Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CONTENTS
Contributors xv
Preface xvii
Section 1. Properties of Structural Steels and Effects of Steelmaking and
Fabrication Roger L. Brockenbrough, P.E. 1.1
1.1. Structural Steel Shapes and Plates / 1.1
1.2. Steel-Quality Designations / 1.6
1.3. Relative Cost of Structural Steels / 1.8
1.4. Steel Sheet and Strip for Structural Applications / 1.10
1.5. Tubing for Structural Applications / 1.13
1.6. Steel Cable for Structural Applications / 1.13
1.7. Tensile Properties / 1.14
1.8. Properties in Shear / 1.16
1.9. Hardness Tests / 1.17
1.10. Effect of Cold Work on Tensile Properties / 1.18
1.11. Effect of Strain Rate on Tensile Properties / 1.19
1.12. Effect of Elevated Temperatures on Tensile Properties / 1.20
1.13. Fatigue / 1.22
1.14. Brittle Fracture / 1.23
1.15. Residual Stresses / 1.26
1.16. Lamellar Tearing / 1.28
1.17. Welded Splices in Heavy Sections / 1.28
1.18. k-Area Cracking / 1.29
1.19. Variations in Mechanical Properties / 1.29
1.20. Changes in Carbon Steels on Heating and Cooling / 1.30
1.21. Effects of Grain Size / 1.32
1.22. Annealing and Normalizing / 1.32
1.23. Effects of Chemistry on Steel Properties / 1.33
1.24. Steelmaking Methods / 1.35
1.25. Casting and Hot Rolling / 1.36
1.26. Effects of Punching Holes and Shearing / 1.39
1.27. Effects of Welding / 1.39
1.28. Effects of Thermal Cutting / 1.40
Section 2. Fabrication and Erection Thomas Schaly 2.1
2.1. Shop Detail Drawings / 2.1
2.2. Cutting, Shearing, and Sawing / 2.3
2.3. Punching and Drilling / 2.4
2.4. CNC Machines / 2.4
vi CONTENTS
2.5. Bolting / 2.5
2.6. Welding / 2.5
2.7. Camber / 2.8
2.8. Shop Preassembly / 2.9
2.9. Rolled Sections / 2.11
2.10. Built-Up Sections / 2.12
2.11. Cleaning and Painting / 2.15
2.12. Fabrication Tolerances / 2.16
2.13. Erection Equipment / 2.17
2.14. Erection Methods for Buildings / 2.20
2.15. Erection Procedure for Bridges / 2.23
2.16. Field Tolerances / 2.25
2.17. Safety Concerns / 2.27
Section 3. General Structural Theory Ronald D. Ziemian, Ph.D. 3.1
3.1. Fundamentals of Structural Theory / 3.1
STRUCTURAL MECHANICSSTATICS
3.2. Principles of Forces / 3.2
3.3. Moments of Forces / 3.5
3.4. Equations of Equilibrium / 3.6
3.5. Frictional Forces / 3.8
STRUCTURAL MECHANICSDYNAMICS
3.6. Kinematics / 3.10
3.7. Kinetics / 3.11
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
3.8. Stress-Strain Diagrams / 3.13
3.9. Components of Stress and Strain / 3.14
3.10. Stress-Strain Relationships / 3.17
3.11. Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stress / 3.18
3.12. Mohrs Circle / 3.20
BASIC BEHAVIOR OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
3.13. Types of Structural Members and Supports / 3.21
3.14. Axial-Force Members / 3.22
3.15. Members Subjected to Torsion / 3.24
3.16. Bending Stresses and Strains in Beams / 3.25
3.17. Shear Stresses in Beams / 3.29
3.18. Shear, Moment, and Deformation Relationships in Beams / 3.34
3.19. Shear Deections in Beams / 3.45
3.20. Members Subjected to Combined Forces / 3.46
3.21. Unsymmetrical Bending / 3.48
CONCEPTS OF WORK AND ENERGY
3.22. Work of External Forces / 3.50
3.23. Virtual Work and Strain Energy / 3.51
3.24. Castiglianos Theorems / 3.56
3.25. Reciprocal Theorems / 3.57
ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
3.26. Types of Loads / 3.59
3.27. Commonly Used Structural Systems / 3.60
3.28. Determinancy and Geometric Stability / 3.62
3.29. Calculation of Reactions in Statically Determinate Systems / 3.63
CONTENTS vii
3.30. Forces in Statically Determinate Trusses / 3.64
