1

! Influence Lines for Beams

! Influence Lines for Floor Girders
! Influence Lines for Trusses
! Maximum Influence at a Point Due to a Series
of Concentrated Loads
! Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment
INFLUENCE LINES FOR STATICALLY
DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
2
Influence Line
Unit moving load
A
B
3
Example 6-1
Construct the influence line for
a) reaction at A and B
b) shear at point C
c) bending moment at point C
d) shear before and after support B
e) moment at point B
of the beam in the figure below.
B
A
C
4 m 4 m 4 m
4
SOLUTION
Reaction at A
+
!M
B
= 0:
, 0 ) 8 ( 1 ) 8 ( # $ % $ x A
y
x A
y
8
1
1$ #
1
4 m
8 m 12 m
-0.5
0.5
A
y
x
A
C
4 m 8 m
A
y
B
y
1
x
0
4
8
12
x
1
0.5
0
-0.5
A
y
5
A
C
4 m
A
y
B
y
8 m
Reaction at B
+
!M
A
= 0:
, 0 1 ) 8 ( # $ x B
y
x B
y
8
1
#
1
x
4 m 8 m 12 m
B
y
x
1.5
1
0.5
0
4
8
12
x
0
0.5
1
1.5
B
y
6
Shear at C
A
C
4 m
A
y
B
y
1
x
4 m 4 m
4 0 & ' x 12 4 ' & x
0 1
8
1
1 # $ $ $
C
V x
x V
C
8
1
$ #
!F
y
= 0:
+
0
8
1
1 # $ $
C
V x
x V
C
8
1
1$ #
!F
y
= 0:
+
V
C
M
C
V
C
M
C
x A
y
8
1
1$ #
A
C
x
4 m
12 4 ' & x
A
C
1
x
4 m
4 0 ' ' x
x A
y
8
1
1$ #
7
0
4
-
4
+
8
12
x V
C
0
-0.5
0.5
0
-0.5
x V
C
8
1
$ #
x V
C
8
1
1$ #
4 m
8 m 12 m
V
C
x
-0.5
0.5
-0.5
x V
C
8
1
$ #
x V
C
8
1
1$ #
A
C
4 m
A
y
B
y
1
x
4 m 4 m
4 0 & ' x 12 4 ' & x
8
Bending moment at C
A
C
4 m
A
y
B
y
1
x
4 m 4 m
4 0 & ' x 12 4 ' & x
V
C
M
C
0 ) 4 )(
8
1
1 ( ) 4 ( 1 # $ $ $ % x x M
C
x M
C
2
1
#
V
C
M
C
0 ) 4 )(
8
1
1 ( # $ $ x M
C
+
!M
C
= 0:
+
!M
C
= 0:
x A
y
8
1
1$ #
A
C
x
4 m
12 4 ' & x
A
C
1
x
4 m
4 0 ' ' x
x A
y
8
1
1$ #
x M
C
2
1
4 $ #
9
0
4
8
12
x M
C
0
2
0
-2
x M
C
2
1
4 $ #
x M
C
2
1
#
4 m
8 m 12 m
M
C
x
2
-2
A
C
4 m
A
y
B
y
1
x
4 m 4 m
4 0 & ' x 12 4 ' & x
x M
C
2
1
#
x M
C
2
1
4 $ #
10
Or using equilibrium conditions:
Reaction at A
+
!M
B
= 0:
, 0 ) 8 ( 1 ) 8 ( # $ % $ x A
y
x A
y
8
1
1$ #
1
4 m
8 m 12 m
-0.5
0.5
A
y
x
A
C
4 m 8 m
A
y
B
y
1
x
11
A
C
4 m
A
y
B
y
8 m
Reaction at B
1
x
4 m 8 m 12 m
B
y
x
1.5
1
0.5
1
4 m
8 m 12 m
-0.5
0.5
A
y
x
0 1# $ %
y y
B A
y y
A B $ #1
!F
y
= 0:
+
y y
A B $ #1
12
Shear at C
A
C
4 m
A
y
B
y
1
x
4 m 4 m
4 0 & ' x 12 4 ' & x
0 1 # $ $
C y
V A
1 $ #
y C
A V
!F
y
= 0:
+
0 # $
C y
V A
y C
A V #
!F
y
= 0:
+
V
C
M
C
x A
y
8
1
1$ #
A
C
x
4 m
12 4 ' & x
V
C
M
C
A
C
1
x
4 m
4 0 ' ' x
x A
y
8
1
1$ #
13
y C
A V # 1 $ #
y C
A V
1
4 m
8 m 12 m
-0.5
0.5
A
y
x
-0.5
V
C
8 m 12 m
x
4 m
0.5
-0.5
B
A
C
4 m 4 m 4 m
14
Bending moment at C
A
C
4 m
A
y
B
y
1
x
4 m 4 m
4 0 & ' x 12 4 ' & x
0 ) 4 ( 1 ) 4 ( # % $ %
C y
M x A
) 4 ( 4 x A M
y C
$ $ #
+
!M
C
= 0:
V
C
M
C
x A
y
8
1
1$ #
A
C
x
4 m
12 4 ' & x
V
C
M
C
A
C
1
x
4 m
4 0 ' ' x
x A
y
8
1
1$ #
0 ) 4 ( # % $
C y
M A
+
!M
C
= 0:
y C
A M 4 #
15
y C
A M 4 # ) 4 ( 4 x A M
y C
$ $ #
2
1
4 m
8 m 12 m
-0.5
0.5
A
y
x
4 m
8 m 12 m
M
C
x
-2
B
A
C
4 m 4 m 4 m
16
Shear before support B
A
C
4 m
A
y
B
y
1
4 m 4 m
x
1
4 m
8 m 12 m
-0.5
0.5
A
y
x
-0.5
V
B
-

