6.

002 Fall 2000 Lecture

1
2
6.002
CIRCUITS AND
ELECTRONICS
Basic Circuit Analysis Method
(KVL and KCL method)
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
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2
0 =

t
B

0 =

t
q
Outside elements
Inside elements
Allows us to create the lumped circuit
abstraction
wires
resistors
sources
Review
Lumped Matter Discipline LMD:
Constraints we impose on ourselves to simplify
our analysis
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
3
2
LMD allows us to create the
lumped circuit abstraction
Lumped circuit element
+
-
v
i
power consumed by element =
vi
Review
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
4
2
KVL:
loop
KCL:
node
0 =

j
j

0 =

j
j
i
Review
Review
Maxwells equations simplify to
algebraic KVL and KCL under LMD!
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
5
2
KVL
0 = + +
bc ab ca
v v v
0 = + +
ba da ca
i i i
KCL
DEMO
1
R
2
R
4
R
5
R
3
R
a
b
d
c
+

Review
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
6
2
Method 1:
Basic KVL, KCL method of
Circuit analysis
Goal: Find all element vs and is
write element v-i relationships
(from lumped circuit abstraction)
write KCL for all nodes
write KVL for all loops
1.
2.
3.
lots of unknowns
lots of equations
lots of fun
solve
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
7
2
Method 1:
Basic KVL, KCL method of
Circuit analysis
For R,
For voltage source,
For current source,
Element Relationships
IR V =
0
V V =
0
I I =
3 lumped circuit elements
R
0
V
o
I
+

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture

8
2
KVL, KCL Example
The Demo Circuit
+

1
R
2
R
4
R
5
R
3
R
a
b
d
c
0 0
V =
+

+
2

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture

9
2
Associated variables discipline

i
+
-
Element e
Then power consumed
by element e
i = is positive
Current is taken to be positive going
into the positive voltage terminal
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
10
2
KVL, KCL Example
The Demo Circuit
+

1
R
2
R
4
R
5
R
3
R
a
b
d
c
0 0
V =
+

+
1 L
2 L
4 L
3 L
2

2
i
1
i
0
i
5
i
3
i
4
i
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
11
2
Analyze
12 unknowns
5 0 5 0
,
1. Element relationships
3. KVL for loops
0 0
V v =
1 1 1
R i v =
2 2 2
R i v =
3 3 3
R i v =
4 4 4
R i v =
5 5 5
R i v =
given
2. KCL at the nodes
redundant
0
4 3 1
= + v v v
0
2 1 0
= + + v v v
0
2 5 3
= + v v v
0
5 4 0
= + + v v v redundant
0
4 1 0
= + + i i i
0
1 3 2
= + i i i
0
4 3 5
= i i i
0
5 2 0
= i i i
a:
b:
d:
e:
6 equations
3 independent
equations
3 independent
equations
1
2

u
n
k
n
o
w
n
s
1
2

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
s

u
g
h
@
#
!
( ) i v,
L1:
L2:
L3:
L4:
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
12
2
Other Analysis Methods
Method 2
Apply element combination rules
B
C
D

N
R R R + + +
2 1

1
G
2
G
N
G
N
G G G + +
2 1
i
i
R
G
1
=

+ + +
1
V
2
V
2 1
V V +

1
I
2
I
2 1
I I +

A
1
R
2
R
3
R
N
R

Surprisingly, these rules (along with superposition, which

you will learn about later) can solve the circuit on page 8
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
13
2
Other Analysis Methods
Method 2
Apply element combination rules
V
I
3 2
3 2
R R
R R
+
V
I
3 2
3 2
1
R R
R R
R R
+
+ =
+

V
? = I
1
R
3
R
2
R
+

R
Example
1
R
R
V
I =
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
14
2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Select reference node ( ground)
from which voltages are measured.
Label voltages of remaining nodes
with respect to ground.
These are the primary unknowns.
Write KCL for all but the ground
node, substituting device laws and
KVL.
Solve for node voltages.
Back solve for branch voltages and
currents (i.e., the secondary unknowns)
Particular application of KVL, KCL method
Method 3Node analysis
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
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2
Example: Old Faithful
plus current source
0
V
1
R
2
R
4
R
5
R
3
R

1
I
0
V
+

1
e
2
e
Step 1
Step 2
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
16
2
Example: Old Faithful
plus current source
0 ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 3 2 1 1 0 1
= + + G e G e e G V e
KCL at
1
e
0 ) ( ) ( ) (
1 5 2 4 0 2 3 1 2
= + + I G e G V e G e e
KCL at
2
e
for
convenience,
write
i
i
R
G
1
=
0
V
1
R
2
R
4
R
5
R
3
R

1
e
1
I
0
V
+

2
e
Step 3
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
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2
Example: Old Faithful
plus current source
0 ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 3 2 1 1 0 1
= + + G e G e e G V e
KCL at
1
e
0 ) ( ) ( ) (
1 5 2 4 0 2 3 1 2
= + + I G e G V e G e e
KCL at
2
l
move constant terms to RHS & collect unknowns
) ( ) ( ) (
1 0 3 2 3 2 1 1
G V G e G G G e = + + +
1 4 0 5 4 3 2 3 1
) ( ) ( ) ( I G V G G G e G e + = + + +
i
i
R
G
1
=
2 equations, 2 unknowns Solve for es
(compare units)
0
V
1
R
2
R
4
R
5
R
3
R

1
e
1
I
0
V
+

2
e
Step 4
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
18
2
In matrix form:
(

+
=
(

+ +
+ +
1 0 4
0 1
2
1
5 4 3 3
3 3 2 1
I V G
V G
e
e
G G G G
G G G G
conductivity
matrix
unknown
node
voltages
sources
( )( )
2
3 5 4 3 3 2 1
1 0 4
0 1
3 2 1 3
3 5 4 3
2
1
G G G G G G G
I V G
V G
G G G G
G G G G
e
e
+ + + +
(

+
(

+ +
+ +
=
(

Solve
( )( ) ( )( )
5
G
3
G
4
G
3
G
2
3
G
5
G
2
G
4
G
2
G
3
G
2
G
5
G
1
G
4
G
1
G
3
G
1
G
1
I
0
V
4
G
3
G
0
V
1
G
5
G
4
G
3
G
1
e
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + +
=
( )( ) ( )( )
5 3 4 3
2
3 5 2 4 2 3 2 5 1 4 1 3 1
1 0 4 3 2 1 0 1 3
2
G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G
I V G G G G V G G
e
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + +
=
(same denominator)
Notice: linear in , , no negatives
in denominator
0
V
1
I
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
19
2
Solve, given
K 2 . 8
1
G
G
5
1
=
)
`

K 9 . 3
1
G
G
4
2
=
)
`

K 5 . 1
1
G
3
=
0
1
= I
( )( )
( ) ( )
2
3
G
5
G
4
G
3
G
3
G
2
G
1
G
1
I
0
V
4
G
3
G
2
G
1
G
0
V
1
G
3
G
2
e
+ + + + +
+ + + +
=
1
5 . 1
1
9 . 3
1
2 . 8
1
3
G
2
G
1
G = + + = + +
1
2 . 8
1
9 . 3
1
5 . 1
1
G G G
5 4 3
= + + = + +
0
2
2
V
5 . 1
1
1
9 . 3
1
1
5 . 1
1
2 . 8
1
e

+
=
0 2
6 . 0 V e =
If
, then
V V 3
0
=
0 2
8 . 1 V e =
Check out the
DEMO