Jdekidxi

Chng 10: Mch dao ng
Chng 10

MCH DAO NG (Oscillators)

Ngoi cc mch khuch i in th v cng sut, dao ng cng l loi mch cn
bn ca ngnh in t. Mch dao ng c s dng ph bin trong cc thit b vin
thng. Mt cch n gin, mch dao ng l mch to ra tn hiu.
Tng qut, ngi ta thng chia ra lm 2 loi mch dao ng: Dao ng iu ha
(harmonic oscillators) to ra cc sng sin v dao ng tch thot (th gin - relaxation
oscillators) thng to ra cc tn hiu khng sin nh rng ca, tam gic, vung (sawtooth,
triangular, square).
10.1 MCH DAO NG SIN TN S THP:
Ta xem li mch khuch i c hi tip

- Nu pha ca v
f
lch 180
0
so vi v
s
ta c hi tip m.
- Nu pha ca v
f
cng pha vi v
s
(hay lch 360
0
) ta c hi tip dng.
li ca mch khi c hi tip:

Trng Vn Tm X-1 Mch in T

Chng 10: Mch dao ng
Trng hp c bit A
v
= 1 c gi l chun c Barkausen (Barkausen
criteria), lc ny A
f
tr nn v hn, ngha l khi khng c tn hiu ngun v
s
m vn c tn
hiu ra v
0
, tc mch t to ra tn hiu v c gi l mch dao ng. Tm li iu kin
c dao ng l:
Av=1

A
+
B
= 0 (360 ) iu kin ny ch tha mt tn s no , ngha l
trong h thng hi tip dng phi c mch chn tn s.
B
0 0
Nu Av >> 1 (ng iu kin pha) th mch dao ng t n nh nhanh
nhng dng sng mo nhiu (thin v vung) cn nu Av > 1 v gn bng 1 th mch
t n n nh chm nhng dng sng ra t mo. Cn nu Av < 1 th mch khng
dao ng c.
10.1.1 Dao ng dch pha (phase shift oscillator):
- To sng sin tn s thp nht l trong di m tn.
- Cn gi l mch dao ng RC.
- Mch c th dng BJT, FET hoc Op-amp.
- Thng dng mch khuch i o (lch pha 180
0
) nn h thng hi tip
phi lch pha thm 180
0
to hi tip dng.
a. Nguyn tc:

- H thng hi tip gm ba mc R-C, mi mc c lch pha ti a 90
0
nn
lch pha l 180
0
phi dng ba mc R-C.
- Mch tng ng tng qut ca ton mch dao ng dch pha c m
t hnh 10.2


Chng 10: Mch dao ng
Nu R
i
rt ln v R
0
nh khng ng k
Ta c: v
0
= v
1
= Av.v
i
v
i
= v
2
- H thng hi tip gm 3 mc C-R, v c v li nh hnh 10.3.

- phn gii mch ta theo 4 bc:
+ Vit phng trnh tnh li in th = v
2
/v
1
ca h thng hi
tip.
+ Rt gn thnh dng a + jb
+ Cho b = 0 xc nh tn s dao ng f
0
+ Thay f
0
vo phng trnh ca bc 1 xc nh gi tr ca ti
f
0
.

T :

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

V:

mch lch pha 180
0
:

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Thay
0
vo biu thc ca ta tm c:

b. Mch dch pha dng op-amp:
- Do op-amp c tng tr vo rt ln v tng tr ra khng ng k nn mch dao
ng ny minh ha rt tt cho chun c Barkausen. Mch cn bn c v hnh 10.4
- Tn s dao ng c xc nh bi:


Chng 10: Mch dao ng
c. Mch dao ng dch pha dng FET:
- Do FET c tng tr vo rt ln nn cng thch hp cho loi mch ny.
- Tng tr ra ca mch khuch i khi khng c hi tip:
R0 = RD||rD phi thit k sao cho R
0
khng ng k so vi tng tr vo ca h thng hi
tip tn s dao ng vn tha mn cng thc:

Nu iu kin trn khng tha mn th ngoi R v C, tn s dao ng s cn ty
thuc vo R
0
(xem mch dng BJT).

