During a course of a voyage, the bulk cargo, originally trimmed level within a

hold, shifts to one side. Describe with the aid of diagrams, the effect that this shift
of cargo would have on the curve of statical stability.
(1) Solid bulk cargoes are liable to shift when the angle of heel due to heavy
weather rolling exceeds their angle of repose.
(2) When the cargo shifts, the vessels develops a heel angle and the vessel roll
about the angle of list.
() Subse!uent rolling will result in the ship being heeled to a greater angle of heel
on the listed side that will lead to further shift of cargo.
(") When a solid bulk cargo shifts, a large chunk of cargo is lying off the centre
line which has the effect of a weight added at a height.
(#) $he following diagra% represents the shifting of cargo within a hold.
(&) 't can be seen that a wedge of grain has %oved fro% g to g1.
(() $hus ) %oves towards the added weight and away fro% the centre line to a
new position )1
(*) $his has two effects on the vessel+s righting lever ),.
(-) . s%all vertical co%ponent causes the ) to rise fro% ) to )/ resulting in the
increase of he 0) and decrease in )1.
(12) . large hori3ontal co%ponent which causes the ship+s centre of gravity to
%ove off centre line 4 ) to )5 causing list.
Vertical shift of G
6oss of ), to vertical co%p
7 ))/ x Sin8
Horizontal shift of G
6oss of ), to hori3ontal
co%p 7 ))5 x 9os8
11) $he original ), will be reduced as a result of both co%ponents of the shift of
) to give the final condition after the shift of cargo has taken place.
12) 'f the vessel has sufficient stability then it would re%ain in a listed, yet stable
condition.
1) :rovided that the rolling %otion and cargo shift does not take the angle of heel
beyond the point %ax of ), it will be harder to heel the ship further and
subse!uent shifts of cargo will di%inish
1") $he following diagra% shows the effect of shift on solid bulk cargo on vessel+s
statical stability.
.
1&) ;ro% the above diagra% it can be seen that<
a) )1 is reduced due to increase in 0).
b) .ngle of deck edge i%%ersion very little change due to little decrease in
freeboard. 5owever angle of deck edge i%%ersion can be easily reached on the
heeled side.
c) .rea under the curve (dyna%ical stability) is reduced due to reduction in the
)1 (curve is lowered).
d) =eduction in the residual stability.
e) =eduction in the range of stability4 fro% list angle to angle of vanishing
stability
f) 1axi%u% residual ), value reduced.
g) .ngle of %axi%u% ), value > s%all reduction.
h) 5eel ar% produced as a result of hori3ontal shift of ). 6ist depends on the
values of )1 and hori3ontal shift of ).
i) .ngle of loll 4 there could be angle of loll if the )1 were to beco%e negative.
Describe with the aid of a labeled sketch the following initial stability conditions,
when applied to a freely floating vessel in the upright condition.
S!"#$ %&'D(&'
'$)*!# %&'D((&'
8
de
)'S!"#$ %&'D((&'
Describe with the aid of sketches, the effects on a ship+s curve of statical stability
for the following conditions,
(ncreasing the beam,
1) ;ro% the above diagra%, it can be seen that with increase in the bea%, the outward
%ove%ent of ? to ?1 is %uch greater. $his creates a larger value of ?1 and
effectively increases the )1 of the vessel.
2) $he following figures illustrate two ), curve, one for narrow bea% and other for
wider bea% vessel.
) ;ro% the above diagra%, it can be seen that,
a) )1 increases because of increase in bea%.
b) .ngle of deck edge i%%ersion reduces because of the freeboard @ half bea% width
ratio,
c) .rea under the curve is increased because of the increase in )1 and decreased
because of decreased angle of deck edge i%%ersion. $here will be an over all
increase.
d) 1axi%u% ), value is increased.
e) .ngle of %axi%u% ), is increased.
f) =ange of positive stability increased.
g) Ao list and no angle of loll.
