I2
3 .8 A
400
I op I1 I 2 0.2 A
I1

I1 I 2
3.9 A
2

I reset

) (0.2A & 3.9A Restrain

( ) 4-5 .

4-5 2-

3-5
Differential Relay
:

161

 (. . )

CTR .

Tap

)( Changer
,On-Load Tap Changer TAP

Changer

Slope

YY

( - Y - ) (-)

Phase Shift ( )CT

5-5
.
Zero Sequence
Currents :
-

Sequence Currents Zero

.
Zero Sequence Currents

162

 (. . )

Operating Coil
O

R
R

R
O

R
Restraining Coil

Restraining Coil

5-5 -
Tertiary Winding

Zero Sequence

Current .

,

3-
20 69/110 kV

Phase ( ) Single phase

Tap changer under load
%5- .%5+ .Differential Relay
:
.1 CTR .

163

 (. . )

.2 Percentage Slope (
10% 20% .)40%
.3 .
: Input Taps

5A . 5:3 5: 4
5:4.5 5: 4.8 5: 4.9 5: 5 5:5.1 5:5.2 . 5:5.5

-1 CTR
.

20 MVA
289.8 A
69 KV

Ip

20MVA
181.8 A
110 KV

IS

. 3-5
CTR

5A

:

300
5
200
CTRS
2
CTR P

164

 (. . )

5
4.83 A
300
5
*I S 181.8
4.54 A
200
I P 289.8

.
CTRs Input Taps

4.8/5 = TAP
:

4.83
5 5.006 A
4.8

I P (mod ified)

4.5/5 = TAP

4.54
5 5.009 A
4.5

I S (mod ified)

0.003A
. . 6-5

6-5 CTR

165

 (. . )

-2
Biased Differential Relays Slope
.
Tap changer
Tap Changer 5%

5%

5.3%

Input Taps .)0.3%

CT 10%

.15.3% 5%
20% ( .20% -5
.)3

-3

Pickup

Pickup

( )

1 4.8 300

14.4 A
4 5
5
( )
.
14.4A

.
14.4A .

166

 (. . )

4-5
-
CT
. CT . Line Current

4-
30 11.5/69 kV d-Y
7-5 CT
(50 : up to 2500 : 5
.)5

Taps

(.)5: 10 - 5: 9 - 5: 8 - 5: 7.3 - 5: 6.6 - 5: 6 - 5:5.5 - 5 : 5

7-5 CT

167

Input

 (. . )

1500:5

11kV

69kV

1506A

251A

1506A

251A

1506A

251A

250:5
A
B
C

8.69A

Ibc

IC

5.02A

8.69A

Iab

IB

5.02A

8.69A

Ica

IA

5.02A

7-5

-1

30 MVA
251 A
3 69 kV
30 MVA
1506.13 A
3 11.5 kV

I L 69kV

I L 11.5kV

-2 CTR 11kV CTR 1500

( .: 5 .) 1506

CTR ( )69kV
CT CT (

) 11kV 11kV CT

168

 (. . )

line

.)current

.CTR

:
:

5
X

phase

3 251

1506.13

1500

144 = X (. 150 : 5
.)144
( )5A
250 .

.
:
5A

250 : 5 150 : 5
( 250 : 5 ) Current

Taps . 69 kV

5
5.02 A
250

251

= 11kv

5
3 8.69 A
1500

169

1506

 (. . )

Input Tap 11kV

9: 5A

. Input Taps
.

5-5

Inrush Current

1-5-5

8-5

:
-1

Power Transformer

Residual Flux, R

-2


Inrush Current
. 8-5

max R
inrush Current .

170

 (. . )

8-5

8-5

-1 .
-2 Imax
90 (

d
dt

.) i

- -

:
. 9-5

171

 (. . )

9-5

Magnitization Currents Steady State

. 10-5

10-5

172

 (. . )

2-5-5

Magnetizing

Circuit .11-5

11-5
IP
IS

Differential

173

 (. . )

Relay

.
.

3-5-5
:

( Op.

)coil Operating current 12-5

.
.Under voltage relay

174

 (. . )

CT

Relay Contact
R

Res Coil

Op. Coil

U.V. Relay

VT

CT

12-5 Differential Relay

Inrush

Under Voltage Relay

Short

.

.

2nd

Harmonic . 2nd Harmonic

40 :50 %
. %7

175

 (. . )

) (Filter 2nd Harmonic

- -
Blocking Signal 2nd Harmonic : 10%

20%
Blocking . CB

.
4-5-5 saxugSgCoi snrrSn

Inrush Currents
.

13-5
Inrush Current .

.Inrush Current

Inrush

. 14-5

176

 (. . )

I1 I2 R
. 13-5
Sympasatic Inrush .
Differential

Relay

Relay

.
.

I2
R
ITot

I1

Gen.

