STATUTORY CASES

Case Title: G.R. No. L-19650 (September 29, 1966)

Caltex (Philippie!), "#. $!. %ri#o Palomar i hi! #apa#it& a! 'he Po!tma!ter Geeral
1) Facts
'he #a!e be(ore )! o* i! a petitio (or +e#larator& relie( a,ai!t Po!tma!ter Geeral %ri#o
Palomar, par&i, -./that 0)+,met be re+ere+ +e#lari, it! 1Caltex 2oo+e+ P)mp Cote!t3 ot
to be $iolati$e o( the Po!tal La*, a+ or+eri, re!po+et to allo* petitioer the )!e o( the mail!
to bri, the #ote!t to the attetio o( the p)bli#4.
" 1960, Caltex la)#he+ a promotioal !#heme #alle+ -./Caltex 2oo+e+ P)mp Cote!t-.5
*hi#h #all! (or parti#ipat! to -./e!timate the a#t)al )mber o( liter! a hoo+e+ ,a! p)mp at ea#h
Caltex !tatio *ill +i!pe!e +)ri, a !pe#i(ie+ perio+.-.5 'he #ote!t i! ope to all -./motor
$ehi#le o*er! a+6or li#e!e+ +ri$re!-.5. 'here i! either a (ee or #o!i+eratio re7)ire+ or a
p)r#ha!e re7)ire+ to be ma+e. 'he (orm! are a$ailable )po re7)e!t at ea#h Caltex !tatio a+
there i! al!o a !eale+ #a *here a##ompli!he+ etr& !t)b! ma& be +epo!ite+.
Caltex *i!he! to )!e mail! amo,!t the me+ia (or p)bli#i8i, abo)t the #ote!t, th)!, Caltex !et
repre!etati$e! to the po!tal a)thoritie! (or a+$a#e #leari, (or the )!e o( mail! (or the #ote!t.
2o*e$er, the po!tal a)thoritie! +eie+ their re7)e!t i $ie* o( !e#tio! 1959 (a), 19:2, a+ 19:;
o( the Re$i!e+ <+mii!trati$e Co+e (<ti-lotter& pro$i!io! o( the Po!tal La*), *hi#h prohibit!
the )!e o( mail i #o$e&i, a& i(ormatio #o#eri, o-mailable !#heme!, !)#h a! lotter&,
,i(t eterpri!e, or !imilar !#heme.
Caltex !o),ht (or a re#o!i+eratio a+ !tre!!e+ that there *a! o #o!i+eratio i$ol$e+ i the
part o( the #ote!tat(!) b)t the Po!tma!ter Geeral maitaie+ their $ie* a+ e$e threatee+
Caltex that i( the #ote!t *a! #o+)#te+, -./a (ra)+ or+er *ill ha$e to be i!!)e+ a,ai!t it
(Caltex) a+ all it! repre!etati$e!-.5. 'hi! lea+! to Caltex3! (ili, o( thi! petitio (or +e#larator&
relie(.
'he #o)rt r)le+ that the -./petitioer +oe! ot $iolate the Po!tal La* a+ the re!po+et ha! o
ri,ht to bar the p)bli# +i!trib)tio or !ai+ r)le! b& the mail!-.5. 'he re!po+et the appeale+.
2) Issue(s)
a) =hether or ot the petitio !tate! a !)((i#iet #a)!e o( a#tio (or +e#larator& relie(5
b) =hether or ot the propo!e+ -./Caltex 2oo+e+ P)mp Cote!t-.5 $iolate! the Po!tal La*5
3) Ruling
Re#apit)lati,, *e hol+ that the petitio herei !tate! a !)((i#iet #a)!e o( a#tio (or +e#larator&
relie(, a+ that the >Caltex 2oo+e+ P)mp Cote!t4 a! +e!#ribe+ i the r)le! !)bmitte+ b& the
appellee +oe! ot tra!,re!! the pro$i!io! o( the Po!tal La*.
<CC?R@"NGLA, the 0)+,met appeale+ (rom i! a((irme+. No #o!t!.
4) Ratio
@e#larator& Relie( i! the iterpretatio o( !e$eral #o!tit)tioal pro$i!io!. Ba!e+ o Se#tio 1
R)le 6; o( the R)le! o( Co)rt, a a#tio (or +e#larator& relie( !ho)l+ be (ile+ b& a per!o
itere!te+ )+er a +ee+, a *ill, a #otra#t or other *ritte i!tr)met, a+ *ho!e ri,ht! are
a((e#te+ b& a !tat)te, a exe#)ti$e or+er, a re,)latio or a or+ia#e.
Requisites o! "ecla!ato!# Relie:
- 'here i! 0)!ti#iable #otro$er!&
- 'he #otro$er!& i! bet*ee per!o! *ho!e itere!t! are a+$er!e
- 'he part& !eeCi, the relie( ha! a le,al itere!t i the #otro$er!&
- 'he i!!)e i! ripe (or 0)+i#ial +etermiatio
D 'he -./Caltex 2oo+e+ P)mp Cote!t-.5 i! a mere -./,rat)ito)! +i!trib)tio o( propert& b&
#ha#e-.5. "t +oe! ot 7)ali(& a! a lotter& +)e to the la#C o( #o!i+eratio. < a#t to be +eeme+
a! a lotter& m)!t #o!tit)te a (1) pri8e, (2) #ha#e, a+ (;) #o!i+eratio. 'he parti#ipat! are ot
re7)ire+ to +o a&thi, or p)r#ha!e a&thi, (rom Caltex i or+er to parti#ipate i the #ote!t.
'he tr)e te!t (or ha$i, #o!i+eratio i! -./*hether the parti#ipat pa&! a $al)able
#o!i+eratio (or the #ha#e, a+ ot *hether tho!e #o+)#ti, the eterpri!e re#ei$e !omethi,
o( $al)e i ret)r (or the +i!trib)tio o( the pri8e.-.5

$ational Fe%e!ation o &a'o! ($F&) () Eis*a
GR L-612;6, ;1 Ea)ar& 19:9 (12F SCR< 919)
% Ba#, Gera+o (p)H 9 #o#)r, 1 #o#)r *ith #ommet!, 1 tooC o part, 1 o lea$e
Facts: ? 5 Iar#h 19:2, the Natioal Ge+eratio o( Labor (ile+ *ith the Iii!tr& o( Labor a+
%mplo&met (Labor Relatio! @i$i!io, Jamboa,a Cit&), a petitio (or +ire#t #erti(i#atio a!
the !ole ex#l)!i$e #olle#ti$e bar,aii, repre!etati$e o( the mothl& pai+ emplo&ee! at the
L)mba&ao ma)(a#t)ri, plat o( the Jamboa,a =oo+ Pro+)#t!, "#. (Jambo*oo+). ? 1F
<pril 19:2, !)#h emplo&ee! #har,e+ the (irm be(ore the !ame o((i#e (or )+erpa&met o(
mothl& li$i, allo*a#e!. ? ; Ia& 19:2, the )io i!!)e+ a oti#e o( !triCe a,ai!t the (irm,
alle,i, ille,al termiatio o( @ioi!io %!tio#a, pre!i+et o( the !ai+ lo#al )ioK )(air labor
pra#ti#eK opa&met o( li$i, allo*a#e!K a+ >emplo&met o( oppre!!i$e alie maa,emet
per!oel *itho)t proper permit. 'he !triCe be,a o 2; Ia& 19:2.
? 9 E)l& 19:2, Jambo*oo+ (ile+ a #omplait *ith the trial #o)rt a,ai!t the o((i#er! a+
member! o( the )io, (or >+ama,e! (or ob!tr)#tio o( pri$ate propert& *ith pra&er (or
prelimiar& i0)#tio a+6or re!traii, or+er.4 'he )io (ile+ a motio (or the +i!mi!!al a+
(or the +i!!ol)tio o( the re!traii, or+er, a+ oppo!itio to the i!!)a#e o( the *rit o(
prelimiar& i0)#tio, #ote+i, that the i#i+et! o( pi#Ceti, are *ithi the ex#l)!i$e
0)ri!+i#tio o( the Labor <rbiter p)r!)at to Bata! Pamba!a 22F (Labor Co+e, <rti#le 21F) a+
ot to the Co)rt o( Gir!t "!ta#e. 'he motio *a! +eie+. 2e#e, the petitio (or #ertiorari.
Issue: =hether #o!tr)#tio o( the la* i! re7)ire+ to +etermie 0)ri!+i#tio.
+el%: 'he (ir!t a+ ()+ametal +)t& o( #o)rt! i! to appl& the la*. Co!tr)#tio a+
iterpretatio #ome ol& a(ter it ha! bee +emo!trate+ that appli#atio i! impo!!ible or
ia+e7)ate *itho)t them.
E)ri!+i#tio o$er the !)b0e#t matter i a 0)+i#ial pro#ee+i, i! #o(erre+ b& the !o$erei,
a)thorit& *hi#h or,ai8e! the #o)rtK a+ it i! ,i$e ol& b& la*. E)ri!+i#tio i! e$er pre!)me+K
it m)!t be #o(erre+ b& la* i *or+! that +o ot a+mit o( +o)bt. Si#e the 0)ri!+i#tio o( #o)rt!
a+ 0)+i#ial trib)al! i! +eri$e+ ex#l)!i$el& (rom the !tat)te! o( the (or)m, the i!!)e !ho)l+ be
re!ol$e+ o the ba!i! o( the la* or !tat)te i (or#e. 'here(ore, !i#e (1) the ori,ial *or+i, o(
<rti#le 21F $e!te+ the labor arbiter! *ith 0)ri!+i#tioK !i#e (2) Pre!i+etial @e#ree 1691
re$erte+ the 0)ri!+i#tio *ith re!pe#t to moe& #laim! o( *orCer! or #laim! (or +ama,e! ari!i,
(rom emplo&er-emplo&ee relatio! to the labor arbiter! a(ter Pre!i+etial @e#ree 1;6F tra!(erre+
!)#h 0)ri!+i#tio to the or+iar& #o)rt!, a+ !i#e (;) Bata! Pamba!a 1;0 ma+e o #ha,e *ith
re!pe#t to the ori,ial a+ ex#l)!i$e 0)ri!+i#tio o( Labor <rbiter! *ith re!pe#t to moe& #laim!
o( *orCer! or #laim! (or +ama,e! ari!i, (rom emplo&er-emplo&ee relatio!K <rti#le 21F i! to be
applie+ the *a& it i! *or+e+. 'he ex#l)!i$e ori,ial 0)ri!+i#tio o( a labor arbiter i! therei
pro$i+e+ (or expli#itl&. "t mea!, it #a ol& mea, that a #o)rt o( (ir!t i!ta#e 0)+,e the, a
re,ioal trial #o)rt 0)+,e o*, #ertail& a#t! be&o+ the !#ope o( the a)thorit& #o(erre+ o him
b& la* *he he etertaie+ the !)it (or +ama,e!, ari!i, (rom pi#Ceti, that a##ompaie+ a
!triCe.
'he S)preme Co)rt, th)!, ,rate+ the *rit o( #ertiorari, a+ )lli(ie+ a+ !et a!i+e the 20 E)l&
19:2 or+er i!!)e+ b& the #o)rt a 7)o. "t ,rate+ the *rit o( prohibitio, a+ e0oie+ the E)+,e o(
!ai+ #o)rt, or *hoe$er a#t! i hi! behal( i the R'C to *hi#h thi! #a!e i! a!!i,e+, (rom taCi,
a& ()rther a#tio o the #i$il #a!e (Ci$il Ca!e F16 L2F51M), ex#ept (or the p)rpo!e o( +i!mi!!i,
it. "t al!o ma+e permaet the re!traii, or+er i!!)e+ o 5 <),)!t 19:2.
,aat () CA
GR 11110F, 10 Ea)ar& 199F (266 SCR< 16F)
Se#o+ @i$i!io, 'orre! Er. (p)H 9 #o#)rri,
Facts: ? 19 Ia& 19:9, Ni#toria +e G)8ma3! tr)#C *a! !ei8e+ b& @epartmet o( %$iromet
a+ Nat)ral Re!o)r#e! per!oel i <ritao, N)e$a Ni8#a&a *hile o it! *a&! to B)la#a (rom
Sa Eo!e, Ba,,ao, Ca,a&a be#a)!e the +ri$er #o)l+ ot pro+)#e the re7)ire+ +o#)met! (or the
(ore!t pro+)#t! (o)+ #o#eale+ i the tr)#C. ? 2; Ia& 19:9, <ritao C%NR?3! Eo$ito La&),a
i!!)e+ a or+er o( #o(i!#atio o( the tr)#C. "t! o*er, @e G)8ma, (aile+ to !)bmit the re7)ire+
explaatio *ithi the re,lemetar& perio+ !et b& La&),a. ? 22 E)e 19:9, @%NR Re,ioal
%xe#)ti$e @ire#tor Ro,elio Ba,,a&a !)!taie+ the <litao C%NR?3! a#tio o( #o(i!#atio a+
or+ere+ the (or(eit)re o( the tr)#C i$oCi, Se#tio 6:-< o( Pre!i+etial @e#ree F05, a! ame+e+
b& %xe#)ti$e ?r+er 2FF. @e G)8ma (ile+ (or re#o!i+eratio b)t *a! +eie+.
'he #a!e *a! appeale+ to the Se#retar& o( @%NR. Pe+i, re!ol)tio, ho*e$er, a !)it (or
reple$i (Ci$il Ca!e 90;1), *a! (ile+ b& @e G)8ma a+ #ompa& a,ai!t La&),a a+
Ba,,a&a *ith the R'C Ca,a&a (Bra#h 2), #ote+i, that the ol& the #o)rt i! a)thori8e+ to
#o(i!#ate a+ (or(eit #o$e&a#e! )!e+ i the tra!porti, ille,al (ore!t pro+)#t!, p)r!)at to the
!e#o+ para,raph o( Se#tio 6:. @e G)8ma ()rther #ote+e+ that the !ei8)re i! ille,al, a! !he
+i+ ot )!e the tr)#C i the #ommi!!io o( the #rime (o( 7)ali(ie+ the(t )+er <rti#le ;09 a+ ;10
o( the Re$i!e+ Peal Co+e, p)i!hable )+er Se#tio 6:), a! alle,e+l& a+mitte+ b& the Re,ioal
%xe#)ti$e @ire#tor, relea!i, her (rom #rimial liabilit&. 'he trial #o)rt therea(ter i!!)e+ a *rit
or+eri, the ret)r o( the tr)#C to @e G)8ma. 'he petitioer! (ile+ a petitio (or #ertiorari *ith
the Co)rt o( <ppeal!. 'he appellate #o)rt !)!taie+ the trial #o)rt3! or+er r)li, that the 7)e!tio
i$ol$e+ i! p)rel& a le,al oe. 2e#e, the petitio.
Issues:
=hether #o!tr)#tio a+mit! that the a)thorit& to #o(i!#ate or to (or(eit #o$e&a#e!
belo,! to the #o)rt!
