Simulation Book

http://tolerance.ajou.ac.
kr
DISCRETE-EVENT
SYSTEM
SIMULTI!N
"err# $ank% "ohn S. Car%on II
$arr# L. Nel%on Da&'( M. N'col
Th'r( E('t'on

http://tolerance.ajou.ac.kr
)art I. Intro(uct'on to D'%crete-E&ent
S#%te* S'*ulat'on
Ch.+ Intro(uct'on to S'*ulat'on
Ch., S'*ulat'on E-a*ple%
Ch.. /eneral )r'nc'ple%
Ch.0 S'*ulat'on So1t2are

Ch. + Intro(uct'on to S'*ulat'on
S'*ulat'on
the '*'tat'on o1 the operat'on o1 a real-2orl( proce%% or %#%te* o&er

t'*e
to (e&elop a %et o1 a%%u*pt'on% o1 *athe*at'cal3 lo4'cal3 an(

%#*5ol'c relat'on%h'p 5et2een the ent't'e% o1 'ntere%t3 o1 the %#%te*.
to e%t'*ate the *ea%ure% o1 per1or*ance o1 the %#%te* 2'th the

%'*ulat'on-4enerate( (ata
S'*ulat'on *o(el'n4 can 5e u%e(
a% an anal#%'% tool 1or pre('ct'n4 the e11ect o1 chan4e% to e-'%t'n4

%#%te*%
a% a (e%'4n tool to pre('ct the per1or*ance o1 ne2 %#%te*%

Real-
2orl(
proce%%
concern'n4 the 5eha&'or o1 a
%#%te*
%et o1 a%%u*pt'on%
Mo(el'n4
6
nal#%'%

+.+ 7hen S'*ulat'on '% the ppropr'ate Tool 8+9
S'*ulat'on ena5le% the %tu(# o13 an( e-per'*entat'on 2'th3
the 'nternal 'nteract'on% o1 a co*ple- %#%te*3 or o1 a
%u5%#%te* 2'th'n a co*ple- %#%te*.
In1or*at'onal3 or4an':at'onal3 an( en&'ron*ental chan4e% can
5e %'*ulate(3 an( the e11ect o1 the%e alterat'on% on the
*o(el;% 5eha&'or can 5e o5%er&e(.
The kno2le(4e 4a'ne( 'n (e%'4n'n4 a %'*ulat'on *o(el *a# 5e
o1 4reat &alue to2ar( %u44e%t'n4 '*pro&e*ent 'n the %#%te*
un(er 'n&e%t'4at'on.
$# chan4'n4 %'*ulat'on 'nput% an( o5%er&'n4 the re%ult'n4
output%3 &alua5le 'n%'4ht *a# 5e o5ta'ne( 'nto 2h'ch &ar'a5le%
are *o%t '*portant an( ho2 &ar'a5le% 'nteract.
S'*ulat'on can 5e u%e( a% a pe(a4o4'cal (e&'ce to re'n1orce
anal#t'c %olut'on *etho(olo4'e%.

S'*ulat'on can 5e u%e( to e-per'*ent 2'th ne2 (e%'4n% or
pol'c'e% pr'or to '*ple*entat'on3 %o a% to prepare 1or 2hat
*a# happen.
S'*ulat'on can 5e u%e( to &er'1# anal#t'c %olut'on%.
$# %'*ulat'n4 ('11erent capa5'l't'e% 1or a *ach'ne3
re<u're*ent% can 5e (eter*'ne(.
S'*ulat'on *o(el% (e%'4ne( 1or tra'n'n4 allo2 learn'n4 2'thout
the co%t an( ('%rupt'on o1 on-the-jo5 learn'n4.
n'*at'on %ho2% a %#%te* 'n %'*ulate( operat'on %o that the
plan can 5e &'%ual':e(.
The *o(ern %#%te* 81actor#3 2a1er 1a5r'cat'on plant3 %er&'ce
or4an':at'on3 etc.9 '% %o co*ple- that the 'nteract'on% can 5e
treate( onl# throu4h %'*ulat'on.
+.+ 7hen S'*ulat'on '% the ppropr'ate Tool 8,9

+., 7hen S'*ulat'on '% not ppropr'ate
7hen the pro5le* can 5e %ol&e( u%'n4 co**on %en%e.
7hen the pro5le* can 5e %ol&e( anal#t'call#.
7hen 't '% ea%'er to per1or* ('rect e-per'*ent%.
7hen the %'*ulat'on co%t% e-cee( the %a&'n4%.
7hen the re%ource% or t'*e are not a&a'la5le.
7hen %#%te* 5eha&'or '% too co*ple- or can;t 5e (e1'ne(.
7hen there '%n;t the a5'l't# to &er'1# an( &al'(ate the *o(el.

+.. (&anta4e% an( D'%a(&anta4e% o1 S'*ulat'on 8+9
(&anta4e%
Ne2 pol'ce%3 operat'n4 proce(ure%3 (ec'%'on rule%3 'n1or*at'on 1lo2%3

or4an':at'onal proce(ure%3 an( %o on can 5e e-plore( 2'thout
('%rupt'n4 on4o'n4 operat'on% o1 the real %#%te*.
Ne2 har(2are (e%'4n%3 ph#%'cal la#out%3 tran%portat'on %#%te*%3

an( %o on3 can 5e te%te( 2'thout co**'tt'n4 re%ource% 1or the'r
ac<u'%'t'on.
=#pothe%e% a5out ho2 or 2h# certa'n pheno*ena occur can 5e

te%te( 1or 1ea%'5'l't#.
In%'4ht can 5e o5ta'ne( a5out the 'nteract'on o1 &ar'a5le%.
In%'4ht can 5e o5ta'ne( a5out the '*portance o1 &ar'a5le% to the

per1or*ance o1 the %#%te*.
$ottleneck anal#%'% can 5e per1or*e( 'n('cat'n4 2here 2ork-'n-

proce%%3 'n1or*at'on3 *ater'al%3 an( %o on are 5e'n4 e-ce%%'&el#
(ela#e(.
%'*ulat'on %tu(# can help 'n un(er%tan('n4 ho2 the %#%te*

operate% rather than ho2 'n('&'(ual% th'nk the %#%te* operate%.
>7hat-'1? <ue%t'on% can 5e an%2ere(. Th'% '% part'cularl# u%e1ul 'n

the (e%'4n o1 ne2 %#%te*.

+.. (&anta4e% an( D'%a(&anta4e% o1 S'*ulat'on 8,9
D'%a(&anta4e%
Mo(el 5u'l('n4 re<u're% %pec'al tra'n'n4. It '% an art that '% learne(
o&er t'*e an( throu4h e-per'ence. @urther*ore3 '1 t2o *o(el% are
con%tructe( 5# t2o co*petent 'n('&'(ual%3 the# *a# ha&e
%'*'lar't'e%3 5ut 't '% h'4hl# unl'kel# that the# 2'll 5e the %a*e.
S'*ulat'on re%ult% *a# 5e ('11'cult to 'nterpret. S'nce *o%t

%'*ulat'on output% are e%%ent'all# ran(o* &ar'a5le% 8the# are
u%uall# 5a%e( on ran(o* 'nput%93 't *a# 5e har( to (eter*'ne
2hether an o5%er&at'on '% a re%ult o1 %#%te* 'nterrelat'on%h'p% or
ran(o*ne%%.
S'*ulat'on *o(el'n4 an( anal#%'% can 5e t'*e con%u*'n4 an(

e-pen%'&e. Sk'*p'n4 on re%ource% 1or *o(el'n4 an( anal#%'% *a#
re%ult 'n a %'*ulat'on *o(el or anal#%'% that '% not %u11'c'ent 1or the
ta%k.
S'*ulat'on '% u%e( 'n %o*e ca%e% 2hen an anal#t'cal %olut'on '%
po%%'5le3 or e&en pre1era5le3 a% ('%cu%%e( 'n Sect'on +.,. Th'%
*'4ht 5e part'cularl# true 'n the %'*ulat'on o1 %o*e 2a't'n4 l'ne%
2here clo%e(-1or* <ueue'n4 *o(el% are a&a'la5le.

+.0 rea% o1 ppl'cat'on 8+9
7SC87'nter S'*ulat'on Con1erence9 : http://222.2'nter%'*.or4
Manu1actur'n4 ppl'cat'on%
nal#%'% o1 electron'c% a%%e*5l# operat'on%
De%'4n an( e&aluat'on o1 a %elect'&e a%%e*5l# %tat'on 1or h'4h-prec'%'on

%croll co*pre%%or %hell%
Co*par'%on o1 ('%patch'n4 rule% 1or %e*'con(uctor *anu1actur'n4 u%'n4

lar4e-1ac'l't# *o(el%
E&aluat'on o1 clu%ter tool throu4hput 1or th'n-1'l* hea( pro(uct'on
Deter*'n'n4 opt'*al lot %':e 1or a %e*'con(uctor 5ack-en( 1actor#
!pt'*':at'on o1 c#cle t'*e an( ut'l':at'on 'n %e*'con(uctor te%t

*anu1actur'n4
nal#%'% o1 %tora4e an( retr'e&al %trate4'e% 'n a 2arehou%e
In&e%t'4at'on o1 (#na*'c% 'n a %er&'ce-or'ente( %uppl# cha'n
Mo(el 1or an r*# che*'cal *un't'on% ('%po%al 1ac'l't#
Se*'con(uctor Manu1actur'n4
Co*par'%on o1 ('%patch'n4 rule% u%'n4 lar4e-1ac'l't# *o(el%
The corrupt'n4 'n1luence o1 &ar'a5'l't#
ne2 lot-relea%e rule 1or 2a1er 1a5%

%%e%%*ent o1 potent'al 4a'n% 'n pro(uct'&'t# (ue to proact'&e ret'cle

*ana4e*ent
Co*par'%on o1 a ,AA-** an( .AA-** B-ra# l'tho4raph# cell
Capac't# plann'n4 2'th t'*e con%tra'nt% 5et2een operat'on%
.AA-** lo4'%t'c %#%te* r'%k re(uct'on
Con%truct'on En4'neer'n4
Con%truct'on o1 a (a* e*5ank*ent
Trenchle%% rene2al o1 un(er4roun( ur5an 'n1ra%tructure%
ct'&'t# %che(ul'n4 'n a (#na*'c3 *ult'project %ett'n4
In&e%t'4at'on o1 the %tructural %teel erect'on proce%%
Spec'al-purpo%e te*plate 1or ut'l't# tunnel con%truct'on
M'l'tar# ppl'cat'on
Mo(el'n4 lea(er%h'p e11ect% an( recru't t#pe 'n an r*# recru't'n4 %tat'on
De%'4n an( te%t o1 an 'ntell'4ent controller 1or autono*ou% un(er2ater

&eh'cle%
Mo(el'n4 *'l'tar# re<u're*ent% 1or non2ar1'4ht'n4 operat'on%
Mult'trajector# per1or*ance 1or &ar#'n4 %cenar'o %':e%
U%'n4 a(apt'&e a4ent 'n U.S 'r @orce p'lot retent'on

+.0 rea% o1 ppl'cat'on 8,9

+.0 rea% o1 ppl'cat'on 8.9
Lo4'%t'c%3 Tran%portat'on3 an( D'%tr'5ut'on ppl'cat'on%
E&aluat'n4 the potent'al 5ene1't% o1 a ra'l-tra11'c plann'n4 al4or'th*
E&aluat'n4 %trate4'e% to '*pro&e ra'lroa( per1or*ance
)ara*etr'c *o(el'n4 'n ra'l-capac't# plann'n4
nal#%'% o1 pa%%en4er 1lo2% 'n an a'rport ter*'nal
)roact'&e 1l'4ht-%che(ule e&aluat'on
Lo4'%t'c% '%%ue% 'n autono*ou% 1oo( pro(uct'on %#%te*% 1or e-ten(e(-

(urat'on %pace e-plorat'on
S':'n4 'n(u%tr'al ra'l-car 1leet%
)ro(uct ('%tr'5ut'on 'n the ne2%paper 'n(u%tr#
De%'4n o1 a toll pla:a
Choo%'n4 5et2een rental-car locat'on%
Cu'ck-re%pon%e replen'%h*ent

+.0 rea% o1 ppl'cat'on 809
$u%'ne%% )roce%% S'*ulat'on
I*pact o1 connect'on 5ank re(e%'4n on a'rport 4ate a%%'4n*ent
)ro(uct (e&elop*ent pro4ra* plann'n4
Reconc'l'at'on o1 5u%'ne%% an( %#%te*% *o(el'n4
)er%onnel 1oreca%t'n4 an( %trate4'c 2ork1orce plann'n4
=u*an S#%te*%
Mo(el'n4 hu*an per1or*ance 'n co*ple- %#%te*%
Stu(#'n4 the hu*an ele*ent 'n a'r tra11'c control

+.D S#%te*% an( S#%te* En&'ron*ent
S#%te*
(e1'ne( a% a 4roup o1 o5ject% that are jo'ne( to4ether 'n

%o*e re4ular 'nteract'on or 'nter(epen(ence to2ar( the
acco*pl'%h*ent o1 %o*e purpo%e.
S#%te* En&'ron*ent
chan4e% occurr'n4 out%'(e the %#%te*.

The (ec'%'on on the 5oun(ar# 5et2een the %#%te* an(
't% en&'ron*ent *a# (epen( on the purpo%e o1 the
%tu(#.

+.E Co*ponent% o1 a S#%te* 8+9
Ent't# : an o5ject o1 'ntere%t 'n the %#%te*.
ttr'5ute : a propert# o1 an ent't#.
ct'&'t# : a t'*e per'o( o1 %pec'1'e( len4th.
State : the collect'on o1 &ar'a5le% nece%%ar# to (e%cr'5e
the
%#%te* at an# t'*e3 relat'&e to the o5ject'&e% o1
the
%tu(#.
E&ent : an 'n%tantaneou% occurrence that *a# chan4e
the
%tate o1 the %#%te*.
En(o4enou% : to (e%cr'5e act'&'t'e% an( e&ent% occurr'n4
2'th'n a %#%te*.
E-o4enou% : to (e%cr'5e act'&'t'e% an( e&ent% 'n an
en&'ron*ent that a11ect the %#%te*.

+.E Co*ponent% o1 a S#%te* 8,9

+.F D'%crete an( Cont'nuou% S#%te*%
S#%te*% can 5e cate4or':e( a% ('%crete or cont'nuou%.
$ank : a ('%crete %#%te*
The hea( o1 2ater 5eh'n( a (a* : a cont'nuou% %#%te*

+.G Mo(el o1 a S#%te*
Mo(el
a repre%entat'on o1 a %#%te* 1or the purpo%e o1 %tu(#'n4

the %#%te*
a %'*pl'1'cat'on o1 the %#%te*
%u11'c'entl# (eta'le( to per*'t &al'( conclu%'on% to 5e

(ra2n a5out the real %#%te*

+.H T#pe% o1 Mo(el%
Stat'c or D#na*'c S'*ulat'on Mo(el%
Stat'c %'*ulat'on *o(el 8calle( Monte Carlo %'*ulat'on9

repre%ent% a %#%te* at a part'cular po'nt 'n t'*e.
D#na*'c %'*ulat'on *o(el repre%ent% %#%te*% a% the#

chan4e o&er t'*e
Deter*'n'%t'c or Stocha%t'c S'*ulat'on Mo(el%
Deter*'n'%t'c %'*ulat'on *o(el% conta'n no ran(o*

&ar'a5le% an( ha&e a kno2n %et o1 'nput% 2h'ch 2'll re%ult
'n a un'<ue %et o1 output%
Stocha%t'c %'*ulat'on *o(el ha% one or *ore ran(o*

&ar'a5le% a% 'nput%. Ran(o* 'nput% lea( to ran(o*
output%.
The *o(el o1 'ntere%t 'n th'% cla%% '% ('%crete3 (#na*'c3
an( %tocha%t'c.

+.+A D'%crete-E&ent S#%te* S'*ulat'on
The %'*ulat'on *o(el% are anal#:e( 5# nu*er'cal rather
than 5# anal#t'cal *etho(%
nal#t'cal *etho(% e*plo# the (e(uct'&e rea%on'n4 o1

*athe*at'c% to %ol&e the *o(el.
Nu*er'cal *etho(% e*plo# co*putat'onal proce(ure% to

%ol&e *athe*at'cal *o(el%.


)ro5le* 1or*ulat'on
)ol'c# *aker/nal#%t un(er%tan( an( a4ree 2'th the

1or*ulat'on.
Sett'n4 o1 o5ject'&e% an( o&erall project plan
Mo(el conceptual':at'on
The art o1 *o(el'n4 '% enhance( 5# an a5'l't# to a5%tract

the e%%ent'al 1eature% o1 a pro5le*3 to %elect an( *o('1#
5a%'c a%%u*pt'on% that character':e the %#%te*3 an( then
to enr'ch an( ela5orate the *o(el unt'l a u%e1ul
appro-'*at'on re%ult%.
Data collect'on
% the co*ple-'t# o1 the *o(el chan4e%3 the re<u're( (ata

ele*ent% *a# al%o chan4e.
Mo(el tran%lat'on
/)SS/=
TM
or %pec'al-purpo%e %'*ulat'on %o1t2are
+.++ Step% 'n a S'*ulat'on Stu(# 8+9

+.++ Step% 'n a S'*ulat'on Stu(# 8,9
Ver'1'e(I
I% the co*puter pro4ra* per1or*'n4 properl#I
De5u44'n4 1or correct 'nput para*eter% an( lo4'cal

%tructure
Val'(ate(I
The (eter*'nat'on that a *o(el '% an accurate

repre%entat'on o1 the real %#%te*.
Val'(at'on '% ach'e&e( throu4h the cal'5rat'on o1 the *o(el

E-per'*ental (e%'4n
The (ec'%'on on the len4th o1 the 'n't'al':at'on per'o(3 the

len4th o1 %'*ulat'on run%3 an( the nu*5er o1 repl'cat'on%
to 5e *a(e o1 each run.
)ro(uct'on run% an( anal#%'%
To e%t'*ate *ea%ure% o1 per1or*ance%

+.++ Step% 'n a S'*ulat'on Stu(# 8.9
More run%I
Docu*entat'on an( report'n4
)ro4ra* (ocu*entat'on : 1or the relat'on%h'p% 5et2een

'nput para*eter% an( output *ea%ure% o1 per1or*ance3
an( 1or a *o('1'cat'on
)ro4re%% (ocu*entat'on : the h'%tor# o1 a %'*ulat'on3 a

chronolo4# o1 2ork (one an( (ec'%'on *a(e.
I*ple*entat'on

+.++ Step% 'n a S'*ulat'on Stu(# 809
@our pha%e% accor('n4 to @'4ure +..
@'r%t pha%e : a per'o( o1 ('%co&er# or or'entat'on

8%tep +3 %tep,9
Secon( pha%e : a *o(el 5u'l('n4 an( (ata collect'on

8%tep .3 %tep 03 %tep D3 %tep E3 %tep F9
Th'r( pha%e : runn'n4 the *o(el

8%tep G3 %tep H3 %tep +A9
@ourth pha%e : an '*ple*entat'on

8%tep ++3 %tep +,9

Ch,. S'*ulat'on E-a*ple%
Three %tep% o1 the %'*ulat'on%
Deter*'ne the character'%t'c% o1 each o1 the 'nput% to the

%'*ulat'on. Cu'te o1ten3 the%e *a# 5e *o(ele( a%
pro5a5'l't# ('%tr'5ut'on%3 e'ther cont'nuou% or ('%crete.
Con%truct a %'*ulat'on ta5le. Each %'*ulat'on ta5le '%

('11erent3 1or each '% (e&elope( 1or the pro5le* at han(.
@or each repet't'on i3 4enerate a &alue 1or each o1 the p

'nput%3 an( e&aluate the 1unct'on3 calculat'n4 a &alue o1
the re%pon%e y
i
. The 'nput &alue% *a# 5e co*pute( 5#
%a*pl'n4 &alue% 1ro* the ('%tr'5ut'on% (eter*'ne( 'n %tep
+. re%pon%e t#p'call# (epen(% on the 'nput% an( one or
*ore pre&'ou% re%pon%e%.

Input
%
Re%pon%
e
B
'+
B
',
B
'p
#
' Repet't'o
n%
B
'j
The %'*ulat'on ta5le pro&'(e% a %#%te*at'c *etho( 1or
track'n4 %#%te* %tate o&er t'*e.
J J
+
,
n
K
K
K

,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8+9
<ueue'n4 %#%te* '% (e%cr'5e( 5# 't% call'n4
populat'on3 the nature o1 the arr'&al%3 the %er&'ce
*echan'%*3 the %#%te* capac't#3 an( the <ueue'n4
('%c'pl'ne.
Call'n4
populat'on
7a't'n4 L'ne
Ser&e
r
@'4. ,.+ Cueue'n4
S#%te*

,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8,9
In the %'n4le-channel <ueue3 the call'n4 populat'on '%
'n1'n'te.
I1 a un't lea&e% the call'n4 populat'on an( jo'n% the 2a't'n4

l'ne or enter% %er&'ce3 there '% no chan4e 'n the arr'&al rate
o1 other un't% that *a# nee( %er&'ce.
rr'&al% 1or %er&'ce occur one at a t'*e 'n a ran(o*
1a%h'on.
!nce the# jo'n the 2a't'n4 l'ne3 the# are e&entuall# %er&e(.
Ser&'ce t'*e% are o1 %o*e ran(o* len4th accor('n4 to a
pro5a5'l't# ('%tr'5ut'on 2h'ch (oe% not chan4e o&er t'*e.
The %#%te* capac't# ha% no l'*'t3 *ean'n4 that an#
nu*5er o1 un't% can 2a't 'n l'ne.
@'nall#3 un't% are %er&e( 'n the or(er o1 the'r arr'&al 8o1ten
calle( @I@!: @'r%t In3 @'r%t out9 5# a %'n4le %er&er or
channel.

rr'&al% an( %er&'ce% are (e1'ne( 5# the ('%tr'5ut'on o1
the t'*e 5et2een arr'&al% an( the ('%tr'5ut'on o1 %er&'ce
t'*e%3 re%pect'&el#.
@or an# %'*ple %'n4le- or *ult'-channel <ueue3 the
o&erall e11ect'&e arr'&al rate *u%t 5e le%% than the total
%er&'ce rate3 or the 2a't'n4 l'ne 2'll 4ro2 2'thout 5oun(.
In %o*e %#%te*%3 the con('t'on a5out arr'&al rate 5e'n4

le%% than %er&'ce rate *a# not 4uarantee %ta5'l't#
,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8.9

S#%te* %tate : the nu*5er o1 un't% 'n the %#%te* an(
the %tatu% o1 the %er&er85u%# or '(le9.
E&ent : a %et o1 c'rcu*%tance% that cau%e an
'n%tantaneou% chan4e 'n the %tate o1 the %#%te*.
In a %'n4le-channel <ueue'n4 %#%te* there are onl# t2o

po%%'5le e&ent% that can a11ect the %tate o1 the %#%te*.
the arr'&al e&ent : the entr# o1 a un't 'nto the %#%te*
the (eparture e&ent : the co*plet'on o1 %er&'ce on a un't.

S'*ulat'on clock : u%e( to track %'*ulate( t'*e.
,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 809

I1 a un't ha% ju%t co*plete( %er&'ce3 the %'*ulat'on
procee(% 'n the *anner %ho2n 'n the 1lo2 ('a4ra* o1
@'4ure ,.,.
Note that the %er&er ha% onl# t2o po%%'5le %tate% : 't '%
e'ther 5u%# or '(le.
,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8D9
Departure
E&ent
Re*o&e the 2a't'n4
un't 1ro* the <ueue
$e4'n %er&'c'n4 the
un't
$e4'n
%er&er '(le
t'*e
nother
un't
2a't'n4I
Ye% No
@'4. ,., Ser&'ce-ju%t-co*plete( 1lo2
('a4ra*

The arr'&al e&ent occur% 2hen a un't enter% the %#%te*.
The un't *a# 1'n( the %er&er e'ther '(le or 5u%#.
I(le : the un't 5e4'n% %er&'ce '**e('atel#
$u%# : the un't enter% the <ueue 1or the %er&er.

