CRC: 58-1988

GUIDELINES
FOR
THE DESIGN OF RIGID
PAVEMENTS
FOR
HIGHWAYS
(First Revision)
THE INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS
1 9 9 1
<<
~RC 58~l9 8S
GUIDELINES
FOR
THE DESIGN OF RIGID
PAVEMENTS
FOR
HIGHWAYS
(First Revision)
Pubtished by
THE INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS
.Jaiinsgar House, Sh!kjahan Road,
New Delhi-I 10 011
P~9 1
Price Rs, ~2tiL
(Phis Packing & Pui~age)
<<
IRC: 54N$
First published: July 1974
First Revision : June 1988
Reprinted: March. 1 9 9 %
Reprinted: October, 2000
(Rights ofPubllcadoa and q( Translation are reserved)
Printed at Dee Kay Printers, NewDelhi
(1 000copies)
<<
itC: $$4S
S
CONTENTS
Clause No. PageNo.
1. Introduction ... 1
2. General ... 2
3. Design Parameters and Assessment of
their Design Value ... 2
4. Design ofSlab Thickness ... 9
5. Design ofJoints ... 17
6. Design ofReinforcement ... 22
AppendIces
1. Extract froth IRC: 15-1981 Standards
Specifications and Code of Practic for
Construction of Concrete RoadsPreparation
of Sub-grade and Sub-base ... 25
2. Logarithms ... 29
3. An Illustrative Example of Design ofSlab
Thickness 38
4. An Illustrative Example ofDesign ofDowel
Bars and TieBars 40
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lkC :58-1988
GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN OF RIGID
PAVEMENTS FOR HIGHWAYS
INTRODUQION
Guidelines for the Design of Rigid Pavements for High-
ways were approved by the Cement Concrete Road Surfacing
Committee in their meeting held at Chandigarh on the 1 1 th
March, 1 9 73. These were approved by the Specificat.~ons &
Standards Committee in their meeting held on 31 st January and
:1 st February, 1 9 74. The Guidelines wcre then approved by!~~he
Executive Committee and the Council in their meetings held on
the 1 st May and 2nd May, 1 9 74 respectively.
In view of the recent upward revision of the legal limit on
the maximum laden axle-loads of commercial vehicles from
81 60 kg, to 1 0200 kg. (new legal maximum wheel load 51 00
kg.), appropriate modifications have become necesary in some
sections of the Guidelines.
Accordingly, the Cement Concrete Road Surfacing
Committee of the indian Roads Congress in their 1 7th reeting
held at Nagpur on 8th January, 1 9 84 (personnel given below)
considered and approved certain changes
1 . Shivalingaiah
N. Sivaguru
K, Suryanarayana Rao
birector (Civil) 1 .5.1 .
(G. Raman)
D.G.B.R. (Maj. Gen. J.M. Rai)
B.T. Unwalla
Director General Cement
Research Institute of India
(Dr. H C. Visvesvaraya~
Director, U.P. P.W.D. Research
Institute (P.D. Agarwal)
City Engineer (Roads), Municipal
Corporation of Bombay
A Rep. of C.P.W.D.
D 0. (RD.) tx-officio
Convenor
Member-Secretory
K K. Nambiar
YR. Phull
H.S. Bhatia
D.C. Chaturvedi
NC. Duggal
OP. Gupta
PlC. Issac
P.J. .lagus
D.P. lain
RS. lindal
Maj. Can. R.K. Kaira
P,V. Kamat
Dr. S.K. Khanna
P.J. Mehta
C.B. Mathur
D.C. Panda
1
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IRC : 58-1 9 88
The amendments were considered by the Specifications &
Standards Committee in thcir meeting held at New Delhi on the
21 st August, 1 9 85 and were returned back to Cement Concrete
Road Surfacing Committee for further consideration, The draft
was then finalised by Dr. M.P. Dhir Convenor and Shri S.S. Seehra
Member- Secretary of the reconstituted Committee. The draft
received from the Cement Concrete Road Surfacing Committee
was reconsidered by the Highways Specifications & Standards
Committee in their meeting held on 25th April, 1 9 88 at New
Delhi and approved. These amendments received the approval
of the Executive Committee and the Council in their meetings
held on 26th April and 7th May, 1 9 88 respectively.
2. GENERAL
Rigid pavement design commenced with the classical
analysis of Westergaard in 1 9 26. Most of the subsequent work,
till recently, aimed at modifications and adaptations of West-
ergaards work either with a view to match better with the
actual performance and test data, or simplify the analysis
for easier design. Of late, there is a noticeable trend towards
the development of ultimate load analysis in this field, and
consequent upon the AASHO Road Test, attempts have been
made also to apply the serviceability-performance criteria to
rigid pavement design. ihey are, however, still in a developing
stage.
Some of these methods take only traffic loads into account,
ignoring such environmental factors as temperature changes in
the pavement, which may substantially limit its load-carrying
capacity. There are other factors, like inipact, load repetitions,
etc., the effects of which though understood qualitatively, are
not yct conclusively established quantitatively. Nevertheless,
for a rational design, their effects should be incorporated to the
extent possible with the existing knowledge.
It is with the objective of simplifying this task and to pro-
in ote the scientific design of rigid pavements that these guide-
lines have been drawn,
3. DESiGN PARAMETERS AND ASSESSMENT
OF THEIR DESIGN VALUE
3. 1. Traffic Parameters
.3.1 .1 . Design wheel load: The design wheel load should
he the maximum wheel load of the predominant heavy vehicle
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1R.C 58-1988
likely to use the pavement in the normal course. In case of
public highways, it will obviously be governed by the prevailing
legal limits on the maximum laden weight of commercial
vehicles. It is currently taken at 5100 kg,
in addition to the design wheel load, the maximum tyre
inflation pressures for the vehicles should also be ascertained, se
as to enable determination of tyre contact area through which
the load is transmitted to the pavement. For most commercial
highway vehicles, this ranges from about 5.3 to 7.3 kg/cm
2.
.i.i.2. Traffic intensity : Passage of traffic results in re-
petitive loading of the pavement, thereby inducing fatigue effects
in the concrete, These effects, while not of much consequence
in case of low traffic intensities because of considerable time lag
between successive passes, assume greater importance in ease of
heavily trafficked pavements, as the fatigue strength of concrete
reduces with increase in the tiumber of load repetitions it is
required to sustain.
While a rigorous approach would require the assessment of
total number of design load repetitions during intended design
life of a pavement including due allowance for lighter and
heavier loads through the use of appropriate equivalency factors,
a more practical approach is to classify the pavements, for the
purpose of making fatigue allowance, according to traffic inten-
sity range expected.
Since traffic intensity is a growing phenomenon, the heavi-
est intensity will occur at the end of the design life of a pave-
rnent. However, it is generally considered adequate if the traffic
is projected to a period of 20 years after construction, since in
the initial stages the traffic intensity will be much less than that
at the end of the design life.
For traffic prediction on main highways, the following
correlation may be adopted
T=F(I+rr2 ... (1 )
with T=design traffic intensity in termsof number of commer-
cial vehicles (laden weight ) 3 tonnes) per day,
Prtraffic intensity at last traffic count,
~annual rate of increase of traffic intensity, and
nrsnumber of years since last traffic count and commis-
sioning the new concrete pavement.
