Metering

Why
Electricity is not free, for production,
cost is incurred in the form of
Fuel cost
Employee cost
Capital cost
The production cost have to be born
by consumer
Producer is one and consumers are
many
Cost cannot be equally divided among
the consumers
Recovery of cost
By equally dividing among the
consumer
All consumers does not consume equal
energy
Why pay for the energy used by other
By dividing the cost by installed
consumption capacity of consumer
Under recover for producer
Consumer have to pay even for the
energy not used by them

Whats the solution
Install Meters
for each
consumer
Metering
Direct metering
Indirect metering
Direct metering
Voltage and
current are
applied
directly to
meter
Energy
Meter
P
N
Load Side Phase Side
Indirect Metering
CT is provided
for
measurement
of current
PT is installed
for
measurement
of voltage
Energy
Meter
P
N
Load Side
Supply Side
C
T
P
T
Type of meters
Electro
Mechanical
Electronic/
Static Meter
Accuracy
Class 2
Used where energy consumption is very low
Class 1
Used where energy consumption is medium
Class 0.5
Where bulk energy is consumed or generated
Class 0.2
Same as class 0.5 however where more
accounting of energy is required
Calibration chart for
class 0.5 meters
Load 0.5lead 0.5 lag Unity
<10% 1.4% 1.2% 0.8%
20-110% 1% 0.8% 0.5%
Selection of Direct
Meter
Direct meters have different
current ranges i.e. 2Amp, 5Amp,
20 Amp or so
Meters are selected so that
minimum load of customer
should be more than 20% of the
full current
If load current is higher CT are
used
If expected power factor is less
than 0.5 lead or lag then special
energy meters are to be used
Indirect Metering
Standard current for meters are 1
or 5 amps
Some manufacturer provide both
options
Generally meters have PT inputs of
110V for 3 ph 3wire and 63 volts for
3ph 4 wire
As per requirement of customer
special range CT and PT can be
produced
Factors affecting
metering
Accuracy class
Meter
CT
PT
Location of meter
Size of conductor for
CT circuit
PT circuit
For example

Meter acc class : 0.5
CT acc class : 0.5
PT Acc class : 0.5

Then over all accuracy
of measurement will
be 1.5%
CT
Energy
Meter
PT
PT/CT accuracy curve
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0% 25% 50% 75% 100 125
100% load
25% load
Equivalent model


Energy
Meter
~
V
~
I
Iv
Location of Meter
If possible install meter near to
CT and PT secondary.
Use of large cross section of
pilot wires
Removal of all burdens from CT
and PT secondary
Separate core for commercial
metering
Practices at NTPC dadri
Separate CVT installed where
ever commercial meters are
installed.
Pilot wire cross section
changed from 2X2.5 sqmm to
10sqmm.
All unnecessary equipments
removed from CT and PT circuit
cont
PT replaced with 0.2 acc class
instead of 0.5 class
CT replaced with 0.2 acc class
asbhogal@ntpc.co.in

Mobile 09650994669
Unit of metering
Basic unit of energy measure is
kWh
kWh=Voltage* current * power
factor=VICos