GEARS - GENERAL

Shigley: Chapter 13
Outline
I. Backgrun!
a. "ri#e #$er%
"&er: " ' ( ' C(n
)here " ' "&er* ( ' (r+ue: ' angular $elcity
n, rp#* C , Cn$er%in Cn%tant
-r .r%ep&er
5252
Tn
W P = =

&here ( - /t-l0* n , rp#* W

, hr%ep&er
-r kil&att%
9549
1000
n T
T
P
s
s
= =

)here (
%
- N-#* " , kil&att%* - ra!1%ec
0. 2ri$e (rain
(ypical pri#e #$er %pee!%
a. I C engine - 3444rp#
0. Electric #tr - 1544 t 3344 rp#
c. Ga% (ur0ine - 167444 t 187444 rp#
(ypically pri#e #$er utput %pee! i% #uch higher than
applicatin re+uire#ent%
9%ually the applicatin tr+ue re+uire#ent i% higher than the
pri#e #$er utput
A !ri$e train r tran%#i%%in i% re+uire! t #ake the pri#e #$er
tr+ue1%pee! utput #atch the applicatin:% nee!
"ri#e #$er% are typically high %pee! l& tr+ue
II. GEARS
a. (ype% / gear%
Rev 3/30/07 1
Spur gear% , Gear teeth are parallel t the a;i% / rtatin. -r
p&er tran%/er 0et&een parallel %ha/t%.
.elical gear% , Gear teeth are incline! t the a;i% / rtatin.
All&% #re cntinuu% tth engage#ent &ith le%% ni%e <$%. %pur
gear%=. .elical gear% &ill ha$e thru%t la!%. All&% p&er tran%/er
0et&een parallel an! nn-parallel %ha/t%. See /ig. 13-6
Be$el gear% -- Gear teeth are /r#e! n a cnical %ur/ace an! are
u%e! #ainly t tran%#it p&er &ith inter%ecting %ha/t%. See /igure
13-3.
)r# gear% -- A &r# gear %et cn%i%t% / a &r# <re%e#0ling a
%cre& threa!= an! the gear <a %peciali>e! helical gear= u%ually n
%ha/t% inter%ecting at ?4 !egree%. A &r# gear gi$e% $ery high gear
re!uctin rati%. See /igure 13-@.
0. N#enclature -- See /igure 13- 8
"itch circle , a theretical circle n &hich all calculatin% are
0a%e!. See /igure 13-8.
"itch !ia#eter7 ! - !ia#eter / pitch circle <in.= A/r SI ##B
"inin , %#aller / t& #ating gear%* the larger i% calle! the gear
Circular pitch7 p ' %u# / tth thickne%% an! &i!th / %pace
2ia#etral pitch7 " - rati / the nu#0er / teeth t the pitch
!ia#eter
A!!en!u#7 a , ra!ial !i%tance 0et&een the pitch circle an! the tp
/ the gear tth.
2e!en!u#7 0 -- ra!ial !i%tance 0et&een the 0tt# lan! an! the
pitch circle.
Backla%h -- the a#unt 0y &hich the &i!th / a tth %pace
e;cee!% the thickne%% / the engaging tth #ea%ure! n the pitch
circle.
Ba%ic Gear Ge#etry E+uatin%:
a. " ' N1! E+n. 13-1
Rev 3/30/07 2
0. N d m / = #!ulu% /r S I unit% E+n. 13-6
c. p ' !1N ' # E+n. 13-3
!. p" ' E+n. 13-@
e. )here N i% the nu#0er / teeth* # i% #!ule <##=*
/. ! , pitch !ia#eter <in= r /r SI <##=* p , circular pitch <in=
g. " , !ia#etral pitch7 <teeth1in=
c. CnCugate Gear Actin
On #ating gear%7 &hen the tth pr/ile% are !e%igne! % a% t
pr!uce a cn%tant angular $elcity rati7 the%e gear% are %ai! t
ha$e cnCugate actin
(he %tan!ar! tth pr/ile that pr$i!e% cnCugate gear actin i%
the in$lute pr/ile <(here are ther%7 0ut nt u%e! /ten=
!. In$lute "rpertie%
Generating a in$lute tth pr/ile %ee /igure% 13-D7 13- 5
Ba%e circle - circle n &hich the in$lute i% generate!
e. -un!a#ental% ASpur Gear%B
"itch line $elcity