3
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lRC 58-1 9 88
The traffic intensity P for assessment of design traffic inten~
sity T should normally be a seven day average based on 24-hour
counts, in accordance with 1 RC 9 -1 9 72 Traffic Census on Non-
Urban Roads (First Revision). However, in exceptional cases,
where such data are not available, an average of three day
counts may be used as an approximation. Based on growth ratc
of traffic over the past few years, a value of 7.5 per cent i~
suggested for br~for rural roads for the time being, wherever
actual data are not available.
in c:ase ~of new highway links, where no traffic count data
will he available, data from highways of similar elassifieatic.~n
ond~mportance may he used to predict the design traffic
inteii sit y.
The pavement classification based on design traffic intensity,
suggested for adoption for rigid pavement design, is given in
Table I
EARL F t , TRAF fiC (LssslricATrON FOR RiGiD jAvFMFNTL)LSic,N
Traffic
classification
Design Traffic ntensity
Vehicles (laden weight
the end or design life
:
>3 ton nes) pcr day ai
A
0-IS
B
i5~45
(1 45-ISO
1 ) 1 50450
F::. 4504500
F 1 500-4500
C; Abovc 4500 and aU cxprcssway
.3,2. Environmental Parameters
3.2.1 . :reml!eratilre differential Tcntperature differential
between top and bottom of concrete pavements is a function: of
solar radiation received by the pavement surface at the location,
losses due to wind velocity, etc., and thermal diffusivity, of con-
crete, and is thus affected by geographical features of the
pavement location,
As fat as possible, values of actually anticipated tempera-
ture differentials at the location of the pavement should he
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IRC 58-1 9 88
Temp. differential in C in
slabs of thickness
10cm 15cm 20cm 25cm 30cm
I. Punjab, UP., Rajasthan,
Gujarat, Haryana and North
MP., excluding hilly regions
and coastal areas
H. Bihat, West Bengal, Assam and
Eastern Orissa, excluding hilly
regions and coastal areas
lii. Maharashtra, Karnataka South
M,P., Andhra Pradesh, Western
Orissa and North Madras
excluding hilly regions and
coastal areas
lv. Kerala and South Madras,
excluding hilly regions and
coastal areas
V. Coastal areas bounded by hills
VI, Coastal areas unbounded by
hills
10.2 12.5 13.1 14.3 15.8
14.4
14.75
15.6 16,4 16.6 16.8
17.3 l~,0 20.3 21.0
1 3.2 1 5.0 16.4 1 7.6 1 8,1
12,8 14.6 15,8 16.2 17,0
13.6 15.5 17.0 19.0 19,2
Note The above mentioned table has been prepared on thebasis of actual
observations by Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi.
3.2.2. Mean femperaturecycles: Mean temperature cycles-
daily and annual of concrete pavements affect the maximum
spacing of contraction and expansion joints in the pavement and
design values for these factors would be required if it is desired
to adopt the maximum safe spacing of expansion joints.
However, these factors are dependent upon the geographical
location of the pavement, and data thereon are generally not
available readily. Somewhat conservative recommendations
for maximum expansion joint spacing have, therefore, been
framed as guidelines on the basis of actual temperature data
collected at selected locations in different parts of the country.
3.3, Foundation Strength and Surface CharacterIstIcs
3.3.1 . Strength: The foundation strength, in case of rigid
adopted for pavement design. For this purpose, guidance may
be had from Table 2.
TaLE 2. RIc0MMOWID TrMrraAsuaE DIF IF RENTIALS tN~oNCRLT&RoADS
Zone States
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lit : S1
pavements, Is expressed in terms of modulus of subgrade reac-
don, A, which I. defined as pressure per unit deflection of the
foupdation as determined by plate bearing tests. As the limiting
design deflection for concrete pavements is taken at 1.25 mm,
the K-value is determined from the pressure sustained at this
deflection. As K-value is influenced by teat plate diameter, the
standard test is run with a 75 cm dia. plate, beyond which the
effect ofdiameter has been found to be negligible. A frequency
ofone test per km per lane is recommended for assessment of
Kvalue, unless foundation changes with respect to subgrade soil
type, ofsub-base or the nature offormation (IA. cut or fill) when
additional tests may be conducted.
In case of homogeneous foundation, test values obtained
with plates of smaller diameter may by convertedto thestandard
75 cm plate value by experimentally obtained correlations, e.g,
with K~
5and Ks. as the K values obtained on 75 cm and 30 cm
dia. plates respectively. However, in case of layered construc-
tion, as in the case of sub-base, the tests with smaller plates give
greater weightage to the stronger toplayer, and direct conversion
to 75 cm plate values by the above correlations somewhat over-
estimates the foundation strength, and such conversion must be
regarded as very approximate only.
The subgrade soil strength, and consequently thestrengthof
the foundation as a whole, is affected by its moistuit content.
The design strength obviously must be the minimum that will be
available under the worst moisture conditions encountered. The
ideal period for testing the foundation strength would thus be
after the monsoons when the subgrade would have attained its
highest moisture content.
In case the tests have to be conducted at some other time.
especially during the dry part ofthe year, allowance for loss in
strength due to increase in moisture must be made. For this pur-
pose, an idea of the expected reduction in strength on saturation
of the subgrade may be had from laboratory CBR tests on
subgrade soil samples compacted at field density and moisture
content and tested before and after saturation. An approximate
idea of K value of a homogeneous soil subgrade may be had
directly from its CER value using Table 3. A more elaborate
procedure involves correlation through consolidation tests on
unsoaked and soaked samples.
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IRC: 58-1988
Tai. 3 APn0XLMATE K VALUECORRESPONDiNG To CBR VALUES 10*
HoMOGENEoUS Soit SUBORADn
CBRvatue(%) 2 3 4 5 7 1 0 20 50 1 00
K-valve (kg/cm)
208
2.77 3.46 4.1 6 4.84 5.54 6.9 2 13,85 22.1 6
The recommendations of IRC 15-1981 shall be followed
and a K-value of less than 5.5 kg/cm
3 tested on the subgrade
shall not be permitted. In case of rocky subgrades with a
K-value of 5.5 kg/cm3 and higher, ,the pavement may be laid
directly thereon or after providing a levelling course, if required.
In case of problematic subgrades such as clayey arl expansive
soils, etc., appropriate provisions shalt be made for a blanket
course in addition to the sub-base as per the relevant stipulations
of IRC: 1 5-1 9 81 , reproduced in Appendix!.
3.3.2. Foundation surface cha
1 acterlstics The foundation
surface characteristics, viz., its smoothness or roughness, deter-
mine the extent of resistance to slab movement during expansion
and contraction on account of foundation restraint, and affect
joint.spacings. The maximum safe spacing increases with increase
in surface roughness of the foundation in case of expansion
joints, and decreases in case of contraction joints.
For the purpose of determination of joint spacings, diffe-
rent types of foundations generally adopted may be classified
into three categories, viz., very smooth, smooth and rough, accor-
ding in their surface characteristics, as given in Table 4. As the,
foundations normally adopted in the country fall within the last
two categories, only these two categories have been considered
in formulating recommendations for expansion joint spacings.