=hether the tr)#C *a! )!e+ i the #ommi!!io o( a o((e!e )+er Se#tio 6: o(
Pre!i+etial @e#ree F05, a! ame+e+ b& %xe#)ti$e ?r+er 2FF
+el%: 'he #o!tr)#tio that #o$e&a#e! are !)b0e#t o( #o(i!#atio b& the #o)rt! ex#l)!i$el&
(p)r!)at to Se#tio 2:, para,raph 2) )+)l& re!tri#t! the #lear itetio o( the la* a+ ie$itabl&
re+)#e! the other pro$i!io o( Se#tio 6:-<, a!i+e to the (a#t that #o$e&a#e! are ot metioe+
or i#l)+e+ i the (ormer pro$i!io. " the #o!tr)#tio o( !tat)te!, it m)!t be rea+ i !)#h a *a&
a! to ,i$e e((e#t to the p)rpo!e pro0e#te+ i the !tat)te. Stat)te! !ho)l+ be #o!tr)e+ i the li,ht
o( the ob0e#t to be a#hie$e+ a+ the e$il or mi!#hie( to be !)ppre!!e+, a+ the& !ho)l+ be ,i$e
!)#h #o!tr)#tio a! *ill a+$a#e the ob0e#t, !)ppre!! the mi!#hie(, a+ !e#)re the bee(it!
ite+e+. " the #a!e at bar, the phra!e >to +i!po!e o( the !ame4 i! broa+ eo),h to #o$er the a#t
o( (or(eiti, #o$e&a#e! i (a$or o( the ,o$ermet. 'he ol& limitatio i! that it !ho)l+ be
ma+e >i a##or+a#e *ith pertiet la*!, re,)latio! or poli#ie! o the matter.4
G)rther, *he the !tat)te i! #lear a+ expli#it, there i! har+l& room (or a& exte+e+ #o)rt
ratio#iatio or ratioali8atio o( the la*. 'he la,)a,e o( the ame+ator& exe#)ti$e or+er, *he
it elimiate+ the phra!e >!hall be ,)ilt& o( 7)ali(ie+ the(t a! +e(ie+ a+ p)i!he+ )+er <rti#le!
;09 a+ ;10 o( the Re$i!e+ Peal Co+e > a+ i!erte+ the *or+! > !hall be p)i!he+ *ith the
pealtie! impo!e+ )+er <rti#le ;09 a+ ;10 o( the Re$i!e+ Peal Co+e,4 meat that the a#t o(
#)tti,, ,atheri,, #olle#ti,, remo$i,, or po!!e!!i, (ore!t pro+)#t! *itho)t a)thorit&
#o!tit)te! a +i!ti#t o((e!e i+epe+et o* (rom the #rime o( the(t )+er <rti#le! ;09 a+ ;10
o( the Re$i!e+ Peal Co+e, b)t the pealt& to be impo!e+ i! that pro$i+e+ (or )+er <rti#le ;09
a+ ;10 o( the Re$i!e+ Peal Co+e.
'he S)preme Co)rt ,rate+ the petitio, re$er!e+ a+ !et a!i+e the 16 ?#tober +e#i!io a+ 19
E)l& 1992 re!ol)tio o( the C<, ma+e permaet the re!traii, or+er prom)l,ate+ o 2F
September 199;, a+ +ire#te+ the @%NR !e#retar& to re!ol$e the #otro$er!& *ith )tmo!t
+i!pat#h.
,eo-le () .a-a
GR L-22;01, ;0 <),)!t 196F (20 SCR< 1169)
% Ba#, Gera+o (p)H 9 #o#)r
Facts: Iario I. Iapa *a! #har,e+ (or ille,al po!!e!!io o( (irearm a+ amm)itio i a
i(ormatio +ate+ 19 <),)!t 1962 i $iolatio o( Se#tio :F: o( the Re$i!e <+mii!trati$e Co+e
i #oe#tio *ith Se#tio 2692 o( the Re$i!e+ <+mii!trati$e Co+e, a! ame+e+ b& C< 56 a+
a! ()rther ame+e+ b& R< 9. <##)!e+ a+mit! to po!!e!!io o( (irearm o ,ro)+ o( bei, a
!e#ret a,et o( Go$eror Geli#iao Le$i!te o( Bata,a!. ? 2F No$ember 196;, the lo*er #o)rt
re+ere+ a +e#i!io #o$i#ti, the a##)!e+ o( the #rime a+ !ete#e+ him to impri!omet (or
oe &ear a+ oe +a& to t*o &ear!. <! the appeal i$ol$e! a 7)e!tio o( la*, it *a! ele$ate+ to
the S)preme Co)rt.
Issue: =hether or ot a !e#ret a,et +)l& appoite+ a+ 7)ali(ie+ a! !)#h o( the ,o$eror i!
exempt (rom the re7)iremet o( ha$i, a li#e!e o( (irearm
+el%: 'he la* i! expli#it that it i! )la*()l (or a& per!o to po!!e!! a& (irearm, +eta#he+ part!
o( (irearm! or amm)itio there(or, or a& i!tr)met or implemet )!e+ or ite+e+ to be )!e+
i the ma)(a#t)re o( (irearm!, part! o( (irearm!, or amm)itio ex#ept *he !)#h (irearm! are
i po!!e!!io o( !)#h p)bli# o((i#ial! a+ p)bli# !er$at! (or )!e i the per(orma#e o( their
o((i#ial +)tie!K a! tho!e (irearm! a+ amm)itio! *hi#h are re,)larl& a+ la*()ll& i!!)e+ to
o((i#er!, !ol+ier!, !ailor! or marie!, the Philippie! Co!tab)lar&, ,)ar+! i the emplo&met o(
the B)rea) o( Pri!o!, m)i#ipal poli#e, pro$i#ial ,o$eror!, lie)teat ,o$eror!, pro$i#ial
trea!)rer!, m)i#ipal trea!)rer!, m)i#ipal ma&or!, a+ ,)ar+! o( pro$i#ial pri!oer! a+ 0ail!.
"t i! the (ir!t a+ ()+ametal +)t& o( #o)rt! to appl& the la*K Co!tr)#tio a+ iterpretatio
#ome ol& a(ter it ha! bee +emo!trate+ that appli#atio i! impo!!ible or ia+e7)ate *itho)t
them. 'he la* #aot be a& #learer, there bei, o pro$i!io ma+e (or a !e#ret a,et.
Relia#e i the +e#i!io i People $. Ia#ara+a, i! mi!pla#e+, a+ the #a!e o lo,er !peaC!
*ith a)thorit& to the extet that the pre!et +e#i!io #o(li#t! *ith. "t ma& be ote that i People
$. Ia#ara+a,, a !e#ret a,et *a! a#7)itte+ o appeal o the a!!)mptio that the appoitmet
o( the a##)!e+ a! a !e#ret a,et to a!!i!t i the maitea#e o( pea#e a+ or+er #ampai,! a+
+ete#tio o( #rime! !)((i#ietl& p)t him *ithi the #ate,or& o( a 1pea#e o((i#er3 e7)i$alet e$e
to a member o( the m)i#ipal poli#e expre!!l& #o$ere+ b& !e#tio :F9, 'h)!, i the pre!et #a!e,
there(ore, the #o$i#tio m)!t !ta+.
'he S)preme Co)rt a((irme+ the appeale+ 0)+,met.

"aoang () .unici-al /u%ge o San $icolas
GR L-;956:, 2: Iar#h 19:: (159 SCR< ;69)
Se#o+ @i$i!io, Pa+illa (p)H 9 #o#)rri,
Facts: ? 2; Iar#h 19F1, !po)!e! <tero a+ <ma+a <,oo& (ile+ a petitio *ith the
I)i#ipal Co)rt o( Sa Ni#ola!, "lo#o! Norte !eeCi, the a+optio o( mior! O)irio Boilla
a+ =il!o Iar#o!. 2o*e$er, mior! Ro+eri#C a+ Rommel @aoa,, a!!i!te+ b& their (ather
a+ ,)ar+ia a+ litem, the petitioer! herei (ile+ a oppo!itio to the !ai+ a+optio. 'he&
#ote+e+ that the !po)!e! <tero a+ <ma+a <,oo& ha+ a le,itimate +a),hter ame+
%!trella <,oo&, oppo!itor! mother, *ho +ie+ o 1 Iar#h 19F1, a+ there(ore !ai+ !po)!e! *ere
+i!7)ali(ie+ to a+opt )+er <rti#le ;;5 o( the Ci$il Co+e, *hi#h pro$i+e! that tho!e *ho ha$e
le,itimate, le,itimate+, a#Co*le+,e+ at)ral #hil+re or #hil+re b& le,al (i#tio #aot a+opt.
Issue: =hether the !po)!e! <tero <,oo& a+ <ma+a Ramo! are +i!7)ali(ie+ to a+opt )+er
para,raph 1 o( <rti#le ;;5 o( the Ci$il Co+e.
+el%: 'he *or+! )!e+ i para,raph (1) o( <rti#le ;;5 o( the Ci$il Co+e, i e)merati, the
per!o! *ho #aot a+opt, are #lear a+ )ambi,)o)!. =he the Ne* Ci$il Co+e *a! a+opte+,
it #ha,e+ the *or+ >+e!#e+at,4 (o)+ i the Spai!h Ci$il Co+e to *hi#h the Ne* Ci$il Co+e
*a! pattere+, to >#hil+re.4 'he #hil+re th)! metioe+ ha$e a #learl& +e(ie+ meai, i la*
a+ +o ot i#l)+e ,ra+#hil+re. =ell Co* i! the r)le o( !tat)tor& #o!tr)#tio to the e((e#t
that a !tat)te #lear a+ )ambi,)o)! o it! (a#e ee+ ot be iterprete+. 'he r)le i! that ol&
!tat)te! *ith a ambi,)o)! or +o)bt()l meai, ma& be the !)b0e#t! o( !tat)tor& #o!tr)#tio. "
the pre!et #a!e, Ro+eri#C a+ Rommel @aoa,, the ,ra+#hil+re o( <tero <,oo& a+
<ma+a Ramo!-<,oo&, #aot a!!ail the a+optio o( O)irio Boilla a+ =il!o Iar#o! b&
the <,oo&!.
'he S)preme Co)rt +eie+ the petitio, a+ a((irme+ the 0)+,met o( the I)i#ipal Co)rt o( Sa
Ni#ola!, "lo#o! Norte (Spe#ial Pro#ee+i,! ;F), *tho)t proo)#emet a! to #o!t!.
,a!as () Co*elec (Resolution)
GR 12;169, 9 No$ember 1996 (269 SCR< 99)
% Ba#, Gra#i!#o (p)H 19 #o#)rri,
Facts: @ailo %. Para! i! the i#)mbet P)o, Bara,a& o( P)la, Cabaat)a Cit& *ho *o
+)ri, the 1999 bara,a& ele#tio. < petitio (or hi! re#all a! P)o, Bara,a& *a! (ile+ b& the
re,i!tere+ $oter! o( the bara,a&, *hi#h *a! appro$e+ b& the Comele#. Petitio !i,i, *a!
!#he+)le+ o 19 ?#tober 1995, *here at lea!t 29.;0P o( the re,i!tere+ $oter! !i,e+ the petitio,
*ell abo$e the 25P re7)iremet pro$i+e+ b& la*. 'he Comele# al!o !et the re#all ele#tio o 1;
No$ember 1995, b)t *hi#h *a! +e(erre+ to 16 @e#ember 1995 +)e to the petitioer3! oppo!itio.
'o pre$et the hol+i, o( the re#all ele#tio, petitioer (ile+ be(ore the R'C Cabaat)a Cit& a
petitio (or i0)#tio (Spe#ial Pro#ee+i, Ci$il <#tio 2259-<G), *ith the trial #o)rt i!!)i, a
re!traii, or+er. <(ter #o+)#ti, a !)mmar& heari,, the trial #o)rt li(te+ the re!traii, or+er,
+i!mi!!e+ the petitio a+ re7)ire+ petitioer a+ hi! #o)!el to explai *h& the& !ho)l+ ot be
#ite+ (or #otempt (or mi!repre!eti, that the bara,a& re#all ele#tio *a! *itho)t Comele#
appro$al.
" a re!ol)tio +ate+ 5 Ea)ar& 1996, the Comele#, (or the thir+ time, re-!#he+)le+ the re#all
ele#tio o 1; Ea)ar& 1996K he#e, the i!tat petitio (or #ertiorari *ith )r,et pra&er (or
i0)#tio. 'he petitioer #ote+! that o re#all #a taCe pla#e *ithi oe &ear pre#e+i, a
re,)lar lo#al ele#tio, the Sa,,)ia, Qabataa ele#tio! !late+ o the (ir!t Io+a& o( Ia&
1996. 2e #ite+ <!!o#iate+ Labor Rio $. Letro+o-Iote0o to !)pport the ar,)met, the Co)rt
i *hi#h #a!e #o!i+ere+ the SQ ele#tio a! a re,)lar lo#al ele#tio.
Issue: =hether the Sa,,)ia, Qabataa ele#tio i! to be #o!tr)e+ a! a re,)lar lo#al ele#tio
i a re#all pro#ee+i,
+el%: "t i! a r)le i !tat)tor& #o!tr)#tio that e$er& part o( the !tat)te m)!t be iterprete+ *ith
re(ere#e to the #otext, i.e., that e$er& part o( the !tat)te m)!t be #o!i+ere+ to,ether *ith the
other part!, a+ Cept !)b!er$iet to the ,eeral itet o( the *hole ea#tmet. G)rther, the !pirit,
rather tha the letter o( a la* +etermie! it! #o!tr)#tioK he#e, a !tat)te m)!t be rea+ a##or+i,
to it! !pirit a+ itet. 'he too literal iterpretatio o( the la* lea+! to ab!)r+it& *hi#h the Co)rt
#aot #o)tea#e. < too-literal rea+i, o( the la* #o!tri#t rather tha ()l(ill it! p)rpo!e a+
+e(eat the itetio o( it! a)thor!. 'hat itetio i! )!)all& (o)+ ot i >the letter that Cilleth b)t
i the !pirit that $i$i(ieth4. " the pre!et #a!e, Para,raph (b) o( Se#tio F9 #o!tr)e+ to,ether
*ith para,raph (a) merel& +e!i,ate! the perio+ *he !)#h ele#ti$e lo#al o((i#ial ma& be !)b0e#t
o( a re#all ele#tio. 'he Sa,,)ia, Qabataa ele#tio! #aot be #o!i+ere+ a re,)lar ele#tio,
a! thi! *o)l+ re+er i)tile the re#all pro$i!io o( the Lo#al Go$ermet Co+e. "t *o)l+ be more
i Ceepi, *ith the itet o( the re#all pro$i!io o( the Co+e to #o!tr)e re,)lar lo#al ele#tio a!
oe re(erri, to a ele#tio *here the o((i#e hel+ b& the lo#al ele#ti$e o((i#ial !o),ht to be
re#alle+ *ill be #ote!te+ a+ be (ille+ b& the ele#torate.
'he S)preme Co)rt, ho*e$er, ha! to +i!mi!! the petitio (or ha$i, be#ome moot a+ a#a+emi#,
a! the ext re,)lar ele#tio! i$ol$i, the bara,a& o((i#e #o#ere+ *ere !e$e moth! a*a&.
