Electricity production incurs costs that must be recovered from consumers. However, it is not possible to equally divide costs among consumers since their consumption levels vary. Direct metering through meters connected directly to voltage and current is more accurate than indirect metering using current transformers and potential transformers, but it has limitations in measuring large loads. Modern electronic meters log various parameters like billing information, load survey data, events and transactions which provide more useful information than traditional electromechanical meters.
Electricity production incurs costs that must be recovered from consumers. However, it is not possible to equally divide costs among consumers since their consumption levels vary. Direct metering through meters connected directly to voltage and current is more accurate than indirect metering using current transformers and potential transformers, but it has limitations in measuring large loads. Modern electronic meters log various parameters like billing information, load survey data, events and transactions which provide more useful information than traditional electromechanical meters.
Electricity production incurs costs that must be recovered from consumers. However, it is not possible to equally divide costs among consumers since their consumption levels vary. Direct metering through meters connected directly to voltage and current is more accurate than indirect metering using current transformers and potential transformers, but it has limitations in measuring large loads. Modern electronic meters log various parameters like billing information, load survey data, events and transactions which provide more useful information than traditional electromechanical meters.
a)Electricity is not free, for production, cost is
incurred in the form of
Fuel cost or Employee cost Capital cost
b)The production cost have to be born by consumer
c)Producer is one and consumers are many
d)Cost cannot be equally divided among the consumers Recovery of Cost 1) By equally dividing among the consumer a)All consumers does not consume equal energy b)Why pay for the energy used by other 2) By dividing the cost by installed consumption capacity of consumer a)Under recover for producer b)Consumer have to pay even for the energy not used by them Direct Metering Indirect Metering Direct Metering Voltage and Current are directly applied to the Meter P N Phase Side Load Side Indirect Metering Energy Meter P N CT PT Supply Side Load Side CT is provided for measurement of Current
PT is Installed for measurement of Voltage
Accuracy Class of Meters Class 2 Used where energy consumption is very low Class 1 Used where energy consumption is medium Class 0.5 Where bulk energy is consumed or generated Class 0.2 Same as class 0.5 however where more accounting of energy is required Selection of Direct Current Meter Direct meters have different current ranges i.e. 2Amp, 5Amp, 20 Amp or so
Meters are selected so that minimum load of customer should be more than 20% of the full current Indirect Metering Standard current for meters are 1 or 5 amps Some manufacturer provide both options Generally meters have PT inputs of 110V for 3 ph 3wire and 63 volts for 3ph 4 wire As per requirement of customer special range CT and PT can be produced CT Energy Meter PT Factors Effect Metering Accuracy Class Meter Current Transformer ( CT) Potential Transformer Location of Meter Size of Conductor for Current Transformer Potential Transformer For example
Meter acc class : 0.5 CT acc class : 0.5 PT Acc class : 0.5
Then over all accuracy of measurement will be 1.5% Location of Meter at site If possible install meter near to CT and PT secondary. Use of large cross section of pilot wires Removal of all burdens from CT and PT secondary Separate core for commercial metering
.. And so have the meters Energy Meters Energy Meters Conventionally Measures a Single Quantity
- KWh
- KVArh
- KVAh Energy Meters are used for Commercial purpose ( i.e to record consumption of Energy by consumer and correspondingly billing to consumer) The viability of Power Utility depends upon
1. Accuracy & Efficiency in collecting meter reading and issue of Bills there after.
2.Collection Efficiency.