- li vng h ca mch: A
v
= -g
m
(R
D
||r
D
) 29 nn phi chn Fet c g
m
, r
D
ln
v phi thit k vi R
D
tng i ln.

d. Mch dng BJT:
- Mch khuch i l cc pht chung c hoc khng c t phn dng cc
pht.

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

- iu kin tng tr vo ca mch khng tha mn nn in tr R cui
cng ca h thng hi tip l:
R = R + (R
1
||R
2
||Z
b
) (10.8)
Vi Z
b
= r
e
nu c C
E
v Z
b
= (r
e
+ R
E
) nu khng c C
E
.
- Tng tr ca mch khi cha c hi tip R
0
R
C
khng nh lm nn lm
nh hng n tn s dao ng. Mch phn gii c v li

-p dng cch phn gii nh phn trc ta tm c tn s dao ng:

- Thng ngi ta thm mt tng khuch i m cc thu chung ti
khng nh hng n mch dao ng.

Chng 10: Mch dao ng
10.1.2 Mch dao ng cu Wien: (wien bridge oscillators)
- Cng l mt dng dao ng dch pha. Mch thng dng op-amp rp theo
kiu khuch i khng o nn h thng hi tip phi c lch pha 0
0
. Mch cn bn
nh hnh 10.8a v h thng hi tip nh hnh 10.8b

Ti tn s dao ng
0
:

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Trong mch c bn hnh 10.8a, ta ch :
- Nu li vng h A
v
< 3 mch khng dao ng
- Nu li vng h A
v
>> 3 th tn hiu dao ng nhn c b bin dng
(nh dng v nh m ca hnh sin b ct).
- Cch tt nht l khi khi ng, mch to A
v
> 3 ( d dao ng) xong
gim dn xung gn bng 3 c th gim thiu ti a vic bin dng. Ngi ta c nhiu
cch, hnh 10.9 l mt v d dng diode hot ng trong vng phi tuyn thay i
li in th ca mch.
- Khi bin ca tn hiu ra cn nh, D
1
, D
2
khng dn in v khng nh
hng n mch. li in th ca mch lc ny l:

- li ny mch dao ng. Khi in th nh ca tn hiu ngang qua
R
4
khong 0.5 volt th cc diode s bt u dn in. D
1
dn khi ng ra dng v D
2
dn
khi ng ra m. Khi dn mnh nht, in th ngang diode xp x 0.7 volt. l hai diode
ch dn in phn nh ca tn hiu ra v n hot ng nh mt in tr thay i ni
tip vi R
5
v song song vi R
4
lm gim li ca mch, sao cho li lc ny xung
gn bng 3 v c tc dng lm gim thiu s bin dng. Vic phn gii hot ng ca
diode trong vng phi tuyn tng i phc tp, thc t ngi ta mc thm mt in tr
R
5
(nh hnh v) iu chnh li ca mch sao cho bin dng t c mc
thp nht.

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

- Ngoi ra cng nn l bin dng s cng nh khi bin tn hiu
ng ra cng thp. Thc t, ly tn hiu ra ca mch dao ng ngi ta c th mc thm
mt mch khng o song song vi R
1
C
1
nh hnh v thay v mc ni tip ng ra ca
mch dao ng. Do tng tr vo ln, mch ny gn nh khng nh hng n h thng
hi tip nhng tn hiu ly ra c bin dng c gim thiu ng k do tc ng lc
ca R
1
C
1
.
- Mt phng php khc gim bin dng v tng n nh bin tn
hiu dao ng, ngi ta s dng JFET trong mch hi tip m nh mt in tr thay i.
Lc ny JFET c phn cc trong vng in tr (ohmic region-vng ID cha bo ha)
v tc ng nh mt in tr thay i theo in th (VVR-voltage variable resistor).

- Ta xem mch hnh 10.10

- D
1
, D
2
c dng nh mch chnh lu mt bn k (m); C
3
l t lc.
Mch ny to in th m phn cc cho JFET.
- Khi cp in, mch bt u dao ng, bin tn hiu ra khi cha lm
cho D
1
v D
2
dn in th V
GS
= 0 tc JFET dn mnh nht v r
ds
nh nht v li in
th ca op-amp t gi tr ti a.
- S dao ng tip tc, khi in th nh ng ra m t tr s xp x -(V
z
+
0.7v) th D
1
v D
2
s dn in v V
GS
bt u m.

