1

1rans|ent Speed k|se

r|mary ] Secondary Govern|ng
Governor Droop
Component Mode|||ng
Need for Speed Govern|ng
2
lrequency devlaLlon from nomlnal value (30Pz) represenLs
mlsmaLch beLween generaLlon (supply) and load (demand).
1he englneerlng of Covernlng SysLem ls a comblnaLlon of
Mechanlcal-Pydraullc SysLem
LlecLrlcal ower SysLem
ConLrol SysLem
GOVERNING SYSTEH
3
5
1he maln funcLlons of governlng sysLem for sLeam Lurblnes are:
Speed (frequency) and load (power) conLrol:
malnly Lhrough PCv
Cverspeed conLrol: malnly Lhrough Lhe lv
Cverspeed Lrlp: Lhrough PSv and lSv
SLarL-up and shuLdown conLrol
SPEED GOVERNORS FOR TURBINES
Turbine
Actual
Speed
Desired
Speed
Steam
Supply
Governor
Deviation
Operator
Negative
(Balancing)
Feedback
Sensor Actuator
Controller
Feedback Loop
GOVERNOR ACTION
4
HYDRO POwER GENERATION
JAHES wATTS SPEED GOVERNOR
Lar|y 19
th
Century
5
SIHPLE FLYBALL GOVERNOR
10
ISOCHRONOUS GOVERNOR
Drawback: 1hls governor wlll noL work when more Lhan one
machlne need Lo share load change, as all machlnes musL have Lhe
same speed seLLlng.
ComparaLor acLlon ls
reallsed by Lhe flyball
governor
lnLegraLor acLlon ls
reallsed by Lhe hydraullc
servomoLor.
6
lor sLable load dlvlslon beLween unlLs operaLlng ln parallel, Lhe
governors are provlded wlLh a characLerlsLlc so LhaL Lhe speed
drops as Lhe load ls lncreased. 1hls ls Lhe Speed Droop (k).
1he speed droop or regulaLlon characLerlsLlc ls obLalned by addlng
a sLeady sLaLe feedback galn 8 around Lhe lnLegraLor.
HODIFIED ISOCHRONOUS GOVERNOR
lor a 3 droop, a 3 lncrease ln frequency causes change ln
Lurblne ouLpuL from100Lo 0
7
1he raLlo of speed devlaLlon
(Au) or frequency devlaLlon
(Af) Lo Lhe change ln valve
poslLlon (A?) or power
ouLpuL (A) ls equal Lo Lhe
droop parameLer 8.
Un|t of k: nz]MW
Covernor uroop, Speed 8egulaLlon or Speed Lrror are Lhe
common Lerms used ln descrlblng a Lurblne's response Lo
changes ln sysLemfrequency (or speed).
new grld code requlres all generaLors above 10 MW capaclLy
should have an operaLlng governor.
uroop dlsLrlbuLes frequency regulaLlon Lo all generaLors ln
Lhe lnLerconnecLed neLwork.
8ecommended droop seLLlngs for Lhermal unlLs: 4 Lo 3 wlLh
a maxlmumdead band of 0.036 Pz.
8
S Droop: 100 change ln generaLor ouLpuL for a 3 change ln
lrequency or Speed.
A 3 change ln frequency, 30 Pz x 0.03 = 2.3 Pz or for a 2 pole
generaLor, 3000 rpmx 0.03 = 130 rpm.
4 Droop: 100 change ln generaLor ouLpuL for a 4 change ln
lrequency or Speed.
A 4 change ln frequency, 30 Pz x 0.04 = 2.0 Pz or for a 2 pole
generaLor, 3000 rpmx 0.04 = 120 rpm.
4 uroop seLLlng ls more senslLlve (responslve) Lhan Lhe 3
uroop seLLlng.
16
SPEED GOVERNOR FUNCTIONING
9
1he dlfferenL prlme mover conLrols are classlfled as
rlmary ConLrol (Speed Covernor)
Secondary ConLrol (Load lrequency ConLrol)
1erLlary ConLrol
18
rlmary conLrol malnLalns power supply-demand balance
by uslng proporLlonal conLrol acLlon.
Secondary conLrol resLores Lhe frequency afLer every
supply-demand mlsmaLch uslng lnLegral acLlon.
1erLlary conLrol ensures economlc allocaLlon of secondary
conLrol reserve
10
19
lnherenL conLrol of Lhe prlme mover
lasL ln 8esponse (< 1 mln)
WlLh lncrease ln speed, sLeam flow reduces
WlLh decrease ln speed, sLeam flow lncreases
ConLrol parameLer ls uroop
uroop vary beLween 2.3 - 8 (for Lhermal unlLs)
8esulLs ln sLaLlc frequency error afLer load change
When Lhere ls an lncrease ln sysLem load, due Lo Lhe lnherenL
mechanlcal delay, Lhe governor cannoL acL lnsLanLaneously.
wHY SPEED REDUCE wITH
INCREASE IN LOAD..7
ln order Lo meeL Lhe exLra demand, klneLlc energy of Lhe
roLaLlng mass ls released and Lhere by machlne speed reduces
1he devlaLlon ln speed (Au) ls used Lo acLlvaLe Lhe governor Lo
open Lhe Cv furLher and Lhe lncreased sLeam flow arresLs Lhe
speed drop.
1he sLeady sLaLe speed ln Lhls case wlll be less Lhan Lhe nomlnal
value.
11
ln order Lo geL beLLer prlmary frequency response:
Covernors should noL be operaLed wlLh excesslve dead bands
Covernors should noL be blocked unless requlred by LuCs
22
PRIHARY CONTROL OF
SINGLE HACHINE SYSTEH
12
23
RESPONSE OF GENERATOR
FOR VARIOUS DROOP VALUES
24
PRIHARY CONTROL RESERVE
Droop value R1 < R2
13
25
TRANSIENT SPEED RISE
26
SupplemenLary ConLrol
8elaLlvely Slow 8esponse (~ few mln.)
Comes lnLo servlce afLer Lhe rlmary ConLrol
8esLores Lhe frequency back Lo nomlnal value afLer a load change
8eseL conLrol acLlon ls provlded
Lrror acLs on Speeder MoLor Lo shlfL Lhe uroop llne up or down
ConLrollers commonly used are: lnLegral and l
14
27
28
RESPONSE OF GENERATOR
FOR VARIOUS DROOP VALUES
15
29
1he Lhree llnes represenL Lhree load reference seLLlngs. AL 30 Pz, A, 8
& C resulLs ln 100, 30 and 0 ouLpuL, respecLlvely. 1hus, Lhe unlL
ouLpuL can be ad[usLed Lo any deslred value by ad[usLlng Lhe load
reference Lhrough acLuaLlon of speeder moLor. lor each seLLlng Lhe
speed-load characLerlsLlc has a 4 droop, LhaL ls, a speed change of
4(2 Pz) causes a 100change ln power ouLpuL.
30
TIHE SPAN OF PRIHARY, SECONDARY
AND TERTIARY CONTROL
16
31
Further ReadIng
1|t|e Author(s) ub||sher Chapter
1. L|ectr|c Lnergy Systems 1heory:
An Introduct|on
C.I L|gerd 1ata McGraw-
n|||, 1983
9
2. ower System Contro| and
Stab|||ty
. M. Anderson
and A. Iouad
W||ey, 2003 10
3. ower System Stab|||ty and
Contro|
rabha kundur McGraw n|||,
1994
11
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