,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8E9
rr'&al
E&ent
Ser&er
5u%#I
Un't enter%
<ueue 1or
%er&'ce
Un't enter%
%er&'ce
Ye% No
@'4. ,.. Un't-enter'n4-%#%te* 1lo2
('a4ra*

,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8F9
@'4. ,.0 )otent'al un't act'on% upon
arr'&al
@'4. ,.D Ser&er outco*e% a1ter %er&'ce
co*plet'on

S'*ulat'on% o1 <ueue'n4 %#%te*% 4enerall# re<u're the
*a'ntenance o1 an e&ent l'%t 1or (eter*'n'n4 2hat
happen% ne-t.
S'*ulat'on clock t'*e% 1or arr'&al% an( (eparture% are
co*pute( 'n a %'*ulat'on ta5le cu%to*':e( 1or each
pro5le*.
In %'*ulat'on3 e&ent% u%uall# occur at ran(o* t'*e%3 the
ran(o*ne%% '*'tat'n4 uncerta'nt# 'n real l'1e.
Ran(o* nu*5er% are ('%tr'5ute( un'1or*l# an(
'n(epen(entl# on the 'nter&al 8A3 +9.
Ran(o* ('4't% are un'1or*l# ('%tr'5ute( on the %et LA3
+3 ,3 J 3 HM.
The proper nu*5er o1 ('4't% '% ('ctate( 5# the accurac#
o1 the (ata 5e'n4 u%e( 1or 'nput purpo%e%.
,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8G9

)%eu(o-ran(o* nu*5er% : the nu*5er% are 4enerate(
u%'n4 a proce(ure (eta'le( 'n Chapter F.
Ta5le ,.,. Interarr'&al an( Clock T'*e%
%%u*e that the t'*e% 5et2een arr'&al% 2ere 4enerate(

5# roll'n4 a ('e 1'&e t'*e% an( recor('n4 the up 1ace.
,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8H9

Ta5le ,... Ser&'ce T'*e%
%%u*'n4 that all 1our

&alue% are e<uall# l'kel#
to occur3 the%e &alue%
coul( ha&e 5een
4enerate( 5# plac'n4 the
nu*5er% one throu4h
1our on ch'p% an(
(ra2'n4 the ch'p% 1ro* a
hat 2'th replace*ent3
5e'n4 %ure to recor( the
nu*5er% %electe(.
The onl# po%%'5le %er&'ce

t'*e% are one3 t2o3
three3 an( 1our t'*e
un't%.
,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8+A9

The 'nterarr'&al t'*e% an( %er&'ce t'*e% *u%t 5e *e%he( to
%'*ulate the %'n4le-channel <ueue'n4 %#%te*.
Ta5le ,.0 2a% (e%'4ne( %pec'1'call# 1or a %'n4le-channel <ueue
2h'ch %er&e% cu%to*er% on a 1'r%t-'n3 1'r%t-out 8@I@!9 5a%'%.
,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8++9

Ta5le ,.0 keep% track o1 the clock
t'*e at 2h'ch each e&ent occur%.
The occurrence o1 the t2o t#pe%
o1 e&ent%8arr'&al an( (eparture
e&ent9 'n chronolo4'cal or(er '%
%ho2n 'n Ta5le ,.D an( @'4ure
,.E.
@'4ure ,.E '% a &'%ual '*a4e o1 the
e&ent l'%t'n4 o1 Ta5le ,.D.
The chronolo4'cal or(er'n4 o1
e&ent% '% the 5a%'% o1 the
approach to ('%crete-e&ent
%'*ulat'on (e%cr'5e( 'n Chapter
..
,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8+,9

@'4ure ,.E (ep'ct% the nu*5er o1 cu%to*er% 'n the
%#%te* at the &ar'ou% clock t'*e%.
,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8+.9

E-a*ple ,.+ S'n4le-Channel Cueue
,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8+09
%%u*pt'on%
N !nl# one checkout counter.
N Cu%to*er% arr'&e at th'% checkout counter at ran(o* 1ro* +
to G *'nute% apart. Each po%%'5le &alue o1 'nterarr'&al t'*e
ha% the %a*e pro5a5'l't# o1 occurrence3 a% %ho2n 'n Ta5le ,.E.
N The %er&'ce t'*e% &ar# 1ro* + to E *'nute% 2'th the
pro5a5'l't'e% %ho2n 'n Ta5le ,.F.
N The pro5le* '% to anal#:e the %#%te* 5# %'*ulat'n4 the arr'&al
an( %er&'ce o1 ,A cu%to*er%.
Checkout Counter
rr'&al Departure

,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8+D9

E-a*ple ,.+ 8Cont.9
%'*ulat'on o1 a 4rocer# %tore that %tart% 2'th an e*pt#

%#%te* '% not real'%t'c unle%% the 'ntent'on '% to *o(el the
%#%te* 1ro* %tartup or to *o(el unt'l %tea(#-%tate operat'on
'% reache(.
%et o1 un'1or*l# ('%tr'5ute( ran(o* nu*5er% '% nee(e( to

4enerate the arr'&al% at the checkout counter. Ran(o*
nu*5er% ha&e the 1ollo2'n4 propert'e%:
The %et o1 ran(o* nu*5er% '% un'1or*l# ('%tr'5ute( 5et2een A

an( +.
Succe%%'&e ran(o* nu*5er% are 'n(epen(ent.
Ran(o* ('4't% are con&erte( to ran(o* nu*5er% 5# plac'n4

a (ec'*al po'nt appropr'atel#.
Ta5le .+ 'n ppen('- or RND89 'n E-cel.
The r'4ht*o%t t2o colu*n% o1 Ta5le% ,.E an( ,.F are u%e( to
4enerate ran(o* arr'&al% an( ran(o* %er&'ce t'*e%.
,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8+E9

E-a*ple ,.+ 8Cont.9 Ta5le ,.G
The 1'r%t ran(o* ('4't% are H+.. To o5ta'n the corre%pon('n4 t'*e
5et2een arr'&al%3 enter the 1ourth colu*n o1 Ta5le ,.E an( rea( G
*'nute% 1ro* the 1'r%t colu*n o1 the ta5le.
,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8+F9

E-a*ple ,.+ 8Cont.9 Ta5le ,.H
The 1'r%t cu%to*erO% %er&'ce t'*e '% 0 *'nute% 5ecau%e the ran(o*
('4't% G0 1all 'n the 5racket E+-GD
,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8+G9

E-a*ple ,.+ 8Cont.9
The e%%ence o1 a *anual %'*ulat'on '% the %'*ulat'on ta5le.
The %'*ulat'on ta5le 1or the %'n4le-channel <ueue3 %ho2n

'n Ta5le ,.+A3 '% an e-ten%'on o1 the t#pe o1 ta5le alrea(#
%een 'n Ta5le ,.0.
Stat'%t'cal *ea%ure% o1 per1or*ance can 5e o5ta'ne( 1or*

the %'*ulat'on ta5le %uch a% Ta5le ,.+A.
Stat'%t'cal *ea%ure% o1 per1or*ance 'n th'% e-a*ple.
Each cu%to*erO% t'*e 'n the %#%te*
The %er&erO% '(le t'*e
In or(er to co*pute %u**ar# %tat'%t'c%3 total% are 1or*e(

a% %ho2n 1or %er&'ce t'*e%3 t'*e cu%to*er% %pen( 'n the
%#%te*3 '(le t'*e o1 the %er&er3 an( t'*e the cu%to*er%
2a't 'n the <ueue.
,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8+H9


,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8,A9
The pro5a5'l't# that a cu%to*er ha% to 2a't 'n the <ueue :

A.ED
65 . 0
20
13
) (
customers of numbers total
wait who customers of number
wait y probabilit
The 1ract'on o1 '(le t'*e o1 the %er&er : A.,+

21 . 0
86
18

simulation of time run total
server of time idle total
server idle of y probabilit
The pro5a5'l't# o1 the %er&er 5e'n4 5u%#: A.FH 8P+-A.,+9

E-a*ple ,.+ 8Cont.9
The a&era4e 2a't'n4 t'*e 1or a cu%to*er : ,.G *'nute%

(min) 8 . 2
20
56

queue in wait customers time total
time waitng average

,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8,+9
E-a*ple ,.+ 8Cont.9
The a&era4e %er&'ce t'*e : ..0 *'nute%

(min) 4 . 3
20
68

time service total
time service average
Th'% re%ult can 5e co*pare( 2'th the e-pecte( %er&'ce t'*e 5#
1'n('n4 the *ean o1 the %er&'ce-t'*e ('%tr'5ut'on u%'n4 the e<uat'on
'n ta5le ,.F.
0
) ( ) (
s
s sp S E
(min) 2 . 3 ) 05 . 0 ( 6 ) 10 . 1 ( 5 ) 25 . 0 ( 4 ) 30 . 0 ( 3 ) 20 . 0 ( 2 ) 10 . 0 ( 1 ) ( + + + + + S E
The e-pecte( %er&'ce t'*e '% %l'4htl# lo2er than the a&era4e %er&'ce
t'*e 'n the %'*ulat'on. The lon4er the %'*ulat'on3 the clo%er the
a&era4e 2'll 5e to ) (S E

The a&era4e t'*e 5et2een arr'&al% : 0.. *'nute%

,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8,,9
The a&era4e 2a't'n4 t'*e o1 tho%e 2ho 2a't : 0.. *'nute%

(min) 3 . 4
13
56

wiat who customers of numbers total
queue in wait customers time total
wait who those of time waiting average
Th'% re%ult can 5e co*pare( to the e-pecte( t'*e 5et2een arr'&al%

5# 1'n('n4 the *ean o1 the ('%crete un'1or* ('%tr'5ut'on 2ho%e
en(po'nt% are aP+ an( 5PG.
(min) 3 . 4
19
82
1

arrivals of numbers
arrivals between times all of sum
arrivals between time average
(min) 5 . 4
2
8 1
2
) (
+
b a
A E
The lon4er the %'*ulat'on3 the clo%er the a&era4e 2'll 5e to ) ( A E
E-a*ple ,.+ 8Cont.9

The a&era4e t'*e a cu%to*er %pen(% 'n the %#%te* : E.,

*'nute%
,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8,.9
E-a*ple ,.+ 8Cont.9
(min) 2 . 6
20
124

system in spend customers time total
system the in spends customer time average
a&era4e t'*e
cu%to*er %pen(%
'n the %#%te*
a&era4e t'*e
cu%to*er %pen(%
2a't'n4 'n the
<ueue
a&era4e t'*e
cu%to*er %pen(%
'n %er&'ce
P Q
a&era4e t'*e cu%to*er %pen(% 'n the %#%te* P ,.G Q ..0 P E.,
8*'n9

E-a*ple ,., The 5le $aker Carhop )ro5le*
,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8,09
5le
$aker
(r'&e-'n re%taurant 2here carhop% take or(er% an( 5r'n4 1oo( to the
car.
%%u*pt'on%
N Car% arr'&e 'n the *anner %ho2n 'n Ta5le ,.++.
N T2o carhop% 5le an( $aker - 5le '% 5etter a5le to (o the jo5 an(
2ork% a 5't 1a%ter than $aker.
N The ('%tr'5ut'on o1 the'r %er&'ce t'*e% '% %ho2n 'n Ta5le% ,.+, an(
,.+..

E-a*ple ,., 8Cont.9
%'*pl'1#'n4 rule '% that

5le 4et% the cu%to*er '1
5oth carhop% are '(le.
I1 5oth are 5u%#3 the

cu%to*er 5e4'n% %er&'ce
2'th the 1'r%t %er&er to
5eco*e 1ree.
To e%t'*ate the %#%te*

*ea%ure% o1 per1or*ance3
a %'*ulat'on o1 + hour o1
operat'on '% *a(e.
The pro5le* '% to 1'n( ho2

2ell the current
arran4e*ent '% 2ork'n4.
,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8,D9


,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8,E9
E-a*ple ,., 8cont.9
The ro2 1or the 1'r%t cu%to*er '% 1'lle( 'n *anuall#3 2'th the
ran(o*-nu*5er 1unct'on RND89 'n ca%e o1 E-cel or another
ran(o* 1unct'on replac'n4 the ran(o* ('4't%.
1ter the 1'r%t cu%to*er3 the cell% 1or the other cu%to*er% *u%t 5e
5a%e( on lo4'c an( 1or*ula%. @or e-a*ple3 the >Clock T'*e o1
rr'&al? 8colu*n D9 'n the ro2 1or the %econ( cu%to*er '%
co*pute( a% 1ollo2%:
D, P D+ Q C,
The lo4'c to co*puter 2ho 4et% a 4'&en cu%to*er can u%e the
E-cel *acro 1unct'on I@893 2h'ch return% one o1 t2o &alue%
(epen('n4 on 2hether a con('t'on '% true or 1al%e.
I@8 con('t'on3 &alue '1 true3 &alue '1 1al%e9

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E-a*ple ,., 8cont.9
The lo4'c re<u're% that 2e co*pute 2hen 5le an( $aker 2'll
5eco*e 1ree3 1or 2h'ch 2e u%e the 5u'lt-'n E-cel 1unct'on 1or
*a-'*u* o&er a ran4e3 MB89.
,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8,F9
)))) 9 : 1 $ ( ), 9 : 1 $ ( (
, " " ), 9 : 1 $ ( 10 ( , 10 ), 9 : 1 $ ( 10 ( 10
K K MAX H H MAX MIN
K K MAX I! H H MAX I! ! > >
I1 the 1'r%t con('t'on 85le '(le 2hen cu%to*er +A arr'&e%9 '% true3
then the cu%to*er 5e4'n% '**e('atel# at the arr'&al t'*e 'n D+A.
!ther2'%e3 a %econ( I@89 1unct'on '% e&aluate(3 2h'ch %a#% '1 $aker
'% '(le3 put noth'n4 8..9 'n the cell. !ther2'%e3 the 1unct'on return%
the t'*e that 5le or $aker 5eco*e% '(le3 2h'che&er '% 1'r%t Rthe
*'n'*u* or MIN89 o1 the'r re%pect'&e co*plet'on t'*e%S.
%'*'lar 1or*ula appl'e% to cell I+A 1or >T'*e Ser&'ce $e4'n%? 1or
$aker.

E-a*ple ,., 8Cont.9
@or %er&'ce t'*e% 1or 5le3 #ou coul( u%e another I@89 1unct'on to
*ake the cell 5lank or ha&e a &alue:
/+A P I@8@+A T A3ne2 %er&'ce t'*e3 UU9
=+A P I@8@+A T A3 @+AQ/+A3 UU9
,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8,G9

The anal#%'% o1 Ta5le ,.+0 re%ult% 'n the 1ollo2'n4:
!&er the E,-*'nute per'o( 5le 2a% 5u%# HAV o1 the t'*e.
$aker 2a% 5u%# onl# EHV o1 the t'*e. The %en'or't# rule
keep% $aker le%% 5u%# 8an( 4'&e% 5le *ore t'p%9.
N'ne o1 the ,E arr'&al% 8a5out .DV9 ha( to 2a't. The

a&era4e 2a't'n4 t'*e 1or all cu%to*er% 2a% onl# a5out A.0,
*'nute 8,D %econ(%93 2h'ch '% &er# %*all.
Tho%e n'ne 2ho ('( ha&e to 2a't onl# 2a'te( an a&era4e o1

+.,, *'nute%3 2h'ch '% <u'te lo2.
In %u**ar#3 th'% %#%te* %ee*% 2ell 5alance(. !ne %er&er

cannot han(le all the ('ner%3 an( three %er&er% 2oul(
pro5a5l# 5e too *an#. (('n4 an a(('t'onal %er&er 2oul(
%urel# re(uce the 2a't'n4 t'*e to nearl# :ero. =o2e&er3 the
co%t o1 2a't'n4 2oul( ha&e to 5e <u'te h'4h to ju%t'1# an
a(('t'onal %er&er.
,.+ S'*ulat'on o1 Cueue'n4 S#%te*% 8,H9

,., S'*ulat'on o1 In&entor# S#%te*% 8+9
Th'% 'n&entor# %#%te* ha% a
per'o('c re&'e2 o1 len4th N3 at
2h'ch t'*e the 'n&entor# le&el
'% checke(.
n or(er '% *a(e to 5r'n4 the
'n&entor# up to the le&el M.
In th'% 'n&entor# %#%te* the
lea( t'*e 8'.e.3 the len4th o1
t'*e 5et2een the place*ent
an( rece'pt o1 an or(er9 '%
:ero.
De*an( '% %ho2n a% 5e'n4
un'1or* o&er the t'*e per'o(

Not'ce that 'n the %econ( c#cle3 the a*ount 'n 'n&entor# (rop%
5elo2 :ero3 'n('cat'n4 a %horta4e.
T2o 2a# to a&o'( %horta4e%
Carr#'n4 %tock 'n 'n&entor#

: co%t - the 'ntere%t pa'( on the 1un(% 5orro2e( to 5u# the 'te*%3
rent'n4 o1 %tora4e %pace3 h'r'n4 4uar(%3 an( %o on.
Mak'n4 *ore 1re<uent re&'e2%3 an( con%e<uentl#3 *ore 1re<uent

purcha%e% or replen'%h*ent%
: the or(er'n4 co%t
The total co%t o1 an 'n&entor# %#%te* '% the *ea%ure o1
per1or*ance.
The (ec'%'on *aker can control the *a-'*u* 'n&entor# le&el3 M3

an( the len4th o1 the c#cle3 N.
In an 8M3N9 'n&entor# %#%te*3 the e&ent% that *a# occur are: the
(e*an( 1or 'te*% 'n the 'n&entor#3 the re&'e2 o1 the 'n&entor#
po%'t'on3 an( the rece'pt o1 an or(er at the en( o1 each re&'e2
per'o(.
,., S'*ulat'on o1 In&entor# S#%te*% 8,9

E-a*ple ,.. The Ne2%paper Seller;% )ro5le*
cla%%'cal 'n&entor# pro5le* concern% the purcha%e an(

%ale o1 ne2%paper%.
The paper %eller 5u#% the paper% 1or .. cent% each an(
%ell% the* 1or DA cent% each. 8The lo%t pro1't 1ro* e-ce%%
(e*an( '% +F cent% 1or each paper (e*an(e( that coul(
not 5e pro&'(e(.9
Ne2%paper% not %ol( at the en( o1 the (a# are %ol( a%

%crap 1or D cent% each. 8the %al&a4e &alue o1 %crap paper%9
Ne2%paper% can 5e purcha%e( 'n 5un(le% o1 +A. Thu%3 the

paper %eller can 5u# DA3 EA3 an( %o on.
There are three t#pe% o1 ne2%(a#%3 >4oo(3? >1a'r3? an(

>poor3? 2'th pro5a5'l't'e% o1 A..D3 A.0D3 an( A.,A3
re%pect'&el#.
,., S'*ulat'on o1 In&entor# S#%te*% 8.9

,., S'*ulat'on o1 In&entor# S#%te*% 809
E-a*ple ,.. 8Cont.9
The pro5le* '% to (eter*'ne the opt'*al nu*5er o1 paper%

the ne2%paper %eller %houl( purcha%e.
Th'% 2'll 5e acco*pl'%he( 5# %'*ulat'n4 (e*an(% 1or ,A

(a#% an( recor('n4 pro1't% 1ro* %ale% each (a#.
The pro1't% are 4'&en 5# the 1ollo2'n4 relat'on%h'p:

1
]
1
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
papers scrap of
sale from salvage
demand e"cess
from profit lost
newspapers
of t
sales from
revenue
#ofit
cos
The ('%tr'5ut'on o1 paper% (e*an(e( on each o1 the%e (a#%

'% 4'&en 'n Ta5le ,.+D.
Ta5le% ,.+E an( ,.+F pro&'(e the ran(o*-('4't

a%%'4n*ent% 1or the t#pe% o1 ne2%(a#% an( the (e*an(%
1or tho%e ne2%(a#%.

,., S'*ulat'on o1 In&entor# S#%te*% 8D9

E-a*ple ,.. 8Cont.9
The %'*ulat'on ta5le 1or the (ec'%'on to purcha%e FA ne2%paper% '%

%ho2n 'n Ta5le ,.+G.
The pro1't 1or the 1'r%t (a# '% (eter*'ne( a% 1ollo2%:

)ro1't P W.A.AA - W,..+A - A Q W.DA P WF.0A
!n (a# + the (e*an( '% 1or EA ne2%paper%. The re&enue 1ro* the %ale o1
EA ne2%paper% '% W.A.AA.
Ten ne2%paper% are le1t o&er at the en( o1 the (a#.
The %al&a4e &alue at D cent% each '% DA cent%.
The pro1't 1or the ,A-(a# per'o( '% the %u* o1 the (a'l# pro1't%3
W+F0.HA. It can al%o 5e co*pute( 1ro* the total% 1or the ,A (a#% o1
the %'*ulat'on a% 1ollo2%:
Total pro1't P WE0D.AA - W0E,.AA - W+..EA Q WD.DA P W+F0.HA
The pol'c# 8nu*5er o1 ne2%paper% purcha%e(9 '% chan4e( to other

&alue% an( the %'*ulat'on repeate( unt'l the 5e%t &alue '% 1oun(.
,., S'*ulat'on o1 In&entor# S#%te*% 8E9


E-a*ple ,.0 S'*ulat'on o1 an 8M3N9 In&entor# S#%te*
Th'% e-a*ple 1ollo2% the pattern o1 the pro5a5'l'%t'c or(er-

le&el 'n&entor# %#%te* %ho2n 'n @'4ure ,.F.
Suppo%e that the *a-'*u* 'n&entor# le&el3 M3 '%++ un't% an(

the re&'e2 per'o(3 N3 '% D (a#%. The pro5le* '% to e%t'*ate3
5# %'*ulat'on3 the a&era4e en('n4 un't% 'n 'n&entor# an( the
nu*5er o1 (a#% 2hen a %horta4e con('t'on occur%.
The ('%tr'5ut'on o1 the nu*5er o1 un't% (e*an(e( per (a# '%

%ho2n 'n Ta5le ,.+H.
In th'% e-a*ple3 lea( t'*e '% a ran(o* &ar'a5le3 a% %ho2n 'n

Ta5le ,.,A.
%%u*e that or(er% are place( at the clo%e o1 5u%'ne%% an(

are rece'&e( 1or 'n&entor# at the 5e4'nn'n4 o1 5u%'ne%% a%
(eter*'ne( 5# the lea( t'*e.
,., S'*ulat'on o1 In&entor# S#%te*% 8F9

E-a*ple ,.0 8Cont.9
@or purpo%e% o1 th'% e-a*ple3 onl# 1'&e c#cle% 2'll 5e

%ho2n.
The ran(o*-('4't a%%'4n*ent% 1or (a'l# (e*an( an( lea(

t'*e are %ho2n 'n the r'4ht*o%t colu*n% o1 Ta5le% ,.+H
an( ,.,A.
,., S'*ulat'on o1 In&entor# S#%te*% 8G9


E-a*ple ,.0 8Cont.9
The %'*ulat'on ha% 5een %tarte( 2'th the 'n&entor# le&el at

. un't% an( an or(er o1 G un't% %che(ule( to arr'&e 'n ,
(a#%O t'*e.
,., S'*ulat'on o1 In&entor# S#%te*% 8H9
$e4'nn'n4
In&entor# o1 Th'r(
(a#
En('n4 In&entor#
o1 , (a# 'n 1'r%t
c#cle
ne2 or(er
The lea( t'*e 1or th'% or(er 2a% + (a#.

P Q
Not'ce that the 5e4'nn'n4 'n&entor# on the %econ( (a# o1 the th'r(
c#cle 2a% :ero. n or(er 1or , un't% on that (a# le( to a %horta4e
con('t'on. The un't% 2ere 5ackor(ere( on that (a# an( the ne-t
(a# al%o. !n the *orn'n4 o1 (a# 0 o1 c#cle . there 2a% a 5e4'nn'n4
'n&entor# o1 H un't%. The 0 un't% that 2ere 5ackor(ere( an( the +
un't (e*an(e( that (a# re(uce( the en('n4 'n&entor# to 0 un't%.
$a%e( on 1'&e c#cle% o1 %'*ulat'on3 the a&era4e en('n4 'n&entor# '%

appro-'*atel# ..D 8GG ,D9 un't%. !n , o1 ,D (a#% a %horta4e
con('t'on e-'%te(.

,.. !ther E-a*ple% o1 S'*ulat'on 8+9
E-a*ple ,.D Rel'a5'l't# )ro5le*
Repa'rper%on
M'll'n4 Mach'ne
$ear'n4 $ear'n4 $ear'n4
Do2nt'*e 1or the *'ll '% e%t'*ate( at WD per *'nute.
The ('rect on-%'te co%t o1 the repa'rper%on '% W+D per hour.
It take% ,A *'nute% to chan4e one 5ear'n43 .A *'nute% to

chan4e t2o 5ear'n4%3 an( 0A *'nute% to chan4e three
5ear'n4%.
The 5ear'n4% co%t W+E each.
propo%al ha% 5een *a(e to replace all three 5ear'n4%

2hene&er a 5ear'n4 1a'l%.

E-a*ple ,.D 8Cont.9
,.. !ther E-a*ple% o1 S'*ulat'on 8,9
The cu*ulat'&e ('%tr'5ut'on

1unct'on o1 the l'1e o1 each
5ear'n4 '% '(ent'cal3 a% %ho2n 'n
Ta5le ,.,,.
The (ela# t'*e o1 the

repa'rper%onO% arr'&'n4 at
the *'ll'n4 *ach'ne '% al%o
a ran(o* &ar'a5le3 2'th the
('%tr'5ut'on 4'&en 'n Ta5le
,.,..


E-a*ple ,.D 8Cont.9
Ta5le ,.,0 repre%ent% a %'*ulat'on o1 ,A3AAA hour% o1

operat'on un(er the current *etho( o1 operat'on.
Note that there are 'n%tance% 2here *ore than one 5ear'n4
1a'l% at the %a*e t'*e.
Th'% '% unl'kel# to occur 'n pract'ce an( '% (ue to u%'n4 a
rather coar%e 4r'( o1 +AA hour%.
It 2'll 5e a%%u*e( 'n th'% e-a*ple that the t'*e% are ne&er
e-actl# the %a*e3 an( thu% no *ore than one 5ear'n4 '%
chan4e( at an# 5reak(o2n. S'-teen 5ear'n4 chan4e% 2ere
*a(e 1or 5ear'n4% + an( ,3 5ut onl# +0 5ear'n4 chan4e%
2ere re<u're( 1or 5ear'n4 ..
,.. !ther E-a*ple% o1 S'*ulat'on 8.9

E-a*ple ,.D 8Cont.9
The co%t o1 the current %#%te* '% e%t'*ate( a% 1ollo2%:
Co%t o1 5ear'n4% P 0E 5ear'n4% W+E/5ear'n4 P WF.E
Co%t o1 (ela# t'*e P 8++A Q +,D Q HD9 *'nute% WD/*'nute P

W+EDA
Co%t o1 (o2nt'*e (ur'n4 repa'r P

0E 5ear'n4% ,A *'nute%/5ear'n4 WD/*'nute P
W0EAA
Co%t o1 repa'rper%on% P
0E 5ear'n4% ,A *'nute%/5ear'n4 W+D/EA *'nute% P
W,.A
Total co%t P WF.E Q W+EDA Q W0EAA Q W,.A P WF,+E
Ta5le ,.,D '% a %'*ulat'on u%'n4 the propo%e( *etho(.

Not'ce that 5ear'n4 l'1e '% taken 1ro* Ta5le ,.,03 %o that 1or
a% *an# 5ear'n4% a% 2ere u%e( 'n the current *etho(3 the
5ear'n4 l'1e '% '(ent'cal 1or 5oth *etho(%.
,.. !ther E-a*ple% o1 S'*ulat'on 809


E-a*ple ,.D 8Cont.9
S'nce the propo%e( *etho( u%e% *ore 5ear'n4% than the current
*etho(3 the %econ( %'*ulat'on u%e% ne2 ran(o* ('4't% 1or
4enerat'n4 the a(('t'onal l'1et'*e%.
The ran(o* ('4't% that lea( to the l'&e% o1 the a(('t'onal 5ear'n4%
are %ho2n a5o&e the %la%he( l'ne 5e4'nn'n4 2'th the +D
th

replace*ent o1 5ear'n4 ..
The total co%t o1 the ne2 pol'c# :
Co%t o1 5ear'n4% P D0 5ear'n4% W+E/5ear'n4 P WGE0
Co%t o1 (ela# t'*e P +,D *'nute% WD/*'nute P WE,D
Co%t o1 (o2nt'*e (ur'n4 repa'r% P +G %et% 0A *'nute%/%et

WD/*'nute P W.EAA
Co%t o1 repa'rper%on% P +G %et% 0A *'nute%/%et W+D/EA *'nute% P

W+GA
Total co%t P WGE0 Q WE,D Q W.EAA Q W+GA P WD,EH
The ne2 pol'c# 4enerate% a %a&'n4% o1 W+H0F o&er a ,A3AAA-hour

%'*ulat'on. I1 the *ach'ne run% cont'nuou%l#3 the %'*ulate( t'*e '%
a5out , +/0 #ear%. Thu%3 the %a&'n4% are a5out WGED per #ear.
,.. !ther E-a*ple% o1 S'*ulat'on 8D9

E-a*ple ,.E Ran(o* Nor*al Nu*5er%
,.. !ther E-a*ple% o1 S'*ulat'on 8E9
cla%%'c %'*ulat'on
pro5le* '% that o1 a
%<ua(ron o1 5o*5er%
atte*pt'n4 to (e%tro#
an a**un't'on (epot
%hape( a% %ho2n 'n
@'4ure ,.G.

E-a*ple ,.E 8Cont.9
I1 a 5o*5 lan(% an#2here on the (epot3 a h't '% %core(.

!ther2'%e3 the 5o*5 '% a *'%%.
The a'rcra1t 1l# 'n the hor':ontal ('rect'on.
Ten 5o*5er% are 'n each %<ua(ron.
The a'*'n4 po'nt '% the (ot locate( 'n the heart o1 the
a**un't'on (u*p.
The po'nt o1 '*pact '% a%%u*e( to 5e nor*all# ('%tr'5ute(

aroun( the a'*'n4 po'nt 2'th a %tan(ar( (e&'at'on o1 EAA
*eter% 'n the hor':ontal ('rect'on an( .AA *eter% 'n the
&ert'cal ('rect'on.
The pro5le* '% to %'*ulate the operat'on an( *ake

%tate*ent% a5out the nu*5er o1 5o*5% on tar4et.
,.. !ther E-a*ple% o1 S'*ulat'on 8F9

E-a*ple ,.E 8Cont.9
The %tan(ar(':e( nor*al &ar'ate3 X3 2'th *ean A an( %tan(ar(

(e&'at'on +3 '% ('%tr'5ute( a%
,.. !ther E-a*ple% o1 S'*ulat'on 8G9
2here B '% a nor*al ran(o* &ar'a5le3 '% the true *ean o1 the
('%tr'5ut'on o1 B3 an( '% the %tan(ar( (e&'at'on o1 B.
X
$
+ $ X
In th'% e-a*ple the a'*'n4 po'nt can 5e con%'(ere( a% 8A3 A9Y that
'%3 the &alue 'n the hor':ontal ('rect'on '% A3 an( %'*'larl# 1or the
&alue 'n the &ert'cal ('rect'on.