Chng 10: Mch dao ng
- S gia tng ca tn hiu in th nh ng ra s lm cho V
GS
cng m tc
r
ds
tng. Khi r
ds
tng, li A
v
ca mch gim cui cng t c li vng bng
n v khi mch hot ng n nh.
- Thc t, mch hot ng iu kin tt nht, ngi ta dng bin tr R
4

c th chnh t bin dng thp nht.
Vn iu chnh tn s:
- Trong mch dao ng cu Wien, tn s v h s hi tip c xc nh
bng cng thc:

- Nh vy thay i tn s dao ng, ta c th thay i mt trong cc
thnh phn trn. Tuy nhin, l khi c h s hi tip cng thay i theo v li
vng cng thay i, iu ny c th lm cho mch mt dao ng hoc tn hiu dao ng
b bin dng.
- khc phc iu ny, ngi ta thng thay i R
1
, R
2
hoc C
1
, C
2
cng
lc (dng bin tr i hoc t xoay i) khng lm thay i h s. Hnh 10.11 m t
vic iu chnh ny.

- Tuy nhin, hai bin tr rt kh ng nht v thay i ging ht nhau nn kh
gi vng. Mt cch khc iu chnh tn s dao ng l dng k thut hi tip m v
ch thay i mt thnh phn mch v khng lm thay i li vng d v A
v
u thay
i. Mch in nh hnh 10.12
- Tn s dao ng ca mch vn c xc nh bi:

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Vy khi R
1
tng th f
0
gim, tng. Ngc li khi R
1
gim th f
0
tng v gim.
Mch A
2
a vo trong h thng hi tip dng gi vng li vng lun bng n v
khi ta iu chnh tn s (tc thay i R
1
). Tht vy, ta th tnh li vng h A
v
ca
mch

Ton b mch dao ng cu Wien c iu chnh tn s v bin dng tham
kho c v hnh 10.14


Chng 10: Mch dao ng
10.2 MCH DAO NG SIN TN S CAO:
Dao ng dch pha khng dng c tn s cao do lc t in phi c in
dung rt nh. to sng tn s cao ngi ta thng a vo h thng hi tip cc mch
cng hng LC (song song hoc ni tip).
10.2.1 Mch cng hng (resonant circuit):
a. Cng hng ni tip (series resonant circuit):
- Gm c mt t in v mt cun cm mc ni tip.
- Cm khng ca cun dy l jX
L
= 2f
L

- Thc t, cun cm L lun c ni tr R nn tng tr thc ca mch l: Z =
R + jX
L
- jX
C
.
- Ti tn s cng hng f
0
th X
L
= X
C
nn Z
0
= R

- Vy ti tn s cng hng tng tr ca mch c tr s cc tiu.
- Khi tn s f < f
0
tng tr c tnh dung khng.
- Khi tn s f > f
0
tng tr c tnh cm khng.

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

b. Cng hng song song (parallel resonant ci rcuit)
Tng tr ca mch:


Chng 10: Mch dao ng

10.2.2 Tng qut v dao ng LC:
-Dng tng qut nh hnh 10.17a v mch hi tip nh hnh 10.17b

- Gi s R
i
rt ln i vi Z
2
(thng c tha v Z
2
rt nh)
tnh h s hi tip ta dng hnh 10.17b

xc nh A
v
( li ca mch khuch i cn bn ta dng mch 10.17c


Chng 10: Mch dao ng


Chng 10: Mch dao ng

10.2.3 Mch dao ng Colpitts:
Ta xem mch dng JFET

So snh vi mch tng qut:
Z
1
= C
1
; Z
2
= C
2
; Z
3
= L
1
; C
3
: t lin lc ng vo lm cch ly in th phn
cc.
L
2
: cun chn cao tn (Radio-frequency choke) c ni tr khng ng k
nhng c cm khng rt ln tn s dao ng, dng cch ly tn hiu dao ng vi ngun
cp in.
Ti tn s cng hng: Z
1
+ Z
2
+ Z
3
= 0


Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Kt qu trn cho thy mch khuch i phi l mch o v li vng h
phi c tr tuyt i ln hn C
2
/C
1
.
A
v(oc)
l li khng ti: A
v(oc)
= -g
m
(r
d
//X
L2
)
Do X
L2
rt ln ti tn s cng hng, nn: A
v(oc)
-g
m
r
d
Mt mch dng BJT

10.2.4 Dao ng Clapp (clapp oscillator):
Dao ng clapp tht ra l mt dng thay i ca mch dao ng colpitts. Cun
cm trong mch dao ng colpitts i thnh mch LC ni tip. Ti tn s cng hng,
tng tr ca mch ny c tnh cm khng.

