BI GING

C S MT M HC
Ging vin: TS. Ng c Thin Ging vin: TS. Ng c Thin
in thoi: 0912.928.928
E-mail: thiennd@ptit.edu.vn
B mn: L thuyt mch - Khoa KTT1
Bi ging: C s mt m hc
CHNG I CHNG I
MT M KHA B MT
Ng c Thin - PTIT
2 Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
1. 1. Cc nh ngha v khi nim c bn
Mn hc l mt b phn ca khoa hc mt m
(Cryptology), c chia thnh 2 b phn chnh:
+ Mt m hc (Cryptography): chia thnh 3 ni dung:
- Mt m kha b mt (Kha i xng) - Mt m kha b mt (Kha i xng)
- Mt m kha cng khai (kha bt i xng)
- Hm bm, xc thc v ch k s
+ Phn tch mt m (Cryptonalys): Dnh ring cho cc
trng nghin cu chuyn su v mt m. Cc phng
php thm m:
- Phng php tn cng tng lc (tm kha vt cn)
- Phng php thng k
- Phng php phn tch cu trc
Ng c Thin - PTIT
3 Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
1.1. Cc nh ngha v khi nim c bn
Trong m ngun v m knh gi m ha l: Coding
Coding
M C
Trong mt m hc gi m ha l: Encryption
Encryption
M (bn r)
C (Bn m)
K (kha)
Decryption
C (Bn m) M (Bn r)
K (Kha)
Ng c Thin - PTIT
4 Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
M ha Gii m
1.1. Cc nh ngha v khi nim c bn
Cc phng php x l thng tin s trong cc h thng mt m:
Mt m kha b mt:
+ Hon v
+ Thay th + Thay th
+ X l bit (ch yu trong cc ngn ng lp trnh).
+ Phng php hn hp (hay mt m tch l s kt hp ca hon
v v thay th; in hnh l chun m ha d liu DES ca M)
Mt m kha cng khai: (Xy dng trn 5 bi ton c bn):
+ Bi ton logarith ri rc
+ Bi ton phn tch tha s
+ Bi ton xp ba l
+ Bi ton m sa sai
+ Bi ton ng cong Elliptic
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
5
1.1. Cc nh ngha v khi nim c bn
Mt m khi:
Qu trnh x l thng tin c thc hin trong cc khi c di
xc nh.
Mt m dng: Mt m dng:
Qu trnh x l thng tin thc hin trn tng bit.
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
6
1.2. Cc h mt kha b mt
1.2.1. S khi chc nng h mt kha b mt
Thm m
K
Bn r M Bn m C Bn m C Bn r M
Ngun tin
Knh m
(khng an ton)
B gii
m
Nhn
tin
K
B m
ho
Knh an ton
K
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
7
Ngun
kho
K
Nhc im: Phi dng knh an ton (chi ph tn km)
1.2. Cc h mt kha b mt
1.2.1. S khi chc nng h mt kha b mt
Mt h mt l mt b 5(P,C,K,E,D) tho mn cc iu kin sau:
+ P l mt tp hu hn cc bn r c th.
+ C l mt tp hu hn cc bn m c th. + C l mt tp hu hn cc bn m c th.
+ K l mt tp hu hn cc kho c th (khng gian kho)
+ i vi mi k K c mt quy tc m ha:
v mt quy tc gii m tng ng
E e
k

C P e
k
:
D d
k

P C d
k
:
sao cho: vi
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
8
P C d
k
:
( ) ( ) x x e d
k k
= P x
1.2. Cc h mt kha b mt
1.2.2. Cc h mt thay th
1.2.2.1. Cc h mt thay th n biu
a) Mt m dch vng (MDV)
Gi s P = C = K = Z vi 0 k 25, ta nh ngha: Gi s P = C = K = Z
26
vi 0 k 25, ta nh ngha:
+ M ha: C M + K mod n
+ Gii m: M C - K mod n
V d vi ting Anh, n = 26 hoc n =27, nh vy M,C,K Z
26,
hoc Z
27.
Ta s dng MDV (vi modulo 26) m ho mt vn bn ting Ta s dng MDV (vi modulo 26) m ho mt vn bn ting
Anh thng thng bng cch thit lp s tng ng gia cc k
t theo mod 26 nh sau:
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
9
1.2.2. Cc h mt thay th
K t A B C D E F G H I J K L M
M tng ng 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
K t N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Space
M tng ng 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
V d: M = meet_me_at_sunset
Chn K = 4 (0 25) ta c:
M = 12.4.4.19 12.4 0.19 18.20.13.18.4.19
C = 16.8.8.23 16.8 4.23 22.24.17.22.8.23
M tng ng 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
C = QIIX_QI_EX_WYRWIX
Nhn xt: Thm m c th tm bn r bng phng php
tm kha vt cn h mt khng an ton (s lng kha
t K = 25)
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
10
1.2.2. Cc h mt thay th
Bi tp 3.1: Thm m thu c bn m sau ca mt h mt m
dch vng vi kha K cha bit:
PSZI QIERWRIZIV LEZMRK XS WEC CSY EVI WSVVC
Hy thc hin thm m bn m trn bng cc phng php Hy thc hin thm m bn m trn bng cc phng php
bit (tm kha vt cn, thng k v da trn cc hiu bit ngn
ng). Gi s bn r l mt vn bn ting Anh.