13-5

Time Constant .

Inductance, L R

) sin(t

Em
2

177

)R (L
2

E t
i m e L
L

 (. . )

DC Component
) (L/R . Time Constsnt
Exponential Component

" " t . L

L .

14-5

6-5 pcerct otcRV

3-Phase

Phase-A Phase-a
. 15-5
Phase shift
Y
.

. YY , dd, dY, Yd:

178

 (. . )

dY1 , dY11, Yd5 .Vector Group

Differential Relays

Phase Shift .
:
.1 Y
... YY0,

YY2, YY4 .

dY1, dY3, dY5,.. dY11 . Y

.

15-5

3-Phase

.2 16-5
Phase Shift 30 .

dY1 Phase Shift 30

dY3 90 11 Phase Shift
330 . .

179

 (. . )
X1

Y1

A
Y2

Y1
C

Y2

O
X2

X3

Y3

A
B
C

X1

X2

X3

11 0 1
3

9
6

Y3

16-5
Yd5 Phase Shift
150 15-5 dY0 :

7-5 Overcurrent Protection

:

Overcurrent Relays

Over Loads .

.Relays Overcurrent Ansi Code

] [51 Instantenous OC Relay

] [50 .17-5

180

 (. . )
HV

LV

50
51

17-5 OC Relays

OC Relay

HV side OC Relay LV side

. 18-5 OC Relays
.Inrush currents

51

51

LV

HV1

51
HV2
Time

HV1

LV

HV2

Current

18-5 OC

181

 (. . )

8-5 Restricted EF
Overcurrent
Earth fault .

. Restricted earth fault Protection

19-5

EF

protection
.CTs EF
.

( F1 )19-5

CT4 Neutral
CT-3

CT-1 CT-2

CT4 CT-3

. (

F2 )
CT3 + CT2 + CT1 CT-4

. Relay

182

 (. . )
CT-1

F1

CT-2

F2

CT-3

Restricted EF
Relay

CT-4

19-5 Restricted EF Relay

CT4 Stablizing Resistance

( EF Relay )
Relay Voltage Drop


.

.High impedance EF

.

183

 (. . )

9-5

( ).

Forced Air Cooling

Natural Oil Cooling

Forced Oil Cooling

( )FANs
.

11-5


( )1-5

.
90
360 .

184

 (. . )

) (PPM
17 PPM

1-11-5 BrinnFiz gkiga

Bochholz

Relay . 2-5

SC

(
)Differential , O.C , EF
.

2-5 Bokholz Relay

185

 (. . )

.
-
-

11-5 syct erRr tcrcercce

.
.%10
Eddy Currents

Core
.

eddy currents

.
.

Volts-per-Hertz

V
F

:
V = 4.44 NF
(

(V/F) :

.

186

)(V/F

 (. . )

( ) Voltage Regulator

)(V/F

187

) .. (

1. M. Gilany, A. Adly, R. Radwan, A Novel Method for
Eliminating the Transformer Magnetizing Inrush Current, 4th
IEEE International Conference on Electronics and Systems,
ICECS97, pp.425-428, Cairo, Dec. 15-18, 1997.
2. M. Gilany, Z. Osman, H. M. Zein Eldin, M. Salem, A
Multifunction Power Transformer Protection Method, 8th
International Middle East Power System Conference, MEPCON
2001, Helwan, Egypt, pp. 79-83, Dec. 29-31, 2001.
3. M. Gilany, G. Abdwahab, R. Radwan Laboratory Investigation
of a New Technique to avoid The Problem of Transformer
Inrush Current, 4th Regional Conference of CIGRE
Committees in Arab Countries, Vol. 1, pp. 146-155, March 1921, 2001.
4. M. Gilany , O.P. Malik, A New Proposed Digital Differential
Protective Algorithm for H.V. Power Cable, Proceedings of
the 2nd IASTED International Conference on Power and Energy
Systems (EUROPES), Crete, Greece, pp. 630-633, June 25-28.
5. A.G. Phadke and J.S. Thorp, "A microprocessor based three
phase transformer differential relay", IEEE Transactions on
Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-102, No. 11, pp.
3624-3628, 1987.
6. M.S. Sachdev, T.S. Sidhu and H.C. Wood, "A digital relaying
algorithm for detecting transformer winding faults", IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 1638-1647,
July 1989.

188

 (. . )

189

 (. . )

.

.

Security

& Reliability
.Selectevity

1-6
Synchronous Generator

Rotor and

Stator Rotor
Stator .

190

 (. . )

Generator

Exciter ---- Permanent Magnet ---- Automatic :

Voltage Regulator .1-6

Exciter 3-phase generator

Gen-2 1-6 ( 500)

( 5000) Shaft

Field

DC

Stator .