= A
y
V
B
-

= A
y
-1
1
A
y
8 m
V
B
-
M
B
x
A
y
8 m
V
B
-
M
B
V
B-
x
-1.0
-0.5
17
Shear after support B
A
C
4 m
A
y
B
y
1
4 m 4 m
x
1
4 m
8 m 12 m
-0.5
0.5
A
y
x
V
B+
x
1
V
B
+

= 0
4 m
V
B
+
M
B
1
V
B
+

= 1
4 m
V
B
+
M
B
18
Moment at support B
A
C
4 m
A
y
B
y
1
4 m 4 m
x
1
4 m
8 m 12 m
-0.5
0.5
A
y
x
-4
M
B
x
1
M
B
= 8A
y
-(8-x)
M
B
= 8A
y
1
A
y
8 m
V
B
-
M
B
x
A
y
8 m
V
B
-
M
B
19
P = 1
' x
Reaction
Influence Line for Beam
C
A
B
P = 1
A
y
B
y
(
y
= 1
' y
(
L L
s
y
B
1
# #
(
C
A
B
L
0 ) 0 ( ) ( 1 ) 1 (
'
# % $
y y y
B A (
' y y
A ( #
20
(
y
= 1
' y
(
C
A
B
P = 1
A
y
B
y L L
s
y
A
1
# #
(
C
A
B
L
P = 1
' x
' y y
B ( #
0 ) 1 ( ) ( 1 ) 0 (
'
# % $
y y y
B A (
21
L
A
B
a
- Pinned Support
R
A
R
A
x
1
L
b
b
C A B
22
A B
A B
a b
L
R
A
R
A
x
1
1
- Fixed Support
23
Shear
C A B
P = 1
a b
L
L
s
B
1
#
(
y
=1
(
yL
(
yR
' y
(
A B
V
C
V
C
P = 1
A
y
B
y
(
y
=1
L
s
A
1
#
0 ) 0 ( ) ( 1 ) ( ) ( ) 0 (
'
# % $ % %
y y yR C yL C y
B V V A ( ( (
'
) (
y yR yL C
V ( ( ( # %
' y C
V ( #
B A
s s slopes # :
24
L
A B
a
V
C
V
C
V
C
x
1
b
L
-a
L
1
-1
Slope at A = Slope at B
- Pinned Support
b
C A B
L
s Slope
B
1
#
L
s Slope
A
1
#
25
A B
a b
L
A
B
V
B
V
B
V
B
x
1 1
- Fixed Support
26
1 # % #
B A
) ) *
Bending Moment
a b
L
a
h
A
# )
' y
(
b
h
B
# )
1
A B
M
C
M
C
P = 1
A
y
B
y
h
C A B
P = 1
0 ) 0 ( ) ( 1 ) ( ) ( ) 0 (
'
# % % % %
y y B C A C y
B M M A ( ) )
'
) (
y B A C
M ( ) ) # %
' y C
M ( #
1 ) ( # %
b
h
a
h
) (
, 1
) (
b a
ab
h
ab
b a h
%
# #
%
27
a
L
A B
Hinge
M
C
M
C
b a
*
C
= )
A
+ )
B
= 1
M
C
x
ab
a+b
- Pinned Support
b
C A B
L
b
A
# )
L
a
A
# )
28
A B
a b
L
A
B
M
C
M
C
M
B
x
1
-b
- Fixed Support
29
General Shear