TABLE 4. CLASSInCATION op Dunnwr Tyris o~RiolD
PAVEMENT F ouNDATIoNs ACCORDING TO THEIR
SURF ACE CHARACTERISTICS
Surface roughness
characteristics
Very Smooth
Type of foundation
Compacted sand and gravel. Smooth foundation
covered with waterproof paper
Smooth Compacted sand, gravel and clinker, ,atabilised
soil. Rough foundation covered with waterproof
paper
Rough Water-bound macidam, soil-gravel mix, rolled
lean concrete, lime-pozzolana conrete, etc.
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IRC: 58-1 9 88
3 4. Concrete Characteristics
3.4.1 . Design strength As stresses induced in concrete
pavements are due either to bending or its prevention, their
design is necessarily based on the flexural strength of concrete.
For economical design, the design value adopted for fiexural
strength of pavement concrete should not be less than 40 kg/cm
2.
This strength value, however, should not be confused with the
mix design strength. The mix has to be so designed as to ensure
the minimum structural strength requirements in the field with
the desired confidence level. Thus if:
a = structural design value for concrete strength,
$ = mix design value for concrete strength,
= tolerajice factor for the desired confidence level,
o = expected standard deviation of field test samples, based on a know-
ledge of the type of control, viz, very good, good or fair, feasible at
site.
then s=s+t.a ~ (3)
so that to achieve the desired minimum structural strength s in
the field,the mix design in the laboratory has to be made for
somewhat higher strength, s making due allowance for the type
and extent of quality control feasible in the field.
For pavement construction, the concrete mix should prefer-
ably be designed and controlled on the basis of flexural strength.
if that is not possible, correlation between flexural and compres-
sive strengths should be established on the basis of actual tests
on additional samples made for the purpose at the time of mix
design. Quality control can then be exercised on the basis of
compressive strength, so long as the mix materials and propqr-
tions remain substantially unaltered. Even though it is custo-
mary to assume 280 kg/cm2 as compresiive strength correspond-
ing to 40 kg~cm2fi~xural strength, sych general assumpuons
should be avoided as far as possible in view of the variety of
factors which influence the correlation between the two strengths.
For general guidance, the value of t and ~ for concrete
compressive strength value of 280 kg/cm2 are given in Table S for
different degrees of quality control. For design of cement
concrete mix, IRC: 44-1 9 72 Tentative Guidelines for Cement
Concrete Mix Design for Road Pavements (for non-air entrained
and continuously graded concrete) may be followed.
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IRC 58-1988
TABLE 5. CoNcRETE Mix Drsicn STnNOTH FOR DTFIERnJT DroRus
OF QUAI FrY Cot~i~ot,FOR STRUCTURAL DF5IGN VAUm OF
280 kg/sq. cm FOR CONCRETE CoMPREss~vrSi RrrJOIH
Degree of To
quality
control
lerance
level
Tolerance
factor,
t
Coefficient
of wad-
ation
Mix design
strength
kg./sq.cm.
Standard
deviation
kg/sq.cm.
Very good
Good
1
I
in 1 5
in 1 5
1 .50
t.50
7%
1 0%
315
330
22
33
Fair I in 1 0 1 .20
15%
350 52
Notes. Very good qua/fly control : Control with weigh hatching, use of
graded aggregates, moisture determination of aggregates, etc.
Rigid and constant supervision by the quality control team.
Goodquality control: Control with weigh-batching, use of graded
aggregates, moisture determination of aggregates, etc. Constant
supervision by the quality control team.
Fair quality control: Control with volume-batching for aggregates.
Occasional checking of aggregate moisture. Occasional supervision
by the quality control team,
3.4.2. Modulus of elasticity and Poissons ratio: The modulus
of elasticity, E, and Poissons ratio, ~ of concrete are known
to vary with concrete materials and strength. The elastic
modulus increases with increase in strength, and Poissons ratio
decreases with increase in the modulus of elasticity. While it
is desirable that the values of these parameters are ascertained
experimentally for the concrete mix and materials actually to be
used at the construction, this information may not always be
available at the design stage. In such cases, it is suggested that
for design purposes, the following values may be adopted for
concrete in the 38-42 kg/cm
2 fiexural strength range
Modulus of elasticity of concrete, Er, 3 x lO~kg/cmi
Poissons ratio, p. 0.1 5
3.4.3, Coefficient ofthermal expansion: The coefficient of
thermal expansion, a, of concretes of the same mix proportions
varies with the flpe of aggregate, being in general high for sili-
ceous aggregates, medium for igneous rocks and low for
calcareous ones. However, for design purposes, a value ~= 1 0 x
lO/Cmay be adopted in all cases.
4. DESiGN OF SLAB THICKNESS
4.1. Critical Stress Coadition
Concrete pavements in service are subjected to stresses due
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IRC : 58-1988
to a variety of factors, acting simultaneously, the severest com-
bination of which inducing the highest stress in the pavement
will give the critical stress condition. The factors commonly
considered for design of pavement thickness are traffic loads and
temperature variations, as the two are additive. The effects of
moisture changes and shrinkage, being generally opposed to
those of temperature and of smaller magnitude, would ordinari
ty
relieve the temperature effects to some extent, and are not nor-
mally considered critical to thickness design.
For purposes of analysis, three different regions are recog-
nised in a pavement slabcorner, edge and interiorwhich
react differently from one another to the effect of temperature
differentials, as well as load application.
Thc concrete pavements undergo a daily cyclic change of
temperature differentials, the top being hotter than the bottom
during day, and cooler during night. The consequent tendency
of the pavement slabs to warp upwards (top convex) during the
day and downwards (top concave) during the night, and re-
straint offered to this warping tendency by self-weight of the
pavement induces stressses in the pavement, referred to coni-
monly as temperature stresses. These stresses are flexural in
nature, being tensile at bottom during the day and at tap during
night. As the restraint offered to warping at any section of the
slab would be a function of weight of the slab upto that Section,
it is obvious that corners have very little such restraint. The
restraint is maximum in the slab interior, and somewhat less at
the edge. Consequently the temperature stresses induced in the
pavement are negligible in the corner region, and maximum at
the interior.
Under the action of load application, maximum stress is
induced in the corner region, as the corner is discontinuous in
two directions. The edge being discontinuous in one direction
only, has lower stress, while the least stress is induced in the
interior where the slab is continuous in all directions. Further-
more, the corner tends to bend like a cantilever, giving tension
at the top, interior like a beam giving tension at bottom. At
edge, main bending is along the edge like a beam giving maxi-
mum tension at bottom.
The maximum combined tensile stresses in the three regions
of the slab will thus be caused when effects of temperature diffe-
rentials are such as to be additive to the load effetts. This would
occur during the day in case of interior and edge regions, at the
1 0
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1 RC:5$-t98$
time of maximum temperature differential in the slab. In the
corner region, the temperature stress is negligible, but the load
stress is maximum at night when the slab corners have a tendency
to lift up due to warping and lose partly the foundation support.