X
$ X
%
$ %
2here 8B3Y9 are the %'*ulate( coor('nate% o1 the 5o*5 a1ter 't ha%
1allen
an(
600
X
300
%
i
$ X 600
i
$ % 300

E-a*ple ,.E 8Cont.9
The &alue% o1 X are ran(o* nor*al nu*5er%.
The%e can 5e 4enerate( 1ro* un'1or*l# ('%tr'5ute( ran(o*

nu*5er%3 a% ('%cu%%e( 'n Chapter F.
lternat'&el#3 ta5le% o1 ran(o* nor*al nu*5er% ha&e 5een

4enerate(. %*all %a*ple o1 ran(o* nor*al nu*5er% '% 4'&en
'n Ta5le .,.
@or E-cel3 u%e the Ran(o* Nu*5er /enerat'on tool 'n the
nal#%'% Took)ak ((-In to 4enerate an# nu*5er o1 nor*al
ran(o* &alue% 'n a ran4e o1 cell%.
The ta5le o1 ran(o* nor*al nu*5er% '% u%e( 'n the %a*e
2a# a% the ta5le o1 ran(o* nu*5er%.
Ta5le ,.,E %ho2% the re%ult% o1 a %'*ulate( run.

,.. !ther E-a*ple% o1 S'*ulat'on 8H9

E-a*ple ,.E 8Cont.9
,.. !ther E-a*ple% o1 S'*ulat'on 8+A9

E-a*ple ,.E 8Cont.9
The *ne*on'c %tan(% 1or .ran(o* nor*al nu*5er to

co*pute the - coor('nate. an( corre%pon(% to a5o&e.
The 1'r%t ran(o* nor*al nu*5er u%e( 2a% ZA.G03

4enerat'n4 an - coor('nate EAA8-A.G09 P -DA0.
The ran(o* nor*al nu*5er to 4enerate the # coor('nate

2a% A.EE3 re%ult'n4 'n a # coor('nate o1 +HG.
Taken to4ether3 8-DA03 +HG9 '% a *'%%3 1or 't '% o11 the
tar4et.
The re%ult'n4 po'nt an( that o1 the th'r( 5o*5er are

plotte( on @'4ure ,.G.
The +A 5o*5er% ha( . h't% an( F *'%%e%.
Man# *ore run% are nee(e( to a%%e%% the potent'al 1or

(e%tro#'n4 the (u*p.
Th'% '% an e-a*ple o1 a Monte Carlo3 or %tat'c3 %'*ulat'on3

%'nce t'*e '% not an ele*ent o1 the %olut'on.
,.. !ther E-a*ple% o1 S'*ulat'on 8++9
"
&NN
i
$

E-a*ple ,.F Lea(-T'*e De*an(
Lea(-t'*e (e*an( *a# occur 'n an 'n&entor# %#%te*.
The lea( t'*e '% the t'*e 1ro* place*ent o1 an or(er unt'l
the or(er '% rece'&e(.
In a real'%t'c %'tuat'on3 lea( t'*e '% a ran(o* &ar'a5le.
Dur'n4 the lea( t'*e3 (e*an(% al%o occur at ran(o*.

Lea(-t'*e (e*an( '% thu% a ran(o* &ar'a5le (e1'ne( a%
the %u* o1 the (e*an(% o&er the lea( t'*e3 or
2here ' '% the t'*e per'o( o1 the lea( t'*e3 ' P A3 +3 ,3 J 3
D
i
'% the (e*an( (ur'n4 the i
th
t'*e per'o(Y an( T '% the lea(
t'*e.
The ('%tr'5ut'on o1 lea(-t'*e (e*an( '% (eter*'ne( 5#

%'*ulat'n4 *an# c#cle% o1 lea( t'*e an( 5u'l('n4 a
h'%to4ra* 5a%e( on the re%ult%.
,.. !ther E-a*ple% o1 S'*ulat'on 8+,9
'
i
i
0

E-a*ple ,.F 8Cont.9
The (a'l# (e*an( '% 4'&en 5#

the 1ollo2'n4 pro5a5'l't#
('%tr'5ut'on:
,.. !ther E-a*ple% o1 S'*ulat'on 8+.9
The lea( t'*e '% a ran(o*

&ar'a5le 4'&en 5# the
1ollo2'n4 ('%tr'5ut'on:

E-a*ple ,.F 8Cont.9
,.. !ther E-a*ple% o1 S'*ulat'on 8+09
The 'nco*plete %'*ulat'on

ta5le '% %ho2n 'n Ta5le
,.,H.

The ran(o* ('4't% 1or the

1'r%t c#cle 2ere DF. Th'%
4enerate% a lea( t'*e o1 ,
(a#%.
Thu%3 t2o pa'r% o1 ran(o*

('4't% *u%t 5e 4enerate(
1or the (a'l# (e*an(.

E-a*ple ,.F 8Cont.9
The h'%to4ra* *'4ht appear

a% %ho2n 'n @'4ure ,.H.
Th'% e-a*ple 'llu%trate% ho2

%'*ulat'on can 5e u%e( to
%tu(# an unkno2n ('%tr'5ut'on
5# 4enerat'n4 a ran(o*
%a*ple 1ro* the ('%tr'5ut'on.
,.. !ther E-a*ple% o1 S'*ulat'on 8+D9

Th'% chapter 'ntro(uce( %'*ulat'on concept% &'a e-a*ple% 'n
or(er to 'llu%trate 4eneral area% o1 appl'cat'on an( to *ot'&ate
the re*a'n'n4 chapter%.
The ne-t chapter 4'&e% a *ore %#%te*at'c pre%entat'on o1 the
5a%'c concept%. *ore %#%te*at'c *etho(olo4#3 %uch a% the
e&ent-%che(ul'n4 approach (e%cr'5e( 'n Chapter .3 '% nee(e(.
( hoc %'*ulat'on ta5le% 2ere u%e( 'n co*plet'n4 each
e-a*ple. E&ent% 'n the ta5le% 2ere 4enerate( u%'n4 un'1or*l#
('%tr'5ute( ran(o* nu*5er% an(3 'n one ca%e3 ran(o* nor*al
nu*5er%.
The e-a*ple% 'llu%trate the nee( 1or (eter*'n'n4 the
character'%t'c% o1 the 'nput (ata3 4enerat'n4 ran(o* &ar'a5le%
1ro* the 'nput *o(el%3 an( anal#:'n4 the re%ult'n4 re%pon%e.
,.0 Su**ar#

Ch. . /eneral )r'nc'ple%
D'%crete-e&ent %'*ulat'on
The 5a%'c 5u'l('n4 5lock% o1 all ('%crete-e&ent %'*ulat'on
*o(el%
: ent't'e% an( attr'5ute%3 act'&'t'e% an( e&ent%.
%#%te* '% *o(ele( 'n ter*% o1
't% %tate at each po'nt 'n t'*e
the ent't'e% that pa%% throu4h the %#%te* an( the ent't'e% that
repre%ent %#%te* re%ource%
the act'&'t'e% an( e&ent% that cau%e %#%te* %tate to chan4e.

D'%crete-e&ent *o(el% are appropr'ate 1or tho%e %#%te*% 1or
2h'ch chan4e% 'n %#%te* %tate occur onl# at ('%crete po'nt% 'n
t'*e.
Th'% chapter (eal% e-clu%'&el# 2'th (#na*'c3 %tocha%t'c
%#%te*% 8'.e.3 'n&ol&'n4 t'*e an( conta'n'n4 ran(o* ele*ent%9
2h'ch chan4e 'n a ('%crete *anner.

..+Concept% 'n D'%crete-E&ent S'*ulat'on 8+9
S#%te* : collect'on o1 ent't'e% 8e.4.3 people an( *ach'ne%9 that
'nteract
to4ether o&er t'*e to acco*pl'%h one or *ore 4oal%.
Mo(el : n a5%tract repre%entat'on o1 a %#%te*3 u%uall# conta'n'n4
%tructural3 lo4'cal3 or *athe*at'cal relat'on%h'p% 2h'ch (e%cr'5e a
%#%te* 'n ter*% o1 %tate3 ent't'e% an( the'r attr'5ute%3 %et%3
proce%%e%3
e&ent%3 act'&'t'e%3 an( (ela#%.
S#%te* %tate : collect'on o1 &ar'a5le% that conta'n all the 'n1or*at'on
nece%%ar# to (e%cr'5e the %#%te* at an# t'*e.
Ent't# : n# o5ject or co*ponent 'n the %#%te* 2h'ch re<u're% e-pl'c't
repre%entat'on 'n the *o(el 8e.4.3 a %er&er3 a cu%to*er3 a
*ach'ne9.
ttr'5ute% : The propert'e% o1 a 4'&en ent't# 8e.4.3 the pr'or't# o1 a
2a't'n4
cu%to*er3 the rout'n4 o1 a jo5 throu4h a jo5 %hop9.

L'%t : collect'on o1 8per*anentl# or te*porar'l#9 a%%oc'ate( ent't'e%3
or(ere(
'n %o*e lo4'cal 1a%h'on 8%uch a% all cu%to*er% currentl# 'n a 2a't'n4
l'ne3
or(ere( 5# 1'r%t co*e3 1'r%t %er&e(3 or 5# pr'or't#9.
E&ent : n 'n%tantaneou% occurrence that chan4e% the %tate o1 a %#%te*
8%uch a% an arr'&al o1 a ne2 cu%to*er9.
E&ent not'ce : recor( o1 an e&ent to occur at the current or %o*e 1uture
t'*e3 alon4 2'th an# a%%oc'ate( (ata nece%%ar# to e-ecute
the
e&entY at a *'n'*u*3 the recor( 'nclu(e% the e&ent t#pe an(
the e&ent t'*e.
E&ent l'%t : l'%t o1 e&ent not'ce% 1or 1uture e&ent%3 or(ere( 5# t'*e o1
occurrence al%o kno2n a% the 1uture e&ent l'%t 8@EL9.
ct'&'t# : (urat'on o1 t'*e o1 %pec'1'e( len4th 8e.4.3 a %er&'ce t'*e or
'nterarr'&al t'*e93 2h'ch '% kno2n 2hen 't 5e4'n% 8althou4h 't
*a# 5e
(e1'ne( 'n ter*% o1 a %tat'%t'cal ('%tr'5ut'on9.
..+Concept% 'n D'%crete-E&ent S'*ulat'on 8,9

Dela# : (urat'on o1 t'*e o1 un%pec'1'e( 'n(e1'n'te len4th3 2h'ch '% not
kno2n unt'l 't en(% 8e.4.3 a cu%to*erO% (ela# 'n a la%t-'n3 1'r%t-out
2a't'n4 l'ne 2h'ch3 2hen 't 5e4'n%3 (epen(% on 1uture arr'&al%9.
Clock : &ar'a5le repre%ent'n4 %'*ulate( t'*e3 calle( CL!C[ 'n the
e-a*ple% to 1ollo2.
n act'&'t# t#p'call# repre%ent% a %er&'ce t'*e3 an 'nterarr'&al t'*e3 or
an# other proce%%'n4 t'*e 2ho%e (urat'on ha% 5een character':e( an(
(e1'ne( 5# the *o(eler.
n act'&'t#O% (urat'on *a# 5e %pec'1'e( 'n a nu*5er o1 2a#%:
+. Deter*'n'%t'c-1or e-a*ple3 al2a#% e-actl# D *'nute%Y
,. Stat'%t'cal-1or e-a*ple3 a% a ran(o* (ra2 1ro* a*on4 ,3 D3 F 2'th e<ual

pro5a5'l't'e%Y
.. 1unct'on (epen('n4 on %#%te* &ar'a5le% an(/or ent't# attr'5ute%-1or

e-a*ple3
loa('n4 t'*e 1or an 'ron ore %h'p a% a 1unct'on o1 the %h'pO% allo2e( car4o
2e'4ht an( the loa('n4 rate 'n ton% per hour.
..+Concept% 'n D'%crete-E&ent S'*ulat'on 8.9

The (urat'on o1 an act'&'t# '% co*puta5le 1ro* 't% %pec'1'cat'on
at the 'n%tant 't 5e4'n%.
To keep track o1 act'&'t'e% an( the'r e-pecte( co*plet'on t'*e3
at the %'*ulate( 'n%tant that an act'&'t# (urat'on 5e4'n%3 an
e&ent not'ce '% create( ha&'n4 an e&ent t'*e e<ual to the
act'&'t#O% co*plet'on t'*e.
..+Concept% 'n D'%crete-E&ent S'*ulat'on 809
t'*e
E&ent
not'ce
+A
A
+A
D
In%pect'on t'*e
8PD9
an en( o1 'n%pect'on
e&ent
e&ent t'*e P +AD
current %'*ulate(
t'*e

(ela#O% (urat'on
Not %pec'1'e( 5# the *o(eler ahea( o1 t'*e3 $ut rather (eter*'ne(

5# %#%te* con('t'on%.
Cu'te o1ten3 a (ela#O% (urat'on '% *ea%ure( an( '% one o1 the
(e%'re( output% o1 a *o(el run.
cu%to*erO% (ela# 'n a 2a't'n4 l'ne *a# 5e (epen(ent on the
nu*5er an( (urat'on o1 %er&'ce o1 other cu%to*er% ahea( 'n
l'ne a% 2ell a% the a&a'la5'l't# o1 %er&er% an( e<u'p*ent.
..+Concept% 'n D'%crete-E&ent S'*ulat'on 8D9
=o2 lon4 to 2a'tI

..+Concept% 'n D'%crete-E&ent S'*ulat'on 8E9
Dela# ct'&'t#
7hat %o
calle(
a con('t'onal 2a't an uncon('t'onal 2a't
co*plet'on a %econ(ar# e&ent a pr'*ar# e&ent

*ana4e*ent
5# plac'n4 an e&ent
not'ce on the @EL
5# plac'n4 the
a%%oc'ate( ent't# on
another l'%t3 not the @EL3
perhap% repre-%ent'n4 a
2a't'n4 l'ne
S#%te* %tate3 ent't# attr'5ute% an( the nu*5er o1 act'&e ent't'e%3 the
content% o1 %et%3 an( the act'&'t'e% an( (ela#% currentl# 'n pro4re%%
are all
1unct'on% o1 t'*e an( are con%tantl# chan4'n4 o&er t'*e.
T'*e 't%el1 '% repre%ente( 5# a &ar'a5le calle( CL!C[.

EBM)LE ..+ 85le an( $aker3 Re&'%'te(9
Con%'(er the 5le-$aker carhop %#%te* o1 E-a*ple ,.,.
S#%te* %tate
: the nu*5er o1 car% 2a't'n4 to 5e %er&e( at t'*e t
: A or + to 'n('cate 5le 5e'n4 '(le or 5u%# at t'*e t
: A or + to 'n('cate $aker 5e'n4 '(le or 5u%# at t'*e t
Ent't'e% : Ne'ther the cu%to*er% 8'.e.3 car%9 nor the %er&er%

nee(
to 5e e-pl'c'tl# repre%ente(3 e-cept 'n ter*% o1 the
%tate &ar'a5le%3 unle%% certa'n cu%to*er a&era4e%
are
(e%'re( 8co*pare E-a*ple% ..0 an( ..D9
E&ent%
rr'&al e&ent
Ser&'ce co*plet'on 5# 5le
Ser&'ce co*plet'on 5# $aker

..+Concept% 'n D'%crete-E&ent S'*ulat'on 8F9
) (t (
)
) (t (
A
) (t (
*

EBM)LE ..+ 8Cont.9
ct'&'t'e%
Interarr'&al t'*e3 (e1'ne( 'n Ta5le ,.++
Ser&'ce t'*e 5# 5le3 (e1'ne( 'n Ta5le ,.+,
Ser&'ce t'*e 5# $aker3 (e1'ne( 'n Ta5le ,.+.
Dela# : cu%to*erO% 2a't 'n <ueue unt'l 5le or $aker 5eco*e%

1ree
The (e1'n't'on o1 the *o(el co*ponent% pro&'(e% a %tat'c
(e%cr'pt'on o1 the *o(el.
(e%cr'pt'on o1 the (#na*'c relat'on%h'p% an( 'nteract'on%
5et2een the co*ponent% '% al%o nee(e(.
..+Concept% 'n D'%crete-E&ent S'*ulat'on 8G9

('%crete-e&ent %'*ulat'on
: the *o(el'n4 o&er t'*e o1 a %#%te* all o1 2ho%e %tate chan4e% occur
at ('%crete po'nt% 'n t'*e-tho%e po'nt% 2hen an e&ent occur%.

('%crete-e&ent %'*ulat'on procee(% 5# pro(uc'n4 a %e<uence o1
%#%te* %nap%hot% 8or %#%te* '*a4e%9 2h'ch repre%ent the e&olut'on o1
the %#%te* throu4h t'*e.
..+Concept% 'n D'%crete-E&ent S'*ulat'on 8H9
@'4ure ..+ )rotot#pe %#%te* %nap%hot at %'*ulat'on
t'*e t

..+.+. The E&ent-Sche(ul'n4/T'*e-(&ance( l4or'th* 8+9
The *echan'%* 1or a(&anc'n4 %'*ulat'on t'*e an(
4uarantee'n4 that all e&ent% occur 'n correct chronolo4'cal
or(er '% 5a%e( on the 1uture e&ent l'%t 8@EL9.
@uture E&ent L'%t 8@EL9
to conta'n all e&ent not'ce% 1or e&ent% that ha&e 5een %che(ule( to
occur at a 1uture t'*e.
to 5e or(ere( 5# e&ent t'*e3 *ean'n4 that the e&ent% are

arran4e( chronolo4'call#Y that '%3 the e&ent t'*e% %at'%1#
Sche(ul'n4 a 1uture e&ent *ean% that at the 'n%tant an act'&'t#
5e4'n%3 't% (urat'on '% co*pute( or (ra2n a% a %a*ple 1ro* a
%tat'%t'cal ('%tr'5ut'on an( the en(-act'&'t# e&ent3 to4ether
2'th 't% e&ent t'*e3 '% place( on the 1uture e&ent l'%t.
n
t t t t <
2 1
I**'nent e&ent
current &alue
o1 %'*ulate(
t'*e


L'%t proce%%'n4 : the *ana4e*ent o1 a l'%t .
the re*o&al o1 the '**'nent e&ent

: % the '**'nent e&ent '% u%uall# at the top o1 the l'%t3 't% re*o&al
'% a%
e11'c'ent a% po%%'5le.
the a(('t'on o1 a ne2 e&ent to the l'%t3 an( occa%'onall# re*o&al o1

%o*e e&ent 8calle( cancellat'on o1 an e&ent9
: (('t'on o1 a ne2 e&ent 8an( cancellat'on o1 an ol( e&ent9
re<u're% a
%earch o1 the l'%t.
The e11'c'enc# o1 th'% %earch (epen(% on the lo4'cal
or4an':at'on o1 the l'%t an( on ho2 the %earch '% con(ucte(.
The re*o&al an( a(('t'on o1 e&ent% 1ro* the @EL '% 'llu%trate(
'n @'4ure ..,.
..+.+. The E&ent-Sche(ul'n4/T'*e-(&ance( l4or'th* 8,9

The %#%te* %nap%hot at t'*e A '% (e1'ne( 5# the 'n't'al
con('t'on% an( the 4enerat'on o1 the %o-calle( e-o4enou%
e&ent%.
n e-o4enou% e&ent : a happen'n4 >out%'(e the %#%te*? 2h'ch
'*p'n4e% on the %#%te*.
The %pec'1'e( 'n't'al con('t'on% (e1'ne the %#%te* %tate at t'*e
A.
In @'4ure ..,3 '1 t P A3 then the %tate 8D3 +3 E9 *'4ht repre%ent the
'n't'al nu*5er o1 cu%to*er% at three ('11erent po'nt% 'n the %#%te*.
=o2 1uture e&ent% are 4enerate(I
to 4enerate an arr'&al to a <ueue'n4 %#%te*
5# a %er&'ce-co*plet'on e&ent 'n a <ueue'n4 %'*ulat'on
to 4enerate runt'*e% an( (o2nt'*e% 1or a *ach'ne %u5ject to

5reak(o2n%
..+.+. The E&ent-Sche(ul'n4/T'*e-(&ance( l4or'th* 8.9

To 4enerate an arr'&al to a <ueue'n4 %#%te*
..+.+. The E&ent-Sche(ul'n4/T'*e-(&ance( l4or'th* 809
- The en( o1 an 'nterarr'&al 'nter&al '% an e-a*ple o1 a pr'*ar#
e&ent.

$# a %er&'ce-co*plet'on e&ent 'n a <ueue'n4 %'*ulat'on
ne2 %er&'ce t'*e3 %

\
3 2'll 5e 4enerate( 1or the ne-t cu%to*er.
7hen one cu%to*er co*plete% %er&'ce3 at current t'*e CL!C[ P t
I1 the ne-t cu%to*er '% pre%ent

The ne-t %er&'ce-co*plet'on e&ent 2'll 5e %che(ule( to occur at
1uture
t'*e t
\
P t Q %
\
5# plac'n4 onto the @EL a ne2 e&ent not'ce o1 t#pe
%er&'ce
co*plet'on.
%er&'ce-co*plet'on e&ent 2'll 5e 4enerate( an( %che(ule( at the

t'*e o1 an arr'&al e&ent3 pro&'(e( that3 upon arr'&al3 there '% at
lea%t one
'(le %er&er 'n the %er&er 4roup.
$e4'nn'n4 %er&'ce : a con('t'onal e&ent tr'44ere( onl# on the

con('t'on
that a cu%to*er '% pre%ent an( a %er&er '% 1ree.
Ser&'ce co*plet'on : a pr'*ar# e&ent.
Ser&'ce t'*e : an act'&'t#

..+.+. The E&ent-Sche(ul'n4/T'*e-(&ance( l4or'th* 8D9

$# a %er&'ce-co*plet'on e&ent 'n a <ueue'n4 %'*ulat'on
8Cont.9
con('t'onal e&ent '% tr'44ere( 5# a pr'*ar# e&ent occurr'n4
!nl# pr'*ar# e&ent% appear on the @EL.

To 4enerate runt'*e% an( (o2nt'*e% 1or a *ach'ne %u5ject to
5reak(o2n%
t t'*e A3 the 1'r%t runt'*e 2'll 5e 4enerate( an( an en(-o1-

runt'*e
e&ent %che(ule(.
7hene&er an en(-o1-runt'*e e&ent occur%3 a (o2nt'*e 2'll 5e

4enerate( an( an en(-o1-(o2nt'*e e&ent %che(ule( on the @EL.
7hen the CL!C[ '% e&entuall# a(&ance( to the t'*e o1 th'% en(-o1-
(o2nt'*e e&ent3 a runt'*e '% 4enerate( an( an en(-o1-runt'*e
e&ent
%che(ule( on the @EL.
n en( o1 runt'*e an( an en( o1 (o2nt'*e : pr'*ar# e&ent%.
runt'*e an( a (o2nt'*e : act'&'t'e%

..+.+. The E&ent-Sche(ul'n4/T'*e-(&ance( l4or'th* 8E9

E&er# %'*ulat'on *u%t ha&e a %topp'n4 e&ent3 here calle( E3 2h'ch
(e1'ne%
ho2 lon4 the %'*ulat'on 2'll run.
There are 4enerall# t2o 2a#% to %top a %'*ulat'on:
+. t t'*e A3 %che(ule a %top %'*ulat'on e&ent at a %pec'1'e( 1uture t'*e T

E
.
E-9 S'*ulate a jo5 %hop 1or T
E
P 0A hour%3that '%3o&er the t'*e 'nter&al RA3
0AS.
,. Run len4th T
E
'% (eter*'ne( 5# the %'*ulat'on 't%el1. /enerall#3 T
E
'% the
t'*e o1
occurrence o1 %o*e %pec'1'e( e&ent E.
E-9 the t'*e o1 the +AAth %er&'ce co*plet'on at a certa'n %er&'ce center.
the t'*e o1 5reak(o2n o1 a co*ple- %#%te*.
the t'*e o1 ('%en4a4e*ent or total k'll 'n a co*5at %'*ulat'on.
the t'*e at 2h'ch a ('%tr'5ut'on center %h'p% the la%t carton 'n a (a#O%
or(er%.
In ca%e ,3 T
E
'% not kno2n ahea( o1 t'*e. In(ee(3 't *a# 5e one o1 the
%tat'%t'c% o1 pr'*ar# 'ntere%t to 5e pro(uce( 5# the %'*ulat'on.
..+.+. The E&ent-Sche(ul'n4/T'*e-(&ance( l4or'th* 8F9

7orl( &'e2%
: the e&ent-%che(ul'n4 2orl( &'e23 the proce%%-'nteract'on 2orl( &'e23 an(
the
act'&'t#-%cann'n4 2orl( &'e2.
The proce%%-'nteract'on approach
To 1ocu% on ent't'e% an( the'r l'1e c#cle
)roce%% : the l'1e c#cle o1 one ent't#

: a t'*e-%e<uence( l'%t o1 e&ent%3 act'&'t'e%3 an( (ela#%3
'nclu('n4
(e*an(% 1or re%ource%3 that (e1'ne the l'1e c#cle o1 one
ent't#
a% 't *o&e% throu4h a %#%te*.
The l'1e c#cle con%'%t% o1 &ar'ou% e&ent% an( act'&'t'e%.
So*e act'&'t'e% *a# re<u're the u%e o1 one or *ore re%ource% 2ho%e
capac't'e% are l'*'te( 8<ueue'n49.
..+.,. 7orl( V'e2% 8+9

The proce%%-'nteract'on approach 8Cont.9
@'4ure ..0 %ho2% the 'nteract'on 5et2een t2o cu%to*er proce%%e%

a% cu%to*er nQ+ '% (ela#e( unt'l the pre&'ou% cu%to*erO% >en(-
%er&'ce e&ent? occur%.
..+.,. 7orl( V'e2% 8,9

The act'&'t#-%cann'n4 approach
S'*ple 'n concept3 5ut %lo2 runt'*e on co*puter%

: $oth the e&ent-%che(ul'n4 an( the proce%%-'nteract'on approache%
u%e a &ar'a5le t'*e a(&ance.
: The act'&'t#-%cann'n4 approach u%e% a 1'-e( t'*e 'ncre*ent an(
a rule-5a%e( approach to (ec'(e 2hether an# act'&'t'e% can 5e4'n
at each po'nt 'n %'*ulate( t'*e.
To 1ocu% on the act'&'t'e% an( tho%e con('t'on%
t each clock a(&ance3 the con('t'on% 1or each act'&'t# are checke(
an(3
'1 the con('t'on% are true3 then the corre%pon('n4 act'&'t# 5e4'n%.
Three-pha%e approach
: to co*5'ne pure act'&'t#-%cann'n4 approach 2'th the 1eature% o1
e&ent
%che(ul'n43 &ar'a5le t'*e a(&ance.
: e&ent% are con%'(ere( to 5e act'&'t'e% o1 (urat'on-:ero t'*e un't%.
..+.,. 7orl( V'e2% 8.9

The act'&'t#-%cann'n4 approach 8Cont.9
In the three-pha%e approach3 act'&'t'e% are ('&'(e( 'nto t2o cate4or'e%.