3.31. Deections of Statically Determinate Trusses / 3.66
3.32. Forces in Statically Determinate Beams and Frames / 3.68
3.33. Deformations in Beams / 3.69
3.34. Methods for Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Systems / 3.73
3.35. Force Method (Method of Consistent Deections) / 3.74
3.36. Displacement Methods / 3.76
3.37. Slope-Deection Method / 3.78
3.38. Moment-Distribution Method / 3.81
3.39. Matrix Stiffness Method / 3.84
3.40. Inuence Lines / 3.89
INSTABILITY OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
3.41. Elastic Flexural Buckling of Columns / 3.93
3.42. Elastic Lateral Buckling of Beams / 3.96
3.43. Elastic Flexural Buckling of Frames / 3.98
3.44. Local Buckling / 3.99
NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
3.45. Comparisons of Elastic and Inelastic Analyses / 3.99
3.46. General Second-Order Effects / 3.101
3.47. Approximate Amplication Factors for Second-Order Effects / 3.103
3.48. Geometric Stiffness Matrix Method for Second-Order Effects / 3.105
3.49. General Material Nonlinear Effects / 3.105
3.50. Classical Methods of Plastic Analysis / 3.109
3.51. Contemporary Methods of Inelastic Analysis / 3.114
TRANSIENT LOADING
3.52. General Concepts of Structural Dynamics / 3.114
3.53. Vibration of Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems / 3.116
3.54. Material Effects of Dynamic Loads / 3.118
3.55. Repeated Loads / 3.118
Section 4. Analysis of Special Structures Louis F. Geschwindner, P.E. 4.1
4.1. Three-Hinged Arches / 4.1
4.2. Two-Hinged Arches / 4.3
4.3. Fixed Arches / 4.5
4.4. Stresses in Arch Ribs / 4.7
4.5. Plate Domes / 4.8
4.6. Ribbed Domes / 4.11
4.7. Ribbed and Hooped Domes / 4.19
4.8. Schwedler Domes / 4.22
4.9. Simple Suspension Cables / 4.23
4.10. Cable Suspension Systems / 4.29
4.11. Plane-Grid Frameworks / 4.34
4.12. Folded Plates / 4.42
4.13. Orthotropic Plates / 4.48
Section 5. Connections William A. Thornton, P.E., and T. Kane, P.E. 5.1
5.1. Limitations on Use of Fasteners and Welds / 5.1
5.2. Bolts in Combination with Welds / 5.2
FASTENERS
5.3. High-Strength Bolts, Nuts, and Washers / 5.2
viii CONTENTS
5.4. Carbon-Steel or Unnished (Machine) Bolts / 5.5
5.5. Welded Studs / 5.5
5.6. Pins / 5.7
GENERAL CRITERIA FOR BOLTED CONNECTIONS
5.7. Fastener Diameters / 5.10
5.8. Fastener Holes / 5.11
5.9. Minimum Number of Fasteners / 5.12
5.10. Clearances for Fasteners / 5.13
5.11. Fastener Spacing / 5.13
5.12. Edge Distance of Fasteners / 5.14
5.13. Fillers / 5.16
5.14. Installation of Fasteners / 5.17
WELDS
5.15. Welding Materials / 5.20
5.16. Types of Welds / 5.21
5.17. Standard Welding Symbols / 5.25
5.18. Welding Positions / 5.30
GENERAL CRITERIA FOR WELDED CONNECTIONS
5.19. Limitations on Fillet-Weld Dimensions / 5.31
5.20. Limitations on Plug and Slot Weld Dimensions / 5.33
5.21. Welding Procedures / 5.33
5.22. Weld Quality / 5.36
5.23. Welding Clearance and Space / 5.38
DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS
5.24. Minimum Connections / 5.39
5.25. Hanger Connections / 5.39
5.26. Tension Splices / 5.47
5.27. Compression Splices / 5.50
5.28. Column Base Plates / 5.54
5.29. Beam Bearing Plates / 5.60
5.30. Shear Splices / 5.62
5.31. Bracket Connections / 5.67
5.32. Connections for Simple Beams / 5.77
5.33. Moment Connections / 5.86
5.34. Beams Seated Atop Supports / 5.95
5.35. Truss Connections / 5.96
5.36. Connections for Bracing / 5.98
5.37. Crane-Girder Connections / 5.107
Section 6. Building Design Criteria R. A. LaBoube, P.E. 6.1
6.1. Building Codes / 6.1
6.2. Approval of Special Construction / 6.2
6.3. Standard Specications / 6.2
