Compression and Decompression

The threeclassesof communicationsare,

1.Unsolicted or Unexpected communication
affects the user only to extent ,that it prevents the
user performing their normal tasks.
2.The next method of communication is where
the user is actuallywaitingfor the communication to
becompletebefore performingthenext task.
3.The third classes of communication is the task
already in progress where the proper speed must be
maintained until completion.
Types of compression
Thecompression&decompressiontechniques
are used in no. of applications such as
facsimilesystems , printer systems ,document
storage and retrieval system , video
conferencing and electronic messaging
system.
Types:
Losslesscompression
Lossycompression
Lossless compression
In loss less compression, data is not altered or
lost in the procession of compression or
decompression.
In this decompression generates an exact replica
of theoriginal image.
Audio and text compression is an example of
losslesscompression.
Lossless compression is good for text data and
repetitive data in image like binary images and
grayscaleimages.
This method provide reduction in size in the
range of 1/10 to 1/50 of the original
uncompressed size without affect image
quality.
Thelosslesscompressionstandardsare,
Packbitsencoding
CCITTGroup31D
CCITTGroup32D
CCITTGroup4
LZWalgorithm
Lossycompression
In lossy compression,the decompression
provides in loss of some information and the
keyissuesistheeffect of thisloss.
For some types of datadestined to be heard
or visualized byhuman ear or eye,the natural
tendency of human sense to bridge over
discontinuities comes into play and human
eyefillsinthemissinginformation.
Theissueishowmuchinformationcanbelost
before the human eye or ear fails to bridge
thegapsininformation.
Lossycompression is used for audio , grayor
color scale images and video objects in which
theabsolutedataaccuracyisnot essential.
Its is used in application such as medical
screeningsystems,videoteleconferencing and
multimediaelectronicmessagingsystem.
Mechanismsare,
JPEG,MPEG, Intel DVI,Fractals
Binaryimagecompressionscheme
Binary image compression are used for
documents that do not contain any
continuous tone information or where the
continuous tobeinformationcanbecaptured
is black and white mode to serve the desired
purpose.
The binary image includes official bussiness
documents ,hand written text,line graphics
,engineeringdrawingsetc..
Introductiontobinaryimage
A binary image containing black and white
pixels is generated when a document is
scannedinthebinarymode.
A scan line is a complete line of pixels , of
height equal to one pixel ,runningacross the
page.
It scans the first line of pixels ,the scans 2
nd
line and works its way to the bottomof the
page,endingwiththelast scanline.
Each scanline is scanned fromthe left of the
pagetotheright of pagegeneratingblackand
whitepixelsfor that scanline.Thebinaryimage
compressionmethodsare,
Packbitsencoding
CCITTGroup31D
CCITTGroup32D
CCITTGroup42D
PackbitsEncoding
It isthesimplest datacompressionandisused
for compressing back and white binary
images
In this method , the consecutive repeated
stringof charactersisreplacedbytwobytes.
The first byte contains number representing
the no. of time s character is repeated and
secondbytescontainsthecharacter itself.
Disadvantageofpackbitsencoding
This scheme does not span across multiple
rows of scanlines and it is one dimensional
scheme.
In a busy image ,adjacent pixels or group of
adjacent pixel change rapidly and these leads
to shorter runlengths of blackpixels or white
pixels,so it takes more bits for code to
representstherunlength.
CCITT Group 3 1D compression
This scheme is based on run length encoding
and scanlines has long runs of pixels of the
samecolor.
This was designed for black and whiteimages
onlyandnot for grayscaleor color images.
Used in facsimile and become unworkable for
seriousdocument imagingsystems.
Themodifiedversionof runlengthencodingis
huffman encoding and is variable length
encoding.
Mathematical algorithm for huffman
encoding
This huffmanencoding is based on coding tree
which is created based on the probability of
occurrence of white or black pixels in the run
length.
For eg, the probability of occurrence of a bit
stream of length Rnis P(Rn).
Huffman encoding generates the shortest
code for frequently occuringrun length and
longer code for less frequently occurring run
length .
CCITT group 3 compression utilizes huffman
codinggenerate as set of make up codes and
set of terminating codes for a given bit
stream.
Make up codes are used to represent run
length in multiples of 64 pixels and
terminatingcodes are used to represents run
lengthof lessthan64pixels
The run length of 132 pixels is encoded by
followingtwocodes
Makeupcodes-128whitepixels
Terminatingcodes-4whitepixels
Advantages
Simple to implement in both hardware and
software.
Worldwide std for facsimile.
Disadvantage:
It is one dimension as it encodes each row or
line separately.
It assumes a reliable communication link and
does not provide any error protection
mechanism.
CCITT group 3 2D compression
It is also known as Modified Run length
Encoding and used for document imaging
systemsandfacsimile.
This scheme uses k factor where the image
is divided into several group of k lines . The
first line of every group of k lines is encoded
usingCCITTgroup31Dmethod.
KFactor
When this scheme is used the algo embeds
group 31Dcodingbetween every K groups of
group 3 2D coding ,allowing the group 31 D
codingtobesynchronizinglineintheevent of
transmissionerror.
When a transmission error occurs due to a
bad communication link ,the group 31 D
codingcanbeusedtosynchronizeandcorrect
error.