Considering the total combined stress for the three regions, viz.,
corner: edge and interior, for which th~load stress decreases in
that order while the temperature stress increases, the critical
stress condition is reached in the edge region where neither of
the load and temperature stresses are the minimum, It is, there-
lore, felt that both the corner and the edge regions should be
checked for total stresses and design of slab thickness based on
the more critical condition of the two,
4.2. (:alculation of Stresses
4.2.1 . Edge stresses
(a) Due to load : The load stress in the critical edge region
may be obtained as per Westergaard analysis and modified by
Teller and Sutherland from the following correlation (metric
units)
a!,=:::O.529 (1 +0.54 p) [41 o~w ~log
1 ,,h-0.4O48~~ 4
with oh: ii load stress in the edge region, kg/cm
2,
design wheel load, kg,
h:::r pavement slab thickness, em,
/.L::=Poissons ratio for concrete,
modulus of elasticity for concrete, kg/cm2,
K: : : : ~reaction modulus of the pavement foundation, kg/em3,
1 =: radius of relative stiffness, cm
~ [FM 5
-radius of equiv. distribution of pressure
a for{> 1 ,724
:: .if~~zO,675h for ~< 1 .724 ...(6)
and a radius of load contact, cm, assumed circular,
The values of! and 6 can be ascertained directly from Tables 6
and 7. For ready reference, 4-figure log tables are included in
Appendix 2
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IRC: 51 -1 9 8*
TAiLS 6. RAWUS Op R,PLATIvs Snnsns, I, mi n~su?11VAt,u~o~
PAvEMENT Su~.THICENUS, h, AND F OUNDAtIoN RFACI1 OP4
MooUius, K, ~os cowckEn 3.Ox 1 0 kg/cm~
1 5 61 .44 57,1 8 54.08 48,86 41 .09
1 6 64.49 60.02
56.76 51 ,29 43,31
1 7 67.49 62.81
5~).40 53.67 45.1 4
1 8 70.44 65,56
62.01 56.03 4707
1 9
73,36 68,28 64.57
58.35 49 .06
20 76.24 70,9 5 67.1 0 60,63
50.9 9
21 79 ,08 73.59
69 .60 63.89 52.89
22
81 .89 76.20 72.08 65.1 3 54.77
23
84,66 78.80 74.52 67,33 56.62
24
87,41 81 ,35 76.9 4 69 .31 58,45
25
9 0.1 3 83.88 79 ,32 71 .68 60.28
rASLE 7. RADtL~so~E~tnv.DISTRIBUTIONOP PRESSURE SEcrION, b, iu
TEgMS op R4tnu5 o~CoN TACT, a, ANO SLAB TH!cK~sss, h
b/h a/h b/h a/h
0.0
0,325 1 .0 0.9 37
0.1 0,333
1 .1 1 ,039
0.2
0.357 1 .2 1 ,1 43
0.3
0.387 1,3
1.250
0.4 0,44k
1 .4 1 .358
0.5
0,508
1 :5 1 .470
0.6
0.580 1 ,6 1.582
0.7
0,661
1 ,7
1 69 5
0.8 0,747
1 ,724 1 .724
0.9 0.840
>1 ,724 a/h
h (cm)
Radius of relative stiffness 1 (cm) for different values of K (kg/cm)
Kr 8 KrlS Kr 30
1 2
<<
58-1 9 88
(b) Due to temperature : The temperature stress at the criti-
cal edge region may be obtained as per Westergaard analysis.
using Bradburys coefficient, from the following correlation
-Yc . (7)
with ~i -~ temperature stress in the edge region~
= maximum temperature differential during day
between top and bottom of the slab,
coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete,
C :r Bradburys coefficient, which can be ascertained
directly from Biadburys chart against values of
L/! and WI!,
L ~ slab length. or spacing between consecutive con-
traction joints,
1 3 stab width, and
/ ~ radius of relative stiffness.
Values of the coefficient, C. based on the curves given in
Bradburys chart, are given in Table 8.
TASLI 8 . VALUISOI Co-i.IF ICIENT C BAS!~DOP~BR..~DBUk~S CHART
L/lor W/t C
I 0.000
2 0.040
3 0.1 75
4 0.440
S 0.720
6 0.9 20
7 1 .030
8 1 .075
9 1 .080
1 0 1 .075
1 1 lOSt)
1 2 and abo~ .t~J0
1 3
<<
ftC: 58-1 9 88
4.2.2. Corner stresses: The load stress in the corner region
may be obtained as per Westergaards analysis, as modified by
Kelley, from the following correlation
a / c =~ -
with ale = load stress in the corner region, other notations
remaining the same as in the case of the edge toad stress formula.
The temperature stress in the corner region is negligible as
the corners are relatively free to warp, and may be ignored.
4.3. Deslgo Charts
Figs. 1 and 2 give ready-to-use design charts for calculation
of toad stresses in the edge and corner regions of rigid pavement
Edge iad stress design
parameters
P=51 00 kg, a=15 cm
Er4xiO kgjcm%~0.l5
ka3O
kelS
-ktO
E
U
0b
.4
b
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
1 5
1 0
5
0
1 4 16 l 70
Slab thickness, k (cm)
Fig. 1 , Design chart for calculation of
edge load stress
1 4
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IRC: 58-1 9 88
U
Co
(I
4~
0
CC
0
C
Slab thickness, h (cm)
Fig. 2. Design chart for calculation of corner load stress
stabs for the design wheel load of 51 00 kg. Fig. 3 gives a design
chart for calculation of temperature stresses in the edge region.
4.4. Recommended Design Procedure
Step 1 Stipulate design vaiues for the various parameters.
Step 2 Decide joint spacing and land-widths (vide
para 5.1).
Step 3 Select tentative design thickness of pavement slab.
Step 4 : Ascertain maximum temperature stress for the
critical edge region from Equation (7) or Fig. 3.
Step 5 Calculate the residual available strength of
concrete for suppor.ting traffic loads.
Step 6 Ascertain edge load stress from Equation (4) or
Fig. l~and calculate factor of safety thereon.
Corner load stresa design
parameters
P~51 00kg. a~=1 5cm
E..3x 1 0 kg~cm*i&~-0.1 5
ic ..3OIrVclfl
3
kwlO
B
6
1 4 1 6 1 8 20 22 24
15
<<
E
U
U
U
U
U
U
Co
0
~RC 58~I9 88
40
30
25
20
S
10
5
0
0
5 10 .15
Temperature differential
Chart for determination of coetlicient ~
LfI I
or C or C
WI! WI!
I 0.000 7 1 .0)0
2 0.040 8 1 .077
3 tJ.lli 9 1 .080
4 0.440 1 0 1 .075
5 0.720 II 1 .050
6 0.9 20 2 .000
I 1 g. 3. Design chart for calcula)ion of edge )emperaturc S(ress
<<
1 RC : 58-1988
Step 7 In case the available factor of safety is less than
or far in excess of 1, adjust the tentative slab
thickness and repeat steps 3 to 6 till the factor of
safety is I or slightly more. Denote the corres-
poding slab thickness as h
1.
Step 8 Check for adequacy of thickness in the corner
region by ascertaining corner load stress from
Equation (8) of Fig. I and readjust the thickness
Its, if inadequate;
Step 9 : Adjust h~for traffic intensity. The adjusted design
thickness, Ii, may be obtined from
h h~f/~~
The values of Ii~may be taken from Table 9.