:
: DC Exciter 3-phase

: " " Exciter Field

PMG

Exciter
Rectifier
Unit for
exciter
Rotor

Stator of
Exciter

Main Field

Rectifier
Unit for
PMG

Output

Stator

Permanent
Magnet

Field of
Exciter

Main Stator

1-6

191

Stator of
PMG

 (. . )

3-phase Exciter

Rectification
.
Field Exciter

Exciter

: .
3-Phase Generator Exciter
( 100 )
Magnet

Permanent PMG Gen-1

1-6 PMG

3-phase current

Exciter Field .Exciter

PMG
Field

Exciter

Field Exciter PMG

.

1-6 .
. 1-6
( Automatic Voltage

Regulator (AVR

192

 (. . )

1-6

1-1-6
Load :
P=T

P: Mechanical input power

T: Torque
: rotor speed in rad / sec

Electric Torque Mechanical Torque

( )Control System

( Feed Water Control

)Valve

( ,)Governor Valve ( )Forced Draft Fan

193

 (. . )

Mechanical Torque Electric Torque

.

( )Frequency :

).....................................(6 1

PN s
60

f : The output frequency.

Ns: The synchronous speed or the speed of the rotor.
P : The number of pair poles in the generator.
P

E A :

).............................(6 2

3V E A sin
Xs

2-6
:
Phase Faults .

Inter-turn Faults .

Phase Earth Faults

Stator . Rotor
Loss of.Excitation

194

 (. . )

. . Unbalance . .
.

3-6
2-6 3- 6
:

Overvoltage surges

()

( )Switching

2-6

.

Relay

2-6 .

195

 (. . )

Distribution Earthing

Transformer .3-6

Relay

Earthing
Transformer

3-6

3 -6 (

) equivalent value
.

N
)R1 R2 1 ...........................(6 3
N2
.
:

- Y
Zero Sequence Currents
.

196

 (. . )

1-3-6 .

Differential Relay

Iin

Iout

Differential Relays

Single line to ground

Unbalance Current

. 3rd Harmonic Current

Zero Sequence

Currents

15%

. 3rd Harmonic Current
.

197

 (. . )

4-6

.
:
Biased Differential Protection

Overcurrent Protection

Voltage Dependent

. Overcurrent Relays

1-4-6
Differential Relay 4-6

.
CT

CT

Generator

4-6 .

198

 (. . )

High Impedance Differential
Protection Biased Differential Protection
.5-6

CT

Generator

Differential
Relay

5-6 High Impedance

Differential Realy
CT .

CTs

Output Current

Input Current Differential Relay

Saturation

Relay
. 5-6
Saturated CT Relay

Relay .

199

 (. . )

CTs Relay

Relay

.
CTs CT Short Circuit
CT

Saturation : Relay
CT Saturation
Saturated CT

Relay .

Two CTs

Relay Relay .

2-4-6

OC Relays

Overcurrent Relay

. Time Delayed Overcurrent

OC
( ) Voltage Dependent OC OC

.
Overcurrent Relay

BB

.
:

200

 (. . )

Voltage Controlled . Voltage Restrain

Voltage Controlled OC
Setting .
. 6-6 ( 6-6
)

- Overload
- Relay

6-6

Voltage Controlled Overcurrent Relay

201

 (. . )

Very close in fault

Relay
Pickup current

.
Relay .

Voltage Restrain Setting

..
Setting . 7-6

.

75
50

)Current (% tap Value

100

25

25
50 75 100
)Restrain Voltage (% rated voltage

7-6 Voltage Restrain OC

202

 (. . )

5-6 EF Stator
- -
( fault

) point

properly sealed

1-5-6
.

Restricted Earth Fault Protection

( . . )8-5

2-5-6 EF Relay

Neutral .
Earth Fault Relay
.

Directional Earth Fault

Relay .8-6
Residual Current
. Residual Voltage

203

 (. . )

Unbalanced Earth Faults Residual Current = 3 I0

- Residual

Voltage Earth Fault

.

CT

VT

Directional
Earth Fault
Relay

8- 6 Directional Earth Fault Relay

6-6 Negative Sequence Relays

. Negative Sequene Relay

:

Relaying Signal
1- Positive Sequence
2- Negative Sequence
3- Zero Sequence

204

 (. . )

Negative Sequence

Current

50Hz 100 Hz .

Losses

Heat

)K I 22 t ....................................(6 4
I2 Negative Sequence Current

( % of

).rated current
t

K I2 .

40-30-20-10
Negative Sequence Current ) ( I 2 t
.
2

Relays .
Relay
.9-6

205

 (. . )

Generator K = 10

Negative

Sequence Relay TDS 2 3

. K=10 K=30
TDS 2 8 .9-6

9-6 Negative Sequence Relay

206

 (. . )

) (Unsymetrical

Negative Sequence Protection

Conductor

Open

Negative Sequence

Current

7-6

1-7-6 Over Speed Protection

Governor
.
Governor

Over-
Frequency Relay
.

