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5

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tjzpf xif[yf&mrSm tvm;wlyJ aZmufx;kd jzpfaeygvrd rhf ,f? 'g[m taumif
txnf azmfaeoludk,fwdkif rodbJjzpfaewmyg? *sL&Dvl}uD;[m ol@taeeJ@
ol@O;D aESmufxu
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f ikd af ew,fv@kd
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w,f? 'Dawmh t&m&m[m aZmufx;kd rd;k ar#mf jzpfaewmygy?J aeuf+yD; u|eaf wmhf
tjrifrmS 'DaZmuf xd;k jzpfr[
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kd m ay:vGiaf eygw,f? 'g[m
ajymwJh oabmw&m;a&;tjrif jzpfvmw,fqw
pD;yGm;a&;tajccHukd wzef*,ufu
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f l
twGuf tuif;rJh vGwv
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uswhJ owfrw
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tawmfoo
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ydik q
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kd w
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6

bmoma&;/ tbd"rRmpwJh ydv


k @kd awmif txufuw
kd ufwhJ awG;ac:r_ e,f
y,fu umawGrmS ordik ;f rwifru
D mvwke;f u awG@c/hJ &,lcw
hJ hJ aemuf+yD; 'Dae@
tcgrSm t"dy`m,fr&Sdbl;vdk@ u|efawmfwdk@wawG ajymae=uwJht&mawG yg0if
aew,f? obm0avmu/ vl@b0/ 0dnmOf/ xl;qef;wJh wefc;kd pwmawGe@J ywfouf
+yD; rSm;,Gif;wJhcH,lcsufawG&J@ tajccH[m tEkwfvuQ%maqmifwJh pD;yGm;a&;
ta=umif;tcsuaf wGygy?J ordik ;f rwifru
D mv&J@ edru
hf swphJ ;D yGm;a&; jzpfay: wd;k yGm;
r_[m obm0avmuudk rSm;,Gi;f pGm em;vnfcsuaf wGe@J jznfq
h nf;cH&/ wpdwf
wydik ;f tm;jzifh 0ef;&Hay;wmcH& aemuf+yD; tJ'D em;vnfcsuaf wGa=umifh jzpf&wm
awGawmif &Scd yhJ gw,f? obm0avmuudk ydrk kd odem;vnfr&_ @J t"duwGe;f tm;[m
pD;yGm;a&; ta=umif;w&m;&J@ jymef;csuf jzpfcw
hJ ,f? yd+k y;D jzpfvmaew,f qdak yr,fh
'D t"dym` ,fr&Sw
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'Dt"dym` ,f r&Sw
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rrJw
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vGwv
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umvtwGuf tvG,u
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oufOq
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eJ@ jynfoal wG&@J wdu
k yf pJG wifcsed rf mS ol[m oufO;D qHyikd pf epform; (Absolutist)
wa,mufjzpfw,f? avmhcf (Locke) [m bmoma&;xJa&m Edik if aH &;xJrmS yg
ygae+y;D 1688 ckEpS f vlwef;pm;aphpyfr5_ &J@ om;i,f jzpfaew,f? t*Fvefu a';tpP
0g'Drsm; (Deists)6 eJ@ olw@kd aemufu xuf=uyfvu
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f ,f? *smref evAde;f wH;k
7

0g' (Philistinism) uawmh *smreftbd"rRe,fy,ftwGi;f uef@ (Kant) uae


[D*,f (Hegel) txd&adS e+y;D wcgw&HrmS tyoabm/ wcgw&HrmS tzsuo
f abm
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acwfwacwfp&D @J tbd"rRmtwGuf uwifowfrw
S f awmif;qdx
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tbd"rRm[m tpOftquf qufccH w
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awG;ac:r_qikd &f m wduswhJ tzG@J tpnf;wckqw
kd m jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifv
h nf;yJ
tbd"rRm e,fy,frSm pD;yGm;a&;aemufuswJh EdkifiHawGu a&S@aqmiftcef;u
quf u jyaeEd k i f w mygyJ ? Oyrmtm;jzif h 18 &mpk E S p f q D u t*F v ef E d k i f i H &J @
tbd"rRmtay:rSm tajcy&wJh jyifopf&J@tbd"rRmeJ@ jyifopfeJ@ t*Fvdyfwdk@&J@
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acgi;f axmifvmr_&@J &v'fyjJ zpfygw,f? u|eaf wmft
h zd@k awmh 'De,f y,fawGrmS vnf;
pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_&@J vH;k 0pd;k rd;k r_qw
kd m xif&mS ;aewJh tcsuf ygy?J 'gayrJh
'g[m oufqdkif&me,fy,ftvdkuf csrSwfxm;wJh owfrSwfcsufawGtwdkif;
vkyu
f ikd w
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qufu qufccH w
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pwJh taqmufttHkawGe@J kyzf su+f y;D tusK;d ouf a&mufapwmjzpfw,f?) 'Dae&mrSm
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ac:r_ukd b,fvakd jymif;vJ&r,f? b,fvjkd zpfay: wd;k yGm;&r,fqw
kd mudk jymef;w,f?
aemuf+y;D 'g[mvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh oG,0f u
kd +f y;D jymef;wmyg? ta=umif;uawmh
EdkifiHa&;/ w&m;Oya'a&;eJ@ udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&m tmkHwHk@jyefr_awGuomyJ
tbd"rRmtay:rSm wdkufkduftusqHk; =oZm*,uf oufa&muf vdk@jzpfw,f?
bmoma&;eJ@ ywfouf vd@k awmh ajymoifw
h mrSeo
f r#ukd jzL;0g;bwf (tde*f ,fvf
a&; vk'0f pfjzL;0g;bwfEiS hf pHawmf0if *smreftbd"rRm. tqH;k owfcef;) ta=umif;
a&;wJh pmtkyaf emufq;kH tcef;xJrmS ygomG ;+yD?
'ga=umifh wu,fv@kd rsm; bmhof (Barth) u u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd pD;yGm;a&;
v_y&f mS ;r_&@J a&mifjyef[wfcsuaf wGjzpfwhJ Edik if aH &;pwmawG[m tJ'D v_y&f mS ;r_tay:
wzefjyef+yD; tusK;d oufa&mufapw,f qdw
k mudk vH;k vH;k jiif;y,fa=umif; pGypf cJG &hJ if
8