V = r
1

1
= r
2

2
r
1
2
1
2
2
1
d
d
r
r
= =

)here r:% are the gear pitch circle ra!ii

!:% are the gear pitch circle !ia#eter%
:% are the gear angular $elcitie%
See /igure 13-?an! /igure 13-14
Gear pitch circle% are tangent at the pitch pint
"re%%ure line <line / actin= , the !irectin in &hich the re%ultant
/rce act% 0et&een the gear
Ba%e circle% are tangent t the pre%%ure line
A!!en!u# height i% 11" <" i% the !ia#etral pitch=
Rev 3/30/07 3
2e!en!u# height i% 1.681" t 1.381" <" i% the !ia#etral pitch=
E Ba%e pitch i% relate! t circular pitch

p
b
= p
c
cos
)here i% the pre%%ure angle the angle 0et&een the pre%%ure
line an! a line Cining the center% / the t& gear%
See e;a#ple 13 - 1
/. Cntact Rati
(th cntact 0egin% an! en!% at the t& a!!en!u# circle%
Generally &ant #re than ne tth in cntact at the %a#e ti#e
Cntact rati

m
c
=
q
t
p
=
L
ab
pcos
E+n. 13- 5E?
)here #
c
i% the cntact rati* +
t
i% the %u# / the arc /
apprach an! arc / rece%%* L
a0
i% the length / the line /
actin <%ee /ig. 13-18 /r $i%ual / the%e ter#%=
g. Inter/erence
See /igure 13-13 /r inter/erence actin in gear teeth
S#eti#e% un!ercutting i% u%e! t eli#inate inter/erence* thi% can
&eaken the tth
E+uatin /r the #ini#u# nu#0er / teeth n a pinin an! gear
&ithut inter/erence7 N
p


N
P
=
2k
1+ 2m ( )sin
2

m + m
2
+ 1+ 2m ( )sin
2

( ) E+n. <13-11=
k ' 1 /r /ull !epth threa!%* 4.5 /r %tu0 teeth
' pre%%ure angle
# ' N
G
1N
p
the rati / gear teeth t pinin teeth
h. (he -r#ing / Gear (eeth
See /igure% 13-1D* 13-15* an! 13-1?
Rev 3/30/07 4
a. Filling
0. Shaping
c. .00ing
-ini%hing can 0e i#prtant t gear% perating at high %pee!
i. Straight Be$el Gear%
See /igure 13-64 /r ge#etry
"itch angle - %ee /igure 13-64

tan =
N
P
N
G
Or

tan =
N
G
N
P
E+n. 13-1@

(re!gl!:% appr;i#atin

-igure 13-64 %h&% that he %hape / the teeth7 &hen prCecte! n

the 0ack cne7 i% the %a#e a% a %pur gear ha$ing a ra!iu% e+ual t
the 0ack-cne !i%tance r
0
N:
p r
b
/ 2 =
&here N: i% the $irtual nu#0er / teeth / thi% i#aginary gear
an! p i% the circular pitch at the large en! / the teeth
C. "arallel .elical Gear%
.elical gear% u%e! t tran%#it p&er 0et&een parallel %ha/t%
(he heli; angle i% the %a#e n 0th gear%
One gear #u%t ha$e a right-han! heli; an! the ther le/t-han!e!
.elical gear% %u0Cect the %ha/t t ra!ial an! thru%t la!%
Becau%e / the nature / the cntact 0et&een helical gear the
cntact rati i% / #inr i#prtance Ait i% the cntact area <G /ace
&i!th= that 0ec#e% %igni/icantB
.erring0ne gear , a gear &ith a !u0le heli; t a$i! thru%t
la!%. Like t& helical gear% / pp%ite han! #unte! %i!e 0y
%i!e n the %a#e %ha/t.
E+uatin%:

p
n
= p
t
cos E+n. 13-13
Rev 3/30/07 5
)here

p
n
i% the nr#al circular pitch


p
t
i% the tran%$er%e circular pitch

p
x
=
p
t
tan
E+n. 13-1D
&here

p
x
i% the a;ial pitch

P
n
=
P
t
cos
E+n. 13-15
)here

P
n
i% the nr#al !ia#etral pitch

cos =
tan
n
tan
t
E+n. 13-1?
&here

tan
n
i% the pre%%ure angle in the nr#al !irectin
an!