6.4. Building Occupancy Loads / 6.2
6.5. Roof Loads / 6.9
6.6. Wind Loads / 6.10
6.7. Seismic Loads / 6.21
6.8. Impact Loads / 6.26
6.9. Crane-Runway Loads / 6.26
6.10. Restraint Loads / 6.28
6.11. Combined Loads / 6.28
CONTENTS ix
6.12. ASD and LRFD Specications / 6.29
6.13. Axial Tension / 6.30
6.14. Shear / 6.34
6.15. Combined Tension and Shear / 6.40
6.16. Compression / 6.41
6.17. Bending Strength / 6.45
6.18. Bearing / 6.48
6.19. Combined Bending and Compression / 6.48
6.20. Combined Bending and Tension / 6.50
6.21. Wind and Seismic Stresses / 6.51
6.22. Fatigue Loading / 6.51
6.23. Local Plate Buckling / 6.62
6.24. Design Parameters for Tension Members / 6.64
6.25. Design Parameters for Rolled Beams and Plate Girders / 6.64
6.26. Criteria for Composite Construction / 6.67
6.27. Serviceability / 6.74
6.28. Built-Up Compression Members / 6.76
6.29. Built-Up Tension Members / 6.77
6.30. Plastic Design / 6.78
6.31. Hollow Structural Sections / 6.79
6.32. Cable Construction / 6.85
6.33. Fire Protection / 6.85
Section 7. Design of Building Members Ali A. K. Haris, P.E. 7.1
7.1. Tension Members / 7.1
7.2. Comparative Designs of Double-Angle Hanger / 7.3
7.3. ExampleLRFD for Wide-Flange Truss Members / 7.4
7.4. Compression Members / 7.5
7.5. ExampleLRFD for Steel Pipe in Axial Compression / 7.6
7.6. Comparative Designs of Wide-Flange Section with Axial Compression / 7.7
7.7. ExampleLRFD for Double Angles with Axial Compression / 7.8
7.8. Steel Beams / 7.10
7.9. Comparative Designs of Single-Span Floorbeam / 7.11
7.10. ExampleLRFD for Floorbeam with Unbraced Top Flange / 7.14
7.11. ExampleLRFD for Floorbeam with Overhang / 7.16
7.12. Composite Beams / 7.18
7.13. LRFD for Composite Beam with Uniform Loads / 7.20
7.14. ExampleLRFD for Composite Beam with Concentrated Loads and End
Moments / 7.28
7.15. Combined Axial Load and Biaxial Bending / 7.32
7.16. ExampleLRFD for Wide-Flange Column in a Multistory Rigid Frame / 7.33
7.17. Base Plate Design / 7.37
7.18. ExampleLRFD of Column Base Plate / 7.39
Section 8. Floor and Roof Systems Daniel A. Cuoco, P.E. 8.1
FLOOR DECKS
8.1. Concrete Fill on Metal Deck / 8.1
8.2. Precast-Concrete Plank / 8.8
8.3. Cast-in-Place Concrete Slabs / 8.9
ROOF DECKS
8.4. Metal Roof Deck / 8.10
8.5. Lightweight Precast-Concrete Roof Panels / 8.11
x CONTENTS
8.6. Wood-Fiber Planks / 8.11
8.7. Gypsum-Concrete Decks / 8.13
FLOOR FRAMING
8.8. Rolled Shapes / 8.14
8.9. Open-Web Joists / 8.17
8.10. Lightweight Steel Framing / 8.18
8.11. Trusses / 8.18
8.12. Stub-Girders / 8.19
8.13. Staggered Trusses / 8.21
8.14. Castellated Beams / 8.21
8.15. ASD versus LRFD / 8.25
8.16. Dead-Load Deection / 8.25
8.17. Fire Protection / 8.25
8.18. Vibrations / 8.28
ROOF FRAMING
8.19. Plate Girders / 8.29
8.20. Space Frames / 8.29
8.21. Arched Roofs / 8.30
8.22. Dome Roofs / 8.31
8.23. Cable Structures / 8.33
Section 9. Lateral-Force Design Charles W. Roeder, P.E. 9.1
9.1. Description of Wind Forces / 9.1
9.2. Determination of Wind Loads / 9.4
9.3. Seismic Loads in Model Codes / 9.9
9.4. Equivalent Static Forces for Seismic Design / 9.10
9.5. Dynamic Method of Seismic Load Distribution / 9.14
9.6. Structural Steel Systems for Seismic Design / 9.17
9.7. Seismic-Design Limitations on Steel Frames / 9.22
9.8. Forces in Frames Subjected to Lateral Loads / 9.33
9.9. Member and Connection Design for Lateral Loads / 9.38
Section 10. Cold-Formed Steel Design R. L. Brockenbrough, P.E. 10.1
10.1. Design Specications and Materials / 10.1
10.2. Manufacturing Methods and Effects / 10.2
10.3. Nominal Loads / 10.4