- $ act'&'t'e% : act'&'t'e% 5oun( to occurY all pr'*ar# e&ent% an(
uncon('t'onal act'&'t'e%.
- C act'&'t'e% : act'&'t'e% or e&ent% that are con('t'onal upon certa'n
con('t'on% 5e'n4 true.
)ha%e : Re*o&e the '**'nent e&ent 1ro* the @EL an( a(&ance the
clock
to 't% e&ent t'*e. Re*o&e an# other e&ent% 1ro* the @EL
that
ha&e the %a*e e&ent t'*e.
)ha%e $ : E-ecute all $-t#pe e&ent% that 2ere re*o&e( 1ro* the @EL.
)ha%e C : Scan the con('t'on% that tr'44er each C-t#pe act'&'t# an(
act'&ate an# 2ho%e con('t'on% are *et. Re%can unt'l no
a(('t'onal C-t#pe act'&'t'e% can 5e4'n or e&ent% occur.
..+.,. 7orl( V'e2% 809

EBM)LE .., 85le an( $aker3 $ack 4a'n9
The e&ent% an( act'&'t'e% 2ere '(ent'1'e( 'n E-a*ple ..+.
U%'n4 the three-pha%e approach3 the con('t'on% 1or 5e4'nn'n4 each

act'&'t# 'n )ha%e C are:
U%'n4 the proce%%-'nteract'on approach3 2e &'e2 the *o(el 1ro*

the &'e2po'nt o1 a cu%to*er an( 't% >l'1e c#cle.? Con%'(er'n4 a l'1e
c#cle 5e4'nn'n4 upon arr'&al3 a cu%to*er proce%% '% p'cture( 'n
@'4ure ..0
..+.,. 7orl( V'e2% 8D9
ct'&'t# Con('t'on
Ser&'ce t'*e 5# 5le
cu%to*er '% 'n <ueue an( 5le '%
'(le
Ser&'ce t'*e 5#
$aker
cu%to*er '% 'n <ueue3 $aker '% '(le3
an( 5le '% 5u%#

E-a*ple ... 8S'n4le-Channel Cueue9
Recon%'(er E-a*ple ,.+
S#%te* %tate 8LC8t93 LS8t99 :
LC8t9 '% the nu*5er o1 cu%to*er% 'n the 2a't'n4 l'ne
LS8t9 '% the nu*5er 5e'n4 %er&e( 8A or +9 at t'*e t
Ent't'e% : The %er&er an( cu%to*er% are not e-pl'c'tl#

*o(ele(3
e-cept 'n ter*% o1 the %tate &ar'a5le% a5o&e.
E&ent% :
rr'&al 89
Departure 8D9
Stopp'n4 e&ent 8E93 %che(ule( to occur at t'*e EA.

..+... Manual S'*ulat'on U%'n4 E&ent Sche(ul'n4 8+9

E-a*ple ... 8Cont.9
E&ent not'ce% 8e&ent t#pe3 e&ent t'*e9 :
83 t 93 repre%ent'n4 an arr'&al e&ent to occur at 1uture t'*e t
8D3 t 93 repre%ent'n4 a cu%to*er (eparture at 1uture t'*e t
8E3 EA93 repre%ent'n4 the %'*ulat'on-%top e&ent at 1uture t'*e

EA.
ct'&'t'e% :
Interarr'&al t'*e3 (e1'ne( 'n Ta5le ,.E
Ser&'ce t'*e3 (e1'ne( 'n Ta5le ,.F
Dela# : Cu%to*er t'*e %pent 'n 2a't'n4 l'ne.
The e11ect o1 the arr'&al an( (eparture e&ent% 2a% 1'r%t

%ho2n 'n @'4ure% ,., an( ,.. an( '% %ho2n 'n *ore (eta'l 'n
@'4ure% ..D an( ..E.
..+... Manual S'*ulat'on U%'n4 E&ent Sche(ul'n4 8,9



E-a*ple ... 8Cont.9
The 'nterarr'&al t'*e% an( %er&'ce t'*e% 2'll 5e '(ent'cal to

tho%e u%e( 'n Ta5le ,.+A
In't'al con('t'on%
the %#%te* %nap%hot at t'*e :ero 8CL!C[ P A9
LC8A9 P A3 LS8A9 P +
5oth a (eparture e&ent an( arr'&al e&ent on the @EL.
The %'*ulat'on '% %che(ule( to %top at t'*e EA.
Ser&er ut'l':at'on : total %er&er 5u%# t'*e 8$9 / total t'*e

8T
E
9.
a
\
: the 4enerate( 'nterarr'&al t'*e
%
\
: the 4enerate( %er&'ce t'*e%
The %'*ulat'on 'n Ta5le ..+ co&er% the t'*e 'nter&al RA3 ,+S.
..+... Manual S'*ulat'on U%'n4 E&ent Sche(ul'n4 8.9

..+... Manual S'*ulat'on U%'n4 E&ent Sche(ul'n4 809

E-a*ple ..0 8The Checkout-Counter S'*ulat'on3
Cont'nue(9
In E-a*ple ...3 to e%t'*ate :
*ean re%pon%e t'*e : the a&era4e len4th o1 t'*e a cu%to*er

%pen(%
'n the %#%te*
*ean proport'on o1 cu%to*er% 2ho %pen( 0 or *ore *'nute% 'n

the %#%te*.
Ent't'e% 8C'3 t 9 : repre%ent'n4 cu%to*er C' 2ho arr'&e( at

t'*e t
E&ent not'ce% :
83 t3 C'93 the arr'&al o1 cu%to*er C' at 1uture t'*e t
8D3 t3 Cj93 the (eparture o1 cu%to*er Cj at 1uture t'*e t
Set : >C=EC[!UTLINE3? the %et o1 all cu%to*er% currentl#

at the checkout counter 85e'n4 %er&e( or 2a't'n4 to 5e
%er&e(93 or(ere( 5# t'*e o1 arr'&al
cu%to*er ent't# 2'th arr'&al t'*e a% an attr'5ute '% a((e(

'n or(er to e%t'*ate *ean re%pon%e t'*e.
..+... Manual S'*ulat'on U%'n4 E&ent Sche(ul'n4 8D9

E-a*ple ..0 8Cont.9
Three ne2 cu*ulat'&e %tat'%t'c% 2'll 5e collecte( :
S : the %u* o1 cu%to*er re%pon%e t'*e% 1or all cu%to*er% 2ho

ha&e
(eparte( 5# the current t'*e
@ : the total nu*5er o1 cu%to*er% 2ho %pen( 0 or *ore *'nute%

at
the checkout counter
N
D
: the total nu*5er o1 (eparture% up to the current %'*ulat'on
t'*e.
The%e three cu*ulat'&e %tat'%t'c% 2'll 5e up(ate( 2hene&er

the
(eparture e&ent occur%.
The %'*ulat'on ta5le 1or E-a*ple ..0 '% %ho2n 'n Ta5le ..,.
The re%pon%e t'*e 1or cu%to*er '% co*pute( 5#

Re%pon%e t'*e P CL!C[ TIME - attr'5ute >t'*e o1 arr'&al?
..+... Manual S'*ulat'on U%'n4 E&ent Sche(ul'n4 8E9

E-a*ple ..0 8Cont.9
@or a %'*ulat'on run len4th o1 ,+ *'nute%

the a&era4e re%pon%e t'*e 2a% S/N
D
P +D/0 P ..FD *'nute%
the o5%er&e( proport'on o1 cu%to*er% 2ho %pent 0 or *ore

*'nute% 'n the %#%te* 2a% @/N
D
P A.FD.
..+... Manual S'*ulat'on U%'n4 E&ent Sche(ul'n4 8F9

E-a*ple ..D 8The Du*p Truck )ro5le*3 @'4ure ..F9
..+... Manual S'*ulat'on U%'n4 E&ent Sche(ul'n4 8G9
Tra&el'n
4
Loa('n4
Scale
7e'4h'n4
<ueue
Loa(er
<ueue
@'r%t-Co*e
@'r%t-Ser&e(
@'r%t-Co*e
@'r%t-Ser&e(
The ('%tr'5ut'on% o1 loa('n4 t'*e3 2e'4h'n4 t'*e3 an( tra&el t'*e

are 4'&en 'n Ta5le% ...3 ..03 an( ..D3 re%pect'&el#3 1ro* Ta5le .+.
The purpo%e o1 the %'*ulat'on '% to e%t'*ate the loa(er an( %cale
ut'l':at'on% 8percenta4e o1 t'*e 5u%#9.

The act'&'t# t'*e% are taken 1ro*

the 1ollo2'n4 l'%t a% nee(e(:
..+... Manual S'*ulat'on U%'n4 E&ent Sche(ul'n4 8H9

E-a*ple ..D 8Cont.9
S#%te* %tate RLC8t93 L8t93 7C8t93 78t9S
LC8t9 P nu*5er o1 truck% 'n loa(er <ueue
L8t9 P nu*5er o1 truck% 8A3 +3 or ,9 5e'n4 loa(e(
7C8t9 P nu*5er o1 truck% 'n 2e'4h <ueue
78t9 P nu*5er o1 truck% 8A or +9 5e'n4 2e'4he(3 all at

%'*ulat'on
t'*e t
E&ent not'ce% :
8LC3 t3 DT' 93 (u*p truck ' arr'&e% at loa(er <ueue 8LC9 at

t'*e t
8EL3 t3 DT'93 (u*p truck ' en(% loa('n4 8EL9 at t'*e t
8E73 t3 DT'93 (u*p truck ' en(% 2e'4h'n4 8E79 at t'*e t
Ent't'e% : The %'- (u*p truck% 8DT +3 J 3 DT E9

..+... Manual S'*ulat'on U%'n4 E&ent Sche(ul'n4 8+A9

E-a*ple ..D 8Cont.9
L'%t% :
Loa(er <ueue : all truck% 2a't'n4 to 5e4'n loa('n43 or(ere( on

a 1'r%t co*e3 1'r%t %er&e( 5a%'%
7e'4h <ueue : all truck% 2a't'n4 to 5e 2e'4he(3 or(ere( on a

1'r%t
co*e3 1'r%t %er&e( 5a%'%
ct'&'t'e% : Loa('n4 t'*e3 2e'4h'n4 t'*e3 an( tra&el t'*e
Dela#% : Dela# at loa(er <ueue3 an( (ela# at %cale
It ha% 5een a%%u*e( that 1'&e o1 the truck% are at the

loa(er% an( one '% at the %cale at t'*e A.
The %'*ulat'on ta5le '% 4'&en 'n Ta5le ..E.

..+... Manual S'*ulat'on U%'n4 E&ent Sche(ul'n4 8++9



E-a*ple ..D 8Cont.9
Th'% lo4'c 1or the occurrence o1 the en(-loa('n4 e&ent
7hen an en(-loa('n4 8EL9 e&ent occur%3 %a# 1or truck j at t'*e

t 3 other e&ent% *a# 5e tr'44ere(.
I1 the %cale '% '(le R78t9PAS3 truck j 5e4'n% 2e'4h'n4 an( an

en(-2e'4h'n4 e&ent 8E79 '% %che(ule( on the @EL.
!ther2'%e3 truck j jo'n% the 2e'4h <ueue.
I1 at th'% t'*e there '% another truck 2a't'n4 1or a loa(er3 't 2'll
5e re*o&e( 1ro* the loa(er <ueue an( 2'll 5e4'n loa('n4 5#
the %che(ul'n4 o1 an en(-loa('n4 e&ent 8EL9 on the @EL.
In or(er to e%t'*ate the loa(er an( %cale ut'l':at'on%3 t2o

cu*ulat'&e %tat'%t'c% are *a'nta'ne(:
$
L
P total 5u%# t'*e o1 5oth loa(er% 1ro* t'*e A to t'*e t
$
S
P total 5u%# t'*e o1 the %cale 1ro* t'*e A to t'*e t
..+... Manual S'*ulat'on U%'n4 E&ent Sche(ul'n4 8+,9

E-a*ple ..D 8Cont.9
The ut'l':at'on% are e%t'*ate( a% 1ollo2%:

..+... Manual S'*ulat'on U%'n4 E&ent Sche(ul'n4 8+.9
32 . 0
76
2 / 49

a&era4e loa(er ut'l':at'on

00 . 1
76
76

a&era4e %cale ut'l':at'on
The%e e%t'*ate% cannot 5e re4ar(e( a% accurate e%t'*ate%

o1 the lon4-run >%tea(#-%tate? ut'l':at'on% o1 the loa(er an(
%cale.
con%'(era5l# lon4er %'*ulat'on 2oul( 5e nee(e( to

re(uce the e11ect o1 the a%%u*e( con('t'on% at t'*e A 81'&e
o1 the %'- truck% at the loa(er%9 an( to real':e accurate
e%t'*ate%.

E-a*ple ..E 8The Du*p Truck )ro5le* Re&'%'te(9
The e&ent% an( act'&'t'e% 2ere '(ent'1'e( 'n E-a*ple ..D.
U%'n4 the act'&'t# %cann'n4 approach
U%'n4 the proce%%-'nteract'on approach

..+... Manual S'*ulat'on U%'n4 E&ent Sche(ul'n4 8+09
ct'&'t# Con('t'on
Loa('n4 t'*e Truck '% at 1ront o1 loa(er <ueue3 an( at lea%t one loa(er '%
'(le.
7e'4h'n4
t'*e
Truck '% at 1ront o1 2e'4h <ueue an( 2e'4h %cale '% '(le.
Tra&el t'*e Truck ha% ju%t co*plete( 2e'4h'n4.

.., L'%t )roce%%'n4
L'%t : a %et o1 or(ere( or ranke( recor(%.
Recor( : one ent't# or one e&ent not'ce.
..,.+ L'%t : $a%'c )ropert'e% an( !perat'on% 8+9
E&ent t#pe
E&ent t'*e
n# (ata
Ne-t po'nter
E&ent t#pe
E&ent t'*e
n# (ata
Ne-t po'nter
E&ent t#pe
E&ent t'*e
n# (ata
Ne-t po'nter
=ea( )o'nter
Ta'l )o'nter
E&ent t#pe
E&ent t'*e
n# (ata
Ne-t po'nter
Recor( Recor( Recor(
@'el( : an ent't# '(ent'1'er an( 't% attr'5ute%
: the e&ent t#pe3 e&ent t'*e3 an( an# other e&ent
relate( (ata

=o2 to %tore recor( 'n a ph#%'cal locat'on 'n co*puter
*e*or#
'n arra#% : %ucce%%'&e recor(% 'n cont'4uou% locat'on%
5# po'nter% to a recor( : %tructure% 'n C3 cla%%e% 'n CQQ

The *a'n operat'on% on a l'%t :
Re*o&'n4 a recor( 1ro* the top o1 the l'%t.
2hen t'*e '% a(&ance( an( the '**'nent e&ent '% (ue to 5e
e-ecute(.
5# a(ju%t'n4 the hea( po'nter on the @EL 5# re*o&'n4 the e&ent

at the top o1 the @EL.
Re*o&'n4 a recor( 1ro* an# locat'on on the l'%t.
I1 an ar5'trar# e&ent '% 5e'n4 cancele(3 or an ent't# '% re*o&e(

1ro* a l'%t 5a%e( on %o*e o1 't% attr'5ute% 8%a#3 1or e-a*ple3 't%
pr'or't# an( (ue (ate9 to 5e4'n an act'&'t#.
5# *ak'n4 a part'al %earch throu4h the l'%t.

..,.+ L'%t : $a%'c )ropert'e% an( !perat'on% 8,9

The *a'n operat'on% on a l'%t 8Cont.9
(('n4 an ent't# recor( to the top or 5otto* o1 the l'%t.
2hen an ent't# jo'n% the 5ack o1 a 1'r%t-'n 1'r%t-out <ueue.
5# a(ju%t'n4 the ta'l po'nter on the @EL 5# a(('n4 an ent't# to

the 5otto* o1 the @EL
(('n4 a recor( to an ar5'trar# po%'t'on on the l'%t3

(eter*'ne(
5# the rank'n4 rule.
'1 a <ueue ha% a rank'n4 rule o1 earl'e%t (ue (ate 1'r%t 8ED@9.
5# *ak'n4 a part'al %earch throu4h the l'%t.

The 4oal o1 l'%t-proce%%'n4 techn'<ue%
: to *ake %econ( an( 1ourth operat'on% e11'c'ent
..,.+ L'%t : $a%'c )ropert'e% an( !perat'on% 8.9

The notat'on R8'9 : the '
th
recor( 'n the arra#
(&anta4e
n# %pec'1'e( recor(3 %a# the '

th
3 can 5e retr'e&e( <u'ckl#
2'thout %earch'n43 *erel# 5# re1erenc'n4 R8' 9.
D'%a(&anta4e
7hen 'te*% are a((e( to the *'((le o1 a l'%t or the l'%t

*u%t 5e rearran4e(.
rra#% t#p'call# ha&e a 1'-e( %':e3 (eter*'ne( at co*p'le

t'*e or upon 'n't'al allocat'on 2hen a pro4ra* 1'r%t 5e4'n%
to e-ecute.
In %'*ulat'on3 the *a-'*u* nu*5er o1 recor(% 1or an# l'%t

*a# 5e ('11'cult or '*po%%'5le to (eter*'ne ahea( o1 t'*e3
2h'le the current nu*5er 'n a l'%t *a# &ar# 2'(el# o&er the
cour%e o1 the %'*ulat'on run.
..,., U%'n4 rra#% 1or L'%t )roce%%'n4 8+9

..,., U%'n4 rra#% 1or L'%t )roce%%'n4 8,9
, + . 0 D G F H +A
+A
A
+A
+
+A
,
+A
.
+A
0
+A
D
+A
E
+A
F
+A
G
+A
H
++
A
Me*or# a((re%%
, + . 0 D G F H +A
+A
A
+A
+
+A
,
+A
.
+A
0
+A
D
+A
E
+A
F
+A
G
+A
H
++
A
E
E
a(('n
4
*o&e *o&e *o&e *o&e
T2o *etho(% 1or keep'n4 track o1 the rank'n4 o1 recor(% 'n a
l'%t
to %tore the 1'r%t recor( 'n R8+93 the %econ( 'n R8,93 an( %o on3 an(
the la%t 'n R8ta'lptr93 2here ta'lptr '% u%e( to re1er to the la%t 'te*
'n the l'%t.
a &ar'a5le calle( a hea( po'nter3 2'th na*e hea(ptr3 po'nt% to the

recor( at the top o1 the l'%t.

E-a*ple ..F 8 L'%t 1or the Du*p Truck% at the 7e'4h
Cueue9
In E-a*ple ..D3 %uppo%e that a 2a't'n4 l'ne o1 three (u*p

truck% occurre( at the 2e'4h <ueue3 at CL!C[ t'*e +A 'n
Ta5le ..E.
..,., U%'n4 rra#% 1or L'%t )roce%%'n4 8.9
Suppo%e 1urther that the *o(el '% track'n4 one attr'5ute o1

each (u*p truck3 't% arr'&al t'*e at the 2e'4h <ueue3
up(ate( each t'*e 't arr'&e%.
Suppo%e that the ent't'e% are %tore( 'n recor(% 'n an arra#
('*en%'one( 1ro* + to E3 one recor( 1or each (u*p truck.

E-a*ple ..F 8Cont.9
Each ent't# '% repre%ente( 5# a recor( 2'th . 1'el(%3 the

1'r%t an ent't# '(ent'1'er3 the %econ( the arr'&al t'*e at the
2e'4h <ueue3 an( the la%t a po'nter 1'el( to >po'nt to? the
ne-t recor(3 '1 an#3 'n the l'%t repre%ent'n4 the 2e'4h
<ueue3 a% 1ollo2%:
R DT' 3 arr'&al t'*e at 2e'4h <ueue3 ne-t 'n(e- S
t CL!C[ t'*e +A3 the l'%t o1 ent't'e% 'n the 2e'4h <ueue
2oul( 5e (e1'ne( 5#:
..,., U%'n4 rra#% 1or L'%t )roce%%'n4 809
hea(ptr P .
R8+9 P RDT+3 A.A3 AS
R8,9 P RDT,3 +A.A3 0S
R8.9 P RDT.3 D.A3 ,S
R809 P RDT03 +A.A3 AS
R8D9 P RDTD3 A.A3 AS
R8E9 P RDTE3 A.A3 AS
ta'lptr P 0

E-a*ple ..F 8Cont.9
To tra&er%e the l'%t3 %tart 2'th the hea( po'nter3 4o to that

recor(3 retr'e&e that recor(O% ne-t po'nter3 an( procee(3 to
create the l'%t 'n 't% lo4'cal or(er3 a% 1or e-a*ple:
..,., U%'n4 rra#% 1or L'%t )roce%%'n4 8D9
hea(ptr P .
R8.9 P RDT.3 D.A3 ,S
R8,9 P RDT,3 +A.A3 0S
R809 P RDT03 +A.A3 AS
ta'lptr P 0

E-a*ple ..F 8Cont.9
..,., U%'n4 rra#% 1or L'%t )roce%%'n4 8E9
t CL!C[ t'*e +,3 (u*p truck DT . 5e4'n% 2e'4h'n4 an(

thu% lea&e% the 2e'4h <ueue.
hea(ptr P ,
t CL!C[ t'*e ,A3 (u*p truck DT D arr'&e% to the 2e'4h

<ueue an( jo'n% the rear o1 the <ueue.
ta'lptr P D

In proce(ural lan4ua4e% %uch a% C an( CQQ3 an( 'n
*o%t %'*ulat'on lan4ua4e%3 ent't# recor(% are
(#na*'call# create( 2hen an ent't# '% create( an(
e&ent not'ce recor(% are (#na*'call# create( 2hene&er
an e&ent '% %che(ule( on the 1uture e&ent l'%t.
The lan4ua4e% the*%el&e%3 or the operat'n4 %#%te*% on
2h'ch the# are runn'n43 *a'nta'n a l'nke( l'%t o1 1ree
chunk% o1 co*puter *e*or# an( allocate a chunk o1
(e%'re( %':e upon re<ue%t to runn'n4 pro4ra*%.
7'th (#na*'c allocat'on3 a recor( '% re1erence( 5# a
po'nter 'n%tea( o1 an arra# 'n(e-. po'nter to a recor(
can 5e thou4ht o1 a% the ph#%'cal or lo4'cal a((re%% 'n
co*puter *e*or# o1 the recor(.
..,.. U%'n4 D#na*'c llocat'on an( L'nke( L'%t% 8+9

In our e-a*ple3 2e 2'll u%e a notat'on 1or recor(%
'(ent'cal to that 'n the pre&'ou% %ect'on 8..,.,9:
Ent't'e%: R ID3 attr'5ute%3 ne-t po'nter S
E&ent not'ce%: R e&ent t#pe3 e&ent t'*e3 other (ata3 ne-t
po'nter S
I1 1or %o*e rea%on 2e 2ante( the th'r( 'te* on the l'%t3
2e 2oul( ha&e to tra&er%e the l'%t3 count'n4 'te*% unt'l
2e reache( the th'r( recor(.
Unl'ke arra#%3 there '% no 2a# to retr'e&e ('rectl# the '
th

recor( 'n a l'nke( l'%t3 a% the actual recor(% *a# 5e
%tore( at an# ar5'trar# locat'on 'n co*puter *e*or#
an( are not %tore( cont'4uou%l# a% are arra#%.
..,.. U%'n4 D#na*'c llocat'on an( L'nke( L'%t% 8,9

E-a*ple ..G 8The @uture E&ent L'%t an( the Du*p Truck
)ro5le*9
$a%e( on Ta5le ..E3 e&ent not'ce% 'n the (u*p truck

pro5le* o1 E-a*ple ..D are e-pan(e( to 'nclu(e a po'nter
to the ne-t e&ent not'ce on the 1uture e&ent l'%t an( can 5e
repre%ente( 5#:
R e&ent t#pe3 e&ent t'*e3 DT ' 3 ne-tptr S
a%3 1or e-a*ple3

R EL3 +A3 DT .3 ne-tptr S
2here EL '% the en( loa('n4 e&ent to occur at 1uture t'*e

+A 1or (u*p truck DT .3 an( the ]el( ne-tptr po'nt% to the
ne-t recor( on the @EL.
@'4ure ..H repre%ent% the 1uture e&ent l'%t at CL!C[ t'*e

+A taken 1ro* Ta5le ..E.
..,.. U%'n4 D#na*'c llocat'on an( L'nke( L'%t% 8.9

E-a*ple ..G 8Cont.9
..,.. U%'n4 D#na*'c llocat'on an( L'nke( L'%t% 809

E-a*ple ..G 8Cont.9
@or e-a*ple3 '1 R '% %et e<ual to the hea( po'nter 1or the
@EL at
CL!C[ t'*e +A3 then
R-Te&entt#pe P E7
R-Te&entt'*e P +,
R-Tne-t : the po'nter 1or the %econ( e&ent not'ce on the @EL
%o that
R-Tne-t-Te&entt#pe P EL
R-Tne-t-Te&entt'*e P ,A
R-Tne-t-Tne-t : the po'nter to the th'r( e&ent not'ce on the

@EL
7hat 2e ha&e (e%cr'5e( are calle( %'n4l#-l'nke( l'%t%3

5ecau%e there '% a one-2a# l'nka4e 1ro* the hea( o1 the
l'%t to 't% ta'l.
@or %o*e purpo%e%3 't '% (e%'ra5le to tra&er%e or %earch a

l'%t %tart'n4 at the ta'l a% 2ell a% 1ro* the hea(. @or %uch
purpo%e%3 a (ou5l#-l'nke( l'%t can 5e u%e(.
..,.. U%'n4 D#na*'c llocat'on an( L'nke( L'%t% 8D9

!ne '(ea to %pee( up proce%%'n4 (ou5l#-l'nke( l'%t%
: to u%e a *'((le po'nter 'n a(('t'on to a hea( an( ta'l po'nter.
7'th %pec'al techn'<ue%3 the *'( po'nter 2'll al2a#% po'nt to
the
appro-'*ate *'((le o1 the l'%t.
7hen a ne2 recor( '% 5e'n4 a((e( to the l'%t3 the al4or'th*
1'r%t
e-a*'ne% the *'((le recor( to (ec'(e 2hether to 5e4'n
%earch'n4
at the hea( o1 the l'%t or the *'((le o1 the l'%t.
Theoret'call#3 e-cept 1or %o*e o&erhea( (ue to *a'ntenance
o1 the
*'( po'nter3 th'% techn'<ue %houl( cut %earch t'*e% 'n hal1.
..,.0 (&ance( Techn'<ue%

+AA
GA
DA + , 0H
D+ D,
hea(ptr
*'((lept
r
ta'lptr
HH
2here to
a((I
J
J
%earch'n4

Chapter 0. S'*ulat'on So1t2are

)rel'*'nar#
So1t2are that '% u%e( to (e&elop %'*ulat'on
*o(el% can 5e ('&'(e( 'nto three cate4or'e%.
/eneral-purpo%e pro4ra**'n4 lan4ua4e%
@!RTRN3 C3 CQQ
S'*ulat'on pro4ra**'n4 lan4ua4e%
/)SS/=
TM
3 SIMN V
^
S'*ulat'on En&'ron*ent%
Th'% cate4or# 'nclu(e% *an# pro(uct% that are

('%t'n4u'%he( one 2a# or another 85#3 1or e-a*ple3
co%t3 appl'cat'on area3 or t#pe o1 an'*at'on9 5ut ha&e
co**on character'%t'c% %uch a% a 4raph'cal u%er
'nter1ace an( an en&'ron*ent that %upport% all 8or
*o%t9 a%pect% o1 a %'*ulat'on %tu(#.