Decreasing the beam,
1) ;ro% the above diagra%, it can be seen that with decrease in the bea%, the
outward %ove%ent of ? to ?1 is %uch reduced. $his creates a reduction in
value of ?1 and effectively decreases the )1 of the vessel.
2) $he following figures illustrate two ), curve, one for narrow bea% and
other for wider bea% vessel.
) ;ro% the above diagra%, it can be seen that,
a) )1 reduces because of decrease in bea%.
b) .ngle of deck edge i%%ersion increases because of the freeboard @ half bea%
width ratio.
c) .rea under the curve is reduced because of the decrease in )1 and increased
because of increased angle of deck edge i%%ersion. $here will be an over all
reduction
d) 1axi%u% ), value is decreased.
e) .ngle of %axi%u% ), is decreased.
f) =ange of positive stability decreased.
g) Ao list and no angle of loll.
%hanging the trim,
1) Ao change in the )1
2) =eduction in the angle of deck edge i%%ersion.
) .rea under the curve is reduced due to s%aller angle of deck edge
i%%ersion. $he a%ount of reduction depends upon the tri%.
") =ange of positive stability is reduced.
#) 1ax ), value is reduced.
&) .ngle of %axi%u% ), is reduced.
() 6ist > Aone
*) *) Ao angle of loll
Decreasing the -reeboard,
1) $he above figure indicates two ships of si%ilar characteristics, having different
freeboard.
2) .t angle of heel upto deck edge i%%ersion of s%aller greater freeboard ship, the
curve of statical stability will be exactly sa%e.
) .t angles of heels beyond deck edge i%%ersion of s%aller freeboard vessel, the
values of ), will be s%aller for s%aller freeboard vessel since the curve steepness
does not continue any %ore upto large angles of heel.
") $his is as a result of reduction in the si3e of water plane areas as co%pared to
larger freeboard vessel.
#) $he following diagra% illustrates ), curve for both vessels.
&) ;ro% the above diagra% it can be seen that<
i. )1 re%ains unchanged.
ii. .ngle of deck edge i%%ersion is decreased.
iii. ), values will be decreased at angles of heels beyond the angle of
deck edge i%%ersion of greater freeboard vessel.
iv. .rea under the curve decreased due to reduction in the angle of
deck edge i%%ersion.
v. =ange of stability is reduced.
vi. 1ax ), value is decreased
vii. .ngle of %ax ), value is decreased.
viii. Ao list
ix. Ao angle of loll.
(ncreasing the freeboard,
1) $he above figure indicates two ships of si%ilar characteristics, having different
freeboard.
2) .t angle of heel upto deck edge i%%ersion of s%aller freeboard ship, the curve of
statical stability will be exactly sa%e.
) .t angles of heels beyond deck edge i%%ersion of s%aller freeboard vessel, the
values of ), will be greater for greater freeboard vessel since the curve steepness
continues upto large angles of heel
") $his is as a result of increase in the si3e of water plane areas as co%pared to
s%aller freeboard vessel.
#) $he following diagra% illustrates ), curve for both vessels.
&) ;ro% the above diagra% it can be seen that<
a) )1 re%ains unchanged.
b) .ngle of deck edge i%%ersion is increased.
c) ), values will be increased at angles of heels beyond the angle of deck
edge i%%ersion of s%aller freeboard vessel.
d) .rea under the curve increased due to increase in the angle of deck edge
i%%ersion.
e) =ange of stability is increased.
f) 1ax ), value is increased
g) .ngle of %ax ), value is increased.
h) Ao list
i) Ao angle of loll.
(ncreasing the -ree Surface effect
1) ;ree surface effect results in the virtual loss of )1.
2) )reater the ;SB, greater the loss of )1.
) $he following diagra% shows curve of statical stability of a
vessel, one with greater ;SB than the other.
") ;ro% the curve it can be seen that<
a) )1 is reduced.
b) .ngle of deck edge i%%ersion re%ains the sa%e.
c) .rea under the curve is decreased due to reduction in
)1.
d) =ange of positive stability is reduced.
e) 1ax ), value is reduced.
f) .ngle of 1ax ), value has a s%all reduction.
g) Ao angle of loll > 5owever if the ;ree surface effect is
very high it could result in negative )1 causing the
vessel to loll over.
h) Ao list.