Nhn xt: Phn b ca khong trng (space) tng t nh 1 bn
r ting Anh, cho nn n =26 (khng m ha khong trng). (Nu
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
11
r ting Anh, cho nn n =26 (khng m ha khong trng). (Nu
khng tha mn th n =27, m ha c khong trng)
1.2.2. Cc h mt thay th
K t A B C D E F G H I J K L M
M tng ng 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
K t N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Space
M tng ng 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Phng php 1: Tm kha vt cn.
C = PSZI QIERW RIZIV LEZMRK XS WEC CSY EVI WSVVC
Ch : vi h mt dch vng: m ha: C M+ K mod n
gii m: M C K mod n. Kha K = 1 25, ln lt chn K.
K = 1 ORYH : V ngha (loi)
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
12
K = 2 NQXG : V ngha (loi)
K = 3 MPWF : V ngha (loi)
K = 4 LOVE : C ngha, tip tc tm cc t cn li ta c:
LOVE MEAN NEVER HAVING TO SAY YOU ARE SORRY
1.2.2. Cc h mt thay th
K t A B C D E F G H I J K L M
M tng ng 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
K t N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Space
M tng ng 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Phng php thng k
C = PSZI QIERWRIZIV LEZMRK XS WEC CSY EVI WSVVC
Ta nhn thy xc sut hin ca ch I nhiu nht (N(I) = 5); trong bng
vn bn ting Anh th ch E xut hin nhiu nht.
Do , ch I c th l dch vng ca ch E; tc l K = 4. Th vi K = 4
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
13
Do , ch I c th l dch vng ca ch E; tc l K = 4. Th vi K = 4
ta c bn r nh phng php vt cn.
1.2.2. Cc h mt thay th
K t A B C D E F G H I J K L M
M tng ng 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
K t N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Space
M tng ng 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
C = PSZI QIERW RIZIV LEZMRK XS WEC CSY EVI WSVVC
Phng php da trn hiu bit v ngn ng
- Nu vn bn xut hin k t n th ch c th l I hoc A
- Nu xut hin 2 k t th c th l: AN, OF hoc TO
Trong vn bn xut hin 2 k t: XS khong cch gia X v S
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
14
Trong vn bn xut hin 2 k t: XS khong cch gia X v S
l: d(X,S) = 5; hay bn m c khong cch l 5.
Xt cc trng hp: AN d(A,N) = 13 loi
OF d(O,F) = 14 5 =9 loi
TO d(T,O) = 19 14 = 5 tha mn
Ta c: T ng vi X t suy ra K = 4
1.2.2. Cc h mt thay th
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
15
1.2.2. Cc h mt thay th
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
16
1.2.2. Cc h mt thay th
m e e t m e a t s u n s e t
12 4 4 19 12 4 0 19 18 20 13 18 4 19 Bn r
2
C
8
I
15
P
7
H
4
E
17
R
2 8 15 7 4 17 2 8 Kho
14 12 19 0 16 21 2 1 7 1 17 9 6 1 Bn m 14 12 19 0 16 21 2 1 7 1 17 9 6 1 Bn m
O M T A Q V C B H B R J G B
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
17
1.2.3. Cc h mt hon v
1.2.3. Cc h mt hon v (MHV)
Khc vi m thay th, tng ca m hon v l gi cc k t
ca bn r khng thay i, nhng s thay i v tr ca chng
bng cch sp xp li cc k t ny. y khng c mt php bng cch sp xp li cc k t ny. y khng c mt php
ton i s no cn thc hin khi m ho v gii m.
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
18
1.2.3. Cc h mt hon v
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
19
1.2. Cc h mt kha b mt
1.2.4. Cc h m dng v vic to dy gi ngu nhin
a) Cc h m dng
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
20
1.2.4. Cc h m dng v vic to dy gi ngu nhin
b) To dy gi ngu nhin bng a thc nguyn thy
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
21
1.2.4. Cc h m dng v vic to dy gi ngu nhin
b) To dy gi ngu nhin bng a thc nguyn thy
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
22
1.2.4. Cc h m dng v vic to dy gi ngu nhin
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
23
1.2.4. Cc h m dng v vic to dy gi ngu nhin
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
24
1.2.4. Cc h m dng v vic to dy gi ngu nhin
Bi tp v nh:
To dy gi ngu nhin bng a
thc:
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
25
thc:
g(x) = 1 + x
3
+ x
4
b(x) chn ty
Theo 2 cch: phn mm v phn
cng
1.2. Cc h mt kha b mt
1.2.5. Chun m d liu (DES-Data Encryption Standard)
y l mt m tch (kt hp Hon v v Thay th) to c mt h mt
an ton t 2 h mt khng an ton.