2-7-6

Loss of Excitation

Excitation

207

Field

 (. . )

.
:

) Reactive Power( Q

Induction Generator
( )Magnetizing Current

of

out

.synchronizm
Induction Generator
Slip current Slip Frequency emf Rotor
Wound Rotor
.

Distance Relay

Field
Stator Stator Impedance Relay
) (Vs/Is
.

8-6 lcRrter

.

(

. ( %5

208

 (. . )

( )

10-6 .

VF
IF

10-6

209

 (. . )

.
) Leakage

( Currents

(Stray

) Capacitance
Unsymmetrical Current

. Setting

Setting

1-8-6

R 10-6
SLG
:

)..............(6 5

R I op 100
V ph

Un Pr otected _ %

Iop ( )CT
Vph Phase Voltage
R

210

 (. . )

1
Restricted EF 5

11 . EF
25% .2
.

Iop = 25% Irated

11,000
6340V
3

5000
262 A
3 11

, V ph

I rated

Iop = 65.5A

2 65.5* 100
25%
6340

2-8-6 Stator

.100% Generator Protection

. 11-6

Earthing

Transformer
(50 Hz )

50Hz

Leakage
.Current or Unbalance Loads

211

 (. . )

( ) 100% Realy .

I H_F

IHF

100%
Relay
High Frequency
Source

11-6

. (

)
Differential Protection Earth Fault .

9-6
Rotor DC System

212

 (. . )

.
: Rotor
Rotor

G . 12-6

Rotor F .Rotor
Rotor M
.Relay

M G

- - M
.Relay

Field
Circuit

Exciter

OC. Relay

12-6 Rotor

13-6
Rotor + AC Source :

213

 (. . )

+ AC ( Rotor ) +
.

AC injection DC

Over-voltage Relay Relay

Field
Circuit

OV Relay

Exciter

LF supply

13-6 Rotor

9-6

Protection
. Schemes

. 41-6

214

 (. . )

CB
52

Other busbar
CTs

CT

87B

VT

CT

81

27

59

46

49

64 41
Field

21

32

86

87

CT

64

14-6
1-1

( )87
CT

. VT .

215

 (. . )

Relays
.
Trip Auxilary Lock out Relay, 86

. CB

15-6 14-6
.

52

51V

32

40

VT
CT
G

87

CT

51G

CT

15-6

216

) .. (

1. M. Gilany, O.P. Malik, A.I. Megahed, Generator Stator
Winding Protection with 100% Enhanced Sensitivity,
International Journal of Electrical Power and Systems,
Australia, Vol. 24, pp. 167-172, 2002.
2. M. Gilany, Ahmed A Mahfouz, E. Aboul-Zahab, 100% Digital
Stator Earth Fault Protection for Synchronous Generators, 5th
International Middle East Power System Conference,
MEPCON97, Alexandria, Egypt, pp. 520-524, Jan. 4-6, 1997.
3. C.J. Mozina (Coordinator), IEEE Tutorial on the Protection of
Synchronous Generators, IEEE Tutorial course, IEEE Power
Engineering Society Special Pub. No. TP 102, 1995.
4. L.Pazmandi, "Stator Earth-Leakage protection for Large
Generators", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems,
Vol. PAS-94, No.4, pp.1436-1439, July/August 1975.
5. R.L.Schlake, G.W.Bukely, and G.Mcpherson, "Performance of
Third Harmonic Ground Fault Protection Schemes for
Generator Stator Windings", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus
and Systems, Vol. PAS-100, No.7, pp.3195-3202, July 1981.
6. A.I. Megahed, and O. P. Malik Experimental Testing of a
Neural Network Based Digital Differential relay for
Synchronous Generators, IEEE Transaction on power
Delivery, Vol. 15, No. 1, JANUARY 2000.

217

 (. . )

218

 (. . )

) Busbar (BB

BB

.
. BB
BB

. BB

BB BB
. BB

1-7 ssS
BB :

1-1-7

BB :
.1 Phases
.2 Phase.
.3 phase . Earthed Enclosure

219

 (. . )

.4 SF6 Gas Insulated System GIS

Phase .

2-1-7
BB BB
.

BB

BB

BB

BB :
-A Single BB :
-B Single BB with Bus Section :

-C Double BB with Bus Coupler :

-D One and Half :
. 1-7 BB
. .1-7

220

 (. . )

C- Double BB

A- Single BB

B- Sectionalized BB

D- One and Half BB

1-7 BB

1-7 BB

221

 (. . )

3-1-7

BB :
-1 Flat BB
BB :

I 7.73 A0.5 p 0.39

A
P
-2 ( )P
BB :

I 8.63 A0.5 p 0.36

-3 BB
:

I 13.6 A0.68
50
40 .