Decreasing the -ree Surface effect
1) ;ree surface effect results in the virtual loss of )1.
2) )reater the ;SB, greater the loss of )1.
) $he following diagra% shows curve of statical stability of a vessel, one
with s%aller ;SB than the other.
") ;ro% the curve it can be seen that<
a) )1 is reduced.
b) .ngle of deck edge i%%ersion re%ains the sa%e.
c) .rea under the curve is decreased due to reduction in
)1.
d) =ange of positive stability is reduced.
e) 1ax ), value is reduced.
f) .ngle of 1ax ), value has a s%all reduction.
g) Ao angle of loll > 5owever if the ;ree surface effect is
very high it could result in negative )1 causing the
vessel to loll over.
h) Ao list.
Shifting weight transversely .&*/ ransverse shift of cargo .eg *0*o
units/ .&*/ #ist due to off centre weight
1) ;ro% the above figure it can be seen that if a weight is transversely %oved across
the deck, the ) of the vessel %oves parallel to and in the sa%e direction as the
%ove%ent of weight.
2) $he righting lever is thus reduced fro% ), to )5,1 as a result of transverse shift
of weight.
) 6oss of ), 7 ))5 x 9os8
") $he loss of ), will decrease as the angle of heel increases. )reatest loss being
when the vessel is upright.
#) B!uilibriu% is reached when the heeling ar% and righting lever are e!ual and
opposite and the vessel tends to lie at this angle > 6'S$ .A)6B.
&) $he following diagra% shows the effect on curve of the statical stability.
() 't can be seen fro% the above curve that<
a) 'nitial )1 is unchanged since only vertical %ove%ent of ) will cause this to
change.
b) .ll ), values across the range of stability are reduced particularly at s%allest
angle of heel.
c) 5eel ar% curve is produced as a result 5ori3ontal %ove%ent of ).
d) .rea under the curve is decreased due to losing the area under the heeling ar%
curve.
e) Since the dyna%ical stability is reduced, less work is re!uired by external
forces to heel the ship further on the listed side.
f) =ange of positive stability is reduced. 't is only fro% list angle to angle of
vanishing stability.
g) Ao change in the angle of deck edge i%%ersion.
h) 1axi%u% ), value reduced.
i) .ngle of 1ax ), is decreased.
C) Ao angle of loll
k) 6ist angle present. .ngle is at the point of intersection of heeling ar% curve
and ), curve.
(ncrease in draught,
(.ssu%ing 0) re%ains the sa%e)
1) Ao change in the )1
2) .ngle of deck edge i%%ersion is reduced due to reduction in the freeboard.
) .rea under the curve is reduced due to reduction in the angle of deck edge
i%%ersion.
") =eduction in the range of positive stability.
#) =eduction in the 1ax ), value.
&) .ngle of 1ax ), value reduction.
() Ao loll
*) Ao list.
Departure and !rrival condition curve on the same a1is. $1plain the
reasons for the differences between the two curves
&*
During the course of a voyage the stability of a vessel may change.
State the likely causes of such a change and show the effect this has
on the vessel+s G2 curve.
't is assu%ed that during the voyage oil and water are consu%ed fro% the double
botto% and other low level tanks reducing the )1 and the reduction of weight causes
a slight increase of the freeboard.
1) )1 decreases.
2) .ngle of deck edge i%%ersion increases due to increase in freeboard.
) .rea under the curve decreases due to reduction in the )1 and increases due to
increased angle of deck edge i%%ersion. $he overall effect is usually a reduction
of area. Displace%ent reduces and hence the dyna%ical stability will al%ost
certainly decrease.
") =ange of stability decreases duet to reduced )1 and increases due to increased
angle of deck edge i%%ersion. $he overall effect is usually a reduction of range.
#) 1ax ), value decreases.