x
V
BL
-1
x
V
C
-1/4
3/4
1
x
V
D
-2/4
2/4
1
-3/4
x
V
E
1/4
1
A
C D E B F G H
L
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
30
x
V
BL
-1
x
V
G
1
x
V
F
1
x
V
BR
1
A
C D E B F G H
L
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
31
General Bending Moment
)
A
= 3/4 )
B
= 1/4
* = s
A
+ s
B
= 1
)
A
= 1/2 )
B
= 1/2
* = s
A
+ s
B
= 1
)
A
= 1/4 )
B
= 3/4
* = )
A
+ )
B
= 1
x
M
C 3L/16
x
M
D
4L/16
x
M
E 3L/16
A
C D E B F G H
L
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
32
x
M
B
3L/4
1
x
M
G
L/4
1
x
M
F
2L/4
1
A
C D E B F G H
L
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
33
Example 6-2
Construct the influence line for
- the reaction at A, C and E
- the shear at D
- the moment at D
- shear before and after support C
- moment at point C
A
B
C
D
E
2 m 2 m 2 m 4 m
Hinge
34
A
C
D
E
2 m 2 m 2 m 4 m
B
R
A
x
1
R
A
SOLUTION
35
A
C
D
E
2 m 2 m 2 m 4 m
B
R
C
R
C
x
1
8/6
4/6
36
A
B
C
D
E
2 m 2 m 2 m 4 m
R
E
R
E
x
-2/6
2/6
1
37
A
B
C
D
E
2 m 2 m 2 m 4 m
V
D
V
D
V
D
x
1
2/6
-1
1
s
E
= s
C
s
E
= 1/6
s
C
= 1/6
=
-2/6
=
4/6
38
Or using equilibrium conditions:
V
D
= 1 -R
E
1
V
D
x
2/6
-2/6
4/6
R
E
V
D
M
D
4 m
1
x
V
D
= -R
E
R
E
V
D
M
D
4 m
R
E
x
-2/6
1
2/6
A
B
C
D
E
2 m 2 m 2 m 4 m
Hinge
39
A
B
C
D
E
2 m 2 m 2 m 4 m
4
-1.33
M
D
x
(2)(4)/6 = 1.33
*
D
= )
C
+)
E
= 1
)
C
= 4/6
2
2/6 = )
E

M
D
M
D
40
Or using equilibrium conditions:
M
D
= -(4-x)+4R
E
1
R
E
V
D
M
D
4 m
1
x
M
D
= 4R
E
R
E
V
D
M
D
4 m
R
E
x
-2/6
1
2/6
M
D
x
-8/6
8/6
A
B
C
D
E
2 m 2 m 2 m 4 m
Hinge
41
A
B
C
D
E
2 m 2 m 2 m 4 m
V
CL
V
CL
V
CL
x
-1 -1
42
A
B
C
D
E
2 m 2 m 2 m 4 m
Or using equilibrium conditions:
1
R
A
x
1
V
CL