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Ti tn s cng hng: Z
1
+ Z
2
+ Z
3
= 0

l do mch L
1
C
3
phi c tnh cm khng tn s dao ng nn C
3
phi c tr
s nh, thng l nh nht trong C
1
, C
2
, C
3
v f
0
gn nh ch ty thuc vo L
1
C
3
mc ni
tip.
Ngi ta cng c th dng mch clapp ci tin nh hnh 10.21
Tn s dao ng cng c tnh bng cng thc trn nhng ch do dng mch
cc thu chung (A
v
, 1) nn h s phi c tr tuyt i ln hn 1.

10.2.5 Dao ng Hartley (hartley oscillators)
Cng ging nh dao ng colpitts nhng v tr ca cun dy v t hon i
nhau.
Z
1
= L
1
; Z
2
= L
2
; Z
3
= C
1

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Hai cun cm L
1
v L
2
mc ni tip nn in cm ca ton mch l L = L
1

+ L
2
+ 2M vi M l h cm.

T iu kin: Z
1
+ Z
2
+ Z
3
= 0 ti tn s cng hng vi
Z
1
+Z
2
=Z
l
=j
0
L

Ta cng c th dng mch cc thu chung nh hnh 10.23


Chng 10: Mch dao ng
10.3 DAO NG THCH ANH (crystal oscillators)
10.3.1 Thch anh
Tinh th thch anh (quaRtz crytal) l loi trong m trong thin nhin,
chnh l dioxyt silicium (SiO
2
).
Tinh th thch anh dng trong mch dao ng l mt lt mng c ct ra
t tinh th. Ty theo mt ct m lt thch anh c c tnh khc nhau. Lt thch anh c
din tch t nh hn 1cm
2
n vi cm
2
c mi rt mng, phng (vi mm) v 2 mt tht
song song vi nhau. Hai mt ny c m kim loi v ni chn ra ngoi d s dng.

c tnh ca tinh th thch anh l tnh p in (piezoelectric effect) theo
khi ta p mt lc vo 2 mt ca lt thch anh (nn hoc ko dn) th s xut hin mt in
th xoay chiu gia 2 mt. Ngc li di tc dng ca mt in th xoay chiu, lt
thch anh s rung mt tn s khng i v nh vy to ra mt in th xoay chiu c
tn s khng i. Tn s rung ng ca lt thch anh ty thuc vo kch thc ca n c
bit l dy mt ct. Khi nhit thay i, tn s rung ng ca thch anh cng thay
i theo nhng vn c n nh tt hn rt nhiu so vi cc mch dao ng khng dng
thch anh (tn s dao ng gn nh ch ty thuc vo thch anh m khng l thuc mch
ngoi).
Mch tng ng ca thch anh nh hnh 10.25

Tinh th thch anh cng hng hai tn s khc nhau:

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Ta c th dng thch anh thay th mch ni tip LC, mch s dao ng tn
s f
S
. Cn nu thay th mch song song LC, mch s dao ng tn s f
p
(hoc f
op
). Do
thch anh c in cm L
S
ln, in dung ni tip rt nh nn thch anh s quyt nh tn
s dao ng ca mch; linh kin bn ngoi khng lm thay i nhiu tn s dao ng
(di 1/1000). Thng ngi ta ch to cc thch anh c tn s dao ng t 100khz tr
ln, tn s cng thp cng kh ch to.

Chng 10: Mch dao ng
10.3.2 Dao ng thch anh:
Dao ng dng thch anh nh mch cng hng ni tip cn gi l mch
dao ng Pierce (Pierce crystal oscillator). Dng tng qut nh sau:

Ta thy dng mch ging nh mch dao ng clapp nhng thay cun dy v t
in ni tip bng thch anh. Dao ng Pierce l loi dao ng thng dng nht ca thch
anh.
Hnh 10.29 l loi mch dao ng Pierce dng rt t linh kin. Thch anh nm trn
ng hi tip t cc thot v cc cng.