0.+ ='%tor# o1 S'*ulat'on So1t2are
='%tor'cal per'o(
+HDD Z EA The )er'o( o1 Search
+HE+- ED The (&ent
+HEE Z FA The 1or*at'&e )er'o(
+HF+ Z FG The E-pan%'on )er'o(
+HFH Z GE The )er'o( o1 Con%ol'(at'on an(

Re4enerat'on
+HGF - The )er'o( o1 Inte4rate(

En&'ron*ent%

The )er'o( o1 Search 8+HDD Z EA9
In the earl# #ear%3 %'*ulat'on 2a% con(ucte( 'n

@!RTRN or other 4eneral purpo%e pro4ra**'n4
lan4ua4e 2'thout the %upport o1 %'*ulat'on-%pec'1'c
rout'ne%.
In the 1'r%t per'o(3 *uch e11ort 2a% e-pen(e( 'n the

%earch 1or un'1#'n4 concept% an( the (e&elop*ent o1
reu%a5le rout'ne% to 1ac'l'tate %'*ulat'on

The (&ent 8+HE+ - ED9
The 1orerunner o1 the %'*ulat'on pro4ra**'n4

lan4ua4e 8S)L%9 'n u%e to(a# appeare( 'n the per'o(
+HE+-ED.
@!RTRN-5a%e( packa4e% %uch a% SIMSCRI)T an(

/S)3 the L/!L (e%cen(ant SIMUL3 an( /)SS
The 1'r%t proce%%-'nteract'on S)L3 /)SS 2a%

(e&elope( 5# /eo11re# /or(on at I$M an( appeare(
a5out +HE+.
Cu'ck %'*ulat'on% o1 co**un'cat'on% an( co*puter

%#%te*%3 5ut 't% ea%e o1 u%e <u'ckl# %prea( 't%
popular't# to other appl'cat'on area%.
/)SS '% 5a%e( on a 5lock-('a4ra* repre%entat'on an( '%

%u'te( 1or <ueu'n4 *o(el% o1 all k'n(%.

=arr# Marko2't: pro&'(e( the *ajor conceptual

4u'(ance 1or SIMSCRI)T3 1'r%t appear'n4 'n +HE..
SIMSCRI)T or'4'nall# 2a% hea&'l# 'n1luence( 5#

@!RTRN3 5ut 'n later &er%'on% 't% (e&eloper% 5roke
1ro* 't% @!RTRN 5a%e an( create( 't% o2n S)L.
The 'n't'al &er%'on% 2ere 5a%e( on e&ent %che(ul'n4.
)h'l'p ". ['&'at 5e4an the (e&elop*ent o1 /S)

8/eneral ct'&'t# S'*ulat'on )ro4ra*9 'n +HE+.
!r'4'nall# 't 2a% 5a%e( on the 4eneral-purpo%e

pro4ra**'n4 lan4ua4e L/!L3 5ut later a (ec'%'on 2a%
*a(e to 5a%e 't on @!RTRN.
/S)3 l'ke /)SS3 u%e( 1lo2-chart %#*5ol% 1a*'l'ar to

en4'neer%.

Nu*erou% other S)L% 2ere (e&elope( (ur'n4 th'%

t'*e per'o(.
Nota5l#3 the# 'nclu(e( SIMUL3 an e-ten%'on o1 L/!L

an( The Control an( S'*ulat'on Lan4ua4e 8CSL9 that
took an act'&'t#-%cann'n4 approach.

The @or*at'&e )er'o( 8+HEE Z FA9
Dur'n4 th'% per'o(3 concept% 2ere re&'e2e( an(

re1'ne( to pro*ote a *ore con%'%tent repre%entat'on
o1 each lan4ua4e;% 2orl( &'e2. The *ajor S)L%
*ature( an( 4a'ne( 2'(er u%a4e.
Rap'( har(2are a(&ance*ent% an( u%er (e*an(%

1orce( %o*e lan4ua4e%3 nota5l# /)SS3 to un(er4o
*ajor re&'%'on%.
/)SS/.EA3 2'th 't% e-ten%'on% to earl'er &er%'on% o1

/)SS3 e*er4e( 1or the I$M .EA co*puter.
SIMSCRI)T II repre%ente( a *ajor a(&ance*ent 'n

S)L%.
7'th 't% 1ree1or* En4l'%h-l'ke lan4ua4e an( >1or4'&'n4?

co*p'ler3 an atte*pt 2a% *a(e to 4'&e the u%er *ajor
con%'(erat'on 'n the lan4ua4e (e%'4n.

The @or*at'&e )er'o( 8+HEE Z FA9
ECSL3 a (e%cen(ant o1 CSL3 2a% (e&elope( an(

5eca*e popular 'n the U[.
In Europe3 SIMUL a((e( the concept o1 cla%%e% an(

'nher'tance3 thu% 5eco*'n4 a precur%or o1 the
*o(ern o5ject-or'ente( pro4ra**'n4 lan4ua4e.

The E-pan%'on )er'o( 8+HF+ Z FG9
Major a(&ance% 'n /)SS (ur'n4 th'% per'o( ca*e

1ro* out%'(e I$M.
Nor(en S#%te*% hea(e( the (e&elop*ent o1

/)SS/N!RDEN3 a p'oneer'n4 e11ort that o11ere( an
'nteract'&e3 &'%ual onl'ne en&'ron*ent.
7ol&er'ne So1t2are (e&elope( /)SS/=3 relea%e( 'n

+HFF 1or I$M *a'n1ra*e%3 later 1or *'n'co*puter% an(
the )C.
7'th the a(('t'on o1 ne2 1eature% 'nclu('n4 an 'nteract'&e

(e5u44er3 't ha% 5eco*e the pr'nc'pal &er%'on o1 /)S 'n
u%e to(a#.

The E-pan%'on )er'o( 8+HF+ Z FG9
)ur(ue *a(e *ajor chan4e% to /S)3 2'th /S) IV

appear'n4 'n +HF0.
It 'ncorporate( %tate e&ent% 'n a(('t'on to t'*e e&ent%3

thu% a(('n4 %upport 1or the act'&'t#-%cann'n4 2orl(
&'e2 'n a(('t'on to the e&ent-%che(ul'n4 2orl( &'e2.
E11ort% 2ere *a(e (ur'n4 th'% per'o( to atte*pt to

%'*pl'1# the *o(el'n4 proce%%.
U%'n4 SIMUL3 an atte*pt 2a% *a(e to (e&elop a

%#%te* (e1'n't'on 1ro* a h'4h-le&el u%er per%pect'&e
that coul( 5e tran%late( auto*at'call# 'nto an
e-ecuta5le *o(el.
S'*'lar e11ort% 'nclu(e( 'nteract'&e pro4ra* 4enerator%3

the >)ro4ra**'n4 5# Cue%t'onna're3? an( natural-
lan4ua4e 'nter1ace%3 to4ether 2'th auto*at'c *app'n4%
to the lan4ua4e cho'ce.

Con%ol'(at'on an( Re4enerat'on 8+HFH Z GE9
Dur'n4 th'% per'o(3 the pre(o*'nant S)L% e-ten(e(

the'r '*ple*entat'on to *an# co*puter% an(
*'croproce%%or% 2h'le *a'nta'n'n4 the'r 5a%'c
%tructure.
T2o *ajor (e%cen(ant% o1 /S) appeare(: SLM II

an( SIMN.
SLM %ou4ht to pro&'(e *ult'ple *o(el'n4 per%pect'&e%

an( co*5'ne( *o(el'n4 capa5'l't'e%.
That '%3 't ha( an e&ent-%che(ul'n4 per%pect'&e 5a%e( on

/S)3 a net2ork 2orl( &'e23 an( a cont'nuou% co*ponent.
SIMN po%%e%%e( a 4eneral *o(el'n4 capa5'l't# 1oun(

'n S)L% %uch a% /S) IV3 5ut al%o ha( 5lock-('a4ra*
co*ponent %'*'lar 'n %o*e re%pect% to SLM an( /)SS.

Con%ol'(at'on an( Re4enerat'on 8+HFH Z GE9
% ('( SLM II3 SIMN allo2e( an e&ent-%che(ul'n4

approach 5# pro4ra**'n4 'n @!RTRN 2'th a %uppl'e(
collect'on o1 /!RTRN rout'ne%3 a 5lock-('a4ra*
approach analo4ou% 'n %o*e 2a#% to that o1 /)SS an(
SLM3 an( a cont'nuou% co*ponent.

The )re%ent )er'o( 8+HGF Z pre%ent9
The *o%t recent per'o( '% nota5le 1or the 4ro2th o1

S)L% on the per%onal co*puter an( the e*er4ence
o1 %'*ulat'on en&'ron*ent% 2'th 4raph'cal u%er
'nter1ace%3 an'*at'on an( other &'%ual':at'on tool%.
So*e packa4e% atte*pt to %'*pl'1# the *o(el'n4

proce%% 5# the u%e o1 proce%% 1lo2 or 5lock
('a4ra**'n4 an( >1'll-'n-the-5lank? 2'n(o2% that a&o'(
the nee( to learn pro4ra**'n4 %#nta-.
So*e o1 the *ore pre(o*'nant %'*ulat'on

en&'ron*ent% 'ntro(uce( %'nce the *'(-e'4ht'e%3
%uch a% rena an( utoMo(.

0., Select'on o1 S'*ulat'on
So1t2are

So1t2are

So1t2are

So1t2are
E&aluat'n4 an( %elect'n4 %'*ulat'on %o1t2are:
Do not 1ocu% on a %'n4le '%%ue %uch a% ea%e o1 u%e.
Con%'(er the accurac# an( le&el o1 (eta'l o5ta'na5le3

ea%e o1 learn'n43 &en(or %upport3 an( appl'ca5'l't# to
#our pro5le*.
E-ecut'on %pee( '% '*portant.
Do not th'nk e-clu%'&el# 'n ter*% o1 e-per'*ental run%

that take place at n'4ht an( o&er the 2eeken(.
$e2are o1 a(&ert'%'n4 cla'*% an( (e*on%trat'on%.
Man# a(&ert'%e*ent% e-plo't po%'t'&e 1eature% o1 the

%o1t2are onl#.

So1t2are
%k the &en(or to %ol&e a %*all &er%'on o1 #our

pro5le*.
$e2are o1 >checkl'%t%? 2'th >#e%? an( >no? a% the

entr'e%.
@or e-a*ple3 *an# packa4e% cla'* to ha&e a

con&e#or ent't#. =o2e&er3 '*ple*entat'on% ha&e
con%'(era5le &ar'at'on an( le&el o1 1'(el't#.
I*ple*entat'on an( capa5'l't# are 2hat '% '*portant.
S'*ulat'on u%er% a%k '1 the %'*ulat'on *o(el can l'nk

to an( u%e co(e or rout'ne% 2r'tten 'n e-ternal
lan4ua4e% %uch a% C3 CQQ3 or @!RTRN.
Th'% '% 4oo( 1eature3 e%pec'all# 2hen the e-ternal

rout'ne% alrea(# e-'%t an( are %u'ta5le 1or the purpo%e
at han(.

So1t2are
There *a# 5e a %'4n'1'cant tra(e-o11 5et2een the

4raph'cal *o(el-5u'l('n4 en&'ron*ent% an( one%
5a%e( on a %'*ulat'on lan4ua4e.
$e2are o1 >no pro4ra**'n4 re<u're(? unle%% e'ther

the packa4e '% a near-per1ect 1't to #our pro5le*
(o*a'n3 or pro4ra**'n4 8cu%to*':e( proce(ural
lo4'c9 '% po%%'5le 2'th the %uppl'e( 5lock%3 no(e%3 or
proce%% 1lo2 ('a4ra*3 'n 2h'ch ca%e >no pro4ra**'n4
re<u're(? re1er% to %#nta- onl# an( not the
(e&elop*ent o1 proce(ural lo4'c.

0.. n E-a*ple S'*ulat'on
E-a*ple 0.+ 8The Checkout Counter: T#p'cal
S'n4le-Ser&er Cueue9
The %#%te*3 a 4rocer# checkout counter3 '% *o(ele(

a% a %'n4le-%er&er <ueue.
The %'*ulat'on 2'll run unt'l +AAA cu%to*er% ha&e

5een %er&e(.
Interarr'&al t'*e o1 cu%to*er%
E-ponent'all# ('%tr'5ute( 2'th a *ean o1 0.D *'nute%
Ser&'ce t'*e
Nor*all# ('%tr'5ute( 2'th a *ean o1 .., *'nute% an( a

%tan(ar( (e&'at'on o1 A.E *'nute%

0.. n E-a*ple S'*ulat'on
E-a*ple 0.+ 8The Checkout Counter: T#p'cal
S'n4le-Ser&er Cueue9
7hen the ca%h'er '% 5u%#3 a <ueue 1or*% 2'th no

cu%to*er% turne( a2a#.

T=E RT !@
C!M)UTER
SYSTEMS
)ER@!RMNCE
NLYSIS
Raj "a'n

)art + n !&er&'e2
o1 )er1or*ance E&aluat'on
Ch. + Intro(uct'on
Ch. , Co**on M'%take% an( =o2 to &o'(
The*
Ch. . Select'on o1 Techn'<ue% an( Metr'c%

C=. + INTR!DUCTI!N
)er1or*ance '% a ke# cr'ter'on 'n the (e%'4n3
procure*ent3
an( u%e o1 co*puter %#%te*%.
The 4oal '% to 4et the h'4he%t per1or*ance 1or a 4'&en
co%t.
5a%'c kno2le(4e o1 per1or*ance e&aluat'on
ter*'nolo4#
an( techn'<ue%.

+.+ !utl'ne o1 Top'c% 8+9
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on on %#%te* (e%'4n alternat'&e%
S#%te* Tun'n4 : (eter*'n'n4 the opt'*al &alue
$ottleneck I(ent'1'cat'on : 1'n('n4 the per1or*ance 5ottleneck
7orkloa( Character':at'on
Capac't# )lann'n4 : (eter*'n'n4 the nu*5er/%':e o1
co*ponent%
@oreca%t'n4 : pre('ct'n4 the per1or*ance at 1uture loa(%
S'- E-a*ple% o1 the t#pe% o1 pro5le*%

+. Select appropr'ate e&aluat'on techn'<ue%3 per1or*ance *etr'c%3
an( 2orkloa(% 1or a %#%te*.
The techn'<ue% 1or per1or*ance e&aluat'on

: Mea%ure*ent3 S'*ulat'on3 an( nal#t'cal *o(el'n4
The *etr'c : the cr'ter'a u%e( to e&aluate the per1or*ance

8e-9 Re%pon%e t'*e Z the t'*e to %er&'ce a re<ue%t
8e-9 Throu4hput Z tran%act'on% per %econ(
The 2orkloa( : the re<ue%t% *a(e 5# the u%er% o1 the %#%te*

E-. 8+.+9 7hat per1or*ance *etr'c% %houl( 5e u%e( to co*pare the
per1or*ance o1 the 1ollo2'n4 %#%te*%I
8a9 T2o ('%k (r'&e%
859 T2o tran%act'on proce%%'n4 %#%te*%
8c9 T2o packet retran%*'%%'on al4or'th*%
+.+ !utl'ne o1 Top'c% 8,9

,. Con(uct per1or*ance *ea%ure*ent% correctl#.
Loa( /enerator : a tool to loa( the %#%te*

8e-9 Re*ote Ter*'nal E*ulator 1or a t'*e%har'n4
%#%te*
Mon'tor : a tool to *ea%ure the re%ult%

E-. 8+.,9 7h'ch t#pe o1 *on'tor 8%o1t2are or har(2are9 2oul( 5e *ore
%u'ta5le 1or *ea%ur'n4 each o1 the 1ollo2'n4 <uant't'e%I
8a9 Nu*5er o1 'n%truct'on% e-ecute 5# a proce%%or
859 De4ree o1 *ult'pro4ra**'n4 on a t'*e%har'n4 %#%te*
8c9 Re%pon%e t'*e o1 packet% on a net2ork
+.+ !utl'ne o1 Top'c% 8.9

.. U%e proper %tat'%t'cal techn'<ue% to co*pare %e&eral
alternat'&e%.
Mo%t per1or*ance e&aluat'on pro5le*% 5a%'call# con%'%t o1 1'n('n4

the 5e%t a*on4 a nu*5er o1 alternat'&e%.
S'*pl# co*par'n4 the a&era4e re%ult o1 a nu*5er o1 repeate(

tr'al% (oe% not lea( to correct conclu%'on%3 part'cularl# '1 the
&ar'a5'l't# o1 the re%ult '% h'4h.
E-. 8+..9 The nu*5er o1 packet% lo%t on t2o l'nk% 2a% *ea%ure( 1or
1our
1'le %':e% a% %ho2n 'n Ta5le +.+. 7h'ch l'nk '% 5etterI

+.+ !utl'ne o1 Top'c% 809
@'le S':e L'nk L'nk $
T$LE +.+ )acket% Lo%t on T2o L'nk%
+AAA D +A
+,AA F .
+.AA . A
DA A +

0. De%'4n *ea%ure*ent an( %'*ulat'on e-per'*ent% to pro&'(e the
*o%t 'n1or*at'on 2'th the lea%t e11ort.
/'&en a nu*5er o1 1actor% that a11ect the %#%te* per1or*ance3 't '%
u%e1ul to %eparate out the e11ect% o1 'n('&'(ual 1actor%.
E-. 8+.09 The per1or*ance o1 a %#%te* (epen(% on the 1ollo2'n4 three
1actor%
8a9 /ar5a4e collect'on techn'<ue u%e(: /+3 /,3 or none.
859 T#pe o1 2orkloa(: e('t'n43 co*put'n43 or art'1'c'al 'ntell'4ence 8I9.
8c9 T#pe o1 C)U: C+3 C,3 or C.
=o2 *an# e-per'*ent% are nee(e(I =o2 (oe% one e%t'*ate the
per1or*ance '*pact o1 each 1actorI
+.+ !utl'ne o1 Top'c% 8D9

D. )er1or*ance %'*ulat'on% correctl#.
In (e%'4n'n4 a %'*ulat'on *o(el3 one ha% to %elect a lan4ua4e 1or

%'*ulat'on3 %elect %ee(% an( al4or'th*% 1or ran(o*-nu*5er
4enerat'on3 (ec'(e the len4th o1 %'*ulat'on run3 an( anal#:e the
%'*ulat'on re%ult%.
E-. 8+.D9 In or(er to co*pare the per1or*ance o1 t2o cache
replace*ent
al4or'th*%:
8a9 7hat t#pe o1 %'*ulat'on *o(el %houl( 5e u%e(I
859 =o2 lon4 %houl( the %'*ulat'on 5e runI
8c9 7hat can 5e (one to 4et the %a*e accurac# 2'th a %horter runI
8(9 =o2 can one (ec'(e '1 the ran(o*-nu*5er 4enerator 'n the
%'*ulat'on '% a 4oo( 4eneratorI
+.+ !utl'ne o1 Top'c% 8E9

E. U%e %'*ple <ueue'n4 *o(el% to anal#:e the per1or*ance o1
%#%te*%.
Cueue'n4 *o(el% are co**onl# u%e( 1or anal#t'cal *o(el'n4 o1

co*puter %#%te*%.
E-. 8+.E9 The a&era4e re%pon%e t'*e o1 a (ata5a%e %#%te* '% .
%econ(%.
Dur'n4 a +-*'nute o5%er&at'on 'nter&al3 the '(le t'*e on the
%#%te* 2a% +A %econ(%. U%'n4 a <ueue'n4 *o(el 1or the
%#%te*3
(eter*'ne the 1ollo2'n4:
8a9 S#%te* Ut'l':at'on 859 &era4e %er&'ce t'*e per <uer#
8c9 Nu*5er o1 <uer'e% co*plete( (ur'n4 the o5%er&at'on 'nter&al
8(9 &era4e nu*5er o1 jo5% 'n the %#%te*
8e9 )ro5a5'l't# o1 nu*5er o1 jo5% 'n the %#%te* 5e'n4 4reater than
+A
819 HA-percent'le re%pon%e t'*e 849 HA-percent'le 2a't'n4
t'*e
+.+ !utl'ne o1 Top'c% 8F9

So*e re<u're*ent% 1or per1or*ance
e&aluat'on
n 'nt'*ate kno2le(4e o1 the %#%te*

5e'n4 *o(ele(
care1ul %elect'on o1 the

*etho(olo4#3 2orkloa(3 an( tool%
/'&en the %a*e pro5le*3 t2o
anal#%t% *a# choo%e ('11erent
per1or*ance *etr'c% an( e&aluat'on
*etho(olo4'e%.
/'&en the %a*e (ata3 t2o anal#%t%
*a# 'nterpret the* ('11erentl#.
+., The rt o1 )er1or*ance E&aluat'on8+9
7hat a
per1or*an
ce *etr'cI

E-a*ple +.F
The throu4hput% o1 t2o %#%te*% an( $ 2ere *ea%ure( 'n

tran%act'on% per %econ(.
The re%ult% are %ho2n 'n Ta5le +.,

+., The rt o1 )er1or*ance E&aluat'on8,9
S#%te* 7orkloa( + 7orkloa( ,
,A +A
$ +A ,A
T$LE +., Throu4hput 'n Tran%act'on% per
Secon(
There are three 2a#% to co*pare the per1or*ance o1 the

t2o
%#%te*%.

E-a*ple +.F 8Cont.9
The 1'r%t 2a# '% to take the a&era4e o1 the per1or*ance on

the
t2o 2orkloa(%.
+., The rt o1 )er1or*ance E&aluat'on8.9
,A +A
$ +A ,A
&era4e
+D
+D
The %econ( 2a# '% to con%'(er the rat'o o1 the

per1or*ance%
2'th %#%te* $ a% the 5a%e.
, A.D
$ + +
&era4e
+.,D
+

+., The rt o1 )er1or*ance E&aluat'on809
E-a*ple +.F 8Cont.9
The th'r( 2a# '% to con%'(er the per1or*ance rat'o 2'th

%#%te*
a% the 5a%e.
+ +
$ A.D ,
&era4e
+
+.,D
E-a*ple +.F 'llu%trate% a techn'<ue kno2n a% the rat'o
4a*e.

+.. )ro1e%%'onal !r4an':at'on%3
"ournal%3 an( Con1erence% 8+9
CM SI/METRICS
: 1or re%earcher% en4a4e( 'n (e&elop'n4 *etho(olo4'e% an(
u%er
%eek'n4 ne2 or '*pro&e( techn'<ue% 1or anal#%'% o1 co*puter
%#%te*%
IEEE Co*puter Soc'et#
: a nu*5er o1 techn'cal co**'ttee% Z the techn'cal co**'ttee
on
%'*ulat'on *a# o1 'ntere%t to per1or*ance anal#%t%
CM SI/SIM
: Spec'al Intere%t /roup on SIMulat'on Z Simulation Digest
CM/
: Co*puter Mea%ure*ent /roup3 Inc. Z CMG Transactions

I@I) 7ork'n4 /roup F..
: @I)S8*er'can @e(erat'on o1 In1or*at'on )roce%%'n4 Soc'et'e%9
- CM3 IEEE3 etc.
The Soc'et# 1or Co*puter S'*ulat'on
: Simulation8*onthl#93 Transactions of the Society for Computer
Simulation8<uarterl#9
SIM
: SIAM Review, SIAM Journal on Control !ptimi"ation, SIAM
Journal
on #umerical Analysis, SIAM Journal on Computing, SIAM
Journal
on Scientific an$ Statistical Computing, an$ Theory of
%ro&a&ility
Its Applications
"ournal%3 an( Con1erence% 8,9

"ournal%3 an( Con1erence% 8.9
!RS
: !perations Research, !RSA Journal on Computing,
Mathematics
of !perations Research, !perations Research 'etters, an$
Stochastic Mo$els
Each o1 the or4an':at'on% or4an':e% annual con1erence%.
Stu(ent% 'ntere%te( 'n tak'n4 a(('t'onal cour%e% on
per1or*ance e&aluat'on techn'<ue% *a# con%'(er
cour%e%
on %tat'%t'cal 'n1erence3 operat'on% re%earch3 %tocha%t'c
proce%%e%3 (ec'%'on theor#3 t'*e %er'e% anal#%'%3 (e%'4n
o1
e-per'*ent%3 %#%te* %'*ulat'on3 <ueue'n4 theor#3 an(
other
relate( %u5ject%.

+.0 )er1or*ance )roject%
Select a co*puter %u5%#%te*3 1or e-a*ple3 a net2ork
*a'l
pro4ra*3 an operat'on %#%te*3 a lan4ua4e co*pl'er3 a
te-t
e('tor3 a proce%%or3 or a (ata5a%e.
)er1or* %o*e *ea%ure*ent%.
nal#:e the collecte( (ata.
S'*ulate or anal#t'call# *o(el the %u5%#%te*.
)re('ct 't% per1or*ance.
Val'(ate the *o(el.

Chapter. , Co**on M'%take% an( =o2
to &o'( The*

,.+ Co**on M'%take% 'n
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8+9
No 4oal%
n# en(ea&or 2'thout 4oal% '% 5oun( to 1a'l.
Each *o(el *u%t 5e (e&elope( 2'th a part'cular 4oal 'n

*'n(.
The *etr'c%3 2orkloa(%3 an( *etho(olo4# all (epen( upon

the 4oal.
7hat 4oal%I
/eneral- purpo%e
*o(el
)art'cular *o(el

$'a%e( /oal%
The %tat'n4 the 4oal% 5eco*e% that o1 1'n('n4 the r'4ht

*etr'c%
an( 2orkloa(% 1or co*par'n4 the t2o %#%te*%3 not that o1
1'n('n4 the *etr'c% an( 2orkloa(% %uch that our %#%te*
turn%
out 5etter.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8,9
!ur %#%te*
'% 5etter.
!ur %#%te*
'% 5etter.
I;* a jur#.Your %tate*ent '% 2ron4.
$e un5'a%e(.

Un%#%te*at'c pproach 8Sect'on ,.,9
!1ten anal#%t% a(opt an un%#%te*at'c approach 2here5#

the#
%elect %#%te* para*eter%3 1actor%3 *etr'c%3 an( 2orkloa(%
ar5'trar'l#.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8.9
Metr'c $ )ara*eter
@actor D 7orkloa( C
)'ck up
a% *#
l'ke%

nal#%'% 2'thout Un(er%tan('n4 the )ro5le*
De1'n'n4 a pro5le* o1ten take% up to 0AV o1 the total

e11ort.
pro5le* 2ell %tate( '% hal1 %ol&e(.
!1 the re*a'n'n4 EAV3 a lar4e %hare 4oe% 'nto (e%'4n'n4

alternat'&e%3 'nterpretat'on o1 the re%ult%3 an( pre%entat'on
o1
conclu%'on%.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 809
Mo(el
Mo(el $
@'nal
re%ult%

Incorrect )er1or*ance Metr'c%
*etr'c re1er% to the cr'ter'on u%e( to <uant'1# the

per1or*ance o1 the %#%te*.
The cho'ce o1 correct per1or*ance *etr'c% (epen(% upon

the
%er&'ce% pro&'(e( 5# the %#%te* 5e'n4 *o(ele(.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8D9
RISC CISC
Co*pare MI)S
Mean'n4le%%

Unrepre%entat'&e 7orkloa(
The 2orkloa( u%e( to co*pare t2o %#%te*% %houl( 5e

repre%entat'&e o1 the actual u%a4e o1 the %#%te*% 'n the
1'el(.
The cho'ce o1 the 2orkloa( ha% a %'4n'1'cant '*pact on the

re%ult% o1 a per1or*ance %tu(#.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8E9
Net2ork
Net2ork
Short )acket S':e%
Lon4 )acket S':e%

7ron4 E&aluat'on Techn'<ue
There are three e&aluat'on techn'<ue: *ea%ure*ent3

%'*ulat'on3
an( anal#t'cal *o(el'n4.
nal#%t% o1ten ha&e a pre1erence 1or one e&aluat'on

techn'<ue
that the# u%e 1or e&er# per1or*ance e&aluat'on pro5le*.
n anal#%t %houl( ha&e a 5a%'c kno2le(4e o1 all three

techn'<ue%.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8F9
Mea%ure*ent
S'*ulat'on
nal#t'cal
Mo(el'n4

!&erlook'n4 I*portant )ara*eter%
It '% 4oo( '(ea to *ake a co*plete l'%t o1 %#%te* an(

2orkloa(
character'%t'c% that a11ect the per1or*ance o1 the %#%te*.
S#%te* para*eter%
- <uantu* %':e : C)U allocat'on
- 2ork'n4 %et %':e : *e*or# allocat'on
7orkloa( para*eter%
- the nu*5er o1 u%er%
- re<ue%t arr'&al pattern%
- pr'or't#
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8G9

I4nor'n4 S'4n'1'cant @actor%
)ara*eter% that are &ar'e( 'n the %tu(# are calle( 1actor%.
Not all para*eter% ha&e an e<ual e11ect on the per1or*ance.