Resistively

1.724 .m 20 .

2-7
BB
( )SC

Circuit Breaker Failure
.

222

 (. . )

BB
. BB

CBs Locked

. Transient Fault

1-2-7 BB
BB :
BB
BB

( ) I ( )S

) (F

N .m

I2
2 10 4
s

Fmax

three-phase system Phase

.

"" Switchgear
BB

3-7 BBs
BBs BB
. BB

223

 (. . )

High Reliability Discrimination

1-3-7

BBs .2-7

Remote Time Delay Protection

BB Overcurrent Relay
. BB
BB OC
Block OC . BB
OC OC . BB

BLOCK

50

50

50

50

50

2-7

2-3-7 Differential Overcurrent :

Kirchoff

Current Law, KCL

224

Node

 (. . )

Node
.
.
OC BB
OC BB

BB BB

. 3-7 KCL

BB
.

. Overcurrent

Differential

Saturation
.BB

51

3-7

3-3-7 wrgxk tkgagmk trFCkiCoFn :

BB Switchgear Frame

BB Frame

225

 (. . )

] Earth Fault Relay [64 4-7

.

I1+I2

Frame

AC

I1

IF= I1+I2

64

I2

> 10 ohm

< 1 ohm
I2

Frame
Earthing

Generator
Earthing

4-7
Sections BB
Sections Frame .

Frame
.
Phase Faults
.

BB Earthing Resistance

4-7
Switchgear Frame

226

 (. . )

I1

Switchgear

. Frame EF .64
5-7 I1
I1 Switchgear
Frame Relay

IF= I1+I2

I1+I2

Frame

AC

I1

64

I1

> 10 ohm

< 1 ohm
I2

Frame
Earthing

Generator
Earthing

5-7

5-3-7

Directional Comparison Scheme

BB

BB

227

 (. . )

. 6-7

BB

Contact points
Directional Relays .

Trip

6-7 DCS

4-7 : ecttctcercer tcrcercce

Differential Protection

. BB

Merz-Price
7-7
( 7-7) Differential Current

BB

( ) Relay (7-7)
.

228

 (. . )

External Fault

Internal Fault

7-7
Differential Relay
Phases . 8-7
.

Differential
Relay

8-7 DR Phases

Phase and Earth faults

Differential Relay Phase .

229

 (. . )

1-4-7 yomn oxukjgnik uollkrknCogi gkiga

. Saturation
CTs BB
CT

Differential

Current Relay Relay

.
Differential Relay

( .) 5-6

5-7
BB Protection

1- 5-7 tV BB
:

CT CB .9-7 BB CB .10-7 .
9-7 CT
BB CB CB

CT . BB
BB

. BB :

BB
BB .

230

 (. . )

BB protection
Contact Points .
Contact Points . BB
Bus Bar

CB

CT

9 -7 CT
CT BB

10-7 . CB
CT CB Line
Protection

BB Protection

. Dead Zone

. BB Protection

BB
. CB

Contact Points CB CB
. BB Protection

231

 (. . )

Bus Bar

CT

CB

10-7 CT

2 5-7 sBoCinghik ss
BB BB

Switchable BB BB
BB

BB . .11-7
CT-2 BB-1 SW-5
BB-2 Sw-6 .

232

 (. . )

CT-5
S-9

S-7

S-5

S-10

S-8

S-6

CB-1

CT-6

CB-4

CB-3

S-3

S-4

CT-4

C-3

CB-2
S-2

CT-4

CT-4

C-2

C-3

11-7 BB

6 -7 BBO

BB
BB CBs
analog and digital inputs

). Central Unit ( CU

.12-7

233

 (. . )
Bus Bar

52

52

52

CU

12-7 Central Unit

.13-7 Data
Acquisition Unit , DAU

Phase CU

DAU .

Phase Segregated
Busbar Relay

Phase

Relay Phase-A Phase-

B . Phase-C
.

Bus Bar

52
DAU

52
DAU

52
DAU

CU

13-7 DAU

234

 (. . )

Relay Relay
.2-7

2-7 Relay BB

235

) .. (

[1]

Jiali H., Shanshan L., Wang G., Kezunovic M., Implementation

of a Distributed Digital Bus Protection System, IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery, Vol.12, No.4, October 1997, pp.1445-1451.

[2]

Kasztenny B., Sevov L., Brunello G., Digital Low-Impedance

Bus bar Protection .Review of Principles and Approaches,
Proceedings of the 54th Annual Conference for Protective Relay
Engineers, College Station, TX, April 3-5, 2001. Also presented
at the 55th Annual Georgia Tech Protective Re-laying, Atlanta,
GA, May 2-5, 2001.