This was the Energy Meters in good old days way back to 1909 Life cycle Todays Energy Meters are Data Loggers They Churn out a lot of data They give much more than Energy Reading Meters Yesterday Meters today Single Parameter(KWH)
Single Reading
Manual Reading - Error prone
Manual Computation
Multiple Parameters
Multiple Readings ( load survey)
Electronic Reading - less Error prone
Computer aided computations Error Prone Less errors Advantage of Electronic Meters More Accurate than Electromechanical meters They are data loggers & log time Stamped Data They are read Electronically & human Errors is Eliminated Remote Reading is Possible (Direct, PSTN, GSM, GPRS) They Can detect & log illogical Events ( Tamper) Appropriate for Consumer End meters only Manual Reading This only Extract Data from Meter. Today ,with modern Electronic Meter Read Electronically, not from Display Complicated Tariff Yesterday with Electromechanical Meters Consumption determined from computer , far away from meter Software (BSC) needed for Data Extraction Metering System Software Meters has a large amount of data, not practical to read using display , better to read Electronically Software supplied by meter manufacturers is not sufficient for deriving information from the data Third party application software or services are now needed We will deal with Meter Reading and system software for meter reading/ Data extraction. Inductively Coupled PPU Optical Port Terminal Block Extended Terminal Block Transparent Button for Display Scrolling/scroll lock Front Side sealing arrangement Button for reverse Scrolling Rating Plate LCD Display Calibration LED Display & logged Parameters Display Mode
Auto Display (for quick reference)
Push Button Display (for detailed information) Scrolls Automatically Display can be accessed by Meter Reader To see History Data and Tamper Information Useful to identify meters that requires close investigation Display Parameters Information Shown on the Display of Electronic Meter Self Diagnostics LED Segment Check Battery & NVM Health RTC Date & Time Meter Serial no. Date/Time in RTC V, I, PF,kW, kVAr etc. Power On/Off hours Rising demand with elapsed time Instantaneous Parameters Basic Information Missing Potential Current Reverse Short/Open Circuit Load Imbalance Cum Count of Events Billing Information Cumulative Registers TOU wise MDs 6 or 12 history data Tamper Information Capacity to log parameters is a key feature of Electronic meters Logged parameters can be categorized as Logged Parameters
Billing Information Load Survey Events or tampers Transactions Instantaneous Parameters There are electrical parameter as seen By the meter at the time of reading or can read locally Using MRI Can cover Voltage, Current, PF, kW, kVAr, kVA etc They are interpreted & displayed in the BSC Capacity to log Parameters is a key Feature of Electronic Meters Logged Parameters Can be Categorized as Instantaneous Parameters Load survey Events or Tampers Transactions These are based on Tariff type Programmed to meter These are packets of information on billing parameters like energy, MD etc. for each billing cycle They are also interpreted & displayed in the BCS Billing Information Logged Parameters
Instantaneous parameters Billing information Load survey Events or tampers Transactions -They are periodic interval-wise information, intervals known as SIP
-SIP is typically hour for consumer meters & hour for boundary meters
-Generally average values of kWh, kVArh, kVAh, frequency, PF, Voltages, Currents, Power Down Time etc. Capacity to log parameters is a key feature of Electronic meters Logged parameters can be categorized as Logged Parameters Events or Tampers Transactions Are simply illogical electrical events as seen by meter
-The correct way is to refer to them as events and not tampers
-No meter can be called tamper proof meter
-Modern meters have 3 types of tamper related features -Tamper proof features -Tamper deterrent features -Tamper Evident features Instantaneous Parameters Billing Information Load Survey Capacity to log parameters is a key feature of Electronic meters Logged parameters can be categorized as Logged Parameters
Instantaneous Parameters Billing Information Load Survey Events or Tampers Transactions They are interchange of information between meter & MRI
They include change of tariff programme in meter, definition of kVArh & kVAh, resetting MD,changing date/time etc.
Capacity to log parameters is a key feature of Electronic meters Logged parameters can be categorized as Logged Parameters Meter Reading Instrument (MRI) What Is MRI ?
Hand Held Unit (HHU) for Meter Reading. Small, compact DOS or Windows Computer
Capable to Communicate with :
Static Energy Meters /Computer Uses of MRI
- Data Collection from Meter
-Can read different make meters with Common MRI (CMRI)
- Instantaneous Parameters checked by install check S/w Features Of MRI
Battery Operated Instrument.
Comprises of : -A Keypad. -LCD Display. - Communication Ports. - Charger Connector.
