describe sound waves explain how the loudness relates to amplitude explain how the pitch relates to frequency describe applications of reflection of sound waves calculate distances using the reflection of sound waves Objectives Introduction to Sound Waves Some sources of sound waves How is it generated? Sound is a wave that is created by vibrating objects and propagated through a medium from one location to another. Introduction to Sound Waves Each sound waves consists of a mechanical vibrations. A mechanical wave is a wave that is not capable of transmitting its energy through a vacuum Production of Sound Waves Introduction to Sound Waves Slinky Waves versus Sound Waves As the second coil becomes displaced, it begins to push or pull on the third coil; the push or pull on the third coil displaces it from its equilibrium position. As the third coil becomes displaced, it begins to push or pull on the fourth coil. A disturbance is typically created within the slinky by the back and forth movement of the first coil of the slinky. The first coil becomes disturbed and begins to push or pull on the second coil. This push or pull on the second coil will displace the second coil from its equilibrium position. This process continues in consecutive fashion, with each individual particle acting to displace the adjacent particle. Subsequently the disturbance travels through the slinky. As the disturbance moves from coil to coil, the energy that was originally introduced into the first coil is transported along the medium from one location to another Introduction to Sound Waves Slinky Waves versus Sound Waves First, there is a medium that carries the disturbance from one location to another Second, there is an original source of the wave, some vibrating object capable of disturbing the first particle of the medium. Third, the sound wave is transported from one location to another by means of particle-to-particle interaction. Waves motion Sound Waves When the tuning fork vibrates , they begin to disturb surrounding air molecules. These disturbances are passed on to adjacent air molecules by the mechanism of particle interaction. How does it work? Two tines capable of vibrating if struck by a rubber hammer or mallet. Sound Waves When the tuning fork vibrates, layers of air are push close together than pulled apart causing compression and rarefaction How does it work? High pressure Low pressure Sound Waves Sound is produced by vibrations the membrane of a loud speaker. How does it work? A series of compressions and rarefaction are transmitted through air particles in a direction parallel to the direction of propagation of sound. Sound Waves Sound waves are propagates as longitudinal waves. As one individual particle is disturbed, it transmits the disturbance to the next interconnected particle. This disturbance continues to be passed on to the next particle. The result is that energy is transported from one end of the medium to the other end of the medium without the actual transport of matter A longitudinal wave - the particles of the medium vibrate in a direction parallel to the direction of energy transport. Sound Waves How does it work? Sound Waves How does it work? Sound Waves Sound can be generated at a wide range of frequency Can be heard by normal human ear Audio wave Ultrasound Infrasound Sound Waves Production of Sound Loudness Pitch amplitude frequency affected by affected by Sound Waves Loudness amplitude affected by Low amplitude, less loud High amplitude, louder sound a a Loudness Sound Waves Pitch frequency affected by Low frequency, low pitch High frequency, high pitch T Pitch T Interference of Sound Waves Interference is the effect of superposition of two waves from two coherent sources The principle of superposition states that when two waves overlap, the resultant displacement is equal to the sum of the displacements of the individual wave. Interference of Sound Waves Two loudspeakers are two coherent sources. Sound waves from coherent sources A and B interfere and produce an interference pattern. Interference of Sound Waves Answer a) 0.33 m b) 330m/s Example 1 Two loudspeakers placed 2 m apart are connected to an audio signal generator that adjusted to produce sound waves of frequency 550 Hz. The f
a) The wavelength of the sound b) The speed of the sound waves in air Interference of Sound Waves Answer a) 0.33 m b) 33m/s Example 2 Two loudspeakers connected to the same signal generator are producing sounds of frequency 100 Hz. The separation between the two loudspeakers is 2.0 m. An observer who stands 5m in front heard three consecutive loud sounds when he moves through a distance of 1.65 m in the direction parallel to the speakers. Determine
a) The wavelength of the sound b) The speed of the sound waves in air Application of Sound Waves Ultrasonic scanning is used for detecting the position and condition of a foetus Ultrasonic Scanning It involves the sending of ultrasound from a transmitter into the body of the patient, and detecting the echoes which reflect from various parts of the foetus Application of Sound Waves Ultrasonic ruler is used to measure the depth of the sea A pulse of ultrasonic sound is transmitted towards the seabed The seabed as a reflector, will reflect the pulse to the ruler via the receiver. v : the speed of sound t : the time taken by the pulse to travel to the seabed and return to the ruler s : the distance travelled by the pulse s = v x t Ultrasonic ruler (Sonar) Application of Sound Waves Answer = 1 500 m/s Ultrasonic ruler Example 1 A ship uses a sonar to detect a seabed. It is found that the time interval between sending out and receiving back the ultrasound signal after reflection from the seabed is 0.04s. The depth of the seabed is 30m. What is the velocity of sound in water? Application of Sound Waves Answer = a) 2.5 x 10 -3 m b) 1500 m Ultrasonic ruler Example 2 Sound waves with a frequency of 6.0 x 10 5 Hz are used to determine the depth of the sea. The speed of sound in the sea water is 1500 m/s. a) What is the wavelength of the sound in the sea water? b) If the time interval between the instant the sound waves are sent to the instant an echo is received is 2.0s, what is the depth of the sea?