[3] B90 Bus bar Protection Relay,

publication No.GEK-106241, 2002.
[4]

Instruction Manual, GE

Sachdev M.S., Sidhu T.S., Gill H.S., A Bus bar Protection

Technique and its Performance During CT Saturation and CT
Ratio-Mismatch, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.15, No.3,
July 2000, pp.895-901.

236

 (. . )

237

 (. . )

Short Circuit
.

.
Short Circuit

. Symmertrical and Unsymmetrical Faults :

.

Prated
Vrated

I rated

De-rating
factors
.

( ) Relay time + Circuit Breaker time

238

 (. . )

Short Circuit Methods

Circuit Breakers

Coordination
.

239

 (. . )

3-Line-to-Ground

Phases .

Phases Single Line Diagram

.

.

.

Per unit .

-1 Per Unit

240

 (. . )

Short Circuits



.
.

Supper position .Thevenen

. Per Unit
( 165)

(150)

180
. : 160
.

. Perunit
1 ZH High V. Side

ZL . Low Side
.
ZL

ZH

VL

VH

1-

241

 (. . )

: Zp.u

.
Zp.u:

Z
Z Base

Z p. u

ZBase

VBase
I Base
VBase VH

Z Base

. VL

.IBase
MVABase .

.Refernce Value
Zp.u MVAbase :

MVABase
kVB2

Z p.u Z

.
Zp..u
.

MVAB
kVB2

242

Z p.u Z

 (. . )

: Z ZL ZH . : .

. Z ZL ZH
.

MVAB
kVL2
MVAB
kVH2
2

N1

1
N2

p.u

Z p.u Z L
1

Z p.u 2 Z H

Z L kVH2 Z L

Z H kVL2 Z H

Z p.u

Z p.u

Z p.u

. Zp.u
5% Zp.u
.

Zp.u. 5% Prated
.

:
-1 ) MVA (Base . MVAB

-2 ( Zones) VBase
VBase VH VB
.VL

243

 (. . )

-3 )& (VB
MVAB :

MVAB

)(1

kVB2
MVABnew

)(2

MVABold

X p.u X

X p.u new X p.uold

-4 Xeq.
.
-5

VB
Req
-6

I s .c

MVAs.c

MVAs.c 3 k VB kIs.c
- -

.

- 2 MVA Method

Per Unit MVA
method

Per Unit MVAB

M Rated Power

244

 (. . )

. Per Unit
.

M :
:

) (rated power
X pu

)(3

MVAraterd
X p.u

M ( gen, motor , transf )

-
Xgen 0.02 pu

2 3.125 MVA
M

3.125
156.25 MVA
0.02

M1 M 2

2- 10 MVA M
) (M4

10
200 MVA
0.05

245

M4

 (. . )
S(gen)=3.125 MVA
Xpu = 0.02

M1

M2

S(transf) = 10MVA
Xpu = 0.05

M4

2 -
Per unit

MVAB M
.
:

M :

KV 2
X c

)(4

M cable

M :
-1 M
( M )
. 3- M3 . M1 & M2

246

 (. . )

per unit
.

M2

M1

M3=M1+M2

3-

-2 M
. 4- ( M3 )
M4 ( M5
) M3 & M4 :
M 3* M 4
M3 M4

M2

M5

M1

M3=M1+M2
M4

M5=M3//M4

4-

247

 (. . )

Generators
and Motors

M MVAs.c
Is.c

MVASC
3 (kV ) 2

I SC

kV .

5-
. BB-7
-1 : M 3 4
) M2 ) M14 .5-
2 3

MVAraterd 3.125

156.25 MVA
X p.u
0.02

M2 M3

7 :13

MVAraterd
10

200 MVA
X p.u
0.05

248

M 7 M 13

 (. . )

40506,12 :3.3 kV

kV 2 3.32
M 4 M 5 M 6 M 12

605 MVA
X c 0.018
8 9 14 400
M

kV 2 0.42
M 8 M 9 M 14

8.9 MVA
X c 0.018

-2 : M

BB7 Gen-3 , Gen-2,

. Motor-10, Motor-11

Static Load BB7

M
. Branch

M BB-2
BB MB2 :
Gen-2 M2 M4
MB2 :

M2*M4
124 MVA
M2 M4

MB2

. MB3 .124

249

 (. . )

. MB2 , MB3
BB6 BB4

MB4 = MB2 + MB3 = 124 + 124 = 248 MVA

. MB4 M6
M7 MB6 MB4, M6,
M7

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

MB6 MB4 M 6 M 7 248 605 200

MB6 93.6 MVA
. BB-8, BB-9
MB8 , MB9
.
-3 :
M MSC

M SC MB6 MB8 MB9 93.6 MVA

:

MVAsc 93.6 * 106

135kA
3Vb
3 * 400

250

I sc

 (. . )

.Per Unit

.

Short

Circuit
248MVA 93MVA .

SC Current
.

