03 WCDMA RNP Antenna Principle and Selection

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential

Page 1
WCDMA RNP Antenna
Principle and Selection
Internal

Page 2
Review
Interface between radio transceiver and outside
propagation environment.
Antenna can transmit and receive radio waves.
Converts the RF currents to electromagnetic (EM)
waves;
Receives radio waves, and converts EM waves
to RF currents.

Page 3
Objectives
Learn the principle and classification of
antenna
Know some of characteristics of antenna
Study the rules for antenna selection
Understand the antenna selection for different
scenarios
From this course, we will be able to:

Page 4
Contents
Antenna Principle and Classification
Primary Technical Performances of the Antenna
Rules for Antenna Type Selection
Antenna Selection for Different Scenarios
Summary

Page 5
Antenna location and function
Antenna and feeder
system figure
Thunder
protector
Feeder(7/8
)
Feeder
clip
Feeder
ladder
Grounded
clip
Connector, insulated airproof
tape, PVC insulated tape
Adjustable
support
Board
antenna
Pole(|50~114mm)
Outdoor
jumper
Indoor jumper
Feeder
window
NodeB

Page 6
Based on the polarization mode:
Alternant circuit in the lead will radiate electromagnetic (EM) waves, the
radiation ability is related to the length and shape of lead.
When the length of lead is close to wave length, circuit in the lead will
increase greatly and radiate strong radio wave, we call this direct lead as
pole.
Antenna Work Principle
positive
negative

Page 7
Antenna Classification
According to radiation direction

Page 8
According to polarization direction:
Antenna polarization direction: electric field vector is the polarization
direction of EM wave
vertical polarization
horizontal polarization
+45 polarization -45 polarization

Page 9
According to polarization mode:
vertical polarization antennas (also called mono-polarization
antennas)
Cross polarization antennas (also called dual polarization
antennas).
single polarization (vertical) antenna dual polarization(+-45) antenna

Page 10
According to the outlines

whip antenna
plate antenna
cap antenna
paraboloid antenna

Page 11
Contents
Antenna Classification and Classification
Primary Technical Performances of Antenna
Summary

Page 12
Working Bands

in China and Europe
UL: 1920 ~ 1980 MHz
DL: 2110 ~ 2170 MHz
in North America
UL: 1850 ~ 1910 MHz
DL: 1930 ~ 1990 MHz

Page 13
Antenna Gain
Gain is one of the most important indices of an
antenna. It indicates the antennas capability of
centralizing energy to a certain direction
dBi is defined as the energy centralizing capability of the
actual directional antenna (including omni antenna) in
relation to isotropic antennas, i means isotropic.

dBd is defined as the energy centralizing capability of the
actual directional antenna (including omni antenna) in
relation to dipole antennas, d means dipole.

Page 14
Antenna Gain
As a passive device, antenna itself cannot increase
the energy of transmitted signals. It only can
centralize the energy to a certain direction by
combining the antenna dipoles and changing their
feeding mode
Isotropic
Dipole
Actual antenna
The actual antenna gain is 11dBi
11dBi
8.85dBd
2.15dB 2.15dBi
ERP
EIRP

Page 15
Antenna Pattern
The graph describes the distribution of EM field of the
antenna transmission along the fixed distance on the
angular coordinates.
A pattern presented by transmission field intensity is
called field intensity pattern, a pattern presented by power
density is called power density pattern, and a pattern
presented by phase is called phase pattern.
Normally power density pattern is used in Mobile
communication system, it includes vertical pattern graph
and horizontal pattern graph

Page 16
Symmetric half-wave dipole Pattern
Top view
side view
directional antenna pattern
omni antenna pattern
Antenna Pattern

Page 17
Antenna Pattern
Beam width (BW) (called semi-power angle)
Front-to-back ratio
Zero-point filling
Upper side lobe suppression

Page 18
Relationship between Wave Width and Gain

Antenna is an energy-centralizing device. The
enhancement of transmission in one direction means the
reduction of transmission in other directions. In general,
we can enhance the transmission strength in a certain
direction by reducing the horizontal lobe width so as to
increase the antenna gain. Under a given antenna gain,
the horizontal BW is in reverse proportion with the
vertical BW:
( )
10 lg 32400
a
G u | ~ (

Ga : antenna gain, dBi;
B: vertical BW, degree .
: horizontal BW, degree.