M t y ca DES c nu trong Cng b s 46 v cc chun x M t y ca DES c nu trong Cng b s 46 v cc chun x
l thng tin Lin bang (M) vo 15/1/1977. DES m ho mt xu bit x
ca bn r di 64 bng mt kho 56 bit. Bn m nhn c cng l
mt xu bit c di 64.
a) S m ha DES
C = DES(M,K)
Thut ton m ha (16 vng)
DES
M 64 bit
C 64 bit
Thut ton m ha (16 vng)
Theo lc Feistel
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
26
DES
K 56 bit
1.2.5. Chun m d liu (DES)
Thut ton m ha (16 vng)
For i = 1 to 16 do
L
i
= R
i-1
R
i
= L
i-1
f(R
i-1
,K
i
) R
i
= L
i-1
f(R
i-1
,K
i
)
Trong : IP (Initial Permutation):
C 64! cch chn bng IP, DES chn 1 cch:
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
27
1.2.5. Chun m d liu (DES)
Ng c Thin - PTIT
28 Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
1.2.5. Chun m d liu (DES)
Ng c Thin - PTIT
29 Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
1.2.5. Chun m d liu (DES)
Ng c Thin - PTIT
30 Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
1.2.5. Chun m d liu (DES)
Ng c Thin - PTIT
31 Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
1.2.5. Chun m d liu (DES)
b) Cc ch hot ng ca DES
+ Cc ch m khi:
- Ch Quyn m in t ECB (Electronic Code Book mode).
- Ch Lin kt m khi CBC (Cipher Block Chaining mode). - Ch Lin kt m khi CBC (Cipher Block Chaining mode).
+ Cc ch m dng
- Ch Phn hi u ra OFB (Output Feedback Mode).
- Ch Phn hi mt m CFB (Code Feedback Mode)
Ng c Thin - PTIT
32 Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
1.2.5. Chun m d liu (DES)
+ Quyn m in t ECB (Electronic Code Book mode)
y l ch hot ng bnh thng ca DES
- u im: n gin - u im: n gin
- Nhc im: Nu u vo ging nhau v cng kha th u ra
s ging nhau thm m c th ph c.
Ng c Thin - PTIT
33 Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
1.2.5. Chun m d liu (DES)
+ Ch Lin kt m khi CBC (Cipher Block Chaining
mode)
Khc phc nhc im ca ch ECB
- Nhc im: Nu gii m sai cho khi no th s gy sai ton
b cc khi cn li.
Ng c Thin - PTIT
34 Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
1.2.5. Chun m d liu (DES)
+ Ch Phn hi u ra OFB
Nhc im: ging CBC
Ng c Thin - PTIT
35 Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
1.2.5. Chun m d liu (DES)
+ Ch Phn hi mt m CFB
Nhc im: ging CBC
Ng c Thin - PTIT
36 Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
1.2.5. Chun m d liu (DES)
Nhc im ca DES:
+ Do s lng ca kha |K| = 2
56
, c th thm m ph c
vi chi ph cao.
+ khc phc phi tng s lng kha hoc s dng cc + khc phc phi tng s lng kha hoc s dng cc
bin th ca DES
Ng c Thin - PTIT
37 Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
1.2.5. Chun m d liu (DES)
c) Cc bin th ca DES
+ Double DES (DES bi 2)
Thc hin theo nguyn l mt m tch:
S lng kha: |K| = |K
1
.|K
2
| = 2
112
; Cho n nay th m
bo an ton (hin nay vi 2
128
l an ton) v kh tm kha
vt cn.
Ng c Thin - PTIT
38 Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
1.2.5. Chun m d liu (DES)
+ Triple DES (DES bi 3)
Vi 2 kha: S lng kha: |K| = 2
112
An ton hn
Double DES
Vi 3 kha: |K| = 2
168
Ng c Thin - PTIT
39 Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt
1.2.6. u, nhc im ca mt m kha b mt
+ u im:
- n gin (Thi gian x l nhanh, phn cng yu cu thp)
- Hiu qu cao (Tc m R = 1; v d vi DES vo 64 bit ra 64
bit)
D s dng cho cc ng dng nhy cm vi tr v cc
ng dng di ng.
Nhc im:
- Phi dng knh an ton truyn kha (kh thit lp, tn
km)
- Vic to, gi b mt kha phc tp (khi lm vic trn mng
phi to nhiu kha). phi to nhiu kha).
- Kh xy dng cc dch v an ton khc (nh m bo tnh
ton vn, xc thc v ch k s)
khc phc cc nhc im ny phi s dng H mt
kha cng khai.
Ng c Thin - PTIT
40 Chng 1: Mt m kha b mt