Che 201 Hand Out 4 Chapter 6

June 12, 2012
ChE 201/shoukat@buet.ac.bd 1
Chapter 6
Multiphase Systems
Dr. M. A. A. Shoukat Choudhury
Email: shoukat@buet.ac.bd
Website: http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/shoukat/
Multiphase Systems
Why Study?
- Phase change operations such as freezing,
melting evaporation condensation melting, evaporation, condensation
Example:
1. brewing a cup of coffee or tea,
2. absorption of SO2,
3. distillation to recover methanol or ethanol
fromaqueous solution
10/17/2012 ChE 201/shoukat@buet.ac.bd 2
from aqueous solution
4. L-L extraction
5. Adsorption
June 12, 2012
6.1 Single Component Phase Equilibrium
Phase diagram A plot of one system variable
against another that shows the conditions at which
the substance exists as solid, liquid and gas. the substance exists as solid, liquid and gas.
Phase Diagram of water
- Boiling point
- normal boiling point
- melting/freezing point
- sublimation point
- triple point
- critical temperature and pressure above which
two phases (liquid-vapor) never coexist.
Phase Diagram of water
Gas
June 12, 2012
Difference of vapor and gas
Vapor:
- Gaseous substance belowits critical
temperature which can be condensed by
compressing or increasing the pressure
Gas :
- Gaseous substance above its critical
temperature which cannot be condensed by
compressing or increasing the pressure
Vapor Pressure
Definition: Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor
pressure) is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-
vapor phases.
All liquids and solids have a tendency to evaporate to a gaseous All liquids and solids have a tendency to evaporate to a gaseous
form, and all gases have a tendency to condense back into their
original form (either liquid or solid). At any given temperature,
for a particular substance, there is a pressure at which the gas
of that substance is in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid or
solid forms. This is the vapor pressure of that substance at that
temperature.
The equilibrium vapor pressure is an indication of a liquid's
evaporation rate It relates to the tendency of molecules and
evaporation rate. It relates to the tendency of molecules and
atoms to escape from a liquid or a solid.
Higher the vapor pressure, the more volatile the compound is.
Source : wikipedia
June 12, 2012
Estimation of Vapor Pressure
Clapeyron Equation / Clausius-Clapeyron
Equation
Antoine Equation
Coxs Chart
Clapeyron Equation / Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
Example 6.1-1 Vapor Pressure Estimation using Clausius
-Clapeyron Equation:
If the vapor pressure of benzene is 40 mm Hg at 7.6
o
C
and 60 mm Hg at 15.4
o
C, find the vapor pressure at 42.2
o
c using Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
Antoine Equation
log
10
p
*
= A - B/ (T + C)
* ( / ( C))
p
*
= 10
^(A - B/ (T + C))
T is in
o
C
p
*
is in mm Hg
June 12, 2012
Coxs Chart for Vapor Pressure Estimation
Water Vapor
Pressure Table
June 12, 2012
Water Vapor
Pressure Table
Gibbs Phase Rule
How many intensive variables must be
specified to define a system?
DOF =2 +C P, C=number of components, DOF 2 + C P, C number of components,
P=number of phases
intensive variables do not depend on the
size of the system. Example: molar volume,
density
Extensive variables depend on the size of
Extensive variables depend on the size of
the system. Example: mass, volume
Calculate DOF for various regions of water
phase diagram.
June 12, 2012
Gas-Liquid Systems One Condensable Components
Examples evaporation, drying, humidifications,
condensations, dehumidifications
B d i
Water
Bone dry air BDA + water
Raoults Law: p
i
= y
i
P = p
i
*
Saturated: pi= yi P = pi*
Superheated: pi= yi P < pi*(T)
P, T
Dew point: if the superheated vapor is cooled
at constant pressure, the temperature at which
the first dew forms
Degrees of superheat: T
i
- T
dp
Example 6.3.2
A stream of air at 100
o
C and 5260 mm Hg contains
10% water by volume.
a) Calculate the dewpoint and the degree of a) Calculate the dew point and the degree of
superheat of the air
b) Calculate the percentage of vapor that condenses
and the final composition of the gas phase if the air
is cooled to 80
o
C at constant pressure.
c) Calculate the percentage of vapor that condenses
and the final composition of the gas phase if the air
and the final composition of the gas phase, if the air
is compressed isothermally to 8500 mm Hg.
June 12, 2012
Raoults Law: p
A
=y
A
P =x
A
p
A
*
Gas-Liquid Systems Multi-Component systems
A + B + C
A, B, C P, T
Raoult s Law: p
A
y
A
P x
A
p
A
- works good for x
A
is close to 1 (i.e., the solution is
almost pure A)
- mixtures of structurally similar liquids (straight-chain
alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons,...)
1. pentane, hexane, heptane, 2. methanol, ethanol, propanol