251

) .. (
Gen-2

Gen-3

Pgen= 3.125 MVA

Xgen=0.02 pu
Xcable = 0.018 ohm

M2

M3

BB2

BB3

MB2

PT = 10MVA, 33kV/ 400V

MB3

XT = 0.05 pu

BB4
M6

MB4

M12

BB6

M13
M7

BB10

MB6
BB7

MB8

MB9

M14

M9

M8
BB8

BB9

BB11
M11

Motor-10

M10

Motor-11

40 [ 400 HP Motors]
X = 0.25 pu

5-

252

Static
Load

 (. . )

Unsymmetrical Faults

Symmetrical Components

Symmetrical Components
Phases

. Unsymmetrical Faults
1-L-G Phase-A :
phases

(
/ / ) .

Symmetrical

. Components
:

..... - -
.

253

 (. . )

B-1 Symmetrical Components

Unsymmetrical

. :
Positive Sequence Network
Negative Sequence Network
Zero Sequence Network
Impedances Z1,
Z2, Z0 . Impedance .
Unsymmetrical Fault Sources

1-. (Vf1, Vf2, Vf0) :

. Positive, Negative and zero sequence voltages

sequence network .
Sources Impedances Z1, Z2, Z0

) (I1, I2, I0 . 1

254

 (. . )

B1 Phase-a
Phases

Symmetrical Components Phase-a

Single Line Diagram Phase-a .

sequence

currents :
Ia1, Ib1, Ic1 o Positive Sequence Network
. Va1, Vb1, Vc1
Ia2, Ib2, Ic2 o Negative Sequence Network
.Va2, Vb2, Vc2

Ia0, Ib0, Ic0 o Zero Sequence Network

. Va0, Vb0, Vc0

255

 (. . )

) Positive Sequence Voltages (or currents

Phasors 120 Three Phase .
.
Voltages and currents Negative Sequence Network

Three Phase

Phasors

.
Phasors Sequence Network
Zero .
Va1, Vb1, Vc1 Positive Sequence Network
Phase-a
:

Va1 Va1
Vb1 a 2Va1
Vc1 aVa1

a 1120 , a 2 1240.........................1

where

( ) a .
, Negative Sequence :

Va 2 Va 2

Vb 2 a Va 2
Vc 2 a 2Va 2 ...........................................................2
Zero sequence Phasors :

256

 (. . )

Va 0 Va 0
Vb 0 Va 0

Vc 0 Va 0 ...........................................................3
:
)..(4

1+a+a =1

Ia1+Ia2+Ia0
- -

Ia

. .

Phase
.
+ Ia0

Ia = Ia1 + Ia2
Ib = Ib1 + Ib2

+ Ic0

Ic = Ic1 + Ic2

+ Ib0

)..(5
(12)3
Phase-a

Phasors

( )5

:
+ Ia0
+ Ia0
)+ Ia0 (6

Ia = Ia1+ Ia2
2

Ib = a Ia1 + a Ia2
2

Ic = a Ia1+ a Ia2

1 2 0 Sequences
a

257

 (. . )

I1

I0 Ia

I0 Ib = a I1
Ic = a I1

)I0 (6

I2

+ a I2

+
+

+ a2 I2

( I1 , I2, I0 Sequence currents )

( ) Phases :

1
I a aI b a 2 I c
3
1
V1 Va aVb a 2Vc
3
1
I 2 I a a 2 I b aI c
3
1
V2 V a a 2Vb aVc
3
1
I 0 I a I b I c
3
1
)V0 Va Vb Vc ..................................(7
3

I1

Sequence Currents Phase

Currents

. .

7- Zero Sequence
. Positive :
& Negative sequence currents
.

B-2 Sequence impedances

Unsymmetrical

258

 (. . )

Positive Sequence Network

Negative Sequence Network
Zero Sequence Network
Impedance
Impedance Z1, Z2, Z0
.

Impedances

B-2-1 Synchronous Generators

Reactance :
sub-transient reactance
transient reactance
steady state reactance

Xd
Xd
Xd

salient Pole
Round Rotor
X2 = X1 Round Rotor

salient Pole X0
X1 X2

B-2-2
:
X1 = X2 = 0.8 ohm per mile for Single conductor TL
X1 = X2 = 0.6 ohm per mile for Bundle TL
X0 . 3:3.5 X1

259

 (. . )

B-2-3 :
X1, X2, X0 .

B-3
Unsymmetrical Fault Sources
Positive, Negative, and Zero Voltage (:

Positive Sequence

Sources

Voltages .B-1 Voltages

Sequences I1, I2, I0

impedances Z

Sequence

Reduction .