Page 19
Polarization Mode

Polarization is the transmission performance
describing the vector direction of EM field intensity.
Unless specific state, the space direction of electric
field vector is the polarization direction of EM wave.
The vector direction refers to the direction of
maximum transmission of antenna.

Page 20
Polarization Mode

Single polarization antennas in WCDMA system adopt vertical
polarization, while dual polarization antennas use polarization
diversity to minimize the negative effect of multi-path fading in
the mobile communication system so as to improve the
quality of receiving signals. Dual polarization antennas in
WCDMA system usually use
45 cross polarization mode.
+/- 45)

Page 21
Mechanical Down Tilt and Electric Down Tilt
Mechanical down tilt
electric down tilt

Page 22
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)

When the input impedance is not consistent with
the characteristic impedance, the reflected wave
and the incident wave overlap on the feeder and
form standing wave. The ratio between the
maximum value and the minimal value of the
adjacent voltage is VSWR. Big VSWR leads
communications distance shortened, at same time
reflection power returns to power amplifier (PA) of
transmitter. PA might be damaged.

Page 23
9.5 W
80
ohms
50 ohms
Forward: 10W
Reflection: 0.5W
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
If and respectively stand for the input impedance
and nominal impedance of the antenna, the reflectance is

where . The matching

feature of a port can also be indicated by Reflection
Loss . If

will be 13.98
A
Z
o
Z
o A
o A
Z + Z
Z Z
= I
I
I +
=
1
1
VSWR
O = 50
o
Z
1 : 5 . 1 = VSWR
( ) dB L R . .
. .( ) 20 lg RL dB = I

Page 24
Other Technical Performances

Port Isolation
Power Capacity
Input Interface of the Antenna
Passive Inter-modulation (PIM)
Antenna Size and Weight
Wind Load
Working Temperature and Humidity
Lightning Protection
Three-Proof Capability

Page 25
Contents
Summary

Page 26
Antenna Working Bands
Outdoor Antennas
Both WCDMA and DCS systems simultaneously
1710 ~ 2170 MHz
Only for WCDMA system
1920 ~ 2170 MHz
Indoor Antennas
for GSM/DCS/WLAN/WCDMA
800 ~ 2500 MHz

Page 27
Principle for Antenna Beam Width Selection
Selection of beam width
horizontal beam : depends on the type design of NodeB
vertical beam: depends on antenna gain
In urban areas
3-sector vertex-excited NodeBs, 65 horizontal beam
width
6-sector vertex-excited NodeBs, 33 horizontal beam
width
In suburban areas
3-sector center-excited NodeBs, 90 horizontal beam
width

Page 28
Principle for Polarization Mode Selection
urban area
dual polarization antennas
open mountainous areas and rural areas
vertical single polarization antennas

Page 29
Principle for Downtilt Mode Selection
Comparison between Mechanical Downtilt and Electric Downtilt

Page 30
Comparison between Preset Electricity Downtilt and Zero-Point Filling
The use of preset electric downtilt can shorten the
coverage range of the main lobe if the cell
coverage is planed to small.
Through zero-point filling, a kind of shaping
technology, we can obtain a good pattern. In this
case, the upper side lobe can be suppressed, so
this kind of antennas will influence other aspects.

Page 31
Planning and Optimization of Downtilt Angle
For an omni antenna, we cannot adjust the
mechanical downtilt angle, but we can select preset
electricity downtilt angle antennas.
For a directional antenna, in different occasions,
requirements for the downtilt angle adjustment
range are different.

Page 32
Principle for Front-to-back Ratio Selection
In occasions where NodeB sites are densely distributed, if
the back lobe is too big, it will be likely to cause pilot
pollution and the network quality will be influenced. In
urban areas, the antenna front-to-back ratio should be
25dB. In suburbs or rural areas, the antenna front-to-back
ratio can appropriately lower.
The front-to-back ratio is in reverse proportion to the
beam width. The narrower the beam is, the higher the
front-to-back ratio is.