: '1 packet arr'&al rate rather than packet %':e a11ect% the re%pon%e
t'*e
o1 a net2ork 4ate2a#3 't 2oul( 5e 5etter to u%e %e&eral ('11erent
arr'&al rate% 'n %tu(#'n4 't% per1or*ance.
It '% '*portant to '(ent'1# tho%e para*eter%3 2h'ch3 '1 &ar'e(3 2'll

*ake a %'4n'1'cant '*pact on the per1or*ance.
It '% '*portant to un(er%tan( the ran(o*ne%% o1 &ar'ou% %#%te*

an(
2orkloa( para*eter% that a11ect the per1or*ance.
The cho'ce o1 1actor% %houl( 5e 5a%e( on the'r rele&ance an( not

on
the anal#%t;% kno2le(4e o1 the 1actor%.
@or unkno2n para*eter%3 a %en%'t'&'t# anal#%'%3 2h'ch %ho2% the

e11ect
o1 chan4'n4 tho%e para*eter% 1or* the'r a%%u*e( &alue%3 %houl(
5e
(one to <uant'1# the '*pact o1 the uncerta'nt#.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8H9

Inappropr'ate E-per'*ental De%'4n
E-per'*ental (e%'4n relate% to the nu*5er o1

*ea%ure*ent or
%'*ulat'on e-per'*ent% to 5e con(ucte( an( the
para*eter
&alue% u%e( 'n each e-per'*ent.
The %'*ple (e%'4n *a# lea( to 2ron4 conclu%'on% '1 the

para*eter% 'nteract %uch that the e11ect o1 one para*eter
(epen(% upon the &alue% o1 other para*eter%.
$etter alternat'&e% are the u%e o1 the 1ull 1actor'al

e-per'*ental (e%'4n% an( 1ract'onal 1actor'al (e%'4n%.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8+A9

Inappropr'ate Le&el o1 Deta'l
The le&el o1 (eta'l u%e( 'n *o(el'n4 a %#%te* ha% a

%'4n'1'cant
'*pact on the pro5le* 1or*ulat'on.
&o'( 1or*ulat'on% that are e'ther too narro2 or too 5roa(.
co**on *'%take '% to take the (eta'le( approach 2hen a

h'4h-le&el *o(el 2'll (o an( &'ce &er%a.
It '% clear that the 4oal% o1 a %tu(# ha&e a %'4n'1'cant

'*pact on
2hat '% *o(ele( an( ho2 't '% anal#:e(.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8++9

No nal#%'%
!ne o1 the co**on pro5le*% 2'th *ea%ure*ent project%

'%
that the# are o1ten run 5# per1or*ance anal#%t% 2ho are
4oo(
'n *ea%ure*ent techn'<ue% 5ut lack (ata anal#%'%
e-pert'%e.
The# collect enor*ou% a*ount% o1 (ata 5ut (o not kno2 to

anal#:e or 'nterpret 't.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8+,9
(
)
*
+
,
Let;% e-pla'n
ho2 one can
u%e the re%ult%

Erroneou% nal#%'%
There are a nu*5er o1 *'%take% anal#%t% co**onl# *ake

'n
*ea%ure*ent3 %'*ulat'on3 an( anal#t'cal *o(el'n43 1or
e-a*ple3
tak'n4 the a&era4e o1 rat'o% an( too %hort %'*ulat'on%.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8+.9
S'*ulat'on t'*e

No Sen%'t'&'t# nal#%'%
!1ten anal#%t% put too *uch e*pha%'% on the re%ult% o1

the'r
anal#%'%3 pre%ent'n4 't a% 1act rather than e&'(ence.
7'thout a %en%'t'&'t# anal#%'%3 one cannot 5e %ure '1 the

conclu%'on% 2oul( chan4e '1 the anal#%'% 2a% (one 'n a
%l'4htl#
('11erent %ett'n4.
7'thout a %en%'t'&'t# anal#%'%3 't '% ('11'cult to acce%% the

relat'&e
'*portance o1 &ar'ou% para*eter%.

I4nor'n4 Error% 'n Input
!1ten the para*eter% o1 'ntere%t cannot 5e *ea%ure(.
The anal#%t nee(% to a(ju%t the le&el o1 con1'(ence on the

*o(el output o5ta'ne( 1ro* 'nput (ata.
Input error% are not al2a#% e<uall# ('%tr'5ute( a5out the

*ean.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8+D9
Tran%*'
t 5u11er
Rece'&e
5u11er
D+,
octect%
)acket

I*proper Treat*ent o1 !utl'er%
Value% that are too h'4h or too lo2 co*pare( to a *ajor't#

o1 &alue% 'n a %et are calle( outl'er%.
!utl'er% 'n the 'nput or *o(el output pre%ent a pro5le*.
I1 an outl'er '% not cau%e( 5# a real %#%te* pheno*enon3 't

%houl( 5e '4nore(.
Dec'('n4 2h'ch outl'er% %houl( 5e '4nore( an( 2h'ch

%houl( 5e
'nclu(e( '% part o1 the art o1 per1or*ance e&aluat'on an(
re<u're% care1ul un(er%tan('n4 o1 the %#%te* 5e'n4
*o(ele(.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8+E9

%%u*'n4 No Chan4e 'n the @uture
It '% o1ten a%%u*e( that the 1uture 2'll 5e the %a*e a% the
pa%t.
*o(el 5a%e( on the 2orkloa( an( per1or*ance o5%er&e(

'n
the pa%t '% u%e( to pre('ct per1or*ance 'n the 1uture.
The 1uture 2orkloa( an( %#%te* 5eha&'or '% a%%u*e( to 5e

the
%a*e a% that alrea(# *ea%ure(.
The anal#%t an( the (ec'%'on *aker% %houl( ('%cu%% th'%

a%%u*pt'on an( l'*'t the a*ount o1 t'*e 'nto the 1uture
that
pre('ct'on% are *a(e.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8+F9

I4nor'n4 Var'a5'l't#
It '% co**on to anal#:e onl# the *ean per1or*ance %'nce

(eter*'n'n4 &ar'a5'l't# '% o1ten ('11'cult3 '1 not '*po%%'5le.
I1 the &ar'a5'l't# '% h'4h3 the *ean alone *a# 5e *'%lea('n4

to
the (ec'%'on *aker%.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8+G9
M!N TUE 7ED T=U @RI ST SUN
Loa(
(e*an(
7eekl#
Mean P GA
Not u%e1ul

Too Co*ple- nal#%'%
)er1or*ance anal#%t% %houl( con&e# 1'nal conclu%'on% 'n a%

%'*ple a *anner a% po%%'5le.
It '% 5etter to %tart 2'th %'*ple *o(el% or e-per'*ent%3 4et

%o*e re%ult% or 'n%'4ht%3 an( then 'ntro(uce the
co*pl'cat'on%.
The (ec'%'on (ea(l'ne% o1ten lea( to choo%'n4 %'*ple

*o(el%.
Thu%3 a *ajor't# o1 (a#-to-(a# per1or*ance pro5le*% 'n
the
real 2orl( are %ol&e( 5# %'*ple *o(el%.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8+H9
Dec'%'on
*aker
nal#%t
I;* ea%'l#
un(er%too(
M# *o(el '% %'*ple
an( ea%'er to e-pla'n
't

I*proper )re%entat'on o1 Re%ult%
The e&entual a'* o1 e&er# per1or*ance %tu(# '% to help 'n

(ec'%'on *ak'n4.
The r'4ht *etr'c to *ea%ure the per1or*ance o1 an anal#%t

'%
not the nu*5er o1 anal#%e% per1or*e( 5ut the nu*5er o1
anal#%e% that helpe( the (ec'%'on *aker%.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8,A9
7or(%3 p'cture%3 an( 4raph%
I;* anal#%t.
Let;% e-pla'n
the re%ult% o1
the anal#%'%

I4nor'n4 Soc'al %pect%
Succe%%1ul pre%entat'on o1 the anal#%'% re%ult% re<u're% t2o

t#pe% o1 %k'll%: %oc'al an( %u5%tant'&e.
- 7r't'n4 an( %peak'n4 : Soc'al %k'll%
- Mo(el'n4 an( (ata anal#%'% : Su5%tant'&e %k'll%.
cceptance o1 the anal#%'% re%ult% re<u're% (e&elop'n4 a

tru%t
5et2een the (ec'%'on *aker% an( the anal#%t an(
pre%entat'on
o1 the re%ult% to the (ec'%'on *aker% 'n a *anner
un(er%tan(a5le to the*.
Soc'al %k'll% are part'cularl# '*portant 'n pre%ent'n4 re%ult%

that
are counter to the (ec'%'on *aker;% 5el'e1% an( &alue% or
that
re<u're a %u5%tant'al chan4e 'n the (e%'4n.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8,+9

I4nor'n4 Soc'al %pect% 8cont.9
The pre%entat'on to the (ec'%'on *aker% %houl( ha&e

*'n'*al
anal#%'% jar4on an( e*pha%':e the 1'nal re%ult%3 2h'le the
pre%entat'on to other anal#%t% %houl( 'nclu(e all the (eta'l%
o1
the anal#%'% techn'<ue%.
Co*5'n'n4 the%e t2o pre%entat'on% 'nto one coul( *ake 't

*ean'n4le%% 1or 5oth au('ence%.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8,+9

!*'tt'n4 %%u*pt'on% an( L'*'tat'on%
%%u*pt'on% an( l'*'tat'on% o1 the anal#%'% are o1ten

o*'tte(
1ro* the 1'nal report.
Th'% *a# lea( the u%er to appl# the anal#%'% to another

conte-t
2here the a%%u*pt'on% 2'll not 5e &al'(.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8,,9
@'nal report
!ther conte-t
%%u*pt'on89 nal#%'% re%ult% %%u*pt'on8$9
I% the re%ult r'4htI

,., S#%te*at'c pproach to
State /oal% an( De1'ne the S#%te*
/'&en the %a*e %et o1 har(2are an( %o1t2are3 the

(e1'n't'on o1
the %#%te* *a# &ar# (epen('n4 upon the 4oal% o1 the
%tu(#.
The cho'ce o1 %#%te* 5oun(ar'e% a11ect% the per1or*ance

*etr'c% a% 2ell a% 2orkloa(% u%e( to co*pare the %#%te*%.
T'*e%har'n4 %#%te* D'11erent LU %#%te*
S#%te* : T'*e%har'n4 %#%te*
)art : e-ternal co*ponent% to C)U
S#%te* : C)U
)art : 'nternal co*ponent% 'n C)U
Dual C)U
S#%te*

L'%t Ser&'ce an( !utco*e%
Each %#%te* pro&'(e% a %et o1 %er&'ce%.

)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8,9
+. Re<ue%t the %er&'ce
,. Sen( the packet%
.. )er1or* a nu*5er o1
('11erent 'n%truct'on%
0. Re<ue%t <uer'e%
D. n%2er <uer'e%
E. Re%pon%e

Select Metr'c%
Select cr'ter'a to co*pare the per1or*ance.
Choo%e the *etr'c%8cr'ter'a9.
In 4eneral3 the *etr'c% are relate( to the %pee(3 accurac#3

an(
a&a'la5'l't# o1 %er&'ce%.
The per1or*ance o1 a net2ork

: the %pee(8throu4hput3 (ela#93 accurac#8error rate93 an(
a&a'la5'l't# o1 the packet% %ent.
The per1or*ance o1 a proce%%or

: the %pee( o1 8t'*e taken to e-ecute9 &ar'ou% 'n%truct'on%
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8.9

L'%t )ara*eter%
Make a l'%t o1 all the para*eter% that a11ect per1or*ance.
The l'%t can 5e ('&'(e( 'nto %#%te* para*eter% an(

2orkloa(
para*eter%.
S#%te* para*eter%
: =ar(2are/So1t2are para*eter%
: The%e 4enerall# (o not &ar# a*on4 &ar'ou% 'n%tallat'on%
o1 the
%#%te*.
7orkloa( para*eter%
: Character'%t'c% o1 u%er;% re<ue%t%
: The%e &ar# 1or* one 'n%tallat'on to the ne-t.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 809

Select @actor% to Stu(#
The l'%t o1 para*eter% can 5e ('&'(e( 'nto t2o part%

: tho%e that 2'll 5e &ar'e( (ur'n4 the e&aluat'on
an( tho%e that 2'll not.
The para*eter% to 5e &ar'e( are calle( 1actor% an( the'r

&alue%
are calle( le&el%.
It '% 5etter to %tart 2'th a %hort l'%t o1 1actor% an( a %*all

nu*5er o1 le&el% 1or each 1actor an( to e-ten( the l'%t 'n
the
ne-t pha%e o1 the project '1 the re%ource per*'t.
It '% '*portant to con%'(er the econo*'c3 pol't'cal3 an(

technolo4'cal con%tra'nt% that e-'%t a% 2ell a% 'nclu('n4 the
l'*'tat'on% '*po%e( 5# the (ec'%'on *aker%; control an(
the
t'*e a&a'la5le 1or the (ec'%'on.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8D9

Select E&aluat'on Techn'<ue
The r'4ht %elect'on a*on4 anal#t'cal *o(el'n43 %'*ulat'on3

an(
*ea%ure*ent (epen(% upon the t'*e an( re%ource%
a&a'la5le
to %ol&e the pro5le* an( the (e%'re( le&el o1 accurac#.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8E9

Select 7orkloa(
The 2orkloa( con%'%t% o1 a l'%t o1 %er&'ce re<ue%t% to the

%#%te*.
@or anal#t'cal *o(el'n43 the 2orkloa( '% u%uall# e-pre%%e(

a% a
pro5a5'l't# o1 &ar'ou% re<ue%t%.
@or %'*ulat'on3 one coul( u%e a trace o1 re<ue%t% *ea%ure(

on
a real %#%te*.
@or *ea%ure*ent3 the 2orkloa( *a# con%'%t o1 u%er %cr'pt%

to
5e e-ecute( on the %#%te*%.
To pro(uce repre%entat'&e 2orkloa(%3 one nee(% to

*ea%ure
an( character':e the 2orkloa( on e-'%t'n4 %#%te*%.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8F9

De%'4n E-per'*ent%
!nce #ou ha&e a l'%t o1 1actor% an( the'r le&el%3 #ou nee(
to
(ec'(e on a %e<uence o1 e-per'*ent% that o11er *a-'*u*
'n1or*at'on 2'th *'n'*al e11ort.
In 1'r%t pha%e3 the nu*5er o1 1actor% *a# 5e lar4e 5ut the

nu*5er o1 le&el% '% %*all. The 4oal '% to (eter*'ne the
relat'&e
e11ect o1 &ar'ou% 1actor%.
In %econ( pha%e3 the nu*5er o1 1actor% '% re(uce( an( the

nu*5er o1 le&el% o1 tho%e 1actor% that ha&e %'4n'1'cant
'*pact
'% 'ncrea%e(.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8G9

nal#:e an( Interpret Data
It '% '*portant to reco4n':e that the outco*e% o1

*ea%ure*ent%
an( %'*ulat'on% are ran(o* <uant't'e% 'n that the outco*e
2oul( 5e ('11erent each t'*e the e-per'*ent '% repeate(.
In co*par'n4 t2o alternat'&e%3 't '% nece%%ar# to take 'nto

account the &ar'a5'l't# o1 the re%ult%.
The anal#%'% onl# pro(uce% re%ult% an( not conclu%'on%.
The re%ult% pro&'(e the 5a%'% on 2h'ch the anal#%t% or

(ec'%'on
*aker% can (ra2 conclu%'on%.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8H9

)re%ent Re%ult%
It '% '*portant that the re%ult% 5e pre%ente( 'n a *anner

that '%
ea%'l# un(er%too(.
Th'% u%uall# re<u're% pre%ent'n4 the re%ult% 'n 4raph'c 1or*

an(
2'thout %tat'%t'cal jar4on.
The kno2le(4e 4a'ne( 5# the %tu(# *a# re<u're the

anal#%t% to
4o 5ack an( recon%'(er %o*e o1 the (ec'%'on% *a(e 'n the
pre&'ou% %tep%.
The co*plete project con%'%t% o1 %e&eral c#cle% throu4h the

%tep% rather than a %'n4le %e<uent'al pa%%.
)er1or*ance E&aluat'on 8+A9

Ca%e Stu(# ,.+ 8+9
Con%'(er the pro5le* o1 co*par'n4 re*ote p'pe% 2'th
re*ote proce(ure call%.
)roce(ure call%
The call'n4 pro4ra* '% 5locke(3 control '% pa%%e( to the

calle(
proce(ure alon4 2'th a 1e2 para*eter%3 an( 2hen the
proce(ure '% co*plete3 the re%ult% a% 2ell a% the control
return
to the call'n4 pro4ra*.
Re*ote p'pe%
7hen calle(3 the caller '% not 5locke(.
The e-ecut'on o1 the p'pe occur% concurrentl# 2'th the

cont'nue( e-ecut'on o1 the caller. The re%ult%3 '1 an#3 are
later
returne( a%#nchronou%l#.

S#%te* De1'n't'on
/oal : to co*pare the per1or*ance o1 appl'cat'on% u%'n4

re*ote p'pe% to tho%e o1 %'*'lar appl'cat'on% u%'n4
re*ote proce(ure call%.
[e# co*ponent : Channel 8e'ther a proce(ure or a p'pe9
S#%te*
Ca%e Stu(# ,.+ 8,9
Cl'net
Ser&er
Net2ork
S#%te*

Ser&'ce%
T2o t#pe% o1 channel call%

: re*oter proce(ure call an( re*ote p'pe
The re%ource% u%e( 5# the channel call% (epen( upon the

nu*5er o1 para*eter% pa%%e( an( the act'on re<u're( on
tho%e
para*eter%.
Data tran%1er '% cho%en a% the appl'cat'on an( the call% 2'll
5e
cla%%'1'e( %'*pl# a% %*all or lar4e (epen('n4 upon the
a*ount
o1 (ata to 5e tran%1erre( to the re*ote *ach'ne.
The %#%te* o11er% onl# t2o %er&'ce%

: %*all (ata tran%1er or lar4e (ata tran%1er
Ca%e Stu(# ,.+ 8.9

Metr'c%
Due to re%ource l'*'tat'on%3 the error% an( 1a'lure% 2'll not

5e
%tu('e(. Thu%3 the %tu(# 2'll 5e l'*'te( to correct operat'on
onl#.
Re%ource% : local co*puter8cl'ent93 the re*ote

co*puter8%er&er93
an( the net2ork l'nk
)er1or*ance Metr'c%
- Elap%e( t'*e per call
- Ma-'*u* call rate per un't o1 t'*e or e<u'&alentl#3 the
t'*e
re<u're( to co*plete a 5lock o1 n %ucce%%'&e call%
- Local C)U t'*e per call
- Re*ote C)U t'*e per call
- Nu*5er o1 5#te% %ent on the l'nk per call
Ca%e Stu(# ,.+ 809

)ara*eter%
S#%te* )ara*eter
Spee( o1 the local C)U3 the re*ote C)U3 an( the net2ork
!perat'n4 %#%te* o&erhea( 1or 'nter1ac'n4 2'th the channel%
!perat'n4 %#%te* o&erhea( 1or 'nter1ac'n4 2'th the net2ork%
Rel'a5'l't# o1 the net2ork a11ect'n4 the nu*5er o1

retran%*'%%'on% re<u're(
7orkloa( )ara*eter%
T'*e 5et2een %ucce%%'&e call%
Nu*5er an( %':e% o1 the call para*eter%
Nu*5er an( %':e% o1 the re%ult%
T#pe o1 channel
!ther loa(% on the local an( re*ote C)U%
!ther loa(% on the net2ork

Ca%e Stu(# ,.+ 8D9

@actor%
T#pe o1 channel
: T2o t#pe Z re*ote p'pe% an( re*ote proce(ure call%
Spee( o1 the net2ork

: T2o locat'on% o1 the re*ote ho%t% 2'll 5e u%e( Z %hort ('%tance8'n
the
ca*pu%9 an( lon4 ('%tance8acro%% the countr#9
S':e% o1 the call para*eter% to 5e tran%1erre(

: T2o le&el% 2'll 5e u%e( Z %*all an( lar4e
Nu*5er n o1 con%ecut'&e call%

: Ele&en ('11erent &alue% o1 n Z +3,303G3+E3.,33D+,3+A,0
ll other para*eter% 2'll 5e 1'-e(.
The retran%*'%%'on% (ue to net2ork error% 2'll 5e '4nore(.
E-per'*ent% 2'll 5e con(ucte( 2hen there '% &er# l'ttle other loa(
on
the ho%t% an( the net2ork.
Ca%e Stu(# ,.+ 8E9

E&aluat'on Techn'<ue
S'nce protot#pe% o1 5oth t#pe% o1 channel% ha&e alrea(#

5een
'*ple*ente(3 *ea%ure*ent% 2'll 5e u%e( 1or e&aluat'on.
nal#t'cal *o(el'n4 2'll 5e u%e( to ju%t'1# the con%'%tenc#

o1
*ea%ure( &alue% 1or ('11erent para*eter%.
7orkloa(
%#nthet'c pro4ra* 4enerat'n4 the %pec'1'e( t#pe% o1

channel
re<ue%t%
Th'% pro4ra* 2'll al%o *on'tor the re%ource% con%u*e(

an( lo4
the *ea%ure( re%ult%8u%'n4 Null channel re<ue%t%9.
Ca%e Stu(# ,.+ 8F9

E-per'*ental De%'4n
1ull 1actor'al e-per'*ental (e%'4n 2'th ,

.
++PGG
e-per'*ent% 2'll 5e u%e( 1or the 'n't'al %tu(#.
Data nal#%'%
nal#%'% o1 &ar'ance 2'll 5e u%e( to <uant'1# the e11ect% o1

the 1'r%t three 1actor% an( re4re%%'on 2'll 5e u%e( to
<uant'1# the e11ect% o1 the nu*5er n o1 %ucce%%'&e call%.
Data )re%entat'on
The 1'nal re%ult% 2'll 5e plotte( a% a 1unct'on o1 the 5lock

%':e n.
Ca%e Stu(# ,.+ 8G9

Chapter. . Select'on o1 Techn'<ue% an( Metr'c%

..+ Select'n4 an E&aluat'on Techn'<ue 8+9
Ta5le ..+ Cr'ter'a 1or Select'n4 an E&aluat'on Techn'<ue
Cr'ter'on
,. T'*e
Re<u're(
D. Tra(e-o11
e&aluat'on
+. Sta4e
.. Tool%
0. ccurac#
E. Co%t
F. Salea5'l't#
nal#t'cal
Mo(el'n4
n#
nal#%t%
S*all
Lo2
Ea%#
S*all
Lo2
S'*ulat'on
Me('u*
n#
Co*puter
lan4ua4e
Mo(erate
Me('u*
Me('u*
Mo(erate
Mea%ure*ent
)o%tprotot#pe
Var'e%
In%tru*entat'on
Var'e%
D'11'cult
='4h
='4h

L'1e-c#cle %ta4e
Mea%ure*ent : onl# '1 %o*eth'n4 %'*'lar to the propo%e(

%#%te* alrea(# e-'%t%
nal#t'cal *o(el'n4 an( S'*ulat'on : '1 't '% a ne2 concept

The t'*e a&a'la5le 1or e&aluat'on
Mea%ure*ent% 4enerall# take lon4er than anal#t'cal

*o(el'n4
5ut %horter than %'*ulat'on%.
The a&a'la5'l't# o1 tool%
Mo(el'n4 %k'll%3 S'*ulat'on lan4ua4e%3 an( Mea%ure*ent

'n%tru*ent%
..+ Select'n4 an E&aluat'on Techn'<ue 8,9

Le&el o1 accurac#
nal#t'cal *o(el'n4 re<u're% %o *an# %'*pl'1'cat'on% an(

a%%u*pt'on% that '1 the re%ult% turn out 5e accurate.
S'*ulat'on% can 'ncorporate *ore (eta'l% an( re<u're le%%

a%%u*pt'on% than anal#t'cal *o(el'n43 an( thu% *ore
o1ten are
clo%er to real't#.
Mea%ure*ent% *a# not 4'&e accurate re%ult% %'*pl#

5ecau%e
*an# o1 the en&'ron*ental para*eter%3 %uch a% %#%te*
con1'4urat'on3 t#pe o1 2orkloa(3 an( t'*e o1 the
*ea%ure*ent3
*a# 5e un'<ue to the e-per'*ent. Thu%3 the accurac# o1
re%ult%
can &ar# 1ro* &er# h'4h to none.
..+ Select'n4 an E&aluat'on Techn'<ue 8.9

Tra(e-o11 e&aluat'on
The 4oal o1 e&er# per1or*ance %tu(# '% e'ther to co*pare

('11erent alternat'&e% or to 1'n( the opt'*al para*eter
&alue.
nal#t'cal *o(el% pro&'(e the 5e%t 'n%'4ht 'nto the e11ect%

o1
&ar'ou% para*eter% an( the'r 'nteract'on%.
7'th %'*ulat'on%3 't *a# 5e po%%'5le to %earch the %pace o1

para*eter &alue% 1or the opt'*al co*5'nat'on3 5ut o1ten 't
'%
not clear 2hat the tra(e-o11 '% a*on4 ('11erent para*eter%.
Mea%ure*ent '% the lea%t (e%'ra5le techn'<ue 'n th'%

re%pect. It
'% not ea%# to tell '1 the '*pro&e( per1or*ance '% a re%ult o1
%o*e ran(o* chan4e 'n en&'ron*ent or (ue to the
part'cular
para*eter %ett'n4.
..+ Select'n4 an E&aluat'on Techn'<ue 809

Co%t
Mea%ure*ent re<u're% real e<u'p*ent3 'n%tru*ent%3 an(

t'*e. It
'% the *o%t co%tl# o1 the three techn'<ue%.
Co%t3 alon4 2'th the ea%e o1 5e'n4 a5le to chan4e

con1'4urat'on%3 '% o1ten the rea%on 1or (e&elop'n4
%'*ulat'on% 1or e-pen%'&e %#%te*%.
nal#t'cal *o(el'n4 re<u're% onl# paper an( penc'l%. Thu%3

It '% the cheape%t alternat'&e.
Salea5'l't# o1 re%ult%
The ke# ju%t'1'cat'on 2hen con%'(er'n4 the e-pen%e an( the

la5or o1 *ea%ure*ent%
Mo%t people are %kept'cal o1 anal#t'cal re%ult% %'*pl#

5ecau%e
the# (o not un(er%tan( the techn'<ue or the 1'nal re%ult.
..+ Select'n4 an E&aluat'on Techn'<ue 8D9

Three rule% o1 &al'(at'on
Do not tru%t the re%ult% o1 a %'*ulat'on *o(el unt'l the#

ha&e
5een &al'(ate( 5# anal#t'cal *o(el'n4 or *ea%ure*ent%.
Do not tru%t the re%ult% o1 an anal#t'cal *o(el unt'l the#

ha&e
5een &al'(ate( 5# a %'*ulat'on *o(el or *ea%ure*ent%.
Do not tru%t the re%ult% o1 a *ea%ure*ent unt'l the# ha&e

5een &al'(ate( 5# %'*ulat'on or anal#t'cal *o(el'n4.
T2o or *ore techn'<ue% can al%o 5e u%e( %e<uent'all#
or %'*ultaneou%l#.
@or e-a*ple3 a %'*ple anal#t'cal *o(el 2a% u%e( to 1'n(

the appropr'ate ran4e 1or %#%te* para*eter% an( a
%'*ulat'on 2a% u%e( later to %tu(# the per1or*ance 'n that
ran4e.
..+ Select'n4 an E&aluat'on Techn'<ue 8E9

.., Select'n4 per1or*ance Metr'c% 8+9
!ne 2a# to prepare a %et o1 per1or*ance cr'ter'a or
*etr'c%
: to l'%t the %er&'ce% o11ere( 5# the %#%te*
The outco*e% can 5e cla%%'1'e( 'nto three cate4or'e%3 a%
%ho2n 'n @'4ure ..+.
: The %#%te* *a# per1or* the %er&'ce correctl#3
'ncorrectl#3
or re1u%e to per1or* the %er&'ce.