Trong C
1
= C
dS
; C
2
= Cg
S
t lin cc ca FET.
Do C
1
v C
2
rt nh nn tn s dao ng ca mch:

v thch anh c dng nh mch cng hng song song.

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Thc t ngi ta mc thm mt t tinh chnh C
M
(Trimmer) nh hnh 10.29
v c tc ng gim bin dng ca tn hiu dao ng.

Ta c th dng mch hnh 10.30 vi C
1
v C
2
mc bn ngoi.

Trng hp ny ta thy thch anh c dng nh mt mch cng hng
ni tip
10.4 DAO NG KHNG SIN
10.4.1 Dao ng tch thot dng OP-AMP (op-amp relaxation oscillator)
y l mch to ra sng vung cn gi l mch dao ng a hi phi n
(astable mutivibrator). Hnh 10.31 m t dng mch cn bn dng op-amp

Ta thy dng mch ging nh mch so snh o c hi tip dng vi in th
so snh vi c thay bng t C.


Chng 10: Mch dao ng
in th thm trn V
UTP
=.(+V
SAT
)>0
in th thm di V
LTP
=.(-V
SAT
)<0
Gi s khi m in v
0
= +V
SAT
, t C np in, in th hai u t tng dn,
khi V
C
(in th ng vo -) ln hn v
f
= V
UTP
(in th ng vo +) ng ra i trng thi
thnh -V
SAT
v v
f
by gi l: v
f
= V
LTP
= .(-V
SAT
). T C bt u phng in qua R1, khi
V
C
= 0 t C np in th m n tr s V
LTP
th mch li i trng thi (v0 thnh +V
SAT
).
Hin tng trn c tip tc to ra ng ra mt dng sng vung vi nh dng l +V
SAT

v nh m l -V
SAT
. Thi gian np in v phng in ca t C l chu k ca mch dao
ng.
Do t C np in v phng in u qua in tr R1 nn thi gian np in
bng thi gian phng in.

Khi C np in, in th 2 u t l:


Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Thc t |+V
SAT
| c th khc |-V
SAT
| nn c sng vung i xng, c th s
dng mch nh hnh 10.33

Trong cc mch hnh trn ng ra ta c sng vung u (t
1
= t
2
). Mun
t
1
t
2
ta c th th R
2
bng mch


Chng 10: Mch dao ng
10.4.2 To sng vung, tam gic v rng ca vi mch dao ng a hi:
Dng tn hiu ra ca mch dao ng tch thot c th thay i nu ta thay
i cc thnh phn ca h thng hi tip m.
a. To sng tam gic:
Mt cu chnh lu v JFET c a vo h thng hi tip m nh hnh
10.35. l in th ti cc thot D ca JFET lun dng hn cc ngun S (bt chp
trng thi ca ng ra V0). JFET nh vy hot ng nh mt ngun dng in v tr s
ca ngun ny ty thuc JFET v R1 khi V
DS
ln hn 3v. Th d vi JFET 2N4221, ta
c:

- Gi s v
0
= +V
SAT
th D
1
, D
2
dn. Dng in qua D
1
, JFET, D
2
np vo t
C t tr
s
- Khi v
C
= V
UTP
, v
0
i trng thi thnh -V
SAT
; D
3
, D
4
dn, t C phng in
cho n ht v np in th m n V
LTP
trong thi gian tn. Sau hin tng li tip tc.


Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Nu 4 diode ng nht th ta c thi gian np in bng thi gian phng
in, tc t
p
= t
n
, v chu k dao ng T = t
p
+ t= = 2t
p

Nh vy ng ra ta c sng vung v ng vo tr ta c sng tam gic.
b. Thay i dc ca sng tam gic
thay i dc ca sng tam gic ta phi thay i t
p
v t
n
(nu t
p
t
n
ta
c sng tam gic khng u). Mun vy ta to dng np v dng phng khc nhau.
Gi dng phng l I
n
v dng np l I
p
, ta c:

Mch minh ha nh hnh 10.37

c. To sng rng ca:
to sng rng ca ta tm cch gim tht nh thi gian phng in. C
th dng mch nh hnh 10.38