&) .ngle of %ax ), decreases.
() Ao angle of loll
*) Ao list.
*easons,
!ngle of loll condition due to small negative G3.
1) .ngle of loll is caused due to initial )1 being negative.
2) $he following curve represents the statical stability of the vessel with a s%all
initial negative )1.
) ;ro% the curve it can be seen that
a) )1 is negative in upright condition.
b) When heeled to a s%all angle of heel, a lever is produced which acts as a
capsi3ing lever.
c) /essel continues to heel further and will now rest at an angle of loll.
d) Ao righting lever produced at angle of loll.
e) 'f vessel continues to heel beyond angle of heel, the a positive righting
lever is produced.
f) .rea under the curve is initially is negative and then beco%es positive.
5owever again beco%es negative usually at a relatively s%all angle.
g) =ange of stability is s%all.
h) =ange of stability is fro% loll angle to angle of vanishing stability.
i) 1ax ), value is s%all.
C) .ngle of deck edge i%%ersion is the sa%e as the vessel with positive
stability floating at this draught.
#owering a 4G
1) )1 is increased as the 0) is decreased.
2) .ngle of deck edge i%%ersion re%ains the sa%e.
) .rea under the curve is increased
") =ange of stability is increased as the )1 is increased.
#) 1axi%u% ), value is increased.
&) .ngle of %ax ), value has a s%all increase.
() Ao angle of loll
*) Ao list
(ncreasing the 4G
1) )1 is reduced due to increase in 0)
2) .ngle of deck edge i%%ersion re%ains the sa%e
) .rea under the curve is reduced due to reduction of )1.
") =ange of positive stability is reduced.
#) 1ax ), value is reduced.
&) .ngle of %ax ), value has a s%all reduction.
() Ao angle of loll
*) Ao list.
G2 curve for vessel with a 2$*& G3 affected by a rise in the 4G and
*eduction in the 4G
1) $he following diagra% illustrates three curves, one with 3ero )1, curve showing
the effect on 3ero )1 curve when 0) is increased and the other when the 0) is
reduced.
2) When the )1 is 3ero the vessel is in neutral condition. . further heel will produce
righting lever and subse!uent positive stability.
) When the 0) is increased fro% a condition where initial )1 is 3ero,
a) the initial )1 is reduced giving negative )1 (42.2% in this case).
b) =ange of stability reduces > fro% angle of loll to angle of vanishing
stability.
c) .rea under the curve decreases.
d) 1ax ), value decreased
e) .ngle of %ax ), value decreases.
f) /essel will be in unstable condition and will continue to heel until she rests
at angle of loll.
g) Ao change in the angle of deck edge i%%ersion.
h) Ao list condition.
") When the 0) is decreased fro% a condition where initial )1 is 3ero, then
a) the initial )1 increases producing positive )1 (2.2% in this case)
b) =ange of stability is increased.
c) .rea under the curve increases
d) 1ax ),
e) .ngle of %ax ), increases
f) Ao angle of loll
g) Ao list
h) .ngle of deck edge i%%ersion re%ains the sa%e.
%urve with -S$ compared to the curve without -S$
1) )1 is reduced.
2) .ngle of deck edge i%%ersion re%ains the sa%e.
) .rea under the curve is reduced.
") =ange of stability is reduced.
#) 1ax ), value is reduced.
&) .ngle of 1ax ), is reduced.
() Ao angle of loll. 5owever if the ;SB is %uch higher then it could result in
negative )1 and subse!uent angle of loll.
*) Ao list
Stiff Ship,
ender Ship,
! vessel operating in severe winter conditions may suffer from ice
accretion on decks and superstructure which is not symmetrical.
Describe the effects of this on the overall stability of the vessel making
a particular reference to the curve of statical stability.
12) 't can be seen fro% the above curve that due to unsy%%etrical ice accretion<
a) )1 is reduced due to increase of weight due to ice high on the ship.
b) .ngle of deck edge i%%ersion > /ery little change because of freeboard decreased
a little due to extra weight of ice. 5owever it is easily reached on the heeled side.