Zero Sequence Networks

( / / )
Z0 Zero Sequence
.Networks

B-4 Z0

Leakage Reactance XL, XH

High and Low voltage sides XH, XL

XTransformer XT

XT ( ) H, L :

260

 (. . )

)1 " " : .
( B2)
)2 " " :
. B2)
)3 " " : . )B2

)4 "
" : B2 (
3 phases )
( XL, XH .) XT

B2 Z0
.B-1

261

 (. . )

B-1

262

 (. . )

B-5
X1,X2, X0 Symmetrical
Components Sequence Networks
( )
7 :
B-5-1 1-L-G
Ib = Ic = 0 7
Sequence currents I0 = I2 = I1
Sequences Networks B3 .
B-5-2 2-L-G
Vb = Vc = 0 7
Sequence Voltages

V0 = V2 = V1

Sequences Networks
B3 .
B-5-3 L-L
Vb = Vc

Ib = - Ic = 0

Ia 7 I1 = - I2 I0 = 0
Zero Sequences Positive Sequence Negative
Sequence B3-.

263

 (. . )

B3 Sequences

B-6

.
4-

Load .

X percentage = MVA base

100 High voltage side Base
. Voltage = 110kV

264

 (. . )

B4

1-L-G

. BB-D
Positive, Negative, :
Zero Sequence

Positive, Negative Sequence

Positive Sequence . B5

Zero Sequence . B6

Reduction
Z Supply .
Reactance
. Xs
. Reduction
.

265

 (. . )

B5

Positive Sequence

B6 Zero Sequence

266

 (. . )

B6 Zero Sequence

Zero Sequence

B6

() .

.B8
- - X0 Station X
/.

Zero Sequence B6.

Z . )B7

267

 (. . )

N
J0.72
J9

J6
J7.2

J4.8
Bus-X

J60

Bus-A

B7

Positive

and Zero sequence Impedances

.B8

B8 Positive and Zero Sequence

268

 (. . )

Zero Seq. :
Pos Seq :

Per unit

. B-1
SLG Positive, Negative and :
Zero sequence networks .

V
1

2.22 pu
Z1 Z 2 Z 0 0.184 0.184 0.081

I1 I 2 I 0

: Ibase

VAbase 100000

524.8 A
Vbase
3 *110

base current

branches

reduction
(

).

.
B9

Positive Sequence X

per unit Zero Sequence

.B10

269

 (. . )

J40

1.025
538.14A

J28

0.0668
35.05A

0.63
330.9

Bus-D

J40
2.218
1164A

0.563
295.9A

Bus-X

J10
J28

J18
0.562
295.4A

J24

0.629
330.5A

Bus-Y

0.562
295.4A

B9 Positive Sequence

B10 Zero Sequence

Sequence Currents

Phase

Currents .7 :

)(8

Ia = I1 + I2 + I0 = 6.66pu = 3493 A
Ib = a2 I1 +a I2 + I0 = -I1 + I0
Ic= a I1 + a2 I2 + I0 = -I1 + I0

270

 (. . )

I1 = I0 Ib = Ic = Zero .
Phases
6 .
Phase-C A Y
. Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence
8- Pgase-C ( . )-I1 + I0
B9 B10 ( -289A = ) -295 + 6.1

.B11

Phases
.
:

)1 Ic = Ib = 0

phases 11- -
-

) 2 BB-D

.Closed Circuit

)3
. Isolated System
Stray Capacitance

)4 A, B , D
.

271

 (. . )

)5 Zero Sequence Currents

Delta Connection .
. Zero Sequence Currents
)5
.

)6
Phases .

B11 Phases

272

) .. (

1. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Applied Protective
Relaying, Relay Instruments Division, USA, 1982.
2. Anderson, P.M.,
1999.

Power System Protection, MacGraw Hill,

3. GEC Alsthom T&D, "Protective Relays Application Guide",

Third Edition, March, 1995
4. Fitzgerald, A.E., Charles Kingsley. and Umans, S.D., Electric
Machinery, McGraw-Hill, 1989.
5. D.Stevenson, "Elements of Power System Analysis", McGrawHill , 1982.
6. S.H. Horowitz, A.G. Phadke, Power System Relaying, John
Wiley & Sons Inc, 1995.
7. A. T. Johns and S. K. Salman , Digital protection for power
systems , Peter Peregrinus Ltd 1995 .
8. M.S.
Sachdev
(Coordinator),
Developments
in
microprocessors-based relays and communication, IEEE
Tutorial Course, 1997.
9. M.S. Sachdev (Coordinator), IEEE
Tutorial
Course,
"Microprocessor Relays and Protection Systems", 88EH02691-PWR,1988.
10. Phadke, A.G. and Thorp, J.S. , "Computer Relaying for Power
Systems"; Research Studies Press Ltd., London, 1995
11. Wright, A. and Christopoulos, C. "Electrical Power System
Protection" ; Chapman & Hall, London, 1993.

273

) .. (

12. Blackburn, J. L., "Protective Relaying: Principles and

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. -16
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. . -17
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275