tan
t
i% the pre%%ure angle in the tran%$er%e !irectin
See e;a#ple 13-6
k. )r# Gear%
A &r# gear %et cn%i%t% / a &r# an! a gear
(he &r# lk% like a threa! n a 0lt
(he n#enclature i% %h&n n /igure 13-6@
a. A;ial pitch

p
x
n the &r#
0. (ran%$er%e circular pitch <circular pitch=

p
t
/ the gear
(he pitch !ia#eter / the gear

d
G


d
G
=
N
G
p
t

E+n. 13-68
Since the &r# pitch !ia#eter !e% nt !epen! n the nu#0er
/ teeth7 it can ha$e any $alue
(he pitch !ia#eter / the &r# %hul! 0e

C
0.875
3.0
d
W

C
0.875
1.7
H H E+n. 13-63
)here C i% the center !i%tance 0et&een &r# an! gear
)r# lea!7 L7 an! lea! angle77

L = p
x
N
W
E+n. 13-6D
Rev 3/30/07 6

tan =
L
d
W
E+n. 13-65
)here L i% the lea!* !
)
i% the &r# pitch !ia#eter* N
)
i% the
nu#0er / I%tart%J n the &r# threa! AI thinkB.
l. (th Sy%te#%
#. Gear (rain%
(he %pee! / a !ri$en: gear K3

n
3
=
N
2
N
3
n
2
=
d
2
d
3
n
2
E+n. 13-6?
&here n ' re$lutin% r rp#* N ' nu#0er / teeth
an! ! ' the pitch !ia#eter
A gear train / 3 gear% <%h&n in /igure 13-6D= &here gear 6 in
the input <!ri$e gear= an! gear 3 i% the utput <!ri$en gear=.
2
6
5
4
3
3
2
6
n
N
N
N
N
N
N
n =
n. -rce Analy%i% , Spur Gearing
-rce% n t& #ating %pur gear% </igure% 13-36 E 13-33=
t
t
W
d
F
d
T
2 2
32 = =
E+n. <a= E <0=
t
t
W F = 32 ' tangential /rce /r# gear 3 acting n gear 6
000 , 33
V W
H
t
=
E+n. 13-38
12 / dn V = &here L i% in /t1#in*
t
W
is the transmitted load
in lbf; H is in horsepoer
r in SI unit% H
dn
W
t

3
! 10 " 60
= E+n. 13-33
&here t
W
' tran%#itte! la!7 kN
. ' p&er7 k)
2 ' gear !ia#eter7 ##
n ' %pee!7 rp#
E;a#ple 13-3
Rev 3/30/07 7
-rce Analy%i% -- Be$el Gearing
a. E+uatin%:
av
t
r
T
W =
E+n. 13-3D
( ' the tr+ue
Ra$ ' the pitch ra!iu% at the #i!pint / the tth /r the
gear un!er cn%i!eratin
#os tan
t r
W W =
E+n. 13-35
sin tan
t a
W W =
E+n. 13-35
See /igure 13-38 /r ter#%
E;a#ple 13-D
-rce Analy%i% , .elical Gearing
o E+uatin%:
B
t t r
W W tan =
tan
t a
W W =

#os #os
n
t
W
W =
E+n. 13-@4
Re/erence /igure /r ter#%
E;a#ple 13-5
-rce Analy%i% -- )r# Gearing
o E+uatin% <&ith /rictin=:
#os sin #os f W W
n
x
+ =
n
y
W W sin = E+n. 13-@3
sin #os #os f W W
n
z
=
)here &r# an! gear /rce% are pp%ite
x
Ga Wt
W W W = =
y
Gr Wr
W W W = = E+n. 13-@6
z
Gt Wa
W W W = =
Rev 3/30/07 $
-rictinal /rce )/
#os #os sin
n
Gt
f
f
fW
fW W

= =
E+n. 13-@@
)r# an! Gear tangential /rce%


#os #os sin
#os sin #os
n
n
Gt Wt
f
f
W W

+
=
E+n. 13-@8
E//iciency

#ot #os
tan #os
f
f
n
n
+

=
E+n. 13-@3
Sli!ing $elcity7 S
V
#os
W S
V V =
E+n. 13-@D
&here W
V
i% the pitch line $elcity
Ce//icient / /rictin i% !epen!ent n the relati$e r
%li!ing $elcity
See ta0le 13-3 /r typical &r# gear e//iciencie%
See /igure 13-@6 /r repre%entati$e $alue% /
f
E;a#ple pr0le# 13-14
Rev 3/30/07 9