Mokashi Imrankhan Sherkhan

Guided by: M S Bobji

Seminar on
Importance of Fracture Mechanics in
Tribology

Wear
Erosion
Surface Formation
Fracture Mechanics approach
Energy Based : Energy release rate(G) and J
integral

Stress Based : Stress intensity factor (K)

Displacement Based : Crack tip opening
displacement (CTOD)
Modes of Crack Propagation
Energy Approach
+ +
x
o
Bond
Energy
Cohesive
Force

Equilibrium
Distance x
o
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
E
n
e
r
g
y
Distance
Repulsion
Attraction
Tension
Compression
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
F
o
r
c
e
k
Bond
Energy
Distance
Griffiths Energy balance approach
First documented paper on fracture
(1920) Considered as father of Fracture
Mechanics
Energy Approach Cont
Surface energy Es = 2(2a B )
-Surface energy per unit area
B-Thickness of plate
Energy Approach Cont..
Total PE of Body with crack

U = U
E
U
work
+ U
S


Strain Energy
System always try to minimize its PE

Thick plate is more resistant
to fracture or thin?
J Integral
J Integral over a closed loop = 0
Path independent

Displacement Approach
From Hookes law, displacement field can be obtained as
2
I
2
I
2(1 ) r 1
u K cos sin
E 2 2 2 2
2(1 ) r 1
v K sin cos
E 2 2 2 2
v u k u
( | | | |
= +
| |
(
t
\ . \ .
v u k u
( | | | |
= +
| |
(
t
\ . \ .
where u, v = displacements in x, y directions
(3 4 ) for plane stress problems
3
for plane strain problems
1
k = v
v
| |
k =
|
+ v
\ .
Displacement Approach
Stress Approach
Stress Intensity Factor
for infinite plate
for other geometry
| can be obtained from : 1. handbook solution
2. approximate method
3. numerical method
a K t o =
a K t |o =
Stress near crack tip
] sin sin [ cos
2
3
2
1
2
2
u u u
t
o =
r
K
x
] sin sin [ cos
2
3
2
1
2
2
u u u
t
o + =
r
K
y
2
3
2 2
2
u u u
t
t cos cos sin
r
K
xy
=
) (u
t
t o
o
ij ij
f
r
a
2
=
Plastic zone size
x
y
plane strain
plane stress
Plastic Zone Shapes
Mixed Loading
1
3
III
III
2
II
II
1
I
I
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
n
c
n
c
n
c
K
K
K
K
K
K
where K
Ic
, K
IIc
, K
IIIc
, n
i
(i = 1, 2, 3) parameters that characterize material near the concentrator,
determined experimentally
i
n
c
i
n
c
K
K
K
K
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
II
II
I
I
= 1
i
n
c
i
n
c
K
K
K
K
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
III
III
II
II
= 1
Cont
Diagrams of the deformed body limiting-equilibrium state the conditions of mixed
(I+II), (I+III) fracture mechanisms
Curve 1 according to formula (1)
when K
III
= 0 and n
i
= 4, curve 2
according formula (1) when K
III
= 0
and n
i
= 2
Curves 1 and 2 are plotted according
to formula (1) when n
i
= 4 and n
i
=2
correspondingly
1
III
III
II
II
I
I
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
i i i
n
c
n
c
n
c
K
K
K
K
K
K
(1)
FATIGUE FRACTURE
Every Coin has two sides
Useful Fracture
Metal cutting
Rock cutting in Mining
Biting of candies
Unwanted Fracture
Fracture of Liberty ships in World war II
Fracture of wheels, axles and rails
Fracture Avoidance with Proper
Use of Material
Pyramid of Egypt Schematic Roman Bridge Design

The primary construction material prior to 19
th
were timber, brick and
mortar
Arch shape producing compressive stress stone have high
compressive strength
Fracture Avoidance with Proper Use
of Material (cont)
Roof spans and windows were arched to maintain compressive loading
REFERENCES
A book on Fracture Mechanics by Prashant
Kumar
Introduction to Fracture Mechanics book by
C. H. Wang

Finite Element Analysis
Stress analysis near crack
Quarter point element
J- integral