TABLE 9. Ricto PAvEMEt~TTHICKNESS AoJUsIMlNT FACTOR, he,
loP T~pric INTENSiTY
Traffic classification A B C D E F G
h~(cm) 5 5 2 2 +0 -tO +2
Note: See Table I for Traffic Classification.
An illustrative example of design of slab thickness is given
ii) Appendix 3.
5. DESIGN OF JOINTS
5. 1. Spacing and Layout
The recQrnmendations of the IRC 15-1981, para 8 and
Supplementary Notes para N. 2 Arrangement of Joints, may
be followed with regard to joint layout and contraction joint
spacings
As rrgards expansion joints, it is possible to adopt much
greater spacings than recommended in the Code. Based on a
recent study by the Central Road Research Institute which gives
the maximum spacing of expansion joints that can be adopted
for concrete pavements in India, from a consideration of daily
and annual temperature variations in the pavements in different
parts of the country, degree of foundation roughness as well as
the season of construction, the maximum recommended spacings
of expansion joints are given in Table 10.
1 7
<<
IRC 58-1 9 88
TABLE 1 0. REcOMMENDED S~ctsnOF JOINTS IN R1Grn
PAVEMEMrs FOR HIOHw&vs
(a) Expaision Joint Spacings (based on CRRI Study)
(for 25 mm wide expansion joints)
Period of
construction
Degree of foun-
dation roughnes
Maximum expansion
joint spacing (in)
Slab thickness (cm)
iS 20 25
Winier
Smooth 50 50
60
(Oct-March)
Rough
1 40 140 1 40
Summer
Smooth 90 9 0 120
(April-Sept)
Rough 1 40 1 40
1 40
No/es : 1. See Table 4 for classification of different types of foundation
layers according to degree of roughness.
(b) ContractionJoints Spacings (based on IRC 1519$1)
Slab thickness
(cm)
Maximum contraction
joint spacing (rn)
Weight of reinforcement
in welded fabric (for
reinforced pavements only)
(kg m
t)
Unreinforred Slabs
Reinforced Slabs
5.2. Load Transfer at Transverse Joints
5.2.1. Load transfer to relieve part of the load stresses in
edge and corner regions of pavement slab at transversejoints is
provided by means of mild steel dowel bars. For general provi-
tO 4.5
15 4.5
20 4.5
tO
15
20
7.5
13.0
14.0
2.2
2.7
3.8
18
<<
IR.C : 58-1988
sions in respect of dowel bars, stipulations laid down in IRC:
15-1981, Supplimentary Notes para N. 4,2 Dowel Bars, may be
followed. The method of design of dowel bars as per Bradburys
~inalysisis recommended.
5.2.2. Design ofdowel bars: The dowel bar system may be
designed on the basis of Bradburys analysis which gives the
following formulae for load transfer capacity of a single dowel
bar in shear, in bending and inbearing on concrete
0.785d
2fe (shear) ... (10)
2~f~
r8.8~ (bending in the bar) ... (11)
- _________
P f~(r-i-1.5z) (bearing on the concrete) .,. (12)
with T = load transfer capacity of a single dowel bar,
d = diameter of dowel bar,
r = length of embedment of dowel bar,
z = joint width,
fa permissible shear stress in dowel bar,
= permissible flexural stress in dowel bar, and
f~= permissibie.bearing stress in concrete.
For balanced design, for equal capacity in bending and
bearing, the length of embedment of dowel is first obtained by
equating 7 values from equations (II) and (12) as follows, for
the assumed joint width z and dowel diameter d:
J ft r+1.5z ~
r 5L7~ r-t-8.Sz J ... (1 3)
Knowing z, d and r, the load transfer capacity of a single
dowel is determined from the equationS (11) and (12) given
above.
To calculate the spacing of dowel bars, the required capa-
city frctor, ii, is first determined from
ioad transfer capacity required from the dowel system
load transfer capacity of a single dowel bar
(14)
19
<<
IRC : 58-1988
The distance on either side of the load position upto which
the dowel bars are effective in load transfer is taken as 1.8 1,
where / is the radius of relative stiffness (Equation 6).
Assuming linear variation of the capacity factor for a
single dowel bar from 1.0 under the load to 0 at a distance of
1.8 / therefrom, the capacity factors for the dowet system are
calculated for different spacings. The spacing which conforms
to the required capacity factor, n, is selected for adoption. An
cxampte of the design of dowel bars is given in Appendi.v 4.
5.2.3. Dowel bars are not satisfactory for slabs of small
thickness, and shall not be provided for slabs less than 15 cm
thick.
TARL! 1 1 . DEsIGN DETAILS op Dowit. BARS FOR Ricin
HiGHwAY PAVEMENTS
Design
loading
Slab
thickness (cm)
bowel ba rdetails
Diameter (mm) Length (mm)
Spacing
(mm)
5~O0kg 1 5 25 500 200
20 25 500 2.50
25 25 500 300
The recommended details are based on the following values of differ-
ent design parameters; Is = 1 400 kg/cmt; 1. 1 00 kg/cm; E~ 3.0 X
tV kgfcm ~s 0.15; K
1 8.3 kg/cm
t max, joint width = 20 mm;
design load transfer = 40 per cent.
5.2.4. Typical dowel bar designs for usc in 20 mm wide
cxpansion joints for highway pavements, for 40 per cent load
transfer are given in Table 11. In case of dummy contraction
joints, aggregate interlock is relied upon to provide load transfer
to some extent, and dowel bars are not provided, ordinarily.
Dowel bars shall, however, be provided in case of full depth
construction joints.
5.3. Tie Bars for. LongitadbiaLJolnts
5,3.1 . In case opening of longitudinal joints is antIcipated
in service, for example, in case of heavy traffic, sidelong ground,
20
<<
IRC : 58-l98~
expansive subgrades, etc., tic bars may be designed in accord-
ance with the recommendations of IR.C: 1 5-1 9 8?, Supplimentary
Note, para N. 5 Tie Bars For the sake of convenience of the
designers the design procedure recommended in IRC: 1 5-1 9 81
is given herein.
5.3.2. Design of the bars : The area of steel required per
m length of joint may be computed by using the following
formula
A, b/H ... (1 5)
in which
area of steel in cm
2 required per rn length of joint.
h distance between the joint in question and the nearest
free joint or edge in m,
coefficient of friction between pavement and the sub-
grade (usually taken as 1 .5),
W weight of slab in kg/rn2, and
S = allowable working stress of steel in kg/cm2.
The length of any tie bar should be at least twice that requ-
ired to develop a bond strength equal to the working stress of
the steel. Expressed as a formula, this becomes:
2S4
.,.(1 6)
in which
1. length of tic bar (cm)
S = allowable working stress in steel (kg/cm2)
A = cross-sectional area of one tie bar (cm2)
P = perimeter of tie bar (cm), and
B permissibJ~bond stress in (i) deformed tie bars24.6
kg/cm2, (ii) Plain tie bars1 7.5 kg/cm2
5.3.3. To permit warping at the joint the maximum
diameter in case of tie bars may be limited to 20 mm, and to
avoid concentration of tensile forces they should not be spaced
more than 75 cm apart. The calculated length, L, may be mere-
sed by 5-8 cm to account for any inaccuracy in placement
during construction. An example of design of tic bar is given
in Appendix 4.