ol[m av&[wfawGukd udik Ef @JS ('Geu


f pd G w
k f 0wKxrJ mS 'Geu
f pd G w
k ef @J ol@wynfu
h av&
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k rf u
kd rf rJ J oGm;wdu
k w
f mudk &nf!e ;f jcif;jzpf bmomjyefo)l aewmyJ jzpfygvrd rhf ,f? ol@taeeJ@ rmhupf &f @J bkr&J f (18) &u
&ufukd
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ta=umif; tcsurf sm;tay: b,fvt
kd usK;d oufa&muf apw,fqw
kd mudk txl;
jyK+yD; pmtkyw
f tkyv
f ;kH avmufe;D yg; &Si;f jyxm;w,f? pD;yGm;a&; ta=umif;tcsuf
rsm;tay: a,bk,s rScD &kd r_ t0ef;t0dik ;f twGi;f uaygah v? 'grrS [kwf t&if;usr;f
xJu tvky&f ufe@J ywfoufwhJ tcef;xJrmS rkcsyJ Edik if aH &;aqmif&u
G cf sujf zpfwhJ
Oya'yr_u tJ'aD vmufjyif;jyif;xefxef tusK;d oufa&mufa=umif; azmfjyxm;
w,f? 'grrS [kwf "e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;&J@ ordik ;f ta=umif; tcef;xJrmS (tcef; 24)7
a&m/ aemuf+y;D wu,fv@kd om Edik if aH &;tm%m[m pD;yGm;a&;t& bmrSrxda&muf
bl;qd&k if u|eaf wmfw@kd wawG bma=umifrh @kd ypPn;f rJv
h w
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k yf 0JG ifae=urSmvJ? tiftm; (qdv
k w
kd m Edik if aH &;tm%m) [mvnf;
pD;yGm;a&; tiftm; w&yfygyu
J vm;?
'gayrJh cktcg tJ'pD mtkyf (aygvb
f mhof (Paul Barth) a&; [D*,f. ordik ;f
qdik &f mtbd"rRmESihf rmhupf Ef iS hf [wfref; (Hart Mann) od@k wdik af om [D*,f0g'rD sm;
pmtky)f udk a0zefaezd@k u|eaf wmfrmS tcsed rf &Syd gb;l ? twGJ 3 (t&if;usr;f twGJ
(3) udk qdv
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f kd Oyrmbef;pwde;f u aumif;aumif;udik w
f ,
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f rd rhf ,f xifygw,f?
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t+rJyJ 'Dem;rSm ta=umif;&if;/ [dek m;rSm tusK;d oufa&mufr&_ ,fv@kd =unfjh rif=u
w,f? 'g[m tcGHoufoufomjzpfwJh tESpfcsKyfw&yf (abstraction) om
jzpfa=umif;/ tJ'v
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kd m wu,fh
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jzpfpOf}uD;wckv;kH [m tjyeftvSef oufa&mufrq
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jzpfa=umif; tifrwefru
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pD;yGm;a&;v_y&f mS ;r_[m tcktxdtiftm;t}uD;qH;k / tajccHuswhJ tqH;k tjzwf
ay;Edik q
f ;kH t&mjzpf+y;D t&m&m[m E_id ;f ,SOcf suo
f m jzpfw,f? b,f[mrS tuif;rJh
r[kwfbl; qdkwmawGudk olwdk@ rqkyfudkifEdkif=ubl;? olwdk@tzdk@ [D*,fqdkwm
b,fwek ;f urS r&Scd zhJ ;l bl;?
9