'h)!, the 'emporar& Re!traii, ?r+er i!!)e+ o 12 Ea)ar& 1996, e0oii, the re#all ele#tio,
*a! ma+e permaet.

Flo!esca () ,0ile1 .ining
GR L-;0692., ;0 <pril 19:5 (1;6 SCR< 192)
% Ba#, IaCa!iar (p)H F #o#)rri,, 1 o lea$e, 2 tooC o part, other! +i!!eti,
Facts: Se$eral mier! *ere Cille+ i a #a$e-i at oe o( Philex Iii, Corporatio!3 mie !ite!.
'he heir! o( the mier! *ere able to re#o$er )+er the =orCma3! Compe!atio <#t (=C<).
'herea(ter, a !pe#ial #ommittee report i+i#ate+ that the #ompa& (aile+ to pro$i+e the mier!
*ith a+e7)ate !a(et& prote#tio. 'he heir! +e#i+e+ to (ile a #omplait (or +ama,e! be(ore the
Co)rt o( Gir!t "!ta#e (CG") o( Iaila. Philex (ile+ a Iotio to @i!mi!! o the ,ro)+ that the
a#tio *a! ba!e+ o a i+)!trial a##i+et *hi#h i! #o$ere+ )+er the =C< a+, there(ore, the
CG" ha! o 0)ri!+i#tio o$er the #a!e. Philex ar,)e! that the *orC #oe#te+ i0)rie! are
#ompe!able ex#l)!i$el& )+er Se#tio! 5 a+ 96 o( the =C<K a+ that the =C< #o$er! *orC-
#oe#te+ a##i+et! e$e i( the emplo&er *a! e,li,et a! the =C< )+er Se#tio 9-< impo!e!
a 50P a++itioal #ompe!atio i the e$et that the emplo&er i! e,li,et. 'he heir!, ho*e$er,
#ote+ that the CG" ha! 0)ri!+i#tio, a! their #omplait i! ot ba!e+ o the =C< b)t o the
Ci$il Co+e pro$i!io! o +ama,e! ari!i, o)t o( e,li,e#e. 'he CG" +i!mi!!e+ the #omplait
(or la#C o( 0)ri!+i#tio. 'he heir! 7)e!tioe+ the +i!mi!!al be(ore the S)preme Co)rt.
<mi#i #)riae !)bmitte+ their re!pe#ti$e memora+a, p)r!)at to the re!ol)tio o( 26 No$ember
19F6, i$ol$i, the i!!)e *hether the a#tio o( a i0)re+ emplo&ee or *orCer or that o( hi! heir!
i #a!e o( hi! +eath )+er the =orCme3! Compe!atio <#t i! ex#l)!i$e, !ele#ti$e or
#)m)lati$eK i.e. (1H %x#l)!i$e) *hether a i0)re+ emplo&ee or hi! heir!3 a#tio i! ex#l)!i$el&
re!tri#te+ to !eeCi, the limite+ #ompe!atio pro$i+e+ )+er the =orCme3! Compe!atio
<#t, (2H Sele#ti$e) *hether a i0)re+ emplo&ee or hi! heir! ha$e a ri,ht o( !ele#tio or #hoi#e o(
a#tio bet*ee a$aili, o( the *orCer3! ri,ht )+er the =orCme3! Compe!atio <#t a+ !)i,
i the re,)lar #o)rt! )+er the Ci$il Co+e (or hi,her +ama,e! (a#t)al, moral a+6or exemplar&)
(rom the emplo&er b& $irt)e o( e,li,e#e (or (a)lt) o( the emplo&er or o( hi! other emplo&ee!,
or (;H C)m)lati$e) *hether a i0)re+ emplo&ee or hi! heir! ma& a$ail #)m)lati$el& o( both
a#tio!, i.e., #olle#t the limite+ #ompe!atio )+er the =orCme3! Compe!atio <#t a+ !)e
i a++itio (or +ama,e! i the re,)lar #o)rt!. 'he opiio! o( the ami#i #)riae are +i$er!e.
'he Co)rt i thi! !ame +e#i!io a,ree+ *ith the ar,)met that the a#tio i! !ele#ti$e, i.e. that the
i0)re+ *orCer or hi! heir! ha$e the #hoi#e o( reme+ie!, b)t that the& #aot p)r!)e both #o)r!e!
o( a#tio !im)ltaeo)!l& a+ bala#e the relati$e a+$ata,e o( re#o)r!e )+er the =orCme3!
Compe!atio <#t a! a,ai!t a or+iar& a#tio. "t ()rther hel+ that the petitioer! *ho ha+
re#ei$e+ the bee(it! )+er the =orCme3! Compe!atio <#t, !)#h ma& ot pre#l)+e them (rom
bri,i, a a#tio be(ore the re,)lar #o)rt, a! the #hoi#e o( the (ir!t reme+& *a! ba!e+ o
i,ora#e or a mi!taCe o( (a#t, *hi#h )lli(ie! the #hoi#e a! it *a! ot a itelli,et #hoi#e, b)t
that )po the !)##e!! o( !)#h bi+! be(ore the lo*er #o)rt, the pa&met! ma+e )+er the
=orCme3! Compe!atio <#t !ho)l+ be +e+)#te+ (rom the +ama,e! that ma& be +e#ree+ i
their (a$or.
Issue: =hether the S)preme Co)rt, i +etermii, the a#tio to be !ele#ti$e, i! ,)ilt& o( 0)+i#ial
le,i!latio.
+el%: 'he Co)rt, thro),h it! ma0orit&, +e(e+e+ it!el( b& hol+i, that the Co)rt +oe! ot
le,i!late b)t merel& applie! a+ ,i$e! e((e#t to the #o!tit)tioal ,)aratee! o( !o#ial 0)!ti#e the
!e#)re+ b& Se#tio 5 o( <rti#le "" a+ Se#tio 6 o( <rti#le S"N o( the 19;5 Co!tit)tio, a+
later b& Se#tio! 6, F, a+ 9 o( <rti#le "" o( the @e#laratio o( Pri#iple! a+ State Poli#ie! o( the
19F; Co!tit)tio, a! ame+e+, a+ a! implemete+ b& <rti#le! 21F6, 21FF, 21F:, 11F;, 2201,
2216, 22;1 a+ 22;2 o( the Ne* Ci$il Co+e o( 1950. G)rther, it reiterate+ it! r)li, i People $!.
Li#eraH that 0)+i#ial +e#i!io! o( the S)preme Co)rt a!!)me the !ame a)thorit& a! the !tat)te
it!el(, p)r!)at to <rti#le : o( the Ci$il Co+e o( the Philippie! *hi#h +e#ree! that 0)+i#ial
+e#i!io! appl&i, or iterpreti, the la*! or the Co!tit)tio (orm part o( thi! 0)ri!+i#tio3!
le,al !&!tem. "t ar,)e! that the appli#atio or iterpretatio pla#e+ b& the Co)rt )po a la* i!
part o( the la* a! o( the +ate o( the ea#tmet o( the !ai+ la* !i#e the Co)rt3! appli#atio or
iterpretatio merel& e!tabli!he! the #otemporaeo)! le,i!lati$e itet that the #o!tr)e+ la*
p)rport! to #arr& ito e((e#t. Aet, the Co)rt ar,)e! that the Co)rt #a le,i!late, p)r!)at to
<rti#le 9 o( the Ne* Ci$il Co+e, *hi#h pro$i+e! that >No 0)+,e or #o)rt !hall +e#lie to re+er
0)+,met b& rea!o o( the !ile#e, ob!#)rit& or i!)((i#ie#& o( the la*!.4 'h)!, e$e the
le,i!lator him!el( re#o,i8e! that i #ertai i!ta#e!, the #o)rt >+o a+ m)!t le,i!late4 to (ill i
the ,ap! i the la*K be#a)!e the mi+ o( the le,i!lator, liCe all h)ma bei,!, i! (iite a+
there(ore #aot e$i!a,e all po!!ible #a!e! to *hi#h the la* ma& appl&.
Re-u'lic () CA an% .olina
GR 10:F6;, 1; Gebr)ar& 199F
% Ba#, Pa,aiba (p)H : #o#)r, ; #o#)r i re!)lt
Facts: Rori+el ?la$iao *a! marrie+ to Re&al+o Iolia o 19 <pril 19:5 i Iaila, a+ ,a$e
birth to a !o a &ear a(ter. Re&al+o !ho*e+ !i,! o( >immat)rit& a+ irre!po!ibilit&4 o the
earl& !ta,e! o( the marria,e, ob!er$e+ (rom hi! te+e#& to !pe+ time *ith hi! (rie+! a+
!7)a+eri, hi! moe& *ith them, (rom hi! +epe+e#& (rom hi! paret!, a+ hi! +i!hoe!t& o
matter! i$ol$i, hi! (ia#e!. Re&al+o *a! relie$e+ o( hi! 0ob i 19:6, Rori+el be#ame the
!ole brea+*ier therea(ter. " Iar#h 19:F, Rori+el re!i,e+ (rom her 0ob i Iaila a+
pro#ee+e+ to Ba,)io Cit&. Re&al+o le(t her a+ their #hil+ a *eeC later. 'he #o)ple are
!eparate+-i-(a#t (or more tha three &ear!.
? 16 <),)!t 1990, Rori+el (ile+ a $eri(ie+ petitio (or +e#laratio o( )llit& o( her marria,e to
Re&al+o Iolia. %$i+e#e (or Rori+el #o!i!te+ o( her o* te!timo&, that o( t*o o( her
(rie+!, a !o#ial *orCer, a+ a p!&#hiatri!t o( the Ba,)io Geeral 2o!pital a+ Ie+i#al Ceter.
Re&al+o +i+ ot pre!et a& e$i+e#e a! he appeare+ ol& +)ri, the pre-trial #o(ere#e. ?
19 Ia& 1991, the trial #o)rt re+ere+ 0)+,met +e#lari, the marria,e $oi+. 'he Soli#itor
Geeral appeale+ to the Co)rt o( <ppeal!. 'he Co)rt o( <ppeal! +eie+ the appeal! a+
a((irme+ i toto the R'C3! +e#i!io. 2e#e, the pre!et re#o)r!e.
Issue: =hether oppo!i, or #o(li#ti, per!oalitie! !ho)l+ be #o!tr)e+ a! p!&#holo,i#al
i#apa#it&
+el%: 'he Co)rt o( <ppeal! erre+ i it! opiio the Ci$il Co+e Re$i!io Committee ite+e+ to
liberali8e the appli#atio o( Philippie #i$il la*! o per!oal a+ (amil& ri,ht!, a+ hol+i,
p!&#holo,i#al i#apa#it& a! a broa+ ra,e o( metal a+ beha$ioral #o+)#t o the part o( oe
!po)!e i+i#ati$e o( ho* he or !he re,ar+! the marital )io, hi! or her per!oal relatio!hip
*ith the other !po)!e, a! *ell a! hi! or her #o+)#t i the lo, ha)l (or the attaimet o( the
pri#ipal ob0e#ti$e! o( marria,eK *here !ai+ #o+)#t, ob!er$e+ a+ #o!i+ere+ a! a *hole, te+!
to #a)!e the )io to !el(-+e!tr)#t be#a)!e it +e(eat! the $er& ob0e#ti$e! o( marria,e, *arrat! the
+i!!ol)tio o( the marria,e.
'he Co)rt reiterate+ it! r)li, i Sato! $. Co)rt o( <ppeal!, *here p!&#holo,i#al i#apa#it&
!ho)l+ re(er to o le!! tha a metal (ot ph&!i#al) i#apa#it&, exi!ti, at the time the marria,e i!
#elebrate+, a+ that there i! har+l& a& +o)bt that the ite+met o( the la* ha! bee to #o(ie
the meai, o( 1p!&#holo,i#al i#apa#it&3 to the mo!t !erio)! #a!e! o( per!oalit& +i!or+er!
#learl& +emo!trati$e o( a )tter i!e!iti$it& or iabilit& to ,i$e meai, a+ !i,i(i#a#e to the
marria,e. P!&#holo,i#al i#apa#it& m)!t be #hara#teri8e+ b& ,ra$it&, 0)ri+i#al ate#e+e#e, a+
i#)rabilit&. " the pre!et #a!e, there i! o #lear !ho*i, to )! that the p!&#holo,i#al +e(e#t
!poCe o( i! a i#apa#it&K b)t appear! to be more o( a >+i((i#)lt&,4 i( ot o)tri,ht >re()!al4 or
>e,le#t4 i the per(orma#e o( !ome marital obli,atio!. Iere !ho*i, o( >irre#o#ilable
+i((ere#e!4 a+ >#o(li#ti, per!oalitie!4 i o *i!e #o!tit)te! p!&#holo,i#al i#apa#it&.
'he Co)rt, i thi! #a!e, prom)l,ate+ the ,)i+elie! i the iterpretatio a+ appli#atio o(
<rti#le ;6 o( the Gamil& Co+e, remo$i, a& $i!a,e! o( it bei, the mo!t liberal +i$or#e
pro#e+)re i the *orl+H (1) 'he b)r+e o( proo( belo,! to the plaiti((K (2) the root #a)!e o(
p!&#holo,i#al i#apa#it& m)!t be me+i#all& or #lii#all& i+eti(ie+, alle,e+ i the #omplait,
!)((i#ietl& pro$e b& expert, a+ #learl& explaie+ i the +e#i!ioK (;) 'he i#apa#it& m)!t be
pro$e exi!ti, at the time o( the #elebratio o( marria,eK (9) the i#apa#it& m)!t be #lii#all& or
me+i#all& permaet or i#)rableK (5) !)#h ille!! m)!t be ,ra$e eo),hK (6) the e!!etial
marital obli,atio m)!t be embra#e+ b& <rti#le! 6: to F1 o( the Gamil& Co+e a! re,ar+! h)!ba+
a+ *i(e, a+ <rti#le! 220 to 225 o( the !ame #o+e a! re,ar+! paret! a+ their #hil+reK (F)
iterpretatio ma+e b& the Natioal <ppellate Iatrimoial 'rib)al o( the Catholi# Ch)r#h, a+
(:) the trial m)!t or+er the (i!#al a+ the Soli#itor-Geeral to appeal a! #o)!el! (or the State.
'he S)preme Co)rt ,rate+ the petitio, a+ re$er!e+ a+ !et a!i+e the a!!aile+ +e#i!ioK
#o#l)+i, that the marria,e o( Rori+el ?la$iao to Re&al+o Iolia !)b!i!t! a+ remai! $ali+.