10.4. Design Methods / 10.5
10.5. Section Property Calculations / 10.7
10.6. Effective Width Concept / 10.7
10.7. Maximum Width-to-Thickness Ratios / 10.11
10.8. Effective Widths of Stiffened Elements / 10.11
10.9. Effective Widths of Unstiffened Elements / 10.14
10.10. Effective Widths of Uniformly Compressed Elements with Edge Stiffener / 10.14
10.11. Tension Members / 10.16
10.12. Flexural Members / 10.16
10.13. Concentrically Loaded Compression Members / 10.25
10.14. Combined Tensile Axial Load and Bending / 10.27
10.15. Combined Compressive Axial Load and Bending / 10.27
10.16. Cylindrical Tubular Members / 10.30
10.17. Welded Connections / 10.30
10.18. Bolted Connections / 10.34
CONTENTS xi
10.19. Screw Connections / 10.37
10.20. Other Limit States at Connections / 10.41
10.21. Wall Stud Assemblies / 10.41
10.22. Example of Effective Section Calculation / 10.42
10.23. Example of Bending Strength Calculation / 10.45
Section 11. Design Criteria for Bridges 11.1
Part 1. Application of Criteria for Cost-Effective Highway Bridge
Design Robert L. Nickerson, P.E., and Dennis Mertz, P.E. 11.1
11.1. Standard Specications / 11.1
11.2. Design Methods / 11.2
11.3. Primary Design Considerations / 11.2
11.4. Highway Design Loadings / 11.4
11.5. Load Combinations and Effects / 11.13
11.6. Nominal Resistance for LRFD / 11.19
11.7. Distribution of Loads through Decks / 11.20
11.8. Basic Allowable Stresses for Bridges / 11.24
11.9. Fracture Control / 11.29
11.10. Repetitive Loadings / 11.30
11.11. Detailing for Earthquakes / 11.35
11.12. Detailing for Buckling / 11.36
11.13. Criteria for Built-Up Tension Members / 11.45
11.14. Criteria for Built-Up Compression Members / 11.46
11.15. Plate Girders and Cover-Plated Rolled Beams / 11.48
11.16. Composite Construction with I Girders / 11.50
11.17. Cost-Effective Plate-Girder Designs / 11.54
11.18. Box Girders / 11.56
11.19. Hybrid Girders / 11.60
11.20. Orthotropic-Deck Bridges / 11.61
11.21. Span Lengths and Deections / 11.63
11.22. Bearings / 11.63
11.23. Detailing for Weldability / 11.67
11.24. Stringer or Girder Spacing / 11.69
11.25. Bridge Decks / 11.69
11.26. Elimination of Expansion Joints in Highway Bridges / 11.72
11.27. Bridge Steels and Corrosion Protection / 11.74
11.28. Constructability / 11.77
11.29. Inspectability / 11.77
11.30. Reference Materials / 11.78
Appendix A. Example of LRFD Design for Two-Span Continuous
Composite I Girder / 11.78
Part 2. Railroad Bridge Design Harry B. Cundiff, P.E. 11.80
11.31. Standard Specications / 11.153
11.32. Design Method / 11.153
11.33. Owners Concerns / 11.153
11.34. Design Considerations / 11.154
11.35. Design Loadings / 11.155
11.36. Composite Steel and Concrete Spans / 11.163
11.37. Basic Allowable Stresses / 11.164
11.38. Fatigue Design / 11.168
11.39. Fracture Critical Members / 11.170
11.40. Impact Test Requirements for Structural Steel / 11.171
xii CONTENTS
11.41. General Design Provisions / 11.171
11.42. Compression Members / 11.173
11.43. Stay Plates / 11.174
11.44. Members Stressed Primarily in Bending / 11.174
11.45. Other Considerations / 11.178
Section 12. Beam and Girder Bridges Alfred Hedene, P.E.,
John Swindlehurst, P.E., and Mahir Sen, P.E. 12.1
12.1. Characteristics of Beam Bridges / 12.1
12.2. ExampleAllowable-Stress Design of Composite, Rolled-Beam Stringer Bridge /
12.5
12.3. Characteristics of Plate-Girder Stringer Bridges / 12.20
12.4. ExampleAllowable-Stress Design of Composite, Plate-Girder Bridge / 12.23
12.5. ExampleLoad-Factor Design of Composite Plate-Girder Bridge / 12.34