aemufqufwJG &Si;f vif;csuf


1? aume&ufprpf (Conrad Schmidt) (1863- 1932) *smref abm*
aA'orm;ESifh tbd"rRmq&m? ol@b0tpydkif;wGif rmhufpf. abm*aA'
w&m;rsm;udk vufccH +hJ yD; aemufawmh rmhupf 0f g'udk qef@usiaf om "e&Sirf sm;ESihf
aygi;f oGm;onf? jyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g'. oabmw&m; a&aomufjrpf jzpfcahJ om
usr;f rsm; a&;cJo
h nf?
2? 1890 ckEpS f atmufwb
kd mv 20 &ufae@wiG f aume&ufprpfu ol@tm;
Zl;&pfy@kd pf owif;pmu bma&;tcef;twGuf t,f'w
D m tvkyaf y;cJah =umif;
tde*f ,fx
f H today;cJo
h nf? olonf xdt
k vkyu
f kd vufccH o
hJ nf? wc%r#omjzpfonf?
bma&;uudv
k nf; r[kw/f jyifyEdik if rH sm;. Edik if aH &;owif; qdkif&mudkom
jzpfonf? 1891 ckEpS f ZGev
f 18 &ufae@wiG f prpfu ol't
D vkyu
f E_wx
f u
G v
f u
kd +f yD
jzpfa=umif; tde*f ,fxH pmvSr;f a&;cJo
h nf?
Zl;&pfy@kd pf (Zuiriches Post) rSm 1879 ESihf 1936 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f qGpZf
vef'rD u
kd &ufrsm; xkwaf 0cJah om ae@pOfowif;pm jzpfonf?
3? 1842 ESihf 1844 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f u tmrif (Ermen) ESihf tde*f ,fw@kd .
refcsupf wm yGJ }Hk u;D uydik o
f nfh csnpf ufwiG f pma&;tjzpf vkycf jhJ cif;udk &nf!e ;f jcif;
jzpfonf?
k ,
D u
H "kd Oya' qdo
4? 'Dae&mrSm tde*f ,fa&;wJh eydv
k nfrmS us,jf yef@
aom t"dym` ,ft& 1804- 10 ckEpS q
f u
D jymef;cJo
h nfh w&m;Oya'/ w&m;rusihf
xHk;Oya'/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;Oya'/ &mZ0wfOya'/ &mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'
k ,
D u
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wd@k ukd qdv
k o
kd nf? tusO;f oabmajymv#if eydv
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ckEpS w
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f "e&Sif
vl@tzGJ@tpnf; twGif; pHawmf0if w&m;Oya'w&yf [k qdkcJhonf?
(vk'0f pfjzL;0g;bwfEiS hf pHawmf0if *smreftbd"rRm. tqH;k owf)
5? TonfrmS pwl;0yf (Stuart) xD;eef;udk zwfcs+yD; atm&ifch srf S 0DvsH
10

acgif;aqmifonfh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'xD;eef;


(1689 ckEpS rf S ponf) udk wnfaxmifco
hJ nfh t*FvefEikd if rH S 1688 ckEpS f tm%m
odr;f r_ukd &nf!e ;f onf ,if;onf ajr[mydik q
f ikd o
f nfh vlux
Hk Hrsm;ESihf "e&Si}f uD;
wd@k t=um; aphpyfxm;jcif; jzpfonf?
6? bk&m;ociftm; vlom;r[kwfaom usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfonfh
tajccHta=umif;&if;tjzpf oabmxm;aom bmoma&; tbd"rRmwck jzpfonf?
olw@kd u bk&m;ociftaejzifh obm0ESihf vlre_ ,
d mrw&m;rsm;wGif 0ifa&muf
pGufzufjcif; r&Sd[kqdkonf? ya'o&mZf bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;.tjrifu v$rf;rdk;
aecsed w
f iG f wd@k onf tv,facwfbmoma&; pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_tm; a0zefjcif;
jzifh omoem. uyfyg;vuQ%mESihf [efaqmifrw
_ @kd ukd zGichf sco
hJ nf?
7? rmhupf af &; t&if;usr;f twGJ (1) xJwiG f ygaom tvky&f uf ESihf
a&S@O;D pk aqmif;r_ qdak omt&m [lonfh tcef;rsm;udk =unfyh g?
(Willian of Orange)

(wkwjf ynf yDuif; jynfo@l pmayxkwaf 0a&;wdu


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jyef) xJrjS zpfonf?

11

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12

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13

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14

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f mudak wmh
awmif;yefygw,f? ?

15

&Sif;vif;csuf
1? Tpmudk OD;pGmtm;jzifh 1895 ckEpS x
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k avm (Wroclaw)
r@rS *smrefausmif;om;wOD; jzpfonf?
?

16

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