Aisporna v. CA
GR L-39419, 12 April 1982 (113 SCRA 459)
First Division, de Cstro (p)! 5 "on"#r, 1 too$ no prt
Facts: Sin"e % &r"' nd on 21 (#ne 19)9, *ersonl A""ident *oli"+ ,s iss#ed -+ *erl Co.pni
de Se/#ros, t'ro#/' its #t'ori0ed /ent Rodol1o Aisporn, 1or period o1 12 .ont's ,it' t'e
-ene1i"ir+ desi/nted s An &2 3sidro2 4'e ins#red died -+ violen"e d#rin/ li1eti.e o1 poli"+2
&pld Aisporn prti"ipted "tivel+ ,it' t'e 1ore.entioned poli"+2
For reson #ne5plined, n in1or.tion ,s 1iled /inst &pld Aisporn, Rodol1o6s ,i1e, ,it' t'e
Cit+ Co#rt o1 C-nt#n 1or violtion o1 Se"tion 189 o1 t'e 3ns#rn"e A"t on 21 7ove.-er 19%8, or
"tin/ s n /ent in t'e soli"itin/ ins#rn"e ,it'o#t se"#rin/ t'e "erti1i"te o1 #t'orit+ 1ro. t'e
o11i"e o1 t'e 3ns#rn"e Co..issioner2 &pld "ontends t't -ein/ t'e ,i1e o1 tr#e /ent, Rodol1o,
s'e nt#rll+ 'elped 'i. in 'is ,or$, s "ler$, nd t't poli"+ ,s .erel+ rene,l nd ,s iss#ed
-e"#se 3sidro 'd "lled -+ telep'one to rene,, nd t t't ti.e, 'er '#s-nd, Rodol1o, ,s -sent
nd so s'e le1t note on top o1 'er '#s-nd6s des$ to rene,2 9n 2 A#/#st 19%1, t'e tril "o#rt 1o#nd
&pld /#ilt+ nd senten"ed 'ere to p+ 1ine o1 *588288 ,it' s#-sidir+ i.prison.ent in "se o1
insolven"+ nd to p+ t'e "osts2 9n ppel nd on 14 A#/#st 19%4, t'e tril "o#rt6s de"ision ,s
11ir.ed -+ t'e ppellte "o#rt (CA-GR 13243-CR)2 :en"e, t'e present re"o#rse ,s 1iled on 22
9"to-er 19%42 9n 28 De"e.-er 19%4, t'e 911i"e o1 t'e Soli"itor Generl, representin/ t'e Co#rt o1
Appels, s#-.itted t't Aisporn .+ not -e "onsidered s 'vin/ violted Se"tion 189 o1 t'e
3ns#rn"e A"t2
Issue: ;'et'er &pld Aisporn is n ins#rn"e /ent ,it'in t'e s"ope or intent o1 t'e 3ns#rn"e
A"t
Held: Le/isltive intent .#st -e s"ertined 1ro. "onsidertion o1 t'e stt#te s ,'ole2 4'e
prti"#lr ,ords, "l#ses nd p'rses s'o#ld not -e st#died s det"'ed nd isolted e5pressions, -#t
t'e ,'ole nd ever+ prt o1 t'e stt#te .#st -e "onsidered in 1i5in/ t'e .enin/ o1 n+ o1 its prts
nd in order to prod#"e 'r.onio#s ,'ole2 3n t'e present "se, t'e 1irst pr/rp' o1 Se"tion 189
pro'i-its person 1ro. "tin/ s /ent, s#-/ent or -ro$er in t'e soli"ittion or pro"#re.ent o1
ppli"tions 1or ins#rn"e ,it'o#t 1irst pro"#rin/ "erti1i"te o1 #t'orit+ so to "t 1ro. t'e 3ns#rn"e
Co..issioner< ,'ile t'e se"ond pr/rp' de1ines ,'o is n ins#rn"e /ent ,it'in t'e intent o1 t'e
se"tion< ,'ile t'e t'ird pr/rp' pres"ri-es t'e penlt+ to -e i.posed 1or its violtion2 4'e ppellte
"o#rt6s r#lin/ t't t'e petitioner is prose"#ted not #nder t'e se"ond pr/rp' o1 Se"tion 189 -#t
#nder its 1irst pr/rp' is reversi-le error, s t'e de1inition o1 ins#rn"e /ent in pr/rp' 2
pplies to t'e pr/rp' 1 nd 2 o1 Se"tion 189, ,'i"' is =n+ person ,'o 1or "o.penstion s'll -e
n ins#rn"e /ent ,it'in t'e intent o1 t'is se"tion2> ;it'o#t proo1 o1 "o.penstion, dire"tl+ or
indire"tl+, re"eived 1ro. t'e ins#rn"e poli"+ or "ontr"t, &pld Aisporn .+ not -e 'eld to 've
violted Se"tion 189 o1 t'e 3ns#rn"e A"t2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt reversed t'e ppeled ?#d/.ent nd "@#itted t'e ""#sed o1 t'e "ri.e "'r/ed,
,it' "osts de o1i"io2

China Bank v. Ortega (J)
GR L-349)4, 31 (n#r+ 19%3 (49 SCRA 355)
Se"ond Division, &$lintl (p)! % "on"#r, 2 too$ no prt
Facts: 9n 1% De"e.-er 19)8, Ai"ente A"-n 1iled "o.plint /inst B C B Forest Develop.ent
Corportion nd &rino B#tist 1or t'e "olle"tion o1 s#. o1 .one+2 4'e tril "o#rt de"lred t'e
de1endnts in de1#lt 1or 1il#re to ns,er ,it'in t'e re/le.entr+ period, nd rendered its de"ision
on 28 (n#r+ 19%82
4o stis1+ t'e ?#d/.ent, A"-n so#/'t t'e /rnis'.ent o1 t'e -n$ deposit o1 B C B Forest
Develop.ent Corportion ,it' t'e C'in Bn$2 :o,ever, 4n Di. Lion/, t'e -n$6s "s'ier,
disllo,ed t'e s.e invo$in/ t'e provisions o1 Rep#-li" A"t 1485, ,'i"' pro'i-it t'e dis"los#re o1 n+
in1or.tion reltive to -n$ deposits2 9n 4 &r"' 19%2, 4n Di. Lion ,s ordered to in1or. t'e
Co#rt i1 t'ere is deposit -+ B C B Forest Develop.ent in t'e C'in Bn$, nd i1 t'ere is, to 'old t'e
s.e int"t nd not llo, n+ ,it'dr,l #ntil 1#rt'er order 1ro. t'e Co#rt2 4n Di. Lion/ .oved to
re"onsider -#t ,s t#rned do,n2 3n t'e s.e order 'e ,s dire"ted to "o.pl+ ,it' t'e order o1 t'e
Co#rt, ot'er,ise 'is rrest nd "on1ine.ent ,ill -e ordered2 Resistin/ t'e 2 orders, t'e C'in Bn$
nd 4n Di. Lion/ instit#ted t'e petition2 *etitioners r/#e t't t'e dis"los#re o1 t'e in1or.tion
re@#ired -+ t'e "o#rt does not 1ll ,it'in n+ o1 t'e 1o#r (4) e5"eptions en#.erted in Se"tion 2 (E1F
#pon ,ritten per.ission o1 t'e depositor, E2F or in "ses o1 i.pe"'.ent, E3F or #pon order o1
"o.petent "o#rt in "ses o1 -ri-er+ or dereli"tion o1 d#t+ o1 p#-li" o11i"ils, E4F or in "ses ,'ere t'e
.one+ deposited or invested is t'e s#-?e"t .tter o1 t'e liti/tion), nd t't i1 t'e @#estioned orders
re "o.plied ,it' 4n Di. Lion/ .+ -e "ri.inll+ li-le #nder Se"tion 5 nd t'e -n$ e5posed to
possi-le d./e s#it -+ B C B Forest Develop.ent Corportion2 Spe"i1i"ll+ re1errin/ to t'e "se, t'e
position o1 t'e petitioners is t't -n$ deposit o1 ?#d/.ent de-tor B nd B Forest Develop.ent
Corportion "nnot -e s#-?e"t to /rnis'.ent to stis1+ 1inl ?#d/.ent /inst it in vie, o1 t'e
1ore.entioned provisions o1 l,2
Issue: ;'et'er or not -n$in/ instit#tion .+ vlidl+ re1#se to "o.pl+ ,it' "o#rt pro"ess
/rnis'in/ t'e -n$ deposit o1 ?#d/.ent de-tor, -+ invo$in/ t'e provisions o1 Rep#-li" A"t 14852
Held: Fro. t'e dis"#ssion o1 t'e "on1eren"e "o..ittee report o1 t'e t,o 'o#ses o1 Con/ress t't t'e
pro'i-ition /inst e5.intion o1 or in@#ir+ into -n$ deposit #nder Rep#-li" A"t 1485 does not
pre"l#de its -ein/ /rnis'ed to ins#re stis1"tion o1 ?#d/.ent2 3ndeed, t'ere is no rel in@#ir+ in
s#"' "se, nd i1 t'e e5isten"e o1 t'e deposit is dis"losed, t'e dis"los#re is p#rel+ in"identl to t'e
e5e"#tion pro"ess2 3.portntl+, it ,s not t'e intention o1 t'e l,.$ers to pl"e -n$ deposits
-e+ond t'e re"' o1 e5e"#tion to stis1+ ?#d/.ent2 3n t'e present "se, t'e lo,er "o#rt did not
order n e5.intion o1 or in@#ir+ into t'e deposit o1 B C B Forest Develop.ent Corportion, s
"onte.plted in t'e l,2 3t .erel+ re@#ired 4n Di. Lion/ to in1or. t'e "o#rt ,'et'er B C B Forest
Develop.ent Corportion 'd deposit in t'e C'in Bn$in/ Corportion onl+ 1or p#rposes o1 t'e
/rnis'.ent iss#ed -+ it, so t't t'e -n$ ,o#ld 'old t'e s.e int"t nd not llo, n+ ,it'dr,l
#ntil 1#rt'er order2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt 11ir.ed t'e orders o1 t'e lo,er "o#rt dted 4 nd 2% &r"' 19%2, ,it' "osts
/inst t'e petitioners2
Board of Adinistrators of the !"A v. Bautista
GR L-3%8)%, 22 Fe-r#r+ 1982 (112 SRCA 59)
First Division, G#errero (p)! 5 "on"#rrin/
Facts: Cli5to Gsilo ,s vetern in /ood stndin/ d#rin/ t'e lst ;orld ;r t't too$ "tive
prti"iption in t'e li-ertion drive /inst t'e ene.+, nd d#e to 'is .ilitr+ servi"e, 'e ,s
rendered dis-led2 4'e *'ilippine Aeterns Ad.inistrtion, 1or.erl+ t'e *'ilippine Aeterns Bord,
(no, *'ilippine Aeterns A11irs 911i"e) is n /en"+ o1 t'e Govern.ent "'r/ed ,it' t'e
d.inistrtion o1 di11erent l,s /ivin/ vrio#s -ene1its in 1vor o1 veterns nd t'eir orp'nsGor
,ido,s nd prents2 9n (#l+ 23, 1955, Gsilo 1iled "li. 1or dis-ilit+ pension #nder Se"tion 9 o1
Rep#-li" A"t )5, ,it' t'e *'ilippine Aeterns Bord, lle/in/ t't 'e ,s s#11erin/ 1ro. *#l.onr+
4#-er"#losis (*4B), ,'i"' 'e in"#rred in line o1 d#t+2 D#e to Gsilo6s 1il#re to "o.plete 'is
s#pportin/ ppers nd s#-.it eviden"e to est-lis' 'is servi"e-"onne"ted illness, 'is "li. ,s
dispproved -+ t'e Bord on 18 De"e.-er 19552 9n 8 A#/#st 19)8, Gsilo ,s -le to "o.plete 'is
s#pportin/ ppers nd, 1ter d#e investi/tion nd pro"essin/, t'e Bord o1 Ad.inistrtors 1o#nd o#t
t't 'is dis-ilit+ ,s 188H t'#s 'e ,s ,rded t'e 1#ll -ene1its o1 se"tion 9 o1 Rep#-li" A"t )52
Lter on, Rep#-li" A"t 5%53 ,s pproved on 22 (#ne 19)9, providin/ 1or n in"rese in t'e -si"
pension nd dditionl pension 1or t'e ,i1e nd e"' o1 t'e #n.rried .inor "'ildren2 Gsilo6s
.ont'l+ pension ,s, 'o,ever, in"resed onl+ on 15 (n#r+ 19%1, nd -+ 25H o1 t'e in"reses
provided -+ l,, d#e to t'e 1"t t't it ,s onl+ on sid dte t't 1#nds ,ere relesed 1or t'e
p#rpose, nd t'e .o#nt so relesed ,s onl+ s#11i"ient to p+ onl+ 25H o1 t'e in"rese2 9n 15
(n#r+ 19%2, .ore 1#nds ,ere relesed to i.ple.ent 1#ll+ Rep#-li" A"t 5%53 nd llo, p+.ent in
1#ll o1 t'e -ene1its t'ere#nder 1ro. sid dte2
3n 19%3, Gsilo 1iled n "tion /inst t'e Bord to re"over t'e pension, ,'i"' 'e "li.s 'e is
entitled to, 1ro. (#l+ 1955, ,'en 'e 1irst 1iled 'is ppli"tion 1or pension, #p to 19)8 ,'en 'is pension
,s 1inll+ pproved2 4'e Bord "ontends, 'o,ever, -sed on Se"tion 15 o1 Rep#-li" A"t )5, t't
sin"e t'e se"tion i.pliedl+ re@#ires t't t'e ppli"tion 1iled s'o#ld 1irst -e pproved -+ t'e Bord o1
Ad.inistrtors -e1ore t'e "li.nt "o#ld re"eive 'is pension, t'ere1ore, n ,rd o1 pension -ene1its
s'o#ld "o..en"e 1ro. t'e dte o1 pprovl o1 t'e ppli"tion2
Issue: ;'et'er Gsilo is entitled to t'e pension 1ro. 1955 insted o1 1ro. 19)82
Held: As it is /enerll+ $no,n, t'e p#rpose o1 Con/ress in /rntin/ vetern pensions is to "o.penste
"lss o1 .en ,'o s#11ered in t'e servi"e 1or t'e 'rds'ips t'e+ end#red nd t'e dn/ers t'e+
en"o#ntered, nd .ore prti"#lrl+, t'ose ,'o 've -e"o.e in"p"itted 1or ,or$ o,in/ to si"$ness,
disese or in?#ries s#stined ,'ile in line o1 d#t+2 A vetern pension l, is, t'ere1ore, /overn.entl
e5pression o1 /rtit#de to nd re"o/nition o1 t'ose ,'o rendered servi"e 1or t'e "o#ntr+, espe"ill+
d#rin/ ti.es o1 ,r or revol#tion, -+ e5tendin/ to t'e. re/#lr .onetr+ id2 For t'is reson, it is t'e
/enerl r#le t't li-erl "onstr#"tion is /iven to pension stt#tes in 1vor o1 t'ose entitled to
pension2 Co#rts tend to 1vor t'e pensioner, -#t s#"' "onstr#"tionl pre1eren"e is to -e "onsidered
,it' ot'er /#ides to interprettion, nd "onstr#"tion o1 pension l,s .#st depend on its o,n