Data formatting for CCITT group 3-2D
The first line of each K group is encoded using
the CCITT group 3 1D as the reference line for
the rest of lines in the group of k lines.
The 2 D scheme uses a combination of
additional codes called vertical code ,pass
code and horizontal code to encode every line
in the group of k lines.
Advantage of Group 3 2D scheme
The implementation of k factor allows error
free transmission
It is worldwide facsimile std , also accepted for
document imaging application.
Since its 2D ,the compression ratios achieved
with this scheme
Disadvantage:
It does not provide as dense a compression
and it is complex and difficult to implement in
software.
CCITT Group 4 2D compression:
It is used for facsimile machines and low end
s/w based document imaging systems.
This is the 2D coding scheme without k factor
and in this , the first reference line is an white
line.
The first group of pixel is encoded utilizing the
imaginary white line as the reference white
line.
The new coded line becomes the reference
line for next scan line
Disadvantage:
Since there are no reference line ,single error
can result in the rest of the page being
skewed.
COLOR,GRAY SCALE AND VIDEO IMAGE
COMPRESSION
Color adds depth to images , enhance images
and helps to set the object apart from back
ground. The visible light is a form of
electromagnetic radiation or radiant energy
and is measured in terms of wavelength or
frequency.
Color characteristics:
Luminance
Hue
Saturation
JPEG
Used for still color images and gray scale
imagesandhas2parts.
Part 1-specifiesmodeof operation
Part 2-determinescompliancetest
RequirementofJPEG:
Designshouldaddressimagequality
Should be applicable to any continuous tone
digital sourceimage.
Scalable&providesequential encoding
Provideprogressiveencoding
Providehierarchical encoding
JPEG standards
Three levels are ,
Baseline system
Extended system
Special lossless function.
JPEG components:
Baseline sequential code
DCT progressive mode
Predictive lossless encoding
Hierarchical mode
Quantization /Dequantization
Entrophyencoder/decoder
Jpeg methodology
This scheme is lossyand utilizes fwd DCT , a
uniform quantizer and entropy encoding and
this DCT function removes data redundancy
by transforming data from spatial domain to
frequency domain.
Discrete cosine tranform:
The signal requires lot of data points to
represent time in x axis & amplitude in y axis.
It is optimal tranformfor large classes of
images.
DCT is an orthogonal transform and generates
coefficients that are easily quantized.
It can be computed effectively and
symmetrical.
Zigzag ordering is designed to facilitate the
entropy by placing low frequency coefficients.
Before DC coefficient are compressed , the DC
prediction is processed first.
AC coefficient is encoded by 2 symbols.
Video image compression
It is important for multimedia applications
Able to support variety of storage media and
technologies.
Requirements of full motion video:
MPEG standards:
Symmetric
Asymmetric
Requirements are ,
Random Access
VCR paradigm
Audio and video synchronization
Multiplexing multiple compressed audio and
video bit stream.
Editability
Playback device flexibility
CCITT H.261 video coding algorithm:
The CCITT adopted CIF and QCIF as video
format for visual telephony.
CIF and QCIF use hierarchical block structure
for encoding data and these includes
pictures,GOBS, and macro blocks.
MPEG
MPEG std consists of mpeg2 video,mpeg2
audio,mpeg2 systems and has various system
levels called profiles.
MPEG audio std is defined in 3 layers
Layers 1 & 2 called musician
Layer 3 based on aspect ,an AT and T.
MPEG coding methodology
Mpeg access information randomly by frame
requires coding confined to specific frame
calledasintraframecoding.
It has2scheme,
Discretetransformbasedcompression
Blockbasedmotioncompensation
Moving pictures types
Intrapictures
Unidirectionally predictedpictures
Bidirectionally predictedpictures.
Macroblocks:
Eachpictureframeisdividedinto16x16block
each macroblocks is composed of four 8x8(y)
luminance blocks and two 8x8 chrominance
block
Thisset of sixblocksiscalledamacroblocks.
Motioncompensation
Motion compensation assumes that the current
picturesissometranslationof apreviouspicture.
Picturecodingmethod:
In mpeg ,picture coding method differs fromH-
261 such that the motion compensation is
appliedhierarchy.
Mpegencoder:
The mpeg encoder has DCT,quantizer,huffamn
coder andmotioncompensationandtheyarethe
keymodulesinmpegencoder.
To have the sequence of events of mpeg .the
initial stages of DCT compression,both the full
motionmpegandstill imageareidentitical.
MPEG-2
Its supports,
Video coding
Audio coding
Multiplexing
Vector quantization:
DCT provides 2D scalar quantization of imaging
data, vector quantization provides multi
dimensional representation of information stored
inlookuptables.
Decoding vector quantization coded information
involves lookingup appropriate values in a code
blockcreatedduringtheencodingprocess.
Audio compression
Audio provides natural way of communication
and can be used as both input or output and
the input can be voice command or tones and
output can be speech or music.
Audio consists of analog signals of varying
levels of frequencies and they are converted
to digital form and then processed for
transmission.
ADPCM:
It is used for sound compression.
It provides a form of compression by encoding
and storing in the data stream with values of
differences between the successive samples.
FRACTALS:
A fractal is a multi dimensional object with an
irregular shape that has approximately the
same shape or body irrespective of size .