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I1 the %#%te* per1or*% the %er&'ce correctl#
)er1or*ance '% *ea%ure( 5# t'*e-rate-re%ource%.

8re%pon%'&ene%%3 pro(uct'&'t#3 an( ut'l':at'on9
The re%pon%'&ene%% o1 a net2ork 4ate2a#

: re%pon%e t'*e 8the t'*e 'nter&al 5et2een arr'&al o1 a
packet
an( 't% %ucce%%1ul (el'&er#9
The 4ate2a#;% pro(uct'&'t#

: throu4hput 8the nu*5er o1 packet% 1or2ar(e( per un't o1
t'*e9
The ut'l':at'on 4'&e% an 'n('cat'on o1 the percenta4e o1

t'*e the
re%ource% o1 the 4ate2a# are 5u%# 1or the 4'&en loa( le&el.
- The re%ource 2'th the h'4he%t ut'l':at'on '% calle( the
5ottleneck.
.., Select'n4 per1or*ance Metr'c% 8,9

I1 the %#%te* per1or*% the %er&'ce 'ncorrectl#
n error '% %a'( to ha&e occurre(.
Cla%%'1# error% an( to (eter*'ne the pro5a5'l't'e% o1 each

cla%%
o1 error%. E-9 the pro5a5'l't# o1 %'n4le-5't error% 1or the
4ate2a#
I1 the %#%te* (oe% not per1or* the %er&'ce
It '% %a'( to 5e (o2n3 1a'le(3 or una&a'la5le
Cla%%'1# the 1a'lure *o(e% an( to (eter*'ne the pro5a5'l't'e%

o1
each cla%%. E-9 The 4ate2a# *a# 5e una&a'la5le A.A+V o1
the
t'*e (ue to proce%%or 1a'lure an( A.A.V (ue to %o1t2are
1a'lure.
.., Select'n4 per1or*ance Metr'c% 8.9

The *etr'c% a%%oc'ate( 2'th the three outco*e%3 na*el#
%ucce%%1ul %er&'ce3 error3 an( una&a'la5'l't#3 are %o calle(
%pee(3 rel'a5'l't#3 an( a&a'la5'l't#.
@or *an# *etr'c%3 the *ean &alue '% all that '% '*portant.
=o2e&er3 (o not o&erlook the e11ect o1 &ar'a5'l't#.
In co*puter %#%te*% %hare( 5# *an# u%er%3 t2o t#pe% o1
per1or*ance *etr'c% nee( to 5e con%'(ere( : 'n('&'(ual an(
4lo5al.
In('&'(ual *etr'c% re1lect the ut'l't# o1 each u%er
- Re%pon%e t'*e an( Throu4hput
/lo5al *etr'c% re1lect the %#%te*2'(e ut'l't#.
- Re%pon%e t'*e an( Throu4hput
- Re%ource ut'l':at'on3 Rel'a5'l't#3 an( &a'la5'l't#

.., Select'n4 per1or*ance Metr'c% 809

/'&en a nu*5er o1 *etr'c%3 u%e the 1ollo2'n4 con%'(erat'on% to
%elect a %u5%et: lo2 &ar'a5'l't#3 nonre(un(anc#3 an(
co*pletene%%.
Lo2 &ar'a5'l't# help% re(uce the nu*5er o1 repet't'on%
re<u're( to
o5ta'n a 4'&en le&el o1 %tat'%t'cal con1'(ence.
I1 t2o *etr'c% 4'&e e%%ent'all# the %a*e 'n1or*at'on3 't '% le%%
con1u%'n4 to %tu(# onl# one.
The %et o1 *etr'c% 'nclu(e( 'n the %tu(# %houl( 5e co*plete.
ll
po%%'5le outco*e% %houl( 5e re1lecte( 'n the %et o1
per1or*ance
*etr'c%.
.., Select'n4 per1or*ance Metr'c% 8D9

Ca%e Stu(# ..+ 8+9
Con%'(er the pro5le* o1
co*par'n4 t2o ('11erent
con4e%t'on control
al4or'th*% 1or co*puter
net2ork%.
The pro5le* o1
con4e%t'on occur% 2hen
the nu*5er o1 packet%
2a't'n4 at an
'nter*e('ate %#%te*
e-cee( the %#%te*;%
5u11er'n4 capac't# an(
%o*e o1 the packet%
ha&e to 5e (roppe(.
En( %#%te*
En( %#%te*
En( %#%te*
En( %#%te*
En( %#%te*
En( %#%te*
En( %#%te*
En( %#%te* Inter*e(ate
%#%te*%
Inter*e(ate
%#%te*%
Inter*e(ate
%#%te*%
Inter*e(ate
%#%te*%
Inter*e(ate
%#%te*%
Inter*e(ate
%#%te*%

@our po%%'5le outco*e%
So*e packet% are (el'&ere( 'n or(er to the correct (e%t'nat'on.
So*e packet% are (el'&ere( out o1 or(er to the (e%t'nat'on.
So*e packet% are (el'&ere( *ore than once to the (e%t'nat'on

8(upl'cate packet%9.
So*e packet% are (roppe( on the 2a# 8lo%t packet%9.

T'*e-rate-re%ource *etr'c%
Re%pon%e t'*e: the (ela# 'n%'(e the net2ork 1or 'n('&'(ual packet%.
Throu4hput: the nu*5er o1 packet% per un't o1 t'*e.
)roce%%or t'*e per packet on the %ource en( %#%te*.
)roce%%or t'*e per packet on the (e%t'nat'on en( %#%te*%.
)roce%%or t'*e per packet on the 'nter*e('ate %#%te*%.

Ca%e Stu(# ..+ 8,9

The &ar'a5'l't# o1 the re%pon%e t'*e '% '*portant %'nce a h'4hl#
&ar'ant re%pon%e re%ult% 'n unnece%%ar# retran%*'%%'on%.
Thu%3 the
&ar'ance o1 the re%pon%e t'*e 5eca*e the %'-th *etr'c.
In *an# %#%te*%3 the out-o1-or(er packet% are ('%car(e( at
the
(e%t'nat'on en( %#%te*%. In other%3 the# are %tore( 'n %#%te*
5u11er% a2a't'n4 arr'&al o1 'nter&en'n4 packet%. Thu%3 the
pro5a5'l't#
o1 out-o1-or(er arr'&al% 2a% the %e&enth *etr'c.
Dupl'cate packet% con%u*e the net2ork re%ource% 2'thout an#
u%e.
The pro5a5'l't# o1 (upl'cate packet% 2a% the e'4hth *etr'c.
Lo%t packet% are un(e%'ra5le 1or o5&'ou% rea%on%. The
pro5a5'l't#
o1 lo%t packet% '% the n'nth *etr'c.
E-ce%%'&e lo%%e% coul( cau%e %o*e u%er connect'on% to 5e
5roken pre*aturel#. The pro5a5'l't# o1 ('%connect '% the tenth
*etr'c.
Ca%e Stu(# ..+ 8.9

It '% nece%%ar# that all u%er% 5e treate( 1a'rl# 'n the net2ork.
Thu%3
1a'rne%% 2a% a((e( a% the ele&enth *etr'c. It '% (e1'ne( a% a
1unct'on o1 &ar'a5'l't# o1 throu4hput acro%% u%er%.
@or an# 4'&en %et o1 u%er throu4hput% 8-
+
3-
,
3 3-
n
93 the
1ollo2'n4
1unct'on can 5e u%e( to a%%'4n a 1a'rne%% 'n(e- to the %et:
Ca%e Stu(# ..+ 809
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
" n
"
" " " f
1
2
1
2
2 1
) (
) , , , (
@or all nonne4at'&e &alue% o1 -
'
;%3 the 1a'rne%% 'n(e- al2a#%
l'e%
5et2een A an( +.
I1 onl# k o1 the n u%er% rece'&e e<ual throu4hput an( the
re*a'n'n4 n-k u%er% rece'&e :ero throu4hput3 the 1a'rne%%
'n(e- '% k/n.

1ter a 1e2 e-per'*ent%3 't 2a% clear that throu4hput an(
(ela#
2ere reall# re(un(ant *etr'c%. ll %che*e% that re%ulte( 'n
h'4her throu4hput al%o re%ulte( 'n h'4her (ela#.
The &ar'ance 'n re%pon%e t'*e 2a% (roppe( %'nce 't 2a%
re(un(ant
2'th the pro5a5'l't# o1 (upl'cat'on an( the pro5a5'l't# o1
('%connect'on.
Ca%e Stu(# ..+ 8D9

... Co**onl# U%e( )er1or*ance
Metr'c% 8+9
Re%pon%e t'*e : the 'nter&al 5et2een a u%er;% re<ue%t an( the
%#%te* re%pon%e3 a% %ho2n 'n @'4ure ..,a.
- Th'% (e1'n't'on '% %'*pl'%t'c %'nce the re<ue%t% a% 2ell a% the
re%pon%e% are not 'n%tantaneou%.
The u%er %pen( t'*e t#p'n4 the re<ue%t an( the %#%te* take%
t'*e
outputt'n4 the re%pon%e3 a% %ho2 'n @'4ure ..,5.
- It can 5e (e1'ne( a% e'ther the 'nter&al 5et2een the en( o1 a
re<ue%t %u5*'%%'on an( the 5e4'nn'n4 o1 the corre%pon('n4
re%pon%e 1ro* the %#%te* or a% the 'nter&al 5et2een the en(
o1 a
re<ue%t %u5*'%%'on an( the en( o1 the corre%pon('n4
re%pon%e
1or* the %#%te*%.

U%erO% re<ue%t S#%te*O% re%pon%e
Re%pon%e t'*e
T'*e
8a9 In%tantaneou% re<ue%t an( re%pon%e
U%er
%tart%
re<ue%t
U%er
1'n'%h%
re<ue%t
S#%te*
%tart%
e-ecut'on
S#%te*
%tart%
re%pon%e
S#%te*
co*plete%
re%pon%e
U%er %tart%
ne-t
re<ue%t
React'on
t'*e
Re%pon%e
t'*e
8De1'n't'on +9
Re%pon%e
t'*e
8De1'n't'on ,9
Th'nk
t'*e
859 Real'%t'c re<ue%t an( re%pon%e
T'*e

Turnaroun( t'*e : the t'*e 5et2een the %u5*'%%'on o1 a 5atch
jo5
an( the co*plet'on o1 't% output.
- Not'ce that the t'*e to rea( the 'nput '% 'nclu(e( 'n the
turnaroun( t'*e.
React'on t'*e : the t'*e 5et2een %u5*'%%'on o1 a re<ue%t an(
the
5e4'nn'n4 o1 't% e-ecut'on 5# the %#%te*
- To *ea%ure the react'on t'*e3 one ha% to a5le to *on'tor the
act'on% 'n%'(e a %#%te* %'nce the 5e4'nn'n4 o1 the e-ecut'on
*a# not corre%pon( to an# e-ternall# &'%'5le e&ent.
Stretch 1actor : the rat'o o1 re%pon%e t'*e at a part'cular loa(
to
that at the *'n'*u* loa(
- The re%pon%e t'*e o1 a %#%te* 4enerall# 'ncrea%e% a% the
loa(
on the %#%te* 'ncrea%e%.
Metr'c% 8,9

Throu4hput '% (e1'ne( a% the rate 8re<ue%t% per un't o1 t'*e9 at
2h'ch the re<ue%t% can 5e %er&'ce( 5# the %#%te*.
- @or 5atch %#%te*%3 jo5% per %econ(.
- @or 'nteract'&e %#%te*%3 re<ue%t% per %econ(.
- @or C)U3 MI)S8M'll'on% o1 In%truct'on% )er Secon(93 or M@L!)S
8M'll'on% o1 @loat'n4-)o'nt !perat'on% )er Secon(9
- @or net2ork%3 packet% per %econ(8pp%9 or 5't% per
%econ(85p%9
- @or tran%act'on% proce%%'n4 %#%te*3 T)S8Tran%act'on% )er
Secon(9
1ter a certa'n loa(3 the throu4hput %top% 'ncrea%'n4Y 'n *o%t
ca%e%3 't *a# e&ent %tart (ecrea%'n43 a% %ho2n 'n @'4ure ....
Metr'c% 8.9

_
[nee
[nee
capac't#
U%a5le
capac't#
No*'nal
capac't#
_
Loa(
Loa(
Throu4hput
Re%pon%e
t'*e

No*'nal capac't# : the *a-'*u* ach'e&a5le throu4hput un(er
'(eal
2orkloa( con('t'on%
U%a5le capac't# : It '% *ore 'ntere%t'n4 to kno2 the *a-'*u*
throu4hput ach'e&a5le 2'thout e-cee('n4 a
pre%pec'1'e( re%pon%e t'*e l'*'t.
[nee capac't# : the throu4hput at the knee
- In *an# appl'cat'on%3 the knee o1 the throu4hput or the
re%pon%e
t'*e cur&e '% con%'(ere( the opt'*al operat'n4 po'nt.
E11'c'enc# : the rat'o o1 *a-'*u* ach'e&a5le throu4hput
8u%a5le
capac't#9 to no*'nal capac't#
The ut'l':at'on o1 a re%ource '% *ea%ure( a% the 1unct'on o1
t'*e
the re%ource '% 5u%# %er&'c'n4 re<ue%t%. the rat'o o1 5u%#
t'*e
an( total elap%e( t'*e o&er a 4'&en per'o(.
Metr'c% 809

I(le t'*e : the per'o( (ur'n4 2h'ch a re%ource '% not 5e'n4
u%e(.
Rel'a5'l't# : the pro5a5'l't# o1 error% or 5# the *ean t'*e
5et2een
error%.
&a'la5'l't# : the 1ract'on o1 the t'*e the %#%te* '% a&a'la5le to
%er&'ce u%er;% re<ue%t%.
Do2nt'*e : the t'*e (ur'n4 2h'ch the %#%te* '% not a&a'la5le.
Upt'*e : the t'*e (ur'n4 2h'ch the %#%te* '% a&a'la5le8MTT@-
Mean
T'*e To @a'lure9.
Co%t/per1or*ance rat'o : a *etr'c 1or co*par'n4 t2o or *ore
%#%te*%.
Metr'c% 8D9

..0 Ut'l't# Cla%%'1'cat'on o1
)er1or*ance Metr'c%
='4her '% $etter or =$.
: S#%te* u%er% an( %#%te* *ana4er% pre1er h'4her &alue% o1
%uch
*etr'c%. E-9 S#%te* throu4hput
Lo2er '% $etter or L$.
: S#%te* u%er% an( %#%te* *ana4er% pre1er %*aller &alue% o1
%uch
*etr'c%. E-9 Re%pon%e t'*e
No*'nal '% $e%t or N$.
: $oth h'4h an( lo2 &alue% are un(e%'ra5le. E-9 Ut'l':at'on
@'4ure ..D %ho2% h#pothet'cal 4raph% o1 ut'l't# o1 the three
cla%%e%
o1 *etr'c%.

8a9 Lo2er '% 5etter 859 ='4her '% 5etter
8c9 No*'nal '% 5e%t
Ut'l't# Ut'l't#
Ut'l't#
Metr'c Metr'c
Metr'c
$etter $etter
$e%t

..D Sett'n4 )er1or*ance
Re<u're*ent% 8+9
T#p'cal re<u're*ent %tate*ent%
The %#%te* %houl( 5e 5oth proce%%'n4 an( *e*or# e11'c'ent. It

%houl(
not create e-ce%%'&e o&erhea(.
There %houl( 5e an e-tre*el# lo2 pro5a5'l't# that the net2ork 2'll

(upl'cate a packet3 (el'&er a packet to the 2ron4 (e%t'nat'on3 or
chan4e the (ata 'n a packet.
The%e re<u're*ent %tate*ent% are unaccepta5le %'nce the#
%u11er
1ro* one or *ore o1 the 1ollo2'n4 pro5le*%.
Non%pec'1'c : No clear nu*5er% are %pec'1'e(.
Non*ea%ura5le
Nonaccepta5le
Nonreal':a5le
Nonthrou4hput

7hat all the%e pro5le*% lack can 5e %u**ar':e( 'n one 2or(
: SMRT8Spec'1'c3 Mea%ura5le3 ccepta5le3 Real':a5le3
Thorou4h9
Spec'1'c't# preclu(e% the u%e o1 2or(% l'ke >lo2 pro5a5'l't#? an(

>rate?.
Mea%ura5'l't# re<u're% &er'1'cat'on that a 4'&en %#%te* *eet% the

re<u're*ent.
ccepta5'l't# an( Real':a5'l't# (e*an( ne2 con1'4urat'on l'*'t% or

arch'tectural (ec'%'on% %o that the re<u're*ent% are h'4h enou4h
to 5e
accepta5le an( lo2 enou4h to 5e ach'e&a5le.
Thorou4hne%% 'nclu(e% all po%%'5le outco*e% an( 1a'lure *o(e%.

..D Sett'n4 )er1or*ance
Re<u're*ent% 8,9

Ca%e Stu(# .., 8+9
Con%'(er the pro5le* o1 %pec'1#'n4 the per1or*ance
re<u're*ent% 1or a h'4h-%pee( LN %#%te*.
The per1or*ance re<u're*ent% 1or three cate4or'e% o1 outco*e%

2ere
%pec'1'e( a% 1ollo2%:
Spee( : I1 the packet '% correctl# (el'&ere(3 the t'*e taken to

(el'&er 't
an( the rate at 2h'ch 't '% (el'&ere( are '*portant. Th'%
lea(%
to the 1ollo2'n4 t2o re<u're*ent%:
8a9 The acce%% (ela# at an# %tat'on %houl( 5e le%% than + %econ(.
859 Su%ta'ne( throu4hput *u%t 5e at lea%t GA M5't%/%ec.
Rel'a5'l't# : @'&e ('11erent error *o(e% 2ere con%'(ere( '*portant.

Each
o1 the%e error *o(e% cau%e% a ('11erent a*ount o1
(a*a4e
an(3 hence3 ha% a ('11erent le&el o1 accepta5'l't#. The
pro5a5'l't# re<u're*ent% 1or each o1 the%e error *o(e%
an(
the'r co*5'ne( e11ect are %pec'1'e( a% 1ollo2%

8a9 The pro5a5'l't# o1 an# 5't 5e'n4 'n error *u%t 5e le%% than +A
-F
.
859 The pro5a5'l't# o1 an# 1ra*e 5e'n4 'n error 82'th error
'n('cat'on
%et9 *u%t 5e le%% than +V.
8c9 The pro5a5'l't# o1 a 1ra*e 'n error 5e'n4 (el'&ere( 2'thout
error
'n('cat'on *u%t 5e le%% than +A
-+D
.
8(9 The pro5a5'l't# o1 a 1ra*e 5e'n4 *'%(el'&ere( (ue to an
un(etecte( error 'n the (e%t'nat'on a((re%% *u%t 5e le%% than
+A
-+G
.
8e9 The pro5a5'l't# o1 a 1ra*e 5e'n4 (el'&ere( *ore than once
8(upl'cate9 *u%t 5e le%% than +A
-D
.
819 The pro5a5'l't# o1 lo%'n4 a 1ra*e on the LN 8(ue to all %ort%
o1
error%9 *u%t 5e le%% than +V.
Ca%e Stu(# .., 8,9

&a'la5'l't# : T2o 1ault *o(e% 2ere con%'(ere( %'4n'1'cant. The 1'r%t

2a%
the t'*e lo%t (ue to the net2ork re'n't'al':at'on%3 an(
the
%econ( 2a% t'*e lo%t (ue to per*anent 1a'lure%
re<u'r'n4
1'el( %er&'ce call%. The re<u're*ent% 1or 1re<uenc# an(
(urat'on o1 the%e 1ault *o(e% 2ere %pec'1'e( a% 1ollo2:
8a9 The *ean t'*e to 'n't'al':e the LN *u%t 5e le%% than +D
*'ll'%econ(%.
859 The *ean t'*e 5et2een LN 'n't'al':at'on% *u%t 5e at lea%t +
*'nute.
8c9 The *ean t'*e to repa'r a LN *u%t 5e le%% than + hour. 8LN
part't'on% *a# 5e operat'onal (ur'n4 th'% per'o(.9
8(9 The *ean t'*e 5et2een LN part't'on'n4 *u%t 5e at lea%t
hal1 a
2eek.
Ca%e Stu(# .., 8.9


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..
ePA.AAD Y " C 9s
real B1(p3B343n)
real p5 intB3 43 N5
6
real b703 b7(=p8N3 r=p3 0=(90-p:(903 B7i()5
do
6
b70 = b7(5 r=(90-((90/08b70-(N8r))5
b7(=B1i(r3B343N)5
;
7hile (fabs(b7(:b70) < 0900,)5
return(b7()5
;

..
real B7i (r3B343N)
real r5 intB3 43 N5
6 -8 compute band7idth for re=uest rate r 8-
int I5 real =3 b7=0903 f()5
==(90:po7((90:r-43 (real)N)5
for(i=(5 i>B5 i//) b7 /= i8f(i343=)5
for(i=B5 i>=45 i//) b7 /= B8f(i343=)5
return (b7)5
;
real Fact(n)
int n5
6 -8 compute n factorial 8-
real ?=(905
7hile (n) 6?8=n5 n::5;
return (?)5
;

..
real "(n3k)
int n3k5
6 -8 compute binomial coefficient 8-
return (Fact (n)-Fact(k) 8 Fact(n:k)))5
;
real f(i343=)
int i3 45 real =5
6 -8 compute binomial probabilit@ 8-
real ?5
?="(43i)8po7(=3(real)i)8po7((90:=3(real)(4:i))5
return(?)5
;

..+ n)
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0.
' nc %(9< (;
; $ .
@X $o
R*& $( -(;2& '(; .

0.+ +
#include <smpl.h>
#define busy 1
real
p=0.250, /* local memory miss rae */
re!"1#$ /* ne% re!ues ime for processor */
n=1.0&'( /* earlies)occurrin* re!ues ime */
in
+=,, -=., n/=2, /* no. processors, memories, 0 buses */
modole"1#$,bus, /* memory 0 bus faciliy descripors */
nbs=0, /* no. busy buses curren cycle */
re!"1#$, /* currenly)re!uesed memory module */
ne%=1, /* arbiraion scan sarin* poin */

0.+ +
/*))))))))))) -&-123)/45 /6+7897:; -17&<)))))*/
main=> ?
in e@en, i,n(
smpl =0, AbandBidh -odelC>(
for =i=1( i<=-, iDD> module "i$=faciliy=AmoduleC,1>(
for =n=1( n<=+( nDD> ?re!"nDD$ ?re!"n$=0( ne%Eaccess =n> (F
schedule=1,n,0>(
Bhile =ime=> < 10000.0>
?
cause =0e@en,0n> (
sBich =e@en> ?
case 1G be*inEcycle=> ( breaH(
case 2G re!Emodule=n> G breaH(
case IG end cycle=n>( breaH(
F
F
prinf=A/8=J.IfKnC, 4=bus>>(

0.+ +
/)))))))))))L1-M4:& +&N: 6LL&55 :9-&)))))))))*/
nesEaccess=n>
in n(
?
real (
=floor=lo*=ranf=>>/lo*=1.0)p>>Dime=>(
re!"n$=( if=<n> hen n=(
F
ne-t]acce%%89 P2 S n+ j) d i :(9 tn
i \() *( Z
tre<RnS o %` > o 3 n ~
_ %`
tn o j %`+ _ %`

0.+ +
; *2 ! UV3 o *
:P R(93 o UV f5 %`+.
5e4'n]c#cle89 o tn %`(; _ nc N
Bi ( + S nc mi
_ $> Ow(9 8 {9 !9 _ 3
, & +.

0.+ +
re<]*o(ule89 o _ m 26(9 3 !2
26+2& ) *c '+.
B zv m !; xyz9 UV
Y 5u% <3 n5% 2 2. _ F; { U
V %`z .
_ m E5 !2 X P v 3 _o
~ UV f p%`z) *c .
. o + ! UV _ F& +. !
H m cz93 re<RnS o A 4 :zA
ne-t]acce%%89 ; n+ ~ _ %` i \(
) *( Z.

0.+ +
/*))))&O&+: 1G /&P9+ L3L<&)))))))*/
be*inEcycle=> ?
in i,n=ne%G real , min=1.0&'(
for =i=0( i<+( iDD> ?
if =Qre!"n$> hen ?/* in his @ersion, re!"n$ alBays is 0 here */
if ===re!"n$>==n>
hen
?re!"n$=random=1,->( schedule=2,0.0n>(F
else if =<min> hen min=(
F
n==nJ+>D1(
F
ne%==ne%J+>D1( n=min(
F

0.+ +
/*))))))&O&+: 2G 2&R4&5: -&-123 6+7 /45))))))))))*/
re!Emodule=n>
in n(
?
if =saus =module"re!"n$$Q=busy00saus=bus>Q=busy>
hen ?
re!ues=module"re!"n$$,n,0>( re!ues=bus,n,0>(
nbsDD( schedule=I,1.0,n>(
F
else
?re!"n$=0( if =DDre!"n$<n> hen n=re!"n$(F
F

0.+ +
/*)))))))))&O&+: IG &+7 L3L<&)))))))))*/
end)cycle=n>
?
release=bus,n>(
release=module"re!"n$$.n>(
re!"n$=0(
ne%Eaccess=n>(
if =))nbs==0> hen schedule=1, n)ime=>,0>(
F

0., ,
_o p%`g h M m X (5
4 pOw9 2:(9 + (4
5 Eg P @.
Q o _ i uO P @; (3
o H ! n+ _ nc 1 $Y i
u+.
t6 5 i ;2& ) *(3 m !
_ Z )c z; i .

0., ,
; Y >[! c -. >[ !;
_i >() *+ + !& 2>9 @X 2
.
2 _i %`v3 _o m
nc z93 {i xy(93 ! nc z93 !
& xy+.
m !; i PR() *( 7 xyzX
+.