Vertical shift of G
6oss of ), to vertical co%p
7 ))/ x Sin8
Horizontal shift of G
6oss of ), to hori3ontal
co%p 7 ))5 x 9os8
c) Dyna%ical stability or the area under the curve is reduced due to reduced )1
(curve is lowered) and reduced due to heeling ar% curve (area above curve).
Everall effect area under the curve largely reduced %aking the ship less able to
resist heeling by external force.
d) =eduction in the %axi%u% ),. .lso all values of ), across the range of stability
are reduced.
e) .ngle of %axi%u% ), values > s%all reduction.
f) =ange of stability greatly reduced > fro% 6ist angle to angle of vanishing stability.
g) Ao angle of loll. 5owever vessel could loll over is the )1 was to be negative.
h) 6ist depends upon the value of )1 and the hori3ontal shift of ).
! vessel is involved in a collision which results in side damage and
substantial flooding of a large off centre compartment on the starboard.
5ith the aid of one or more sketches of the vessel+s curve of statical
stability, show the effects of such side flooding on the damage stability of
the vessel.
1) 'n the event of bilging a side co%part%ent there are two conditions affecting the
ship vi3.,
a) $he vessel will develop a list to the bilged side (in this case starboard side)
b) $he sinkage will increase to co%pensate for the loss of underwater volu%e.
5ence the freeboard reduces.
2) $he following curve of statical stability illustrates the effect of bilging a side
co%part%ent.
) ;ro% the above curve it can be seen that,
a) . heel ar% is developed due to listing %o%ent.
b) 'nitial )1 is unchanged as there is no vertical rise of ).
c) B!uilibriu% is reached when the heeling ar% and righting lever are e!ual
and opposite and the vessel tends to lie at this angle > 6'S$ .A)6B.
d) .ll ), value across the range of stability is reduced because of 5BB6
.=1 and reduction in ), curve due to decrease in freeboard.
e) 6oss of ), is given by ))5 x 9os8.
f) 6oss in ), is reduced as the angle of heel increases.
g) .rea under the curve (Dyna%ical stability) is reduced due to 5BB6.=1
and further reduced due to the reduction in freeboard
h) =ange of stability is reduced , %ore so due to reduction of freeboard.
i) .ngle of deck edge i%%ersion re%ains unchanged with list ") will
decrease due to decrease in -reeboard. Due to loss in dyna%ical
stability, less work is re!uired by the external force to reach this angle
easily on the listed side.
C) Ao angle of loll
k) 1ax ), reduced
l) .ngle of %ax value of ), is reduced.
! vessel loads a packaged timber cargo on deck such that there is an
increase in the vessel+s 4G and an effective increase in freeboard. )sing
a sketch show the effects of loading this cargo on the vessel+s G2 curve.
6oading ti%ber on deck has the two %aCor effects on ship vi3.,
1) 'ncrease in 0) due to deck cargo.
2) 'ncrease in freeboard as the stack of ti%ber cargo on deck acts as additional
reserve buoyancy.
) $he following diagra% has two ), curves, one indicating the ), curve for vessel
prior loading ti%ber deck cargo and the other after loading ti%ber cargo on deck.
") 't can be seen fro% the above curve that
a) )1 is reduced due to the increase in the 0) of vessel.
b) .rea under the curve (dyna%ical stability) is reduced initially reduces but
increases due to the effect of the extra freeboard as the angle of heel increases. $he
overall effect is probably an increase.
c) 5owever it depends on the relative effects of the reduced )1 against the increased
freeboard.
d) =ange of stability increases.
e) 1axi%u% ), value could be an increase or a decrease. 't depends on the relative
effects of the reduced )1 against the increase in freeboard.
f) .ngle of %axi%u% ), value increases.
g) .ngle of loll. 'f )1 beco%es negative, there could be well be an angle of loll.
h) $here is no list developed.
Show how a curve of statical stability produced using ordinary 4'
values differs from a curve produced using 4' values labeled -ree rim