Pre loaded Software. CMRI Analogic LCD Screen Power/Resume switch & status LED 45 key Membrane keypad - 4,6 MB for data storage
-2 MB for program storage
- 16 line display ( 16 *24 )
- 100% PC Compatibility in a Rugged Hand Held
- Runs MS-DOS and Virtually any PC Program
-PC communications Software at up to 115K bps
-Optional second RJ-11 Port through built-in Common Optical cord Menu Visible on MRI Screen 1 SEMS 2 SEMS-CHK 3 L&T 4 PHASOR 5 DUKE a) Press 1 to read Secure Meters b) Press 3 to read L&T Meters c) Press 4 to read phasor of meter d) Press 5 to read Duke meter Pressing Option-1 for Secure Meter
0. Quit 1. Read Meter Data 2. Dump Data 3. Read Energy 4. Calibration 5. Terminal 6. Space 7. Identification No 8. Load survey Days For L&T Meter press 3 (D) COLLECT DATA (C) CURRENT BILLING (B) PREVIOUS BILLING (T) TAMPER DATA (i) INSTANTANEOUS DATA (S) COLLECT SETTING (L) LOAD SURVEY (M) MD RESET (a)TAMPER RESET (P) PROGRAMMING MODE (U) PC COMMUNICATION (H) HHT DOWNLOAD (R) ACCURACY TEST (O) MEMORY STATUS (X) EXIT Electronic Meter Reading Methods
-Direct Reading through MRI.
-Reading by Low Power Radio.
-Reading by GSM/GPRS/PSTN. Meter Data Downloading
After Reading the Meter its Data can be downloaded in respective BCS ( Base Computer Software).
This data contains all the data like Instantaneous, Billing, Load Survey, Event & Transaction data.
File name extension of data is .mrd in case of Secure meters and .VIN in case of L&T meters Base Computer Software (BCS)
Meter make BCS
1. Secure Smart2k 2. L&T Vincom 3. PRI UK Integrator 4. ABB/Elster Raster Main Screen INSTANTANEOUS VALUES PHASOR DIAGRAM Depicting Phase Reversal CT , PT, Meter Specifications Meter Serial Number Downloaded Date and time of Reading TOD Power Factor History Maximum Demand History LOAD SURVEY GRAPH load Imbalance Working with L&T BCS Meter specifications Date and time of meter collection Phasor of meter downloads Previous consumption Max Demand recorded 206.5 Kw On 1/8/2011 at 00:00 Hrs What is DLMS/COSEM
DLMS - What is it?
Automatic Meter Reading, or more general - Demand Side Management - needs universal definitions, needs communication standards. DLMS/COSEM is the common language so that the partners can understand each other What is DLMS?
DLMS stands for Distribution Line Message Specification. It is an application layer specification, independent of the lower layers and thus of the communication channel, designed to support messaging to and from (energy) distribution devices in a computer-integrated environment. It is an international standards established by IEC TC 57 and published as IEC 61334-4-41.
The concept was driven forward later to become Device Language Message Specification with the objective to provide an interoperable environment for structured modelling and meter data exchange. Applications like remote meter reading, remote control and value added services for metering any kind of energy, like electricity, water, gas or heat are supported.
DLMS: Device Language Message specification - a generalized concept for abstract modeling of communication entities
COSEM: COmpanion Specification for Energy Metering - sets the rules, based on existing standards, for data exchange with energy meters
The IEC TC13 WG 14 groups the DLMS specifications under the common heading: "Electricity metering - Data exchange for meter reading, tariff and load control". DLMS protocol suite is not specific to electricity metering. IEC 62056-21: Direct local data exchange (3d edition of IEC 61107) describes how to use COSEM over a local port (optical or current loop) IEC 62056-42: Physical layer services and procedures for connection-oriented asynchronous data exchange IEC 62056-46: Data link layer using HDLC protocol IEC 62056-47: COSEM transport layers for IPv4 networks IEC 62056-53: COSEM Application layer IEC 62056-61: Object identification system (OBIS) IEC 62056-62: Interface classes Thanks