Basic Physics

Introduction
1. What is Physics?

2. Give a few relations between physics
and daily living experience

3. Review of measurement and units SI,
METRIC, ENGLISH



VECTOR AND SCALAR
Scalar is a quantity which only signifies its
magnitude without its direction. (+ / - )
Ex. 1kg of apple, 273 degrees centigrade,
etc.

Vector is a quantity with magnitude and
direction. (+ / - )
Ex. Velocity of a moving object a car
with a velocity of 100 km/hr due to North
West, etc.

VECTOR AND SCALAR
Writing conformity
F Bold font
F Italic font signifying its magnitude
F Normal Font with an arrow
head on top of it (Use this)




VECTOR AND SCALAR
Defining a Vector by:
1. Cartesian Vector

Ex. F = 59i + 59j + 29k N

the magnitude is F = (59
2
+ 59
2
+ 29
2
)
F = 88.33 N

Due to which is the vector ??


VECTOR AND SCALAR



X (i)
Z(k)
Y(j)
F = 59i + 59j + 29k N
O
VECTOR AND SCALAR
Defining a Vector by:
2. Unit Vector

Ex. F = F u (use the previous example)

=

F for magnitude (F
2
= F
x
2
+ F
y
2
+ F
z
2
)

u for direction (dimensionless and unity)




u
F
F
VECTOR AND SCALAR
Magnitude F = (59
2
+ 59
2
+ 29
2
)
F = 88.33 N

Direction =

= 0.67i + 0.67j + 0.33k

= cos
-1
0.67 = 47.9
0
(angle from x-axis)
= cos
-1
0.67 = 47.9
0
(angle from y-axis)
= cos
-1
0.33 = 70.7
0
(angle from z-axis)


59i + 59j + 29k
88.33
u
u
VECTOR AND SCALAR




X (i)
Z (k)
Y (j)
F = 88.33 N
U
F
U = 0.67i + 0.67j + 0.33k



= 47.9
0


= 47.9
0


= 70.7
0
O
VECTOR AND SCALAR
Defining a Vector by:
3. Position Vector
Similar to unit vector, it differs on how to
locate the vectors direction which is
using the point coordinate.

Ex. F = F u (see next example)






r (position vector)
r (position vector magnitude)
u
=
VECTOR AND SCALAR




U
6 m
Given:
F = 150 N
Required:
a. F ?
b. , , ?

X (i)
Z (k)
Y (j)
F



O
A
VECTOR AND SCALAR
Solution:







r
r
u
=
F = F u
=
2i + 4j + 6k
7.48
= 0.27i + 0.53j +0.80k
u
VECTOR AND SCALAR
Solution:







F = F u
= 150 (0.27i + 0.53j +0.80k)
F = 40.5i + 79.5j + 120k
= cos
-1
0.27 = 74.3
0
(angle from x-axis)
= cos
-1
0.53 = 58.0
0
(angle from y-axis)
= cos
-1
0.80 = 36.9
0
(angle from z-axis)

a.
b.
VECTOR AND SCALAR
Operations of Vector
1. Addition
2. Subtraction
3. Dot Product
4. Cross Product







VECTOR AND SCALAR
1. Addition
F
1
R
F
2
R = F
1
F
2
+
R = (F
1
x + F
2
x) i + (F
1
y + F
2
y) j + (F
1
z+F
2
z) k

=
R
y
R
x
Tan
-1
O
VECTOR AND SCALAR
1. Addition
F
1
R
F
2
R = F
1
F
2
+
R = (F
1
x + F
2
x) i + (F
1
y + F
2
y) j + (F
1
z+F
2
z) k

=
R
y
R
x
Tan
-1
O
Resultant is directed
from initial tail towards
final arrow head
VECTOR AND SCALAR
2. Subtraction





F
1
R
F
2
R = F
1
F
2
-
R = (F
1
x - F
2
x) i + (F
1
y - F
2
y) j + (F
1
z - F
2
z) k

=
R
y
R
x
Tan
-1
O
VECTOR AND SCALAR
2. Subtraction





F
1
R
F
2
R = F
1
F
2
-
R = (F
1
x - F
2
x) i + (F
1
y - F
2
y) j + (F
1
z - F
2
z) k

=
R
y
R
x
Tan
-1
O
Take note and watch
out !!!
(the sense is
opposite to the given
diagram)
VECTOR AND SCALAR
3. Dot Product





F

X (i)
Z (k)
Y (j)
F
VECTOR AND SCALAR
A . B = AB cos (General Formula)

Vector Magnitude

The angle between
vectors (between
their tails)
Cartesian Unit vector dot product

i . i = 1
i . j = 0 i . k = 0 k . j = 0
j . j = 1 k . k = 1
VECTOR AND SCALAR
From Example:
F . d = Fd cos (Using Vectors magnitude)

= (F
x
i + F
y
j + F
z
k) . (d
x
i + d
y
j + d
z
k)

= F
x
d
x
+ F
y
d
y
+ F
z
d
z
(Using Component Vector)
The dot product of two vectors is called scalar product
since the result is a scalar and not a vector
The dot product is used to determine:
1. The angle between the tails of the vectors.
VECTOR AND SCALAR
= cos
-1
A . B
AB
2. The projected component of a vector V onto an axis
defined by its unit vector u