prti"#lr ln/#/e2 3n t'e present "se, Rep#-li" A"t )5 is vetern pension l, ,'i"' .#st -e
""orded li-erl "onstr#"tion nd interprettion in order to 1vor t'ose entitled to ri/'ts, privile/es,
nd -ene1its /rnted t'ere#nder, .on/ ,'i"' re t'e ri/'t to res#.e old positions in /overn.ent,
ed#"tionl -ene1its, t'e privile/e to t$e pro.otion e5.intions, li1e pension 1or t'e in"p"ited,
pension 1or ,ido, nd "'ildren, nd 'ospitli0tion nd .edi"l -ene1its2 Ip'oldin/ t'e Bord t't t'e
pension ,rds re .de e11e"tive onl+ #pon pprovl o1 t'e ppli"tion, t'is ,o#ld -e dependent
#pon t'e dis"retion o1 t'e Bord ,'i"' 'd -een -#sed in t'is "se t'ro#/' in"tion e5tendin/ 1or 12
+ers2 S#"' stnd, t'ere1ore does not pper to -e, or si.pl+ is not, in "onsonn"e ,it' t'e spirit nd
intent o1 t'e l,2 Gsilo6s "li. ,s s#stined2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt .odi1ied t'e ?#d/.ent o1 t'e "o#rt @#o, orderin/ t'e Bord o1 Ad.inistrtors o1
t'e *'ilippine Aeterns Ad.inistrtion (no, t'e *'ilippine Aeterns A11irs 911i"e) to .$e Gsilo6s
pension e11e"tive 18 De"e.-er 1955 t t'e rte o1 *58288 per .ont' pl#s *18288 per .ont' 1or e"'
o1 'is t'en #n.rried .inor "'ildren -elo, 18, nd t'e 1or.er .o#nt in"resed to *188288 1ro. 22
(#ne 195% to % A#/#st 19)8< nd de"lrin/ t'e di11erentils in pension to ,'i"' sid Gsilo, 'is ,i1e
nd 'is #n.rried .inor "'ildren -elo, 18 re entitled 1or t'e period 1ro. 22 (#ne 19)9 to 14
(n#r+ 19%2 -+ virt#e o1 Rep#-li" A"t 5%53 s#-?e"t to t'e vil-ilit+ o1 Govern.ent 1#nds
pproprited 1or t'e p#rpose2

#alvatierra v. CA
GR 18%%9%, 2) A#/#st 199) (2)1 SCRA 45)
First Division, :er.osisi. (p)! 3 "on"#r, 1 on leve
Facts: 3n 1938, Jnri@#e Slvtierr died intestte nd ,it'o#t n+ iss#e2 :e ,s s#rvived -+ 'is
le/iti.te -rot'ers! 4o.s, Brtolo.e, Aenn"io nd &"rio, nd sister &r"el, ll s#rn.ed
Slvtierr2 :is estte "onsisted o1 t'ree pr"els o1 lnd (Cdstrl Lot 25, "overed -+ 45 De"lrtion
11958, Cdstrl Lot 2), "overed -+ 45 De"lrtion 11951, nd Cdstrl Lot 2%, "overed -+ 45
De"lrtion 11949)2 9n 4 &+ 19)), &"rio Slvtierr sold Lot 2) to 'is son, Ansel.o Slvtierr
-+ .ens o1 deed o1 sle, nd in "onsidertion o1 *1,8882882 &en,'ile, &r"el sold 'er s're to
Aenn"io2 Brtolo.e6s s're ,s sold -+ 'is 'eirs to 4o.s2 9n 24 Septe.-er 19)8, n =J5tr?#di"il
*rtition ,it' Con1ir.tion o1 Sle> ,s e5e"#ted -+ nd .on/ t'e s#rvivin/ le/l 'eirs nd
des"endnts o1 Jnri@#e Slvtierr2 A1ter t'e prtition, Aenn"io o,ned 1841 s@#re .eters
"onsistin/ o1 Lot 2% nd portion o1 Lot 2) (,'i"' is ppro5i.tel+ %49 s@#re .eters), Ansel.o
o,ned 485 s@#re .eters o1 Lot 2), ,'ile t'e 'eirs o1 4o.s o,ned 1,11) s@#re .eters, t'e ,'ole
o1 Lot 252 4'ere1ter on 15 (#ne 19%8, Aenn"io sold t'e ,'ole o1 Lot 2% nd 149 s@#re .eter
portion o1 Lot 2) to spo#ses Lino Lon/lon/ nd *"ien"i &rino2 3t ,s dis"overed in 1982 t'ro#/'
relo"tion s#rve+ t't t'e 149 s@#re .eter portion o1 Lot 2) ,s o#tside Lon/lon/6s 1en"e s
Ansel.o Slvtierr ,s -le to o-tin title in 'is n.e (9ri/inl Certi1i"te o1 4itle 8-4221)
"overin/ t'e ,'ole o1 Lot 2))2 J11orts to settle t'e .tter t t'e -rn/+ level proved 1#tile -e"#se
*#rit Slvtierr (,ido, o1 Ansel.o) re1#sed to +ield to t'e de.nd o1 Lino Lon/lon/ to ret#rn to
t'e ltter t'e 149 s@#re .eter portion o1 Lot 2)2
Lon/lon/ 1iled "se ,it' t'e Re/ionl 4ril Co#rt 1or t'e re"onve+n"e o1 t'e sid portion o1 Lot 2)2
4'e "o#rt @#o dis.issed t'e "se on t'e /ro#nds t't Lon/lon/ 1iled to est-lis' o,ners'ip o1 t'e
portion o1 t'e lnd in @#estion, nd t't t'e pres"riptive period o1 1o#r +ers 1ro. dis"over+ o1 t'e
lle/ed 1r#d "o..itted -+ de1endnts6 prede"essor Ansel.o Slvtierr ,it'in ,'i"' plinti11s s'o#ld
've 1iled t'eir "tion 'd lred+ elpsed2 9n ppel, t'e Co#rt o1 Appels reversed t'e de"ision,
r#lin/ t't vendor "n sell onl+ ,'t 'e o,ns or ,'t 'e is #t'ori0ed to sell< nd s to t'e "o-
o,ner o1 pie"e o1 lnd, 'e "n o1 "o#rse sell 'is pro indiviso s're t'erein to, -#t 'e "nnot sell
.ore t'n 'is s're t'erein2 :en"e, t'e ppel2
Issue: ;'et'er Lon/lon/ is entitled to re"onve+n"e o1 t'e 149 s@#re .eters in Lot 2)
Held: ;'en t'e ter.s o1 t'e /ree.ent re "ler nd #ne@#ivo"l, t'e literl nd plin .enin/
t'ereo1 s'o#ld -e o-served, p#rs#nt to Arti"le 13%8 o1 t'e Civil Code (=31 t'e ter.s o1 "ontr"t re
"ler nd leve no do#-t #pon t'e intention o1 t'e "ontr"tin/ prties, t'e literl .enin/ o1 its
stip#ltion s'll "ontrol2>) Contr"ts ,'i"' re t'e privte l,s o1 t'e "ontr"tin/ prties, s'o#ld -e
1#l1illed ""ordin/ to t'e literl sense o1 t'eir stip#ltions, i1 t'eir ter.s re "ler nd leve no roo.
1or do#-t s to t'e intention o1 t'e "ontr"tin/ prties, 1or "ontr"ts re o-li/tor+, no .tter ,'t
t'eir 1or.s .+-e, ,'enever t'e essentil re@#isites 1or t'eir vlidit+ re present2 3n t'e present
"se, t'ere is no .-i/#it+ in t'e ter.s nd stip#ltions o1 t'e e5tr?#di"il prtition (J5tr?#di"il
*rtition ,it' Con1ir.tion o1 Sle)2 Sin"e &"rio6s s're (lter Ansel.o6s) is onl+ 485 o1 t'e %49
s@#re .eters "o.prisin/ Lot 2), Aenn"io ,s entitled to t'e re.inin/ 344 s@#re .eters o1 Lot
2), 149 s@#re .eters o1 ,'i"' ,s sold to Lon/lon/2 S#pple.ented -+ t'e 'oldin/ t't t'e
pres"riptive period on re"onve+n"e is ten +ers nd not 1o#r +ers, s 'eld in Cro v2 CA, Lon/lon/
is entitled to re"onve+n"e s 'is "o.plint ,s 1iled 1ive +ers 1ter t'e "onstit#tion o1 Ansel.o6s
1r#d#lent 9ri/inl Certi1i"te o1 title2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt denied t'e petition 1or ,nt o1 .erit, ,it' "osts /inst petitioners2
$apisanan ng ga %anggaga&a v. %anila 'ailroad Copan(
GR L-2531), 28 Fe-r#r+ 19%9 (88 SCRA )1))
Se"ond Division, Fernndo (p)! 5 "on"#r, 1 too$ no prt
Facts: There are no antecedent facts available for this case.
4'e #nion see$s reversl o1 de"ision o1 t'e lo,er "o#rt dis.issin/ its petition 1or .nd.#s2 4'e "o#rt
deter.ined Rep#-li" A"t 2823 ,s en"ted onl+ to "o.pel t'e e.plo+er to .$e t'e ded#"tion o1 t'e
e.plo+ees6 de-t 1ro. t'e ltter6s slr+ nd t#rn t'is over to t'e e.plo+ees6 "redit #nion< -#t ,'i"'
does not "onvert t'e "redit #nion6s "redit into 1irst priorit+ "redit2
Issue: ;'et'er, indeed, t'e l, does not /ive 1irst priorit+ in t'e .tter o1 p+.ents to t'e
o-li/tions o1 e.plo+ees in 1vor o1 t'eir "redit #nions2
Held: ;'ere t'e stt#tor+ nor. spe$s #ne@#ivo"ll+, t'ere is not'in/ 1or t'e "o#rts to do e5"ept to
ppl+ it2 4'e l,, levin/ no do#-t s to t'e s"ope o1 its opertion, .#st -e o-e+ed2 4'e e5press
provisions o1 t'e 7e, Civil Code, Arti"les 2241, 2242 nd 2244 s'o, t'e le/isltive intent on
pre1eren"e o1 "redits2 3n t'e present "se, t'e ppli"-le provision o1 Rep#-li" A"t 2823 spe$s 1or
itsel1< t'ere -ein/ no .-i/#it+, it is to -e pplied2 31 t'e le/isltive intent in en"tin/ pr/rp's 1
nd 2 o1 Se"tion )2 o1 RA 2823 ,ere to /ive 1irst priorit+ in t'e .tter o1 p+.ents to t'e o-li/tions
o1 e.plo+ees in 1vor o1 t'eir "redit #nions, t'en, t'e l, ,o#ld 've so e5pressl+ de"lred2 4'ere is
not'in/ in t'e provision o1 Rep#-li" A"t 2823 ,'i"' provides t't o-li/tion o1 l-orers nd e.plo+ees
p+-le to "redit #nions s'll en?o+ 1irst priorit+ in t'e ded#"tion 1ro. t'e e.plo+ees6 ,/es nd
slries2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt 11ir.ed t'e ppeled de"ision, ,it'o#t prono#n"e.ent s to "osts2

A)ellana v. %arava *+' ,-.//012 .3 %a( 43/56
Se"ond Division, Fernndo (p)! 4 "on"#r, 1 "on"#r -sed on pr/rp' 2 C 3 o1 opinio
Facts: Frn"is"o A-elln ,s "'r/ed ,it' t'e Cit+ Co#rt o1 90.is Cit+ ,it' t'e "ri.e o1 p'+si"l
in?#ries t'ro#/' re"$less i.pr#den"e in drivin/ 'is "r/o tr#"$, 'ittin/ .otori0ed pedi"- res#ltin/ in
in?#ries to its pssen/ers, n.el+, &r"elo L.son, &ri G#rre, *"ien"ios Flores, nd Jstelit
7e.eKo2 A-elln ,s 1o#nd /#ilt+ s "'r/ed, d./es in 1vor o1 t'e o11ended prties li$e,ise
-ein/ ,rded2
A-elln ppeled s#"' de"ision to t'e CF32 At t'is st/e, L.son et2l2 1iled ,it' not'er -rn"' o1
t'e CF3 o1 &is.is 9""identl seprte nd independent "ivil "tion 1or d./es lle/edl+ s#11ered
-+ t'e. 1ro. t'e re"$less drivin/ o1 A-elln2 3n s#"' "o.plint, Crispin A-elln, t'e lle/ed
e.plo+er, ,s in"l#ded s de1endnt2 Bot' o1 t'e. t'en so#/'t t'e dis.issl o1 s#"' "tion
prin"ipll+ on t'e /ro#nd t't t'ere ,s no reservtion 1or t'e 1ilin/ t'ereo1 in t'e Cit+ Co#rt o1
90.is2 3t ,s r/#ed -+ t'e. t't it ,s not llo,-le t t'e st/e ,'ere t'e "ri.inl "se ,s
lred+ on ppel2 4'e ?#d/e in t'e ltter CF3 ordered on 28 April 19)% t't t'e Cit+ Co#rt ?#d/.ent
is v"ted nd tril de novo -e "ond#"ted2 :e noted t't t'e o11ended prties 1iled to e5pressl+
,ive t'e "ivil "tion or reserved t'eir ri/'t to instit#te it seprtel+ in t'e Cit+ Co#rt< -#t ,'i"' t'e+
1iled in t'e CF32 3n vie, o1 t'e ,iver nd reservtion, t'e Co#rt ,o#ld -e pre"l#ded 1ro. ?#d/in/ "ivil
d./es /inst t'e ""#sed nd in 1vor o1 t'e o11ended prties2 t'e .otion to dis.iss is denied2 A
.otion 1or re"onsidertion ,s li$e,ise denied2 :en"e, t'e petition2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt dis.issed t'e petition ,it' "osts /inst petitioners2
4. Appeal of 7udgent in unicipal trial court2 ne& trial as if originall( instituted in the
CFI
4'e r#le in t'e ?#risdi"tion o1 t'e Co#rt is t't #pon ppel -+ t'e de1endnt 1ro. ?#d/.ent o1
"onvi"tion -+ t'e .#ni"ipl "o#rt, t'e ppeled de"ision is v"ted nd t'e ppeled "se s'll -e
tried in ll respe"ts ne, in t'e CF3 s i1 it 'd -een ori/inll+ instit#ted in t't "o#rt (Se"tion % o1
R#le 123, *eople v2 (.isol)2 So it is in "ivil "ses #nder Se"tion 9 o1 R#le 482 An interprettion t't
n independent "ivil "tion is -rred -sent reservtion #nder Se"tion 1 o1 R#le 111 is non-
se@#it#r, s t'e in1eren"e does not per se rise 1ro. t'e ,ordin/s o1 t'e r#le nd i/nores ,'t is
e5pli"itl+ provided in Se"tion %, R#le 1232
.. A statute ust not )e construed in a anner giving rise to a constitutional dou)t
A "o#rt is to void "onstr#in/ stt#te or le/l nor. in s#"' .nner s ,o#ld /ive rise to
"onstit#tionl do#-t2 4'e /rnt o1 po,er to t'e Co#rt, -ot' in t'e present Constit#tion nd #nder t'e