5.3.4. Typical tie bar details for use at. central Longjtu-
dinal joint in double-lane rigid pavements with a lane width of
3.50 m are given in Table 12.
21
<<
1 RC :58-1 9 88
lAst.! 1 2. DErAILS OP Ite B~*s,oR CEMTIUU. LONGIrUDINAL
JOINT OP TwO-L~wERIGID Hio*tw~yPAvEMENTS
.
Tiebardeiails
Slab thickness
(cm)
:,
~
Diamter
(mm)
Maximum
spacing
(cm)
Minimum length (cm)
~
Plain Deformed
bars bars
IS 8
10
38
60
40 30
45 35
20
tO
1 2
45
64
45 -35
55 40
25 1 0
1 2
14
30
45
62
45 35
55 40
65 46
Wot. : The recommended details are based on the following values of differ-
ent design parameters:
ft = 1 400 kg/cm, R~= 17.5 kg/cm for plain bars and 24.6 kg/cm for
deformed bars,!= 1 .5, W 24 kgjmIcm of slab thickness.
6. DESIGN OF REINFORCEMENT
6.1. Reinforcement, when provided in concrete pave-
ments, is intended for holding the fractured faces at the cracks
tightly closed together, so as to prevent deterioration of the
cracks and to maintain aggregate interlock thereat for load
transfer. It does not increase the flexurat strength of unbroken
slab when used in quantities which are considered economical.
Where the slabs are provided adequately with joints to contrOl
cracking, such reinforcement has no function.
6.2. Reinforcement in concrete slabs is designed to coun-
teract the tensile stresses caused by shrinkage and contraction
clue to tenrperature or moisture changes. The maximum tension
in the steel across the crack equals the force required to over-
come friction between the pavement and its foundation, from
the crack to the nearest Joint or free edge. This force is the
greatest when the crack occurs at the middle of the slab.
Reinforcement is designed for this critical location, However,
22
<<
IRC : 58-1988
for practical reasons, reinforcement is kept uniform throughout
the length, for short slabs.
The amount of longitudinal and transverse steel required
per m width or length of slab is computed by the following
formula:
A = ... (1 7)
in which
A --= area of steel in cm
2 required per m width or length
of slab,
= distance in m between free transverse joints (for
longitudinal steel) or free longitudinal joints (for
transverse steel).
j coefficient of friction between pavement and subgrade
(usually taken as 1 .5),
W = weight of slab in kg/rn2, and
S = allowable working stress in steel in kg/cm2 (usually
taken as 50 to 60 per cent of the minimum yield
stress of steefl.
6.3. Since reinforcement in the concrete slabs is not inten-
ded to contribute towards its flexural strength, its position
within the slab is not important except that it should be adequ-
ately protected from corrosion. Since cracks starting with higher
tensile stress at the top surface are more critical when they tend
to open, the general preference is for the placing ofreinforcement
about 50 mm below the surface. Reinforcement is often conti-
nued across dummy groove joints to serve the same purpose as
tie bars, but at all full depth joints it is kept at least 50 mm
away from the face of the joint or edge.
I-
21
<<
IRC: 58-1988
AppendIx 1
EXTRACtS FROM IEC: 15-1951 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
ANt) CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF
coNcRETE ROADS,, .(Second Resislon)
6. PREPARATION OF SUEGRADE AND SUB-BASE
6.1. General
The subgrade or sub-base for layfng of paving concrete slabs shall comply
with the following requirements:
(1 ) that no soft sports are present in the subgrade or sub-base;
(2) that the uniformly compacted subgrade or sub-base extends at least
300 mm on either side of the width to be concreted ; ~
(3) that the subgrade is properly drained;
(4) that the minimum modulus of subgrade reaction obtained with a plate
bearing test shall be 5.5 kg/cm
The manner of achieving these requirements shall,be determined depending
upon the type of subgrade or sub-base on which concrete is to be laid, and the
following requirements in respect of the various typesshall be satisfactorily met.
The construction procedures for subgrade and sub-bases should follow relevant
IRC specifications, and quality control should be exercised as laid down in
IRC: SP-1l.
6.2. Subgrade
6.2.1 . Where the type of soil in the formation of the road is of a quality
to ensure the requirements in the aforementioned para, no intermediatesub-
base need be used. The top 1 50 mm layer of the formation shall be compacted
at or slightly abov~theoptimum moisture content t~e.theexact profileshown in
the drawing. It shall be checked for trueness by means of a scratch template
(see lR.C : 43-1 9 1 2 for delail~)resting on the side forms and set to the exact
profile of the base course. The template shalt be drawn along the forms at
right angles to the centre line of the road, Unevenness of the surface as mdi-
~aieUby the scratch points shall not exceed 1 2 mm in 3 in. The surface irregul-
arities in excess of this shall be properly rectified and the surface rolled or
tamped until it is smooth and,firm. The subgrade shall be prepared and chec-
ked at least two days in advance of concreting.
6.2.2. Where no sub-base is considered necessary and concrete is laid
directly on the prepared subgrade, the subgrade. shall be itt moist condition
at the time the concrete is placed. If necessary, it should be saturated
with water not less than 6 hours nor more than 20 hours in advance of placing
concrete. 1 1 it becomes dry prior to the actual placing of the concrete, it shall
be sprinkled with water taking care to see that no pools of water or soft patches
are formed on the surface. It is desirable to lay a layer of water-proof paper
whenever concrete is laid directly over soil subgrade. Where such a layer of
waterpoorf paper is proposed to be placed between concrete and the sub~rade,
the moistening of the subgrade prior to placing of the concrc~eshall be omitted.
25
<<
IRC: 58-1988
63. Sub-base
63,1 Where the subgrade is of a type not satisfytng the requirements of
para 61 ., a Sub-base layer should be provided before laying the concltte. The
sub-base may be of granular material, stahilised soil or semi-rigid material as
listed below
(a) Granular material
(I) one layer flat brick soling having joints filled with sand under one
layer of water bound macadam conforming to JRC : 1 9 -1 9 77.
(ii) Two layers of water bound macadam.
(iii) Well-graded granular materials like natural gravel, crushed slag,
crushed concrete, brick metal, laterite, kankar, etc. conforming to
IRC : 63-1975.
(iv) Well-graded soil aggregate mixtures conforming to
IRC 63-1976.
(h) Siabilised roil
Local soil or moos-urn stabilised with lime or lime-fly ash or
cement, as appropriate to give a minimum soaked CBR of 50
after 7 days curing. For guidance as regards design of mixes
with lime or cement, reference may be made to IRC 51 and 50
respectively
(c) Semi-rigid material
(i) Lime-burnt clay puazolana concrete. The lime-pazzolana mixture
should conform to L.P. 40 or L.P. 20 of IS : 409 8-1 9 67. The 28 day
compressive strength of the concrete should be in the range of
40-60 km/cm.