Page 33
Principle for Antenna Size Selection
Antenna size selection is mainly related
to the install ability
Firstly, the antenna size is related to the
technical level of manufacturers
Secondly, the antenna size is related to
the antenna gain

Page 34
Principle for Antenna Impedance Selection
The input impedance of a combiner is 50. In order
to reduce the standing wave ratio, the characteristic
impedance of an antenna should match with the
input impedance, namely, it should be 50.
General, the characteristic impedance can meet this
requirement, but attention should be paid to this
index during selection or certification of new
antennas.

Page 35
Contents
Summary

Page 36
In WCDMA system, antenna selection is very important. Antennas
should be selected based on the practical situations such as the
NodeB design, network coverage requirements and interference
conditions.
Practical situations
In urban coverage
In sub-urban coverage
In rural coverage
In highway coverage
In indoor coverage
In offshore coverage
In tunnel coverage

Page 37
In Urban Coverage
Huawei Recommendation
Frequency range: 1710 ~ 2170 MHz/45dual
polarization / 65horizontal BW/15 dBi
gain/preset 6electrical DT or 0 ~ 10adjustable
electrical DT and 0 ~ 15 adjustable mechanical
DT/upper side lobe suppression and zero-point
filling/25dB or higher front-to-back ratio.

Page 38
In Suburban Coverage
Huawei Recommendation:
Select the specific antennas by referring to
antenna selection for urban areas and that for rural
areas depending on the distance between two
NodeBs and traffic density.

Page 39
In Rural Coverage
Recommendation (for directional antennas):
Working frequency 1710 ~ 2170 MHz / dual or vertical
polarization / 90 horizontal beam width / 18 dBi
antenna gain / without preset downtilt / zero-point filling
Recommendation (for omni antennas): Working
frequency 1710 ~ 2170 MHz / vertical polarization / 11
dBi antenna gain / without preset downtilt / zero-point
filling

Page 40
In Highway Coverage
Recommendation (for directional antennas): Working
frequency 1710 ~ 2170 MHz / vertical polarization / 30
horizontal beam width / high gain (for example: 21 dBi) /
without preset downtilt / zero-point filling
Recommendation (for 8-figure-shape antennas):
Working frequency 1710 ~ 2170 MHz / vertical
polarization / dual 70 horizontal beam width / 14 dBi
antenna gain / without preset downtilt / zero-point filling

Page 41
For Highway Coverage
Recommendation (for heart-shape antennas):
Frequency range: 1710 ~ 2170 MHz/VP/2
10horizontal BW / 12 dBi gain / without preset DT
zero-point filling
S0.5/0.5 NodeB configuration with high-gain directional
antennas
8-figure-shape antennas

Page 42
In Indoor Coverage
Recommendation (for omni antennas):
Frequency range: 800 ~ 2500 MHz/vertical polarization
(VP)/360horizontal BW, 90 vertical BW/2dBi gain.
Recommendation (for plate directional antennas):
Frequency range: 800 ~ 2500 MHz/vP/90horizontal BW,
60vertical BW/7dBi gain.
Recommendation (for log-periodical antennas):
Frequency range: 800 ~ 2500 MHz/VP/55horizontal BW,
50 vertical BW/11.5dBi gain.

Page 43
In Offshore Coverage
Antenna Recommended:
frequency range: 1710 ~ 2170 MHz
30 horizontal BW
gain 21 dBi
without preset DT
zero-point filling

Page 44
In Tunnel Coverage
Antenna Recommended
Frequency range: 800 ~ 2200 MHz
55/30horizontal BW
log-periodical type with gain 11.5 dBi
(consider sharing with GSM/DCS systems).
Leaky cable

Page 45
Contents
Major Technical Performances of the Antenna
Principles for Antenna Type Selection
Summary

Page 46
Summary
This course helps us:
To master antenna principle and classification
To master parameters of antenna
To understand the principles of antenna selection
To select antenna focusing on specific working
environments
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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