1935 C'rter, does not e5tend to n+ di.in#tion, in"rese or .odi1i"tion o1 s#-stntive ri/'t2 4'#s,
s#-stntive ri/'t "nnot to -e 1rittered ,+ -+ "onstr#"tion t't "o#ld render it n#/tor+, i1
t'ro#/' oversi/'t, t'e o11ended prties 1iled t t'e initil st/e to see$ re"over+ 1or d./es in
"ivil s#it2 Arti"le 33 o1 t'e Civil Code is @#ite "ler ,'en it provides t't in "ses o1 2 p'+si"l in?#ries,
"ivil "tion 1or d./es, entirel+ seprte nd distin"t 1ro. t'e "ri.inl "tion, .+ -e -ro#/'t -+
t'e in?#red prt+2 S#"' "ivil "tion s'll pro"eed independentl+ o1 t'e "ri.inl prose"#tion, nd s'll
re@#ire onl+ prepondern"e o1 eviden"e2
8. Assurance of parties 7ustice according to la& ust not )e ignored in the pursuit of
serving the interest of a client9 Construction should )e )ased on legal nor2 not literalness
A "o#nsel .#st not i/nore t'e -si" p#rpose o1 liti/tion, ,'i"' is to ss#re prties ?#sti"e ""ordin/
to l,, in servin/ t'e interest o1 'is "lient2 :e is not to 1ll pre+ to t'e vi"e o1 literlness2 4'e l, s
n instr#.ent o1 so"il "ontrol ,ill 1il in its 1#n"tion i1 t'ro#/' n in/enio#s "onstr#"tion so#/'t to -e
1stened on le/l nor., prti"#lrl+ pro"ed#rl r#le, t'ere is pl"ed n i.pedi.ent to liti/nt
-ein/ /iven n opport#nit+ o1 vindi"tin/ n lle/ed ri/'t2

!AF,: v. Bureau of ,a)or 'elations
GR L-43%)8, 21 A#/#st 19%) (%2 SCRA 39))
Se"ond Division, Fernndo (p)! 4 "on"#rrin/
Facts: 3n t'e "erti1i"tion ele"tion 'eld on Fe-r#r+ 2%, 19%), respondent Inion o-tined 429 votes
s /inst 414 o1 petitioner Inion2 A/in, d.ittedl+, #nder t'e R#les nd Re/#ltions i.ple.entin/
t'e present L-or Code, .?orit+ o1 t'e vlid votes "st s#11i"es 1or "erti1i"tion o1 t'e vi"torio#s
l-or #nion s t'e sole nd e5"l#sive -r/inin/ /ent2 4'ere ,ere 1o#r votes "st -+ e.plo+ees ,'o
did not ,nt n+ #nion2 9n its 1"e t'ere1ore, respondent Inion o#/'t to 've -een "erti1ied in
""ordn"e ,it' t'e -ove ppli"-le r#le2 *etitioner, #ndeterred, ,o#ld sei0e #pon t'e do"trine
nno#n"ed in t'e "se o1 Allied ;or$ers Asso"ition o1 t'e *'ilippines v2 Co#rt o1 3nd#stril Reltions
t't spoiled -llots s'o#ld -e "o#nted in deter.inin/ t'e vlid votes "st2 Considerin/ t'ere ,ere
seventeen spoiled -llots, it is t'e s#-.ission t't t'ere ,s /rve -#se o1 dis"retion on t'e prt
o1 respondent Dire"tor2
Issue: ;'et'er Dire"tor 7oriel "ted ,it' /rve -#se o1 dis"retion in /rntin/ 7AFLI s t'e
e5"l#sive -r/inin/ /ent o1 ll t'e e.plo+ees in t'e *'ilippine Bloo.in/ &ills
Held: Dire"tor 7oriel did not "t ,it' /rve -#se o1 dis"retion2 Certiorri does not lie2 4'e "on"l#sion
re"'ed -+ t'e Co#rt derives s#pport 1ro. t'e deservedl+ 'i/' rep#te tt"'ed to t'e "onstr#"tion
pl"ed -+ t'e e5e"#tive o11i"ils entr#sted ,it' t'e responsi-ilit+ o1 ppl+in/ stt#te2 4'e R#les nd
Re/#ltions i.ple.entin/ t'e present L-or Code ,ere iss#ed -+ Se"retr+ Bls 9ple o1 t'e
Deprt.ent o1 L-or nd too$ e11e"t on 3 Fe-r#r+ 19%5, t'e present L-or Code 'vin/ -een .de
$no,n to t'e p#-li" s 1r -"$ s 1 &+ 19%4, lt'o#/' its dte o1 e11e"tivit+ ,s postponed to 1
7ove.-er 19%4,2 3t ,o#ld pper t'en t't t'ere ,s .ore t'n eno#/' ti.e 1or rell+ serio#s nd
"re1#l st#d+ o1 s#"' s#ppletor+ r#les nd re/#ltions to void n+ in"onsisten"+ ,it' t'e Code2 4'is
Co#rt "ertinl+ "nnot i/nore t'e interprettion t'ere1ter e.-odied in t'e R#les2 As 1r -"$ s 3n re
Allen,> 1983 de"ision, (#sti"e &"Dono#/', s ponente, "ited t'is e5"erpt 1ro. t'e ledin/ A.eri"n
"se o1 *enno+er v2 &"Conn#/'+, de"ided in 1891! =4'e prin"iple t't t'e "onte.porneo#s
"onstr#"tion o1 stt#te -+ t'e e5e"#tive o11i"ers o1 t'e /overn.ent, ,'ose d#t+ it is to e5e"#te it, is
entitled to /ret respe"t, nd s'o#ld ordinril+ "ontrol t'e "onstr#"tion o1 t'e stt#te -+ t'e "o#rts, is
so 1ir.l+ e.-edded in o#r ?#rispr#den"e t't no #t'orities need -e "ited to s#pport it2> 4'ere ,s
prp'rse -+ (#sti"e &l"ol. o1 s#"' prono#n"e.ent in &olin v2 R11ert+,> 1918 de"ision!
=Co#rts ,ill nd s'o#ld respe"t t'e "onte.porneo#s "onstr#"tion pl"ed #pon stt#te -+ t'e
e5e"#tive o11i"ers ,'ose d#t+ it is to en1or"e it, nd #nless s#"' interprettion is "lerl+ erroneo#s ,ill
ordinril+ -e "ontrolled t'ere-+2> Sin"e t'en, s#"' do"trine 's -een reiterted in n#.ero#s
de"isions2 As ,s e.p'si0ed -+ C'ie1 (#sti"e Cstro, =t'e "onstr#"tion pl"ed -+ t'e o11i"e "'r/ed
,it' i.ple.entin/ nd en1or"in/ t'e provisions o1 Code s'o#ld 'e /iven "ontrollin/ ,ei/'t2>
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt dis.issed t'e petition, ,it' "osts /inst petitioner *AFLI2

!hilippine Apparel ;orkers< :nion v. =,'C
GR L-58328, 31 (#l+ 1981 (185 SCRA 444)
First Division, &$sir (p)! 3 "on"#rrin/
Facts: 3n nti"iption o1 t'e e5pirtion o1 t'eir 19%3-19%) "olle"tive -r/inin/ /ree.ent, t'e Inion
s#-.itted set o1 -r/inin/ proposls to t'e "o.pn+2 7e/otitions ,ere 'eld t'ere1ter, -#t d#e to
t'e i.psse, t'e Inion 1iled "o.plint ,it' t'e Deprt.ent o1 L-or pr+in/ t't t'e prties -e
ssisted in "on"l#din/ "olle"tive /ree.ent2 7ot,it'stndin/ t'e "o.plint, t'e prties "ontin#ed
,it' ne/otitions2 Finll+, on 3 Septe.-er 19%%, t'e prties si/ned t'e /ree.ent providin/ 1or
t'ree-st/e ,/e in"rese 1or ll rn$ nd 1ile e.plo+ees, retro"tive to 1April 19%%2 &en,'ile, on
21 April 19%%, *residentil De"ree 1123 ,s en"ted to t$e e11e"t on 1 &+ 19%% providin/ 1or n
in"rese -+ *)8288 in t'e livin/ llo,n"e ordined -+ *residentil De"ree 5252 4'is in"rese ,s
i.ple.ented e11e"tive 1 &+ 19%% -+ t'e "o.pn+2 4'e "ontrovers+ rose ,'en t'e petitioner #nion
so#/'t t'e i.ple.enttion o1 t'e ne/otited ,/e in"rese o1 *8288 s provided 1or in t'e "olle"tive
-r/inin/ /ree.ent2 4'e "o.pn+ lle/es t't it 's opted to "onsider t'e *8288 dil+ ,/e
in"rese (ro#/'l+ *22 per .ont') s prtil "o.plin"e ,it' t'e re@#ire.ents o1 *D 1123, so t't it is
o-li/ed to p+ onl+ t'e -ln"e o1 *38 per .ont', "ontendin/ t't t't sin"e t'ere ,s lred+
.eetin/ o1 t'e .inds -et,een t'e prties s erl+ s 2 April 19%% -o#t t'e ,/e in"reses ,'i"'
,ere .de retro"tive to 1 April 19%%, it 1ell ,ell ,it'in t'e e5e.ption provided 1or in t'e R#les
3.ple.entin/ *D 11232 4'e Inion, on t'e ot'er 'nd, .intins t't t'e livin/ llo,n"e #nder *D
1123 (ori/inll+ *D 525) is distin"t 1ro. t'e ne/otited dil+ ,/e in"rese o1 *82882
9n 13 Fe-r#r+ 19%8, t'e Inion 1iled "o.plint 1or #n1ir l-or pr"ti"e nd violtion o1 t'e CBA
/inst t'e "o.pn+2 9n 38 &+ 19%8, n 9rder ,s iss#ed -+ t'e L-or Ar-iter dis.issin/ t'e
"o.plint nd re1erred t'e "se to t'e prties to resolve t'eir disp#tes in ""ordn"e ,it' t'e
."'iner+ est-lis'ed in t'e Colle"tive Br/inin/ A/ree.ent2 Fro. t'is order, -ot' prties ppeled
to t'e Co..ission2 9n 1 Septe.-er 19%8, t'e Co..ission (Se"ond Division) pro.#l/ted its
de"ision, settin/ side t'e order ppeled 1ro. nd enterin/ ne, one dis.issin/ t'e "se 1or
o-vio#s l"$ o1 .erit, rel+in/ on letter o1 t'e Inderse"retr+ o1 L-or t't /ree.ent -et,een t'e
prties ,s .de 2 April 19%% /rntin/ *2% per .ont' retro"tive to 1 April 19%% ,'i"' ,s s@#rel+
#nder t'e e5"eptions provided 1or in pr/rp' $ o1 t'e r#les i.ple.entin/ *D 11232 4'e #nion 1iled
1or re"onsidertion, -#t t'e Co..ission en -n" dis.issed t'e s.e on 8 Fe-r#r+ 19%92 :en"e, t'e
petition2
Issue: ;'et'er t'e Co..ission ,s "orre"t in deter.inin/ t'e /ree.ent 1lls #nder t'e e5"eptions2
Held: 4'e "olle"tive -r/inin/ /ree.ent ,s entered into on 3 Septe.-er19%%, ,'en *D 1123 ,s
lred+ in 1or"e nd e11e"t, lt'o#/' t'e in"rese on t'e 1irst +er ,s retro"tive to 1 April 19%%2
4'ere is not'in/ in t'e re"ords t't t'e ne/otited ,/e in"reses ,ere /rnted or pid -e1ore &+
19%%, to llo, t'e "o.pn+ to 1ll ,it'in t'e e5"eptions provided 1or in pr/rp' $ o1 t'e r#les
i.ple.entin/ *D 11232 4'ere ,s neit'er per1e"ted "ontr"t nor n "t#l p+.ent o1 sid
in"rese2 4'ere ,s no /rnt o1 sid in"reses +et, despite t'e "ontrr+ opinion e5pressed in t'e letter
o1 t'e Inderse"retr+ o1 L-or2 3t .#st -e noted t't t'e letter ,s -sed on ,ron/ pre.ise or
representtion on t'e prt o1 t'e "o.pn+2 4'e "o.pn+ 'd de"lred t't t'e prties 've /reed
on 2 April 19%% in re"o/nition o1 t'e i.pertive need 1or e.plo+ees to "ope #p ,it' in1ltion -ro#/'t
-o#t -+, .on/ ot'ers, not'er in"rese in oil pri"e, -#t o.ittin/ t'e 1"t t't ne/otitions ,ere still
-ein/ 'eld on ot'er #nresolved e"ono.i" nd non-e"ono.i" -r/inin/ ite.s (,'i"' ,ere onl+ /reed
#pon on 3 Septe.-er 19%%)2
4'e Deprt.ent o1 L-or 'd t'e ri/'t to "onstr#e t'e ,ord =/rnt> s #sed in its r#les i.ple.entin/
*D 1123, nd its e5plntion re/rdin/ t'e e5e.ptions to *D 1123 s'o#ld -e /iven ,ei/'t< -#t, ,'en
it is -sed on .isrepresenttions s to t'e e5isten"e o1 n /ree.ent -et,een t'e prties, t'e s.e
"nnot -e pplied2 4'ere is no distin"tion -et,een interprettion nd e5plinin/ t'e e5tent nd s"ope
o1 t'e l,< -e"#se ,'ere one e5plins t'e intent nd s"ope o1 stt#te, 'e is interpretin/ it2 4'#s,
t'e "onstr#"tion or e5plntion o1 L-or Inderse"retr+ is not onl+ ,ron/ s it ,s p#rel+ -sed on
.isppre'ension o1 1"ts, -#t lso #nl,1#l -e"#se it /oes -e+ond t'e s"ope o1 t'e l,2
4'e ,rit o1 "ertiorri ,s /rnted2 4'e S#pre.e Co#rt set side t'e de"ision o1 t'e "o..ission, nd
ordered t'e "o.pn+ to p+, in ddition to t'e in"resed llo,n"e provided 1or in *D 1123, t'e
ne/otited ,/e in"rese o1 *8288 dil+ e11e"tive 1 April 19%% s ,ell s ll ot'er ,/e in"reses
e.-odied in t'e Colle"tive Br/inin/ A/ree.ent, to ll "overed e.plo+ees< ,it' "osts /inst t'e
"o.pn+2
IBAA >plo(ees :nion v. Inciong
GR L52415, 23 9"to-er 1984 (132 SCRA ))3)
Se"ond Division, &$sir (p)! 3 "on"#r, 2 "on"#r in res#lt, 1 too$ no prt
Facts: 9n (#ne 28, 19%5, t'e Inion 1iled "o.plint /inst t'e -n$ 1or t'e p+.ent o1 'olid+ p+
-e1ore t'e t'en Deprt.ent o1 L-or, 7tionl L-or Reltions Co..ission, Re/ionl 911i"e 3A in
&nil2 Con"ilition 'vin/ 1iled, nd #pon t'e re@#est o1 -ot' prties, t'e "se ,s "erti1ied 1or
r-itrtion on % (#l+ 19%52 9n 25 A#/#st 19%5, L-or Ar-iter Ri"rte 42 Sorino rendered de"ision in