(ii) Lime-fly ash concrete conforming to 1 RC : 60-1 9 76.
(iii) Lean cement concrete or lean cement-fly ash concrete conforming
to IRC: 74-1 9 79 .
6.3.2. Thickness of sub-base should be 15 cm when the material used is
of any of the types listed in paras 6.3.!. (a) and (b!. This may, however, be
reduced to 1 0 cm for semi-rigid materials in para 6.3.1, (c). The sub-base
should be constructed in accordance with the respective specification and
the surface finished to the required lines, ievels and cross-section,
6.3.3. Where the subgrade consists of heavy clay (L.L. >50) such as
blac~cotton soil, the sub-base should be laid over a 1 5 cm thick blanket course
consisting of non-plastic granular material like local sand, gravel, kankar, etc.
or local soil stabilised with lime.
6.3.4. In water-logged areas and where the subgrade soil is impregnated
with deleterious salts such as sodium sulphate etc. in injurious amounts~a
capillary cut-off should be provided before constructing the sub-base, vide
details given in para 64.
6.3.5. The sub-base or blanket course, as thecase may be, shall he laid
over a properly compacted subgrade to give uniform support.
**Sulphate concentration (as sulphur trioxide) more than 0.2% insubgrade soil
and more than 0.3% in ground water,
26
<<
IRC: 58-1988
6.3.6. rhe sub-bdsc shall he in moist condition at the time the concrete
is placed. There shalt, however, be no pools of water or soft patches formed
or the sub-base surface. In case where a sand layer is placed between the
sub-base and pavement concrete, a layer of water-proof paper shall be laid
over she sand layer. No moistening of the sub-base shall be done in this case.
6.4. Cnplllar~Cut-off
6.4.1 . A~a result of migration of water by capillarity from the high
v~atertable, the soil immediately below the pavement gets more and more wet
and this leads to gradual loss in its bearing value besides unequal support.
Several measures such as depressing the sub-soil water table by drainage
measures, raising of the embankment and provision of a capillary cut-off are
available for mitigating this deficiency and should be investigated for arriving
at the optimum solution, However, where deleterious salts in excess of the
safe limits are present in the subgrade soil, a capillary cut-off should beprovided
in addition to other measures.
6.4.2. The capillar~cut-off may be a layer of coarse or fine sand, graded
gravel, bituminised material, or an impermeable membrane. Layer thicknesses
recommended for different situations are given in Table 4.
TAIILE 4. RECOMMENDED THscxNL~sOP SAND/GRADED GRAVEL L*Y!R P0k
C~P1 LLARvCuT-on
Thickness or layer
cm
SI. Situation
Nu, Coarse sand Finesand Graded grave I
(mean dia (mean dia (40 mmand
0.64 mm) 0.18 mm) down without
fines)
I
Water table at thesame level 1 5 45 1 5
as the suhgrade surface
2. lEmbankment about 0.61 .0 in 1 2 35 Ii
high
3. Embaokment abou~0,61 .0 m 1 0 30 8
high hut with the top 1 5 cm subgrade
layer being of sandy soil having
P1 of S or less and sand content
not less than SO per cent
6.4,3, Cut-off,with bituminised or other materials may be provided in any
of the following ways
(i~ Bituminous Impregnation using prImer treatment
50 per cent straighl run bitumen (80-1 00) with 50 per cent high speed
diesel oil or its equivalent in two applications of I kg sq. m. each,
allowing the first application to penetrate before applying the second
pne. These applications should be given under the roadbed as well
as onto the sides.
27
<<
IRC: 58-1988
(ii) Heavy-duty tar felt
Enveloping sides and bottom of the roadbed with heavy-duty tar
felt.
(iii) Polyethylene envelope
Enveloping sides and bottom of the roadbed with polyeth~,ienesheets
of at least 400 gauge.
(iv) Situmiaouse stabilise soil
Providing bituminous stabilised soil in a thickness of at least 4 cm.
Note Experience on the successful use of the above capillary cut-otis
is, however, limited.
6.4.4. For more details about mitigating the adverse effects of high water
table, reference may be made to IRC : 34-1 9 70 Recommendations for Road
Construction in Waterlogged Areas.
6.5. Frost Affected Areas
6.5.1. In frost affected areas, the sub-base may consist of any of the
specifications given in 6. 3.1 . (a), (b)or (c) excepting that in the case of the items
63 1 . (b) and 6.3.1 . (c), the compressive strength of the stabilised or semi-rigid
material cured inwet condition shall be at, least 35kg/cm at 7 days. For
moderate conditions, such as those prevailing in areas at an altitude of 3,000 m
and below, the thickness of frost affected depth will be about 45 cot. For pro-
tection against frost, the balance between the frost depth (45) cm and total
pavement thickness should be made up with non-frost susceptible material.
6.5.2. Forextreme conditions, such as those prevailing in areas above an
altitude of 3,000 m, the foundation may be designed individually for every
location after determining the depth of frost.
6.5.3. The suggested criteria for she selection of non-frost susceptible
materials are as follows
(i~Graded gravel: Not more than 8 per cent passing 75 micron sieve
Plasticity index not more than 6. Liquid limit not more than 25.
(ii) Poorly graded sands, generally 1 00 per cent passing 475 mm
sieve
Max. 1 0 per cent passing 75 micron sieve
Max. 5 per cent passing 50 micron sive
(iii) Fine uniform sand, generally 1 00 per cent passing 425 micron
sieve:
Max. 1 8 per cent passing 75 micron sieve
Max. 8 per cent passing 50 micron sieve
28
<<
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IR,C 58-1 9 88
d
1pperdix 3
AN ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE OF DESIGN OF SLAB THICKNESS
1 . Design Parameters
Location of pavement Delhi
Design ssheelloadp~-51 00kg
Present traffic intensity~300veh)day
Design tyre pressurep=7.2kg/cm
Foundation Strength k=6 kgcm
Concrete flexural strength lB=40 kg/cm
Other concrete parameters
E=3,0 x1 0 kg/cm
0=0,1 5
=lOxlO
tmC
2. Design Procedure
Step I, As in para I above,
Step 2. Joint spacing and lane-widths
Contraction Joint spacing L.=4,5 m
Lane width, W3,5 m
Step 3. Tentative design value of slab thickness,
h=22 cm
Step 4, Temperature stress for edge region,
(i) From Table 2 for 22 cm thick pavement slabs in Delhi max,
value of temperature differential-
Sabout 1 3.~C
(it
1 for hfl cm E3~0~< 1 0 kg/cm
0
From Table 6, 1=81,89 cm
L/L-.53, W/I-4,3
From TableS, CL-O.82, C~=0,52
(iii) From Fig~3, for C=O.82 and 1 1 3.5 C
oSe1 6,O kg/cm.
Step 5. Residual concrete strength for supporting loads
ILfRat~4O.01 6.~l24,O kg/cm
Step 6. Load Stress for edge region
From Fig. 1 , for Isfl cm, k=6 kg/cm
aIi~o.23,4kg/cm
38
<<
IRC 58-1 9 88
Step 7. Available factor of safety on load stress
= ~1 ,03>l ,, O.K
Step 8, Corner load Stress
From Fig, 2, eI~=26:8kg/cm<1 1 4 ,, O,K.