= R
A
- 1
V
CL
x
-1 -1
V
CL

= R
A
R
A
1
V
CL
M
B
R
A
V
CL
M
B
43
A
B
C
D
E
2 m 2 m 2 m 4 m
V
CR
x
V
CR
V
CR
1
0.333
0.667
44
A
B
C
D
E
2 m 2 m 2 m 4 m
Or using equilibrium conditions:
1
V
CR
x
0.333
1
0.667
R
E
x
-2/6 = -0.333
1
2/6=0.33
V
CR

= -R
E
R
E
V
CR
M
C
V
CR

= 1 -R
E
R
E
V
CR
M
C
1
45
A
B
C
D
E
2 m 2 m 2 m 4 m
M
C
M
C
M
C
x
1
-2
46
A
B
C
D
E
2 m 2 m 2 m 4 m
M
C
x
1
-2
Or using equilibrium conditions:
1
R
E
x
-2/6 = -0.333
1
2/6=0.33
M
C

= 6R
E
R
E
V
CR
M
C
6 m
' 6 x R M
A C
$ #
6 m
' x
R
E
V
CR
M
C
1
47
Example 6-3
Construct the influence line for
- the reaction at A and C
- shear at D, E and F
- the moment at D, E and F
Hinge
A B
C D
E F
2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m
2 m
2 m
48
SOLUTION
R
A
R
A
x
1
1
-1
0.5
-0.5
2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m
A
B
C D
E
2 m
2 m
F
49
2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m
A B
C
D
E
2 m
2 m
F
R
C x
R
C
1
0.5
1.5
2
50
2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m
A B
C
D
E
2 m
2 m
F
V
D
V
D
V
D
x
-1
0.5
-0.5
1
1 =
=
51
A B
C D
E
2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m
2 m
2 m
F
V
E
V
E
V
E
x
1
-0.5
-1
0.5
-0.5
=
=
52
2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m
A B
C D
E
2 m
2 m
F
V
F
V
F
V
F
x
1
=
=
53
2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m
A B
C D
E
2 m
2 m
F
M
D
M
D
M
D
x
-2
)
D
= 1
-1
1
2
54
2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m
A B
C D
E
2 m
2 m
F
*
E
= 1
M
E
M
E
M
E
x
)
C
= 0.5 )
B
= 0.5
(2)(2)/4 = 1
-2
-1
55
2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m
A B
C D
E
2 m
2 m
F
M
E
M
E
M
F
x
)
F
= 1
-2
56
Example 6-4
Determine the maximum reaction at support B, the maximum shear at point C and
the maximum positive moment that can be developed
at point C on the beam shown due to
- a single concentrate live load of 8000 N
- a uniform live load of 3000 N/m
- a beam weight (dead load) of 1000 N/m
4 m 4 m 4 m
A
B
C
57
0.5(12)(1.5) = 9
SOLUTION
R
B
x
1
1.5
0.5
= 48000 N = 48 kN
(R
B
)
max
+ (8000)(1.5) = (1000)(9) + (3000)(9)
8000 N
1000 N/m
3000 N/m
4 m 4 m 4 m
A
B
C
58
0.5(4)(-0.5) = -1
0.5(4)(0.5) = 1
0.5(4)(-0.5) = -1
= (1000)(-2+1)
4 m 4 m 4 m
A
B
C
V
C
x
0.5
-0.5
1000 N/m
(V
C
)
max
+ (8000)(-0.5)
= -11000 N = 11 kN
+ (3000)(-2)
-0.5
3000 N/m 3000 N/m
8000 N
59
8000 N
3000 N/m
1000 N/m
(1/2)(4)(2) = 4
+(1/2)(8)(2) = 8
4 m 4 m 4 m
A
B
C
3000 N/m
(M
C
)
max positive
= (8000)(2)
= 44000 Nm = 44 kNm
+ (8-4)(1000) + (3000)(8)
M
C
x
2
-2