t'e -ove-entitled "se, /rntin/ petitioner6s "o.plint 1or p+.ent o1 'olid+ p+2 Respondent -n$
did not ppel 1ro. t'e sid de"ision2 3nsted, it "o.plied ,it' t'e order o1 t'e L-or Ar-iter -+
p+in/ t'eir 'olid+ p+ #p to nd in"l#din/ (n#r+ 19%)2
9n 1) De"e.-er 19%5, *residentil De"ree 858 ,s pro.#l/ted .endin/, .on/ ot'ers, t'e
provisions o1 t'e L-or Code on t'e ri/'t to 'olid+ p+2 A""ordin/l+, on 1) Fe-r#r+ 19%), -+
#t'orit+ o1 Arti"le 5 o1 t'e s.e Code, t'e Deprt.ent o1 L-or (no, &inistr+ o1 L-or) pro.#l/ted
t'e r#les nd re/#ltions 1or t'e i.ple.enttion o1 'olid+s ,it' p+2 4'e "ontroversil se"tion
t'ereo1 reds s =Stt#s o1 e.plo+ees pid -+ t'e .ont'2 L J.plo+ees ,'o re #ni1or.l+ pid -+ t'e
.ont', irrespe"tive o1 t'e n#.-er o1 ,or$in/ d+s t'erein, ,it' slr+ o1 not less t'n t'e stt#tor+
or est-lis'ed .ini.#. ,/e s'll -e pres#.ed to -e pid 1or ll d+s in t'e .ont' ,'et'er ,or$ed
or not2> 9n 23 April 19%), *oli"+ 3nstr#"tion 9 ,s iss#ed -+ t'e t'en Se"retr+ o1 L-or (no,
&inister) interpretin/ t'e -ove-@#oted r#le2 4'e -n$, -+ reson o1 t'e r#lin/ lid do,n -+ t'e r#le
i.ple.entin/ Arti"le 94 o1 t'e L-or Code nd -+ *oli"+ 3nstr#"tion 9, stopped t'e p+.ent o1 'olid+
p+ to n its e.plo+ees2
9n 38 A#/#st 19%), t'e Inion 1iled .otion 1or ,rit o1 e5e"#tion to en1or"e t'e r-iter6s de"ision o1
25 A#/#st 19%5, ,'i"' t'e -n$ opposed2 9n 18 9"to-er 19%), t'e L-or Ar-iter, insted o1 iss#in/
,rit o1 e5e"#tion, iss#ed n order en?oinin/ t'e -n$ to "ontin#e p+in/ its e.plo+ees t'eir re/#lr
'olid+ p+2 9n 1% 7ove.-er 19%), t'e -n$ ppeled 1ro. t'e order o1 t'e L-or Ar-iter to t'e
7LRC2 9n 28 (#ne 19%8, t'e 7LRC pro.#l/ted its resol#tion en -n" dis.issin/ t'e -n$6s ppel,
nd orderin/ t'e iss#n"e o1 t'e proper ,rit o1 e5e"#tion2 9n 21 Fe-r#r+ 19%9, t'e -n$ 1iled ,it'
t'e 911i"e o1 t'e &inister o1 L-or .otion 1or re"onsidertionGppel ,it' #r/ent pr+er to st+
e5e"#tion2 9n 13 A#/#st 19%9,s t'e 7LRC iss#ed n order dire"tin/ t'e C'ie1 o1 Reser"' nd
3n1or.tion o1 t'e Co..ission to "o.p#te t'e 'olid+ p+ o1 t'e 3BAA e.plo+ees 1ro. April 19%) to
t'e present in ""ordn"e ,it' t'e L-or Ar-iter dted 25 A#/#st 19%52 9n 18 7ove.-er 19%9, t'e
911i"e o1 t'e &inister o1 L-or, t'ro#/' Dep#t+ &inister A.do G2 3n"ion/, iss#ed n order settin/
side t'e resol#tion en -n" o1 t'e 7LRC dted 28 (#ne 19%8, nd dis.issin/ t'e "se 1or l"$ o1
.erit2 :en"e, t'e petition 1or "ertiorri "'r/in/ 3n"ion/ ,it' -#se o1 dis"retion .o#ntin/ to l"$ or
e5"ess o1 ?#risdi"tion2
Issue: ;'et'er t'e &inistr+ o1 L-or is "orre"t in deter.inin/ t't .ont'l+ pid e.plo+ees re
e5"l#ded 1ro. t'e -ene1its o1 'olid+ p+2
Held: Fro. Arti"le 92 o1 t'e L-or Code, s .ended -+ *residentil De"ree 858, nd Arti"le 82 o1
t'e s.e Code, it is "ler t't .ont'l+ pid e.plo+ees re not e5"l#ded 1ro. t'e -ene1its o1 'olid+
p+2 :o,ever, t'e i.ple.entin/ r#les on 'olid+ p+ pro.#l/ted -+ t'e t'en Se"retr+ o1 L-or
e5"l#des .ont'l+ pid e.plo+ees 1ro. t'e sid -ene1its -+ insertin/, #nder R#le 3A, Boo$ 3ll o1 t'e
i.ple.entin/ r#les, Se"tion 2, ,'i"' provides t't! =e.plo+ees ,'o re #ni1or.l+ pid -+ t'e .ont',
irrespe"tive o1 t'e n#.-er o1 ,or$in/ d+s t'erein, ,it' slr+ o1 not less t'n t'e stt#tor+ or
est-lis'ed .ini.#. ,/e s'll -e pres#.ed to -e pid 1or ll d+s in t'e .ont' ,'et'er ,or$ed or
not2> Jven i1 "onte.porneo#s "onstr#"tion pl"ed #pon stt#te -+ e5e"#tive o11i"ers ,'ose d#t+ is
to en1or"e it is /iven /ret ,ei/'t -+ t'e "o#rts, still i1 s#"' "onstr#"tion is so erroneo#s, t'e s.e
.#st -e de"lred s n#ll nd void2 So lon/, s t'e re/#ltions relte solel+ to "rr+in/ into e11e"t t'e
provisions o1 t'e l,, t'e+ re vlid2 ;'ere n d.inistrtive order -etr+s in"onsisten"+ or
rep#/nn"+ to t'e provisions o1 t'e A"t, t'e .ndte o1 t'e A"t .#st previl nd .#st -e 1ollo,ed2 A
r#le is -indin/ on t'e Co#rts so lon/ s t'e pro"ed#re 1i5ed 1or its pro.#l/tion is 1ollo,ed nd its
s"ope is ,it'in t'e stt#tor+ #t'orit+ /rnted -+ t'e le/islt#re, even i1 t'e "o#rts re not in
/ree.ent ,it' t'e poli"+ stted t'erein or its innte ,isdo.2 F#rt'er, d.inistrtive interprettion o1
t'e l, is t -est .erel+ dvisor+, 1or it is t'e "o#rts t't 1inll+ deter.ine ,'t t'e l, .ens2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt /rnted t'e petition, set side t'e order o1 t'e Dep#t+ &inister o1 L-or, nd
reinstted t'e 25 A#/#st 19%5 de"ision o1 t'e L-or Ar-iter Ri"rte 42 Sorino2

Chartered Bank >plo(ees Association v. Ople
GR L-44%1%, 28 A#/#st 1985 (138 SCRA 2%3)
Jn Bn", G#tierre0, (r2 (p)! 18 "on"#r, 1 "on"#r in res#lt, 1 too$ no prt, 1 on leve
Facts: 9n 28 &+ 19%5, t'e C'rtered Bn$ J.plo+ees Asso"ition, in representtion o1 its .ont'l+
pid e.plo+eesG.e.-ers, instit#ted "o.plint ,it' t'e Re/ionl 911i"e 3A, Deprt.ent o1 L-or,
no, &inistr+ o1 L-or nd J.plo+.ent (&9LJ) /inst C'rtered Bn$, 1or t'e p+.ent o1 18
#n,or$ed le/l 'olid+s, s ,ell s 1or pre.i#. nd overti.e di11erentils 1or ,or$ed le/l 'olid+s
1ro. 1 7ove.-er 19%42
Bot' t'e r-itrtor nd t'e 7tionl L-or Reltions Co..ission (7LRC) r#led in 1vor o1 t'e
petitioners orderin/ t'e -n$ to p+ its .ont'l+ pid e.plo+ees t'e 'olid+ p+ nd t'e pre.i#. or
overti.e p+ di11erentils to ll e.plo+ees ,'o rendered ,or$ d#rin/ sid le/l 'olid+s2
9n ppel, t'e &inister o1 L-or set side t'e de"ision o1 t'e 7LRC nd dis.issed t'e petitioner6s
"li. 1or l"$ o1 .erit -sin/ its de"ision on Se"tion 2, R#le 3A, Boo$ 333 o1 t'e 3nte/rted R#les nd
*oli"+ 3nstr#"tion 9, "li.in/ t'e r#le t't =31 t'e .ont'l+ pid e.plo+ee is re"eivin/ not less t'n
*248, t'e .5i.#. .ont'l+ .ini.#. ,/e, nd 'is .ont'l+ p+ is #ni1or. 1ro. (n#r+ to
De"e.-er, 'e is pres#.ed to -e lred+ pid t'e 18 pid le/l 'olid+s2 :o,ever, i1 ded#"tions re
.de 1ro. 'is .ont'l+ slr+ on ""o#nt o1 'olid+s in .ont's ,'ere t'e+ o""#r, t'en 'e is still
entitled to t'e 18 pid le/l 'olid+s2>
Issue: ;'et'er t'e &inistr+ o1 L-or is "orre"t in .intinin/ t't .ont'l+ pid e.plo+ees re not
entitled to t'e 'olid+ p+ nor ll e.plo+ees ,'o rendered ,or$ d#rin/ sid le/l 'olid+s re entitled
to t'e pre.i#. or overti.e p+ di11erentils2
Held: ;'en t'e ln/#/e o1 t'e l, is "ler nd #ne@#ivo"l t'e l, .#st -e t$en to .en e5"tl+
,'t it s+s2 An d.inistrtive interprettion, ,'i"' di.inis'es t'e -ene1its o1 l-or .ore t'n ,'t
t'e stt#te deli.its or ,it''olds, is o-vio#sl+ #ltr vires2 3n t'e present "se, t'e provisions o1 t'e
L-or Code on t'e entitle.ent to t'e -ene1its o1 'olid+ p+ re "ler nd e5pli"it, it provides 1or -ot'
t'e "over/e o1 nd e5"l#sion 1ro. t'e -ene1it2 3n *oli"+ 3nstr#"tion 9, t'e Se"retr+ o1 L-or ,ent s
1r s to "te/ori"ll+ stte t't t'e -ene1it is prin"ipll+ intended 1or dil+ pid e.plo+ees, ,'en t'e
l, "lerl+ sttes t't ever+ ,or$er s'll -e pid t'eir re/#lr 'olid+ p+2
;'ile it is tr#e t't t'e "onte.porneo#s "onstr#"tion pl"ed #pon stt#te -+ e5e"#tive o11i"ers
,'ose d#t+ is to en1or"e it s'o#ld -e /iven /ret ,ei/'t -+ t'e "o#rts, still i1 s#"' "onstr#"tion is so
erroneo#s, t'e s.e .#st -e de"lred s n#ll nd void2 3t is t'e role o1 t'e (#di"ir+ to re1ine nd,
,'en ne"essr+, "orre"t "onstit#tionl (ndGor stt#tor+) interprettion, in t'e "onte5t o1 t'e
inter"tions o1 t'e t'ree -rn"'es o1 t'e /overn.ent, l.ost l,+s in sit#tions ,'ere so.e /en"+
o1 t'e Stte 's en//ed in "tion t't ste.s #lti.tel+ 1ro. so.e le/iti.te re o1 /overn.entl
po,er2 Se"tion 2, R#le 3A, Boo$ 333 o1 t'e R#les to i.ple.ent t'e L-or Code nd *oli"+ 3nstr#"tion
,s de"lred n#ll nd void in 3BAAJI v2 3n"ion/, nd t'#s pplies in t'e "se t -r2 Sin"e t'e privte
respondent pre.ises its "tion on t'e invlidted r#le nd poli"+ instr#"tion, it is "ler t't t'e
e.plo+ees -elon/in/ to t'e petitioner sso"ition re entitled to t'e p+.ent o1 18 le/l 'olid+s
#nder Arti"les 82 nd 94 o1 t'e L-or Code, side 1ro. t'eir .ont'l+ slr+2 4'e+ re not .on/
t'ose e5"l#ded -+ l, 1ro. t'e -ene1its o1 s#"' 'olid+ p+
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt reversed nd set side t'e L-or &inister6s % Septe.-er 19%) order, nd
reinstted ,it' .odi1i"tion (deletin/ t'e interest p+.ents) t'e 24 &r"' 19%) de"ision o1 t'e 7LRC
11ir.in/ t'e 38 9"to-er 19%5 resol#tion o1 t'e L-or Ar-iter2
"ictorias %illing v. #ocial #ecurit( Coission
GR L-1)%84, 1% &r"' 19)2 (4 SCRA )2%)
Jn Bn", Brrer (p)! 9 "on"#rrin/
Facts: 9n 15 9"to-er 1958, t'e So"il Se"#rit+ Co..ission (SSC) iss#ed its Cir"#lr 22 providin/
t't =e11e"tive 1 7ove.-er 1958, ll e.plo+ers in "o.p#tin/ t'e pre.i#.s d#e t'e S+ste., ,ill t$e
into "onsidertion nd in"l#de in t'e J.plo+ee6s re.#nertion ll -on#ses nd overti.e p+, s ,ell
s t'e "s' vl#e o1 ot'er .edi o1 re.#nertion2 All t'ese ,ill "o.prise t'e J.plo+ee6s
re.#nertion or ernin/s, #pon ,'i"' t'e 3-1G2H nd 2- 1G2H "ontri-#tions ,ill -e -sed, #p to
.5i.#. o1 *588 1or n+ one .ont'2> Ipon re"eipt o1 "op+ t'ereo1, Ai"toris &illin/ Co.pn+,
3n"2, ,rote t'e SSC in e11e"t protestin/ /inst t'e "ir"#lr s "ontrdi"tor+ to previo#s Cir"#lr % (%
9"to-er 195%) , nd 1#rt'er @#estioned t'e vlidit+ o1 t'e "ir"#lr 1or l"$ o1 #t'orit+ on t'e prt o1
t'e SSC to pro.#l/te it ,it'o#t t'e pprovl o1 t'e *resident nd 1or l"$ o1 p#-li"tion in t'e
911i"il G0ette2 9verr#lin/ t'ese o-?e"tions, t'e SSC r#led t't Cir"#lr 22 is not r#le or re/#ltion
t't needed t'e pprovl o1 t'e *resident nd p#-li"tion in t'e 911i"il G0ette to -e e11e"tive, -#t
.ere d.inistrtive interprettion o1 t'e stt#te, .ere stte.ent o1 /enerl poli"+ or opinion s to
'o, t'e l, s'o#ld -e "onstr#ed2 7ot stis1ied ,it' t'is r#lin/, petitioner "o.es to t'e S#pre.e Co#rt
on ppel2
Issue: ;'et'er Cir"#lr 22 is r#le or re/#ltion2
Held: 4'ere is distin"tion -et,een n d.inistrtive r#le or re/#ltion nd n d.inistrtive
interprettion o1 l, ,'ose en1or"e.ent is entr#sted to n d.inistrtive -od+2 ;'en n
d.inistrtive /en"+ pro.#l/tes r#les nd re/#ltions, it =.$es> ne, l, ,it' t'e 1or"e nd
e11e"t o1 vlid l,, ,'ile ,'en it renders n opinion or /ives stte.ent o1 poli"+, it .erel+