Step 9 . Adjustment for traffic intensity
Design traffic intensity
T=300 (1 +0.075)20
-a300x4.2~
=1 275, which falls under traffic classification E (Table 1 )
From Table 9
Required thickness adjustmen=0
Design thickness of payment slab22 cn.
39
<<
IRC:
App.sdlx 4
AN ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE OF DESIGN OF DOWEL
BARS AND TIE BARS
1. DOWEL BARS
1 ,1 , Design Parametres
Design wheel load =51 00 kg
Design load transfer-a40%
Slab thickness, h=22 cm
Joint width, z=20cm
Permissible flexural stress in dowel bar1 400 kg/cm
0
Permissible shear stress in dowel bar 1 000 kg/cm
Permissible bearing stress oil concrete1 00 kg/cm
K value on sub-baseS kgJcm/cm
Other concrete parameters
L3x 1 00 kg/cm
o 0.15
1 ,2. Design Procedure
Steps 1: Dowel length
Assume Dowel diameter, 1=2,5 cm
Then, for equal capacity in bending and bearing, from Eqn (13)
~(t4O0 r+3) 1 ~
Sx25x~~~j~rn ~<__- ~_j
which gives on solution, r=40,5 cm
So that dowel length, L=r+240.5+242j cm
say 45 cm
Step 2 Loid transfer capacity of single dowel
From equations (1 0), (1 1 ) and (1 2), load transfer capactty of a
single dowel is obtained
P (in shear)~0.705lfS
=0,7*5x2.5x2,5x 1 000
49 00kg
Y (in bending) ~TgI~
2x2.5x2,3x2.5x1 400
40
<<
1 RC : 58~1 9 88
Ffln bearing) l2~(r+1 5z)
l00:~~ 40,5 x405 ~ 2 5
1 25(40.5 i-3)
754 kg
Taking the least of these values for design purposes,
P753 kg
Step 3: Capacity factor required of dowel system Load transfer capacity of
the dowel system
--~5l00:<40%=2040kg
- - 2040 -
required capacity factor =2.70
Step 4 Spacing, of dowel bars
Fork=8 kg(cnfcm, 1 =76.20 tfroin Table 6)
Considering the joint corner, the distance over which dowel bars
are effective in load transfcr=l,8 ~1 =1 ,8 x 76,2=1 37.0 cm about,
Assuming a dowel spacing of 25 cm
Available capacity factor
1 3725 1 3750 1 3775
~r37
=4_4~-_4_l.09
=2,9 1
which is slightly greater than the required capacity -factor of 2.70, Hence
adopt 25 cm as dowel spacing.
2. TIE BARS
21. Dcslg. Parameters
S1 ~thickness, h22 cm
Slab width, b=3,35 m
No. of lanes to be tied=2
Coefficient of friction between payment and subgrade =f=1,5
Weight per m of concrete stab, w=528 kg
Allowable working tensile stress in steel S1 400 kg/cm
Maximum Permissible bond stress, 8 in:
(1 ) Plain tie barsu.S kg/cm
(ii) Deformed bars=24 kg/cm
2,2, DesIgn Precedure
Step 1 : Diameter and spacing of tie bars
Weight per m of concrete slab, W=528 kg
4L
<<
IRC Sf-1 9 88
Area of steel required per in width of joint
4 bfW3.35x1.5x
528i 89
cm(m
Assuming dia of tie bars; d.: 1 0 mm
A.:. cross section of one tie bar=78,54 mm
PPerimeter of tie bar31 ,42 mm
- . A~ 1 .89
No, of tie bars required per m, N=A~=--o_~.3
4and
- , 1 00 1 00x03854
Spacing of tie bars~-~ 1 89 41 .5 cm Say 42 cm
Step 2 : Length of the tie bars
2s4 2x1 400x78,54x1 0
Length of tie bar~8? ~
L=40 cm for plain tie bars,
and 29 ,2 cm for deformed tie bars
Increasing about 5 cm for tolerance in placement
L=45 cm for plain tie bars
and L=35 cm for deformed tie bars
42
<<
LIST OP OTHER CEMENT CONCRET ROAD STANDARDS
Ri. P.
I. IRC: 1 549 81 Standard Specifications & Code of Practice
for Construction of Concrete Roads (Second
Revision) 1 6-00
2. 1 RC: 43-1 9 72 Recommended Practice for Tools, Equipment
and Appliances for Concrete Pavement
Construction 1 2-00
3. IRC:: 44-1 9 72 Tentative Guidelines for Cement Concrete
Mix Design (for Road Pavements for non-air
entrained and continuously graded concrete
(First Revision) 8-00
4, IRC: 57-1 9 74 Recommended Practice for Sealing of Joints in
Concrete Pavements 3-00
S. IRC 59 -1 9 76 Tentative Guidelines for the Design of Gap
Graded Cement Concrete Mixes for Road
Pavements 5-00
6. IRC: 60-1 9 76 Tentative Guidelines for the Use of Lime-
flyash Concrete as Pavement Base or Sub-
Base 5-00
7, JRC: 61 -1 9 76 Tentative Guidelines for the Construction of
Cement Concrete Pavements in Hot-Weather 5-00
8, IRC: 68-1 9 76 Tentative Guidelines on Cement-Flyash
Concre*e for Rigid Pavement Construction 6-00
9 . IRC: 74-1 9 79 Tentative Guidelines for Lean-Cement Con-
crete and Lean Cement Flyash Concrete as a
Pavement Base or Sub-Base 8-00
1 0. IRC: 76-1 9 79 Tentative Guidelines for Structural Strength
Evaluation of Rigid Airfield Pavements . 1 0-00
1 1 , IR.C: 77-1 9 79 Tentative Guidelines for Repair of Concrete
Pavements using Synthetic Resin 1 5-00
1 2. IRC 84-1 9 83 Code of Practice for Curing of Cement Con-
crete Pavements 8-00
1 3. 1 RC: ~5-t9 83 Recommended Practice for Accelerated
Strength Testing and Evaluation of Concrete
for Road aMd Airfield Constructions 8-00
1 4, IRC:: 9 1 -1 9 85 Tentative Guidelines for Construction of
Cement Concrete Pavements in Cold Weather 8-00
is, 1 RC: 1 01 -1 9 88 Guidelines for Design of Continuously Rein-
forced Concrete Pavement with Elastic Joints 2-00
Handbook of Quality Control for Construc-
tion of Roads and Runways (Second Revision)
1 6. IRC: SP: 1 1 -1 9 77
32-00
<<
1 7, IRC: SP: 1 6-1 9 77 Surface Evenness of H ighway Pavement 7-00
IS. IRC: SP: 1 7-1 9 77 Recommendations About Overlays on Cement
Concrete Pavements 1 5-00
1 9 . MOST Ministry ofShipping S Transport (Roads Wing)
Handbook on Road Construction, Machinery
(1 9 85) . 32-00
20. MOST Ministry of Surface Transport (Roads
Wing), Specifications for Road and Bridge
Works (Second Revision)
21 . MOST Ministry of Shipping & Transport (Roads
Wing) Manual for Maintenance of Roads 24-00
<<