3 benzene toluene xylene
3. benzene, toluene, xylene
Henrys Law: p
A
= y
A
P = x
A
H
A
(T)
- H
A
is Henrys constant for A at temp. T
- works good for x
A
is close to 0 (i.e., the dilute
solution of A)
Bubble Point Temperature (for solution)
Bubble point: When a liquid solution is slowly heated at
constant pressure, the temperature at which the first
bubble forms is the bubble point of the solution at the
given pressure.
June 12, 2012
Dew point: When a vapor is slowly cooled at constant
pressure, the temperature at which the first liquid droplet
forms is the dew point temperature at the given pressure.
Dew Point Temperature
Graphical Representations of VLE
June 12, 2012
Solubility
The solubility of a solid in a liquid is the
maximum amount of that substance that can
be dissolved in a specified amount of the be dissolved in a specified amount of the
liquid in the equilibrium. The solubility
strongly depends on temperature.
Saturated
Supersaturated
Solubility curve
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processs, 3/E by Richard M. Felder and
Ronald W. Rousseau
Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6.5-1 (p. 266)
Solubilities of inorganic solutes.
June 12, 2012
Solubility Curves
o
C
Problem 6.78
A solution containing 100 lbm KNO
3
/ 100 lbm
H
2
O at 80
o
C is fed to a cooling crystallizer
operated at 25
o
C Slurry fromthe crystallizer operated at 25
o
C. Slurry from the crystallizer
is fed to a filter where the crystals are
separated from the solution. Determine the
production rate of crystals (lbm crystals/ lbm
of feed) and the solid-liquid mass ratio (lbm
crystals/ lbmof liquid) in the slurry leaving
crystals/ lbm of liquid) in the slurry leaving
the crystallizer. The solubility of KNO
3
is 40 g
KNO
3
/ 100 g H
2
O at 25
o
C.
June 12, 2012
6.78 solution
Weather Report
What kind of humidity?
What is its meaning?
Courtesy: The Daily Star, April 27, 2009
June 12, 2012
Gas-Vapor Systems
Definitions of Various Humidity
% relative saturation/humidity
- Saturation refers to any gas - vapor system
- Humidity refers to air water system
s
r
or h
r
=
Molal saturation
s
m
or h
m
=
p
i
p
i
*
(T)
X 100%
p
i
P - p
i
Absolute Saturation or humidity
s
a
or h
a
=
P
i
M
i
(P- p
i
)M
dry
June 12, 2012
Definitions of Various Humidity
Percentage saturation/humidity
s
p
or h
p
=
s
m
s
m
*
X 100%
m
p
i
P - p
i
p
i
*
P p
i
*
=
x 100%
Problem 6.27
On a hot summer day the temperature is 35
o
C,
and barometric pressure is 103 kPa, and the
relative humidity is 90% An air conditioner relative humidity is 90%. An air conditioner
draws in outside air, cools it to 20
o
C, and
delivers it at a rate of 12500 L/h. Calculate the
rate of moisture condensation (kg/h) and the
volumetric flow rate of the air drawn from the
outside
outside
June 12, 2012
6.27 Solution
Problem 6.38
Stack gas is emerging from a furnace at 300
o
C and 105 kPa. It contains CO
2
at a partial
pressure of 80 mm Hg and no CO, O
2
, p g ,
2
,
methane or ethane. The fuel gas fed to the
furnace containing methane and ethane is
burned with air. Calculate the mole fraction of
methane in the fuel and the dew point
temperature of the stack gas.
June 12, 2012
Example 6.4.3
Do Yourself
June 12, 2012
Problem 6.44
Sulfur trioxide (SO
3
) dissolves in and reacts with water to form an
aqueous solution of sulfuric acid (H
2
SO
4
). The vapor is in equilibrium
with the solution contains both SO
3
and H
2
O. If enough SO
3
is added, all
of the water reacts and the solution becomes pure H
2
SO
4
. If still more
SO
3
is added, it dissolves to form a solution of SO
3
in H
2
SO
4
, called
oleumor fuming sulfuric acid The vapor in equilibriumwith oleumis oleum or fuming sulfuric acid. The vapor in equilibrium with oleum is
pure SO
3
. A 20% oleum by definition contains 20 kg of dissolved SO
3
and 80 kg of H
2
SO
4
per hundred kg of solution. Alternatively oleum
composition can be expressed as % SO
3
by mass, with constituents of
the oleum considered to be SO
3
and H
2
O.
a) Prove that a 15.0% oleum contains 84.4% SO
3
b) Suppose a gas stream at 40
o
C and 1.2 atm containing 90 mol% SO
3
and 10% N
2
contacts a liquid stream of 98% H
2
SO
4
(aq), producing
15% oleumat the tower outlet Tabulated equilibriumdata indicate that
15% oleum at the tower outlet. Tabulated equilibrium data indicate that
the partial pressure of SO
3
in equilibrium with this oleum is 1.15 mm Hg.
Calculate i) the mole fraction of SO
3
in the outlet gas if this gas is in
equilibrium with the liquid product at 40
o
C and 1 atm, and ii) the ratio
of (m
3
gas feed)/(kg liquid feed).
June 12, 2012
Who is he?

Che 201 Hand Out 4 Chapter 6

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Che 201 Hand Out 4 Chapter 6

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

June 12, 2012

You might also like