0., ,
+
,
N
+
,
M
+
,
N
c
!
X{

0., ,
xo _w >[ >[ ! >[4 g
P @; .
/*)))))))&O&+:2G 2&R4&5: -&-123))))))))))))*/
re!Emodule=n>
in n(
?
if =re!ues =module"re!"n$$,n,0>==0> hen
scheduleC=I,0.0,n>(
F

0., ,
/*)))))))))&O&+: IG 2&R4&5: /45))))))))))))))))))*/
re!Ebus=n>
in n(
?
if =re!ues =bus,n>==0> hen
?nbsDD( schedule=.,1.0,n>(F
F

0., ,
/*))))))))))))&O&+: .G &+7 L3L<&)))))))))))))))*/
endEcycle=n>
in n(
?
re!"n$=)re!"n$( nbs))(
if =nbs==0> hen ?
for =n=1( n<=+( nDD>
if =re!"n$<0> hen ?
release=bus,n>(
release=module")re!"n$$,n>(
re!"n$=0( ne% access=n>(
F
schedule=1,n)ime=>,0>(
F
;

0.. .
+ , ; Q 7)k f7i -() *
( tz) h 9: * Ri (9 U
V x _ j)kH F& :(.
o i k(; @X
tu$4 zX 93 ] Bo 7)k R*& -(
+zX > }.
e7)k G H + X ez;
2 .

0.. .
#include <smpl.h>
#define !ueued 1
real p=0.250( /* local memory */
in +=,, -=., n/=2, /* no. processors, memories, 0 buses */
module"1#$, /* faciliy descropors for modules */
bus, /* fociliy descripors for buses */
re!"1#$( /* currenly)re!uesed memory module */

0.. .
main=>
?
in e@en, 9, n( real %=1.0/p)1.0(
smpl=0,C/andBidh -odelC> (
bus=faciliy=AbusC,n/> (
for=i=1( i<=-, iDD> module"i$=faciliy=AmoduleC,1>(
for=n=1( n<=+( nDD> ?
re!"n$=random=1,->( schedule=1, e%pnl=%>,n( >
F

0.. .
Bhile =ime=><10000.0> ?
cause=0e@en,0n>(
sBich=e@en> ?
case 1G
if =re!ues=module"re!"n$$, n, 0>Q=!ueued>
hen schedule=2, 0.0, n>( breaH(
case 2G /* reser@e bus 0 iniiae ransfer */
if =re!ues=bus, n, 0> Q=!ueued> hen
schedule=I, 1.0, n>( breaH(
case IG /* compleeG schedule ne% re!ues */
release=bus, n>(
release=module"re!"n$$, n>(
re!"n$=random=1, ->(
schedule=1,espnl=%>, n>( breaH(
F
F/* end)Bhile */
repor=>(
F/* end)main */

D.
N N 4 4 B B C C ana ana sim( sim( sim) sim) sim* sim*
+ + + (9000 )9E*+ )9E*F )9G(F )9G(*
+ + ) 9,00 (9,H* (9GGH (9GG+ (9GG,
+ + ( 9),0 9H0E 9*)E 9F)E 9**F
+ ) ( 9),0 9H(H 9*)E 9F)E 9**F
+ ) ( 9),( 9+H( 9+HE 9(*E 9+H+
H H H (9000 ,9),( ,9),* +9FH+ +9F*+
H H + 9,00 *9)E* *9*EF *9**+ *9*,)
H H ) 9),0 (9E0G (9EE+ (9E(H (9E*F
H + ) 9),0 (9HF0 (9E(( (9E(* (9E0F
H + ( 9),( 9HG0 9HGG 9FF* 9HG(

E.
8:(> }o _a
Z o _ai 2
4 t i ()& O
P @.
e$E5 e8$Y 1>:
: m n+ _ 5 c `t
1 n+ LM& -(9< O P @.

E.
+
_w (5 * i 2:. i _w
*2 g P @ O P @.
!H e
(5 + UV 7W m ! &
M y>+9 2:45 m Y
<F Li B)&
O P @.


(9 Introduction
1. Introduction to SimScript II.5
SimScript II.5 ; CCI !ro"#cts Comp$n%

X >, >4 BX>;
i -(; $(
1.1 (Variable)
<(&'tt'r), <("i(it), !(p'rio") & c . n

1< "o .
1.2 (Reading Input Data)
G& #; o )*+ .

(9 Introduction
1.3 (Arithmetic Epre!!ion)
P [\<; ~ .
, ($""), - (s#.tr$ct), / (m#&tip&%), / ("i0i"'), // ('1pon'nti$t')
example :
r'$" 1 $n" %
$"" 1 to %
print 1 &in' 2it3 % t3#s
43' s#m is : ///

(9 Introduction
1." (#omputing Variable Value!)
$P i Ow(; o 5*4 . {5 % i &

; .
example : let " - " . /
1.5 (Special #omputation Statement!)
"" / S#.tr$ct
example : add / to counter

(9 Introduction
1.$ (Di!pla%ing the Re!ult! o& #omputation)
example : print 1 &in' 2it3 #&I0E1I'EMS t3#s
!)IC*/I4*6 7 $/.///
1.' !" (Repetition)
8or i O P @ . ( "o &oop 4 i :O P @
.)
example :
8or i71 to 5 .% 1
"o
r'$" 9
r'$" :
&oop

(9 Introduction
1.( #$%& '(
stop o {i '$4 (; IJ9,
'n" o 3$4 (; IJ.

1.) Variable *ode!
SimScript II.5 n#m'ric$& 0$ri$.&' o )*5 / I;4*<*) 2 2

>) .
- 26+ < ); Comp#t'r "'p'n"'nt (.
0$ri$.&' t%p' "'8inition o !r'$m.&' *X.

(9 Introduction
1.1+ Routine!
C55 routine name : ro#tin' i ZO h
)*4=); o c$&& ro#tin' i FO h +.
$r(#m'nt p$ssin(
- ro#tin' >n$m'? (i0'n >$r(#m'nt? %i'&"in( >$r(#m'nt?
8#nction i ( ro#tin' i -O P2 @.
pr'$m.&' "+*@I;* name S mode function" 4 :
(9 r't#rn 0$&#' ; 8#nction ( ")*4=); AI4B
arithmetic e"pression" 4 +.
example : 8#nction .so&#t'(;#m.'r)
...
r't#rn 2it3 ;#m.'r
'n"

(9 Introduction
1.11 ,ibrar% -unction!
CCC.8 *X, @. & Bv $.s.8 ; X $r(#m'nt
ni r't#rn +.
1.12 .et *ode Variable!
-& -(; $P .. r'$& / int'('r ,/ +.
1.13 Alpha Variable!
< (5& $P O h z; ..
1.1" Adding /er&ormance *ea!urement
=.r'so#rc' : -p 26+ < P
;.D.r'so#rc' : @; < P
;.9.r'so#rc' : -p QRz9 @; < P

)9 !lementar@ modeling
concept
*odel Structure
i (; o ~ t1& 2, +.
1) 0 1i -(; 2rs
2) W { 0 8X5; 8 -
3) i F; 2rs
/roce!! #oncept
; W PRz; 7W 67$4
R7(;

)9 !lementar@ modeling
concept
Re!ource #oncept
<(r'so#rc') o W 2 (; 8i R(; P7
$Y .
/rogram Structure
1) !r'$m.&' : C B'$"'r @i&' y(.
2) 6$in pro(r$m : PRz (; & 3;
. 45 4imin( )o#tin' 4 6X2; 7f4
PR+.
3) !roc'ss ro#tin' : pr'$m.&' proc'ss 7fi -(
; ro#tin'
.iming routine
+iscr't'-'0'nt sim#&$tion 7 %< 8I

)*: A Simple Gas Station
Model
. 4odel +, 2
y92 , Y y12 @ . y1; 90
ran(o*( :;. 90 y1 1(; " <^
e& )93 e& o = >5 . + 4
G y1 y92 ?$4 f7(;>& '(9
y9& 2O Y23 EO Y2& :(9 +.
Q ?t '& (> }9 y9& 2/ E(; o e
2 @) h ; :i *c i +.

Model
2:
o 90 +AAA Ii )@4 +.
y1 1(; 90B o , G
un'1or*( zX @.
90 e o D +D un'1or*(
zX @.

Model
/REA*0,E
!)EC*SS*S I;C5=+* <*;*)4E) ;+ C=S4E6*)
)*SE=)C*S I;C5=+* 44*;+;4
CC=6=54* F<.D=*=*.5*;<4B S 4B* F*)<*
;+ 69.D=*=*.5*;<4B S 4B* 69I6=6
E@ ;.D.44*;+;4
CC=6=54* =4I5IG4IE; S 4B* F*)<* E@
;.9.44*;+;4
E1D

Model
*AI1
C)*4* *F*): 44*;+;4(1)
5*4 =.44*;+;4(1) 7 2
C4IF4* <*;*)4E) ;EA
S4)4 SI6=54IE;
!)I;4 4 5I;*S AI4B F<.D=*=*.5*;<4B(1),
69.D=*=*.5*;<4B(1),
;+ =4I5IG4IE;(1) / 100. / 2 4B=S
SI6!5* <S S44IE; 6E+*5 AI4B 2 44*;+;4S
F*)<* C=S4E6*) D=*=* 5*;<4B IS /.///
69I6=6 C=S4E6*) D=*=* 5*;<4B IS /
4B* 44*;+;4S A*)* H=S: //.// !*) C*;4 E@ 4B* 4I6*.
E1D

Model
/R2#ESS 3E1ERA.2R
@E) I 7 1 4E 1000,
+E
C4IF4* C=S4E6*) ;EA
AI4 =;I@E)6.@(2.0,8.0,1) 6I;=4*S
5EE!
E1D
/R2#ESS #4S.2*ER
)*D=*S4 1 44*;+;4(1)
AE)I =;I@E)6.@(5.0,15.0,2) 6I;=4*S
)*5I;<D=ISB 1 44*;+;4(1)
E1D

*9 4odeling Individual IbJects
3.1. Attribute #oncept
5 <(r'so#rc') o At X P @.
)'so#rc's
*0'r% !#mp 3$s $ <r$"'
Cr'$t' *0'r% !#mp (3)

N9B9Cump
D9Cump
N9K9Cump
rade
+ , .

3.2 Variable!
$P; ? ]; >?$P("'8$#&t) g P @. ?$P;

!r'$m.&' :.
$P; mo"' & 2>9 @.(int'('r, r'$&, $&p3$, t'1t)
H$cJ(ro#n" mo"' ; r'$& A ~ c $".
;E)655:, 6E+* IS mo"'
$P ; L$4 80 < (A <, <, !

.
BC ) HC, ;E.E@.C=S4E6*)S, 5.12.38, HC...
D ) 567, 2,2, 5.12

3.3 /rogram #ontrol Structure!
I@ St$t'm'nt
I@ S44=S 7 H=S:
++ 1 4E HCI.5E<
5A:S
5EE!I;<
@E) *CB r'so#rc'
is 'K#i0$&'nt to
@E) r'so#rc' 7 1 4E ;.r'so#rc'
@E) *CB r'so#rc' C55*+ n$m'
is 'K#i0$&'nt to
@E) n$m' 7 1 4E ;.)*SE=)C*
@E) *CB !=6!,
AI4B <)+*(!=6!) 7 +*SI)*+.<)+*
;+ )*S*)F*(!=6!) ?7 10.0,
@I;+ 4B* @I)S4 CS*

3." .he Repre!entation o& .ime
(c&ocJ) ; :+ )'$& $P
4I6*.F c -zA j) 0 i 2.
) *; 8("$%) .
BE=)S.F 7 24
6I;=4*S.F 7 60
<; ) i (; * $"O P @ .
EFG i `Sc v , +:S & S*CE;+S
BE=)S & 6I55IS*CE;+S, 6I;=4*S &
6IC)ES*CE;+S CG P @.

!)*6H5*
+*@I;* .s'con"s 4E 6*; "$%s
+*@I;* .mi&&is'con"s 4E 6*; 3o#rs
+*@I;* .micros'con"s 4E 6*; min#t's
*;+
6I;
5*4 BE=)S.F 7 1000
5*4 6I;=4*S.F 7 1000
*;+

)*: A Bank with a Separate Queue for Each
Teller
8$Y oR "3 90o oR 1c C 26+
oR e& 9 oRi >5 . {5
oRB 26(> }v 90o 2 Ho i
g .
+ oRi c < . t6 I: 1; 8 n)
9 3 n 3 oR SS a3 {9 90
n) .
z; JKG; <2 Ld +
.
oR P8Teller93 90 1 8c : >P & 1
+93 oR

/REA*0,E
!)EC*SS*S I;C5=+* <*;*)4E) ;+ C=S4E6*)
)*SE=)C*S I;C5=+* 4*55*)
+*@I;* 6*;.I;4*)))IF5.4I6*, 6*;.S*)FIC*.4I6*,
+:.5*;<4B ;+ AI4I;<.4I6* S )*5 F)IH5*S
CC=6=54* =4I5IG4IE; S 4B* F*)<* E@ ;.9.4*55*)
CC=6=54* F<.D=*=*.5*;<4B S 4B* F*)<*,
69.D=*=*.5*;<4B S 4B* 69I6=6 E@ ;.D.4*55*)
455: 6*;.AI4I;<.4I6* S 4B* 6*; E@ AI4I;<.4I6*
E1D
Teller

*AI1
)*+ ;.4*55*), 6*;.I;4*)))IF5.4I6*, 6*;.S*)FIC*.4I6*,
;+ +:.5*;<4B
C)*4* *F*): 4*55*)
@E) *CB 4*55*),
5*4=.4*55*)(4*55*)) 7 1
!)I;4 8 5I;*S AI4B ;.4*55*), 6*;.I;4*)))IF5.4I6*,
6*;.S*)FIC*.4I6* ;+ +:.5*;<4B 4B=S
SI6=54IE; E@ H;I AI4B / 4*55*)S
(*CB AI4B S*!)4* D=*=*)
C=S4E6*)S ))IF* CCE)+I;< 4E ; *9!E;*;4I5 +IS4)IH=4IE;
E@ I;4*) ))IF5 4I6*S AI4B 6*; E@ /.// 6I;=4*S.
S*)FIC* 4I6* IS 5SE *9!E;*;4I55: +IS4)IH=4*+
AI4B 6*; E@ /.// 6I;=4*S.
4B* H;I +EE)S )* C5ES*+ @4*) /.// BE=)S.
(H=4 55 C=S4E6*)S I;SI+* )* S*)F*+.)
Teller

C4IF4* <*;*)4* ;EA
S4)4 SI6=54IE;
!)I;4 6 5I;*S AI4B 4I6*.F / BE=)S.F,
;+ 6*;.A4I;<.4I6* / BE=)S.F / 6I;=4*S.F 4B=S
4B* 5S4 C=S4E6*) 5*@4 4B* H;I 4 /.// BE=)S.
4B* F*)<* C=S4E6*) +*5: AS /.// 6I;=4*S.
4*55*) =4I5IG4IE; D=*=* 5*;<4B
F*)<* 69I6=6
@E) *CB 4*55*),
!)I;4 1 5I;* AI4B 4*55*), =4I5IG4IE;(4*55*)),
F<.D=*=*.5*;<4B(4*55*)), 69.D=*=*.5*;<4B(4*55*)) 4B=S
/ /.// /.// /
E1D
Teller

/R2#ESS 3E1ERA.2R
+*@I;* ))IF5.4I6* S )*5 F)IH5*
5*4 4I6*.4E.C5ES* 7 +:.5*;<4B / BE=)S.F
=;4I5 4I6*.F ?7 4I6*.4E.C5ES*,
+E
C4IF4* C=S4E6*) ;EA
AI4 *9!E;*;4I5.@(6*;.I;4*)))IF5.4I6*,1) 6I;=4*S
5EE!
E1D
Teller

/R2#ESS #4S.2*ER
+*@I;* ))IF5.4I6* S )*5 F)IH5*
+*@I;* 6:.CBEIC* S I;4*<*) F)IH5*
5*4 ))IF5.4I6* 7 4I6*.F
@E) *CB 4)*55*), AI4B ;.9.4*55*)(4*55*)) 7 0,
@I;+ 4B* @I)S4 CS*
I@ @E=;+,
5*4 6:.CBEIC* 7 4*55*)
*5S*
@E) *CB 4*55*),
CE6!=4* 6:.CBEIC* S 4B* 6I;I6=6(4*55*))
E@ ;.D.4*55*)(4*55*))
5A:S
)*D=*S4 1 4*55*)(6:.CBEIC*)
5*4 AI4I;<.4I6* 7 4I6*.F - ))IF5.4I6*
AE)I *9!E;*;4I5.@(6*;.S*)FIC*.4I6*,2) 6I;=4*S
)*5I;D=ISB 1 4*55*)(6:.CBEIC*)
E1D
Teller

5 )*- 24./4. 6
SI6=54IE; E@ H;I AI4B 2 4*55*)S
(*CB AI4B S*!)4* D=*=*)
C=S4E6*)S ))IF* CCE)+I;< 4E ; *9!E;*;4I5 +IS4)IH=4IE;
E@ I;4*) ))IF5 4I6*S AI4B 6*; E@ 5.00 6I;=4*S.
S*)FIC* 4I6* IS 5SE *9!E;*;4I55: +IS4)IH=4*+
AI4B 6*; E@ 10.00 6I;=4*S.
4B* H;I +EE)S )* C5ES*+ @4*) 8.00 BE=)S.
(H=4 55 C=S4E6*)S I;SI+* )* S*)F*+.)
4B* 5S4 C=S4E6*) 5*@4 4B* H;I 4 /.// BE=)S.
4B* F*)<* C=S4E6*) +*5: AS /.// 6I;=4*S.
4*55*) =4I5IG4IE; D=*=* 5*;<4B
F*)<* 69I6=6
1 .97 1.73 6
2 .91 2.06 7
Teller

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http://tolerance.ajou.ac.

the '*'tat'on o1 the operat'on o1 a real-2orl( proce%% or %#%te* o&er

to (e&elop a %et o1 a%%u*pt'on% o1 *athe*at'cal3 lo4'cal3 an(

to e%t'*ate the *ea%ure% o1 per1or*ance o1 the %#%te* 2'th the

a% an anal#%'% tool 1or pre('ct'n4 the e11ect o1 chan4e% to e-'%t'n4

a% a (e%'4n tool to pre('ct the per1or*ance o1 ne2 %#%te*%

Ne2 pol'ce%3 operat'n4 proce(ure%3 (ec'%'on rule%3 'n1or*at'on 1lo2%3

Ne2 har(2are (e%'4n%3 ph#%'cal la#out%3 tran%portat'on %#%te*%3

=#pothe%e% a5out ho2 or 2h# certa'n pheno*ena occur can 5e

In%'4ht can 5e o5ta'ne( a5out the 'nteract'on o1 &ar'a5le%.

In%'4ht can 5e o5ta'ne( a5out the '*portance o1 &ar'a5le% to the

$ottleneck anal#%'% can 5e per1or*e( 'n('cat'n4 2here 2ork-'n-

%'*ulat'on %tu(# can help 'n un(er%tan('n4 ho2 the %#%te*

>7hat-'1? <ue%t'on% can 5e an%2ere(. Th'% '% part'cularl# u%e1ul 'n

S'*ulat'on re%ult% *a# 5e ('11'cult to 'nterpret. S'nce *o%t

S'*ulat'on *o(el'n4 an( anal#%'% can 5e t'*e con%u*'n4 an(

nal#%'% o1 electron'c% a%%e*5l# operat'on%

De%'4n an( e&aluat'on o1 a %elect'&e a%%e*5l# %tat'on 1or h'4h-prec'%'on

Co*par'%on o1 ('%patch'n4 rule% 1or %e*'con(uctor *anu1actur'n4 u%'n4

E&aluat'on o1 clu%ter tool throu4hput 1or th'n-1'l* hea( pro(uct'on

Deter*'n'n4 opt'*al lot %':e 1or a %e*'con(uctor 5ack-en( 1actor#

!pt'*':at'on o1 c#cle t'*e an( ut'l':at'on 'n %e*'con(uctor te%t

nal#%'% o1 %tora4e an( retr'e&al %trate4'e% 'n a 2arehou%e

In&e%t'4at'on o1 (#na*'c% 'n a %er&'ce-or'ente( %uppl# cha'n

Mo(el 1or an r*# che*'cal *un't'on% ('%po%al 1ac'l't#

Co*par'%on o1 ('%patch'n4 rule% u%'n4 lar4e-1ac'l't# *o(el%

The corrupt'n4 'n1luence o1 &ar'a5'l't#

ne2 lot-relea%e rule 1or 2a1er 1a5%

%%e%%*ent o1 potent'al 4a'n% 'n pro(uct'&'t# (ue to proact'&e ret'cle

Co*par'%on o1 a ,AA-** an( .AA-** B-ra# l'tho4raph# cell

Capac't# plann'n4 2'th t'*e con%tra'nt% 5et2een operat'on%

.AA-** lo4'%t'c %#%te* r'%k re(uct'on

Con%truct'on o1 a (a* e*5ank*ent

Trenchle%% rene2al o1 un(er4roun( ur5an 'n1ra%tructure%

ct'&'t# %che(ul'n4 'n a (#na*'c3 *ult'project %ett'n4

In&e%t'4at'on o1 the %tructural %teel erect'on proce%%

Spec'al-purpo%e te*plate 1or ut'l't# tunnel con%truct'on

De%'4n an( te%t o1 an 'ntell'4ent controller 1or autono*ou% un(er2ater

Mo(el'n4 *'l'tar# re<u're*ent% 1or non2ar1'4ht'n4 operat'on%

Mult'trajector# per1or*ance 1or &ar#'n4 %cenar'o %':e%

U%'n4 a(apt'&e a4ent 'n U.S 'r @orce p'lot retent'on

Lo4'%t'c%3 Tran%portat'on3 an( D'%tr'5ut'on ppl'cat'on%

E&aluat'n4 the potent'al 5ene1't% o1 a ra'l-tra11'c plann'n4 al4or'th*

E&aluat'n4 %trate4'e% to '*pro&e ra'lroa( per1or*ance

)ara*etr'c *o(el'n4 'n ra'l-capac't# plann'n4

nal#%'% o1 pa%%en4er 1lo2% 'n an a'rport ter*'nal

)roact'&e 1l'4ht-%che(ule e&aluat'on

Lo4'%t'c% '%%ue% 'n autono*ou% 1oo( pro(uct'on %#%te*% 1or e-ten(e(-

S':'n4 'n(u%tr'al ra'l-car 1leet%

)ro(uct ('%tr'5ut'on 'n the ne2%paper 'n(u%tr#

De%'4n o1 a toll pla:a

Choo%'n4 5et2een rental-car locat'on%

$u%'ne%% )roce%% S'*ulat'on

I*pact o1 connect'on 5ank re(e%'4n on a'rport 4ate a%%'4n*ent

)ro(uct (e&elop*ent pro4ra* plann'n4

Reconc'l'at'on o1 5u%'ne%% an( %#%te*% *o(el'n4

)er%onnel 1oreca%t'n4 an( %trate4'c 2ork1orce plann'n4

Mo(el'n4 hu*an per1or*ance 'n co*ple- %#%te*%

Stu(#'n4 the hu*an ele*ent 'n a'r tra11'c control

(e1'ne( a% a 4roup o1 o5ject% that are jo'ne( to4ether 'n

chan4e% occurr'n4 out%'(e the %#%te*.

$ank : a ('%crete %#%te*

The hea( o1 2ater 5eh'n( a (a* : a cont'nuou% %#%te*

a repre%entat'on o1 a %#%te* 1or the purpo%e o1 %tu(#'n4

the ''tat'on o1 the operat'on o1 a real-2orl( proce%% or %#%te o&er

to (e&elop a %et o1 a%%upt'on% o1 athe*at'cal3 lo4'cal3 an(

to e%t'ate the ea%ure% o1 per1orance o1 the %#%te 2'th the

a% a (e%'4n tool to pre('ct the per1orance o1 ne2 %#%te%

%'ulat'on %tu(# can help 'n un(er%tan('n4 ho2 the %#%te

S'ulat'on re%ult% a# 5e ('11'cult to 'nterpret. S'nce *o%t

S'ulat'on o(el'n4 an( anal#%'% can 5e t'e con%u'n4 an(

Copar'%on o1 ('%patch'n4 rule% 1or %e'con(uctor *anu1actur'n4 u%'n4

Deter'n'n4 opt'al lot %':e 1or a %e*'con(uctor 5ack-en( 1actor#

!pt'':at'on o1 c#cle t'e an( ut'l':at'on 'n %e*'con(uctor te%t

Mo(el 1or an r# che'cal *un't'on% ('%po%al 1ac'l't#

Copar'%on o1 ('%patch'n4 rule% u%'n4 lar4e-1ac'l't# o(el%

Co*par'%on o1 a ,AA- an( .AA- B-ra# l'tho4raph# cell

Con%truct'on o1 a (a* e5ankent

ct'&'t# %che(ul'n4 'n a (#na'c3 ult'project %ett'n4

Mo(el'n4 'l'tar# re<u'reent% 1or non2ar1'4ht'n4 operat'on%

E&aluat'n4 %trate4'e% to 'pro&e ra'lroa( per1orance

)araetr'c o(el'n4 'n ra'l-capac't# plann'n4

Lo4'%t'c% '%%ue% 'n autonoou% 1oo( pro(uct'on %#%te% 1or e-ten(e(-

Ipact o1 connect'on 5ank re(e%'4n on a'rport 4ate a%%'4nent

)ro(uct (e&elopent pro4ra plann'n4

Reconc'l'at'on o1 5u%'ne%% an( %#%te% o(el'n4

Mo(el'n4 huan per1orance 'n cople- %#%te%

Stu(#'n4 the huan eleent 'n a'r tra11'c control

a %'pl'1'cat'on o1 the %#%te

Stat'c %'ulat'on o(el 8calle( Monte Carlo %'*ulat'on9

D#na'c %'ulat'on o(el repre%ent% %#%te% a% the#

Deter'n'%t'c %'ulat'on o(el% conta'n no ran(o

Stocha%t'c %'ulat'on o(el ha% one or ore ran(o

nal#t'cal etho(% eplo# the (e(uct'&e rea%on'n4 o1

Nuer'cal etho(% eplo# coputat'onal proce(ure% to

% the cople-'t# o1 the o(el chan4e%3 the re<u're( (ata

I% the coputer pro4ra per1or*'n4 properl#I

The (eter'nat'on that a o(el '% an accurate

To e%t'ate ea%ure% o1 per1or*ance%

)ro4re%% (ocuentat'on : the h'%tor# o1 a %'ulat'on3 a

@ourth pha%e : an 'pleentat'on

Con%truct a %'ulat'on ta5le. Each %'ulat'on ta5le '%

In %oe %#%te%3 the con('t'on a5out arr'&al rate 5e'n4

%%ue that the t'e% 5et2een arr'&al% 2ere 4enerate(

%'ulat'on o1 a 4rocer# %tore that %tart% 2'th an ept#

%et o1 un'1orl# ('%tr'5ute( ran(o nu*5er% '% nee(e( to

The %et o1 ran(o* nu5er% '% un'1orl# ('%tr'5ute( 5et2een A

The e%%ence o1 a anual %'ulat'on '% the %'*ulat'on ta5le.

Stat'%t'cal ea%ure% o1 per1orance can 5e o5ta'ne( 1or*

Stat'%t'cal ea%ure% o1 per1orance 'n th'% e-a*ple.

Each cu%toerO% t'e 'n the %#%te*

The a&era4e 2a't'n4 t'e 1or a cu%toer : ,.G *'nute%

The a&era4e %er&'ce t'e : ..0 'nute%

The a&era4e t'e 5et2een arr'&al% : 0.. 'nute%

The a&era4e 2a't'n4 t'e o1 tho%e 2ho 2a't : 0.. 'nute%

Th'% re%ult can 5e copare( to the e-pecte( t'e 5et2een arr'&al%

The a&era4e t'e a cu%toer %pen(% 'n the %#%te* : E.,

To e%t'ate the %#%te

Mak'n4 ore 1re<uent re&'e2%3 an( con%e<uentl#3 ore 1re<uent

The (ec'%'on aker can control the a-'u 'n&entor# le&el3 M3