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

- Thi gian C phng in qua D
n
rt nh (vi chc micro giy).
- Chu k dao ng T = t
p
+ t
n
t
p

10.4.3 To sng tam gic t mch so snh v tch phn:
Ta xem mch tch phn sau y:

Gi s thi im t = 0, SW v tr 1 (E
i
= 15v) dng in qua R l:
.
Dng in ny s np vo t C to ra v
0
(gim dn)

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Gi s khi v
0
= V
LTP
ta chuyn SW sang v tr 2, t C s phng in v np
theo chiu ngc li to ra v
0
(dng dn).

Khi v
0
= V
UTP
ta chuyn SW sang v tr 1. Mch tip tc hot ng nh
trc.

t ng b giao hon v to dng hng cho t in ca mch tch phn,
ngi ta c th dng mt mch so snh v mch tch phn ghp vi nhau; xong ly ng ra
ca mch tch phn lm in th iu khin cho mch so snh. Ton b mch c dng
nh hnh 10.41

phn gii mch ta ch l khi ng ra ca mch so snh bo ha dng
(+V
SAT
) th v
0
= V
Z
+ 0.7v = V
0
> 0. Cn khi bo ha m v
0
= -(V
Z
+0.7v) = -V
0
< 0.


Chng 10: Mch dao ng

in th nh - nh ca tam gic:

Ch l nu V
R
= 0 th V
max
= -V
min
Xc nh tn s:

+ Khi V
S
0
Khi v
0
= -V
0
(ng tin) th ta c:

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

10.4.4 To sng tam gic n cc:
Ta xem li mch to sng tam gic khi V
R
= 0

V khi V
S
= 0 t
p
= t
n
to sng tam gic n cc (gi s dng) ta mc thm mt diode ni tip vi
R
1
nh hnh 10.43a
Khi v
0
= -V
0
: diode D dn
Khi v
0
= +V
0
: diode D ngng

Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Mun to sng tam gic n cc m ta ch cn i chiu ca diode D. Tn
s dao ng khng thay i.
10.4.5 To sng rng ca:
Nh phn trc, to sng rng ca, ta gim nh T
2
. Mun vy, ta to
iu kin cho t C ca mch tch phn phng in nhanh. Ta c th dng mch nh hnh
10.44. Do E
i
m, khi m in t C np to v(t) dng (tch phn o) tng dn t 0v. Lc
ny do V
ref
> 0 v ln hn v(t) nn v0 trng thi -V
SAT
( diode D v transistor Q ngng
khng nh hng n mch tch phn. Tn hiu rng ca tng dn, khi V
c
= V
ref
mch so
snh i trng thi v v
0
thnh +V
SAT
lm cho D v Q dn bo ha. T C phng nhanh
qua Q ko v(t) xung 0v. Mch so snh li i trng thi...

Chng 10: Mch dao ng


Chng 10: Mch dao ng
BI TP CUI CHNG X

Bi 1: Cho mch dao ng dch pha R
C
nh sau:

1. Chng minh rng tn s dao dng cho bi

2.Tm gi tr ca R

Bi 2: Cho mch in:


Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Bi 3: Cho mch in:
D
1
, D
2
cu to bng Si c in th Zener ln lt l V
Z1
v V
Z2
1. Chng minh rng rng ca xung dng ca v
0
cho bi:

2. Chng minh rng rng ca xung m ca v
0
cho bi:

3. Nu V
Z1
> V
Z2
th T
1
ln hn hay nh hn T
2
. Gii thch.
4. Tm tn s f ca mch dao ng khi V
Z1
= V
Z2
= V
Z

Bi 4: Trong mch in bi 3 thay R bi mch sau:

1. Gii thch hot ng ca mch (JFET hot ng vng I
D
bo ha).
2. Nu dng JFET 2N4869 c c im khi I
D
bo ha:
V
GS
=-1V, I
D
= 3mA
V
GS
=-2V, I
D
= 1mA
Trong iu kin khi op-amp bo ha |v0| =20v; R
1
=R
2
. dng np ca t
l 3mA, dng phng l 1mA v cho chu k T=1ms th R
S1
, R
S2
, C phi bng bao nhiu.

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