12.6. Characteristics of Curved Girder Bridges / 12.48
12.7. ExampleAllowable-Stress Design of Curved Stringer Bridge / 12.56
12.8. Deck Plate-Girder Bridges with Floorbeams / 12.69
12.9. ExampleAllowable-Stress Design of Deck Plate-Girder Bridge with
Floorbeams / 12.70
12.10. Through Plate-Girder Bridges with Floorbeams / 12.104
12.11. ExampleAllowable-Stress Design of a Through Plate-Girder Bridge / 12.105
12.12. Composite Box-Girder Bridges / 12.114
12.13. ExampleAllowable-Stress Design of a Composite Box-Girder Bridge / 12.118
12.14. Orthotropic-Plate Girder Bridges 1 12.128
12.15. ExampleDesign of an Orthotropic-Plate Box-Girder Bridge / 12.130
12.16. Continuous-Beam Bridges / 12.153
12.17. Allowable-Stress Design of Bridge with Continuous, Composite Stringers /
12.154
12.18. ExampleLoad and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) of Composite Plate-Girder
Bridge / 12.169
Section 13. Truss Bridges John M. Kulicki, P.E., Joseph E. Prickett, P.E.,
and David H. LeRoy, P.E. 13.1
13.1. Specications / 13.2
13.2. Truss Components / 13.2
13.3. Types of Trusses / 13.5
13.4. Bridge Layout / 13.6
13.5. Deck Design / 13.8
13.6. Lateral Bracing, Portals, and Sway Frames / 13.9
13.7. Resistance to Longitudinal Forces / 13.10
13.8. Truss Design Procedure / 13.10
13.9. Truss Member Details / 13.18
13.10. Member and Joint Design ExamplesLFD and SLD / 13.21
13.11. Member Design ExampleLRFD / 13.27
13.12. Truss Joint Design Procedure / 13.35
13.13. ExampleLoad-Factor Design of Truss Joint / 13.37
13.14. ExampleService-Load Design of Truss Joint / 13.44
13.15. Skewed Bridges / 13.49
13.16. Truss Bridges on Curves / 13.50
13.17. Truss Supports and Other Details / 13.51
13.18. Continuous Trusses / 13.51
CONTENTS xiii
Section 14. Arch Bridges Arthur W Hedgren, Jr., P.E. 14.1
14.1. Types of Arches / 14.2
14.2. Arch Forms / 14.2
14.3. Selection of Arch Type and Form / 14.3
14.4. Comparison of Arch with Other Bridge Types / 14.5
14.5. Erection of Arch Bridges / 14.6
14.6. Design of Arch Ribs and Ties / 14.7
14.7. Design of Other Elements / 14.10
14.8. Examples of Arch Bridges / 14.11
14.9. Guidelines for Preliminary Designs and Estimates / 14.44
14.10. Buckling Considerations for Arches / 14.46
14.11. ExampleDesign of Tied-Arch Bridge / 14.47
Section 15. Cable-Suspended Bridges Walter Podolny, Jr., P.E. 15.1
15.1. Evolution of Cable-Suspended Bridges / 15.1
15.2. Classication of Cable-Suspended Bridges / 15.5
15.3. Classication and Characteristics of Suspension Bridges / 15.7
15.4. Classication and Characteristics of Cable-Stayed Bridges / 15.16
15.5. Classication of Bridges by Span / 15.23
15.6. Need for Longer Spans / 15.24
15.7. Population Demographics of Suspension Bridges / 15.29
15.8. Span Growth of Suspension Bridges / 15.30
15.9. Technological Limitations to Future Development / 15.30
15.10. Cable-Suspended Bridges for Rail Loading / 15.31
15.11. Specications and Loadings for Cable-Suspended Bridges / 15.32
15.12. Cables / 15.35
15.13. Cable Saddles, Anchorages, and Connections / 15.41
15.14. Corrosion Protection of Cables / 15.45
15.15. Statics of Cables / 15.52
15.16. Suspension-Bridge Analysis / 15.53
15.17. Preliminary Suspension-Bridge Design / 15.68
15.18. Self-Anchored Suspension Bridges / 15.74
15.19. Cable-Stayed Bridge Analysis / 15.75
15.20. Preliminary Design of Cable-Stayed Bridges / 15.79
15.21. Aerodynamic Analysis of Cable-Suspended Bridges / 15.86
15.22. Seismic Analysis of Cable-Suspended Structures / 15.96
15.23. Erection of Cable-Suspended Bridges / 15.97
Index I.1 (Follows Section 15.)