VECTOR AND SCALAR
X (i)
Z (k)
Y (j)
O
B
A
C
F = 100
N

Given : Figure 1

Required:
1.
2. F
BA
(Magnitude)
Fig.1
Example:
VECTOR AND SCALAR
Solution :

1. Angle
Find position vectors from B to A and B to C
r
BA
= -200i 200j + 100k
r
BC
= -0i 300j + 100k = 300j + 100k

cos =
r
BA
. r
BC

r
BA
r
BC

=
0 + 60000 + 10000
(300)(316.23)
=
70000
94869
= 0.738
= Cos
-1
0.738 = 42.45
o
(answer)
VECTOR AND SCALAR
Solution :

=
r
BA

u
BA
=
r
BA

2. F
BA
-200i 200j + 100k
300
= -0.667i 0.667j + 0.33k
r
BC

u
BC
=
r
BC

=
-0i 300j + 100k
316.2
= 0.949j + 0.316k
F
BC
= F
BC
. u
BC
= 100 . ( 0.949j + 0.316k) = -94.9j + 31.6k
F
BA
= F
BC
. u
BA
= (-94.9i + 31.6j) . (-0.667i 0.667j + 0.33k)
= 63.3 + 10.5 = 73.8 N (answer)
VECTOR AND SCALAR
Solution :

Alternative Solution
F
BA
= (100 N) (cos 42.45
o
)
= 73.79 N
F
BA
= F
BA
u
BA

= 73.79 (-0.667i - 0.667j + 0.33k)
= -49.2i 49.2j + 24.35k
VECTOR AND SCALAR
4. Cross Product
B
A
F
X (i)
Z (k)
Y (j)
O
VECTOR AND SCALAR
A = B x C A is equal to B cross C
Apply the right hand rule
i
j k
i x j = k
j x k = i
k x i = j
j x i = -k
k x j = -i
i x k = -j
i x i = 0
j x j = 0
k x k = 0
+
-
VECTOR AND SCALAR
Right Hand Rule
VECTOR AND SCALAR
Right Hand Rule
VECTOR AND SCALAR
Right Hand Rule
VECTOR AND SCALAR
Right Hand Rule
. (answer for yourself)
VECTOR AND SCALAR
A = B x C
= (B
x
i + B
y
j + B
z
k) x (C
x
i + C
y
j + C
z
k)
i j k
B
x
B
y
B
z
C
x
C
y
C
z
=
= (B
y
C
z
B
z
C
y
)i + (B
z
C
y
B
x
C
z
)j + (B
x
C
y
B
y
C
x
)z A
i j k
B
x
B
y
B
z
C
x
C
y
C
z
=
i j
B
x
B
y


C
x
C
y


+ -
= (B
y
C
z
B
z
C
y
)i (B
x
C
z
B
z
C
x
)j + (B
x
C
y
B
y
C
x
)z
VECTOR AND SCALAR
A = B x C
= (B
x
i + B
y
j + B
z
k) x (C
x
i + C
y
j + C
z
k)
i j k
B
x
B
y
B
z
C
x
C
y
C
z
=
= (B
y
C
z
B
z
C
y
)i + (B
z
C
y
B
x
C
z
)j + (B
x
C
y
B
y
C
x
)z A
i j k
B
x
B
y
B
z
C
x
C
y
C
z
=
i j
B
x
B
y


C
x
C
y


+ -
= (B
y
C
z
B
z
C
y
)i (B
x
C
z
B
z
C
x
)j + (B
x
C
y
B
y
C
x
)z
Full caution
for the +/- sign
and
subscripts
VECTOR AND SCALAR
Example:
Given : Figure 2
Required :
1. M
o
(Moment at
point O)

2. M
y
(Moment
about y axis)
B
A
F = 100N
X (i)
Z (k)
Y (j)
O
M
o
VECTOR AND SCALAR
Solution:
Finding the vectors needed
F = F u
= 100
400i 250j 200k
(400
2
+ 250
2
+ 200
2
)
( )
F = 78.07i 48.79j 39.04k
OA = 400j
OB = 400i + 150j 200k
VECTOR AND SCALAR
B
A
F = 100 N
X (i)
Z (k)
Y (j)
O
M
o
400i + 150j 200k
F = 78.07i 48.79j 39.04k
VECTOR AND SCALAR
M
o
=
=
M
o
= -15616i 31228k N.mm
F

OA

x
i j k
0 400 0

78.07 -48.79 -39.04

M
o
= 34914.86 N.mm
= cos
-1
(-0.447) = 116.55
0
(angle from x-axis)
= cos
-1
0 = 90.0
0
(angle from y-axis)
= cos
-1
0.894 = 26.57
0
(angle from z-axis)
VECTOR AND SCALAR
M
o
=
M
o
= -15616i 31228k N.mm
F

OB

x
M
o
= 34914.86 N.mm
= cos
-1
(-0.447) = 116.55
0
(angle from x-axis)
= cos
-1
0 = 90.0
0
(angle from y-axis)
= cos
-1
0.894 = 26.57
0
(angle from z-axis)
i j k
400 150 -200

78.07 -48.79 -39.04

=