interprets pre-e5istin/ l, R#les nd re/#ltions ,'en pro.#l/ted in p#rs#n"e o1 t'e pro"ed#re
or #t'orit+ "on1erred #pon t'e d.inistrtive /en"+ -+ l,, prt$e o1 t'e nt#re o1 stt#te, nd
"o.plin"e t'ere,it' .+ -e en1or"ed -+ penl sn"tion provided in t'e l,2 4'is is so -e"#se
stt#tes re #s#ll+ "o#"'ed in /enerl ter.s, 1ter e5pressin/ t'e poli"+, p#rposes, o-?e"tives,
re.edies nd sn"tions intended -+ t'e le/islt#re2 4'e detils nd t'e .nner o1 "rr+in/ o#t t'e
l, re o1ten ti.es le1t to t'e d.inistrtive /en"+ entr#sted ,it' its en1or"e.ent2 3n t'is sense, it
's -een sid t't r#les nd re/#ltions re t'e prod#"t o1 dele/ted po,er to "rete ne, or
dditionl le/l provisions t't 've t'e e11e"t o1 l,2 A r#le is -indin/ on t'e "o#rts so lon/ s t'e
pro"ed#re 1i5ed 1or its pro.#l/tion is 1ollo,ed nd its s"ope is ,it'in t'e stt#tor+ #t'orit+ /rnted
-+ t'e le/islt#re, even i1 t'e "o#rts re not in /ree.ent ,it' t'e poli"+ stted t'erein or its innte
,isdo. 9n t'e ot'er 'nd, d.inistrtive interprettion o1 t'e l, is t -est .erel+ dvisor+, 1or it is
t'e "o#rts t't 1inll+ deter.ine ,'t t'e l, .ens2
;'ile it is tr#e t't ter.s or ,ords re to -e interpreted in ""ordn"e ,it' t'eir ,ell-""epted
.enin/ in l,, nevert'eless, ,'en s#"' ter. or ,ord is spe"i1i"ll+ de1ined in prti"#lr l,, s#"'
interprettion .#st -e dopted in en1or"in/ t't prti"#lr l,, 1or it "n not -e /insid t't
prti"#lr p'rse or ter. .+ 've one .enin/ 1or one p#rpose nd not'er .enin/ 1or so.e
ot'er p#rpose2 RA 11)1 spe"i1i"ll+ de1ined ,'t ="o.penstion> s'o#ld .en =For t'e p#rposes o1
t'is A"t>2 RA1%92 .ended s#"' de1inition -+ deletin/ so.e e5"eptions #t'ori0ed in t'e ori/inl A"t2
B+ virt#e o1 t'is e5press s#-stntil "'n/e in t'e p'rseolo/+ o1 t'e l,, ,'tever prior e5e"#tive or
?#di"il "onstr#"tion .+ 've -een /iven to t'e p'rse in @#estion s'o#ld /ive ,+ to t'e "ler
.ndte o1 t'e ne, l,2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt 11ir.ed t'e ppeled resol#tion, ,it' "osts /inst ppellnt2
#ariento v. %ison *+' ,-/33/52 4/ ?ece)er 43@/6
Jn Bn", *dill (p)! 8 "on"#r
Facts: *etitioners, ,'o re t5p+ers, l,+ers, .e.-ers o1 t'e 3B* nd pro1essors o1 Constit#tionl
L,, see$ to en?oin Slvdor &ison 1ro. per1or.in/ t'e 1#n"tions o1 t'e 911i"e o1 Co..issioner o1 t'e
B#re# o1 C#sto.s nd G#iller.o Cr/#e, s Se"retr+ o1 t'e Deprt.ent o1 B#d/et, 1ro. e11e"tin/
dis-#rse.ents in p+.ent o1 &ison6s slries nd e.ol#.ents, on t'e /ro#nd t't &ison6s
ppoint.ent s Co..issioner o1 t'e B#re# o1 C#sto.s is #n"onstit#tionl -+ reson o1 its not 'vin/
-een "on1ir.ed -+ t'e Co..ission on Appoint.ents2 4'e respondents, on t'e ot'er 'nd, .intin
t'e "onstit#tionlit+ o1 &ison6s ppoint.ent ,it'o#t t'e "on1ir.tion o1 t'e Co..ission on
Appoint.ents2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt 'eld t't t'e *resident 's t'e #t'orit+ to ppoint &ison s Co..issioner o1 t'e
B#re# o1 C#sto.s ,it'o#t s#-.ittin/ 'is no.intion to t'e Co..ission on Appoint.ents 1or
"on1ir.tion, nd t'#s, t'e ltter is entitled t'e 1#ll #t'orit+ nd 1#n"tions o1 t'e o11i"e nd re"eive ll
t'e slries nd e.ol#.ents pertinin/ t'ereto2 4'#s, t'e S#pre.e Co#rt dis.issed t'e petition nd
t'e petition in intervention, ,it'o#t "osts2
4. #tanding to file suit A !rohi)ition as proper reed(: !rocedural Buestions set aside due
to deands of pu)lic interest
Be"#se o1 t'e de.nds o1 p#-li" interest, in"l#din/ t'e need 1or st-ilit+ in t'e p#-li" servi"e, t'e
Co#rt resolved to /ive d#e "o#rse to t'e petition nd de"ide, settin/ side t'e 1iner pro"ed#rl
@#estions o1 ,'et'er pro'i-ition is t'e proper re.ed+ to test &ison6s ri/'t to t'e o11i"e o1
Co..issioner o1 t'e B#re# o1 C#sto.s nd o1 ,'et'er t'e petitioners 've stndin/ to -rin/ t'is
s#it2
.. Constitutional Construction
4'e 1#nd.entl prin"iple o1 "onstit#tionl "onstr#"tion is to /ive e11e"t to t'e intent o1 t'e 1r.ers o1
t'e or/ni" l, nd o1 t'e people doptin/ it2 4'e intention to ,'i"' 1or"e is to -e /iven is t't ,'i"'
is e.-odied nd e5pressed in t'e "onstit#tionl provisions t'e.selves2 (Gold Cree$ &inin/ v2
Rodri/#e0) 4'e Co#rt ,ill t'#s "onstr#e t'e ppli"-le "onstit#tionl provisions, not in ""ordn"e ,it'
'o, t'e e5e"#tive or t'e le/isltive deprt.ent .+ ,nt t'e. "onstr#ed, -#t in ""ordn"e ,it'
,'t t'e+ s+ nd provide2
8. !resident<s po&er to appoint
Se"tion 1), Arti"le A33 o1 t'e 198% Constit#tion e.po,ers t'e *resident to ppoint 4 /ro#ps o1
o11i"ers! (1) t'e 'eds o1 t'e e5e"#tive deprt.ents, .-ssdors, ot'er p#-li" .inisters nd
"ons#ls, o11i"ers o1 t'e r.ed 1or"es 1ro. t'e rn$ o1 "olonel or nvl "ptin, nd ot'er o11i"ers
,'ose ppoint.ents re vested in 'i. in t'is Constit#tion< (2) ll ot'er o11i"ers o1 t'e Govern.ent
,'ose ppoint.ents re not ot'er,ise provided 1or -+ l,< (3) t'ose ,'o. t'e *resident .+ -e
#t'ori0ed -+ l, to ppoint< nd (4) o11i"ers lo,er in rn$ 4 ,'ose ppoint.ents t'e Con/ress .+
-+ l, vest in t'e *resident lone2 4'e 1irst /ro#p is "lerl+ ppointed ,it' t'e "onsent o1 t'e
Co..ission on Appoint.ents2 Appoint.ents o1 s#"' o11i"ers re initited -+ no.intion nd, i1 t'e
no.intion is "on1ir.ed -+ t'e Co..ission on Appoint.ents, t'e *resident ppoints2 4'e se"ond nd
t'ird /ro#ps o1 o11i"ers "n -e .de -+ t'e *resident ,it'o#t t'e "onsent ("on1ir.tion) o1 t'e
Co..ission on Appoint.ents, s "n -e deter.ined t'ro#/' t'e re"orded pro"eedin/s o1
Constit#tionl Co..ission2
5. >Cpress enueration eCcludes others not enuerated
3t is n ""epted r#le in "onstit#tionl nd stt#tor+ "onstr#"tion t't n e5press en#.ertion o1
s#-?e"ts e5"l#des ot'ers not en#.erted2 3n t'e "se t -r, it ,o#ld 1ollo, t't onl+ t'ose
ppoint.ents to positions e5pressl+ stted in t'e 1irst /ro#p re@#ire t'e "onsent ("on1ir.tion) o1 t'e
Co..ission on Appoint.ents2
D. Constitutional provision presued to have )een fraed and adopted in light of prior
la&s
A "onstit#tionl provision .#st -e pres#.ed to 've -een 1r.ed nd dopted in t'e li/'t nd
#nderstndin/ o1 prior nd e5istin/ l,s nd ,it' re1eren"e to t'e.2 Co#rts re -o#nd to pres#.e
t't t'e people doptin/ "onstit#tion re 1.ilir ,it' t'e previo#s nd e5istin/ l,s #pon t'e
s#-?e"ts to ,'i"' its provisions relte, nd #pon ,'i"' t'e+ e5press t'eir ?#d/.ent nd opinion in its
doption2 3n t'e 1935 Constit#tion, l.ost ll presidentil ppoint.ents re@#ired t'e "onsent
("on1ir.tion) o1 t'e Co..ission on Appoint.ents2 Inder t'e 1935 Constit#tion, t'e "o..ission
,s 1re@#entl+ trns1or.ed into ven#e o1 ='orse-trdin/> nd si.ilr .lpr"ti"es2 9n t'e ot'er
'nd, t'e 19%3 Constit#tion, "onsistent ,it' t'e #t'oritrin pttern in ,'i"' it ,s .olded nd
re.olded -+ s#""essive .end.ents, pl"ed t'e -sol#te po,er o1 ppoint.ent in t'e *resident ,it'
'rdl+ n+ "'e"$ on t'e prt o1 t'e le/islt#re2 Given t'e -ove t,o in e5tre.es, one, in t'e 1935
Constit#tion nd t'e ot'er, in t'e 19%3 Constit#tion, it is not di11i"#lt 1or t'e Co#rt to stte t't t'e
1r.ers o1 t'e 198% Constit#tion nd t'e people doptin/ it, str#"$ =.iddle /ro#nd> -+ re@#irin/ t'e
"onsent ("on1ir.tion) o1 t'e Co..ission on Appoint.ents 1or t'e 1irst /ro#p o1 ppoint.ents nd
levin/ to t'e *resident, ,it'o#t s#"' "on1ir.tion, t'e ppoint.ent o1 ot'er o11i"ers, i2e2, t'ose in
t'e se"ond nd t'ird /ro#ps s ,ell s t'ose in t'e 1o#rt' /ro#p, i2e2, o11i"ers o1 lo,er rn$2 4'e
pro"eedin/s in t'e 198) Constit#tionl Co..ission s#pport t'is "on"l#sion2
0. Construction of EalsoF in second sentence9 consideration of different language of
proCiate sentences to deterine eaning
4'e ,ord =lso> "o#ld .en =in ddition< s ,ell< -esides, too> -esides =in li$e .nner> ,'i"'
.enin/s "o#ld stress t't t'e ,ord =lso> in sid se"ond senten"e .ens t't t'e *resident, in
ddition to no.intin/ nd, ,it' t'e "onsent o1 t'e Co..ission on Appoint.ents, ppointin/ t'e
o11i"ers en#.erted in t'e 1irst senten"e, "n ppoint (,it'o#t s#"' "onsent or "on1ir.tion) t'e
o11i"ers .entioned in t'e se"ond senten"e, "ontrr+ to t'e interprettion t't t'e *resident s'll
ppoint t'e o11i"ers .entioned in sid se"ond senten"e in t'e s.e .nner s 'e ppoints o11i"ers
.entioned in t'e 1irst senten"e2 Rt'er t'n li.it t'e re o1 "onsidertion to t'e possi-le .enin/s
o1 t'e ,ord =lso> s #sed in t'e "onte5t o1 sid se"ond senten"e, t'e Co#rt 's "'osen to derive
si/ni1i"n"e 1ro. t'e 1"t t't t'e 1irst senten"e spe$s o1 no.intion -+ t'e *resident nd
ppoint.ent -+ t'e *resident ,it' t'e "onsent o1 t'e Co..ission on Appoint.ents, ,'eres, t'e
se"ond senten"e spe$s onl+ o1 ppoint.ent -+ t'e *resident2 And, t'is #se o1 di11erent ln/#/e in 2
senten"es pro5i.te to e"' ot'er #nders"ores di11eren"e in .ess/e "onve+ed nd per"eptions
est-lis'ed2 4'#s, ,ords re not pe--les in lien ?#5tposition2
/. !o&er to appoint fundaentall( eCecutive in character9 ,iitations construed strictl(
4'e po,er to ppoint is 1#nd.entll+ e5e"#tive or presidentil in "'r"ter2 Li.ittions on or
@#li1i"tions o1 s#"' po,er s'o#ld -e stri"tl+ "onstr#ed2 S#"' li.ittions or @#li1i"tions .#st -e
"lerl+ stted in order to -e re"o/ni0ed2 3n t'e "se t -r, t'e 1irst senten"e o1 Se"2 1), Art2 A33
"lerl+ stted t't ppoint.ents -+ t'e *resident to t'e positions t'erein en#.erted re@#ire t'e
"onsent o1 t'e Co..ission on Appoint.ents2
@. Ghe use of &ord EaloneF after E!residentF in third sentence is a lapse in draftsanship2
a literal iport deeed redundant
A1ter "re1#l st#d+ o1 t'e deli-ertions o1 t'e 198) Constit#tionl Co..ission, t'e Co#rt 1o#nd t'e
#se o1 t'e ,ord =lone> 1ter t'e ,ord =*resident> in sid t'ird senten"e o1 Se"2 1), Arti"le A33 is,
.ore t'n n+t'in/ else, slip or lps#s in dr1t.ns'ip2 3n t'e 198% Constit#tion, t'e "ler nd
e5pressed intent o1 its 1r.ers ,s to e5"l#de presidentil ppoint.ents 1ro. "on1ir.tion -+ t'e
Co..ission on Appoint.ents, e5"ept ppoint.ents to o11i"es e5pressl+ .entioned in t'e 1irst
senten"e2 Conse@#entl+, t'ere ,s no reson to #se in t'e t'ird senten"e t'e ,ord =lone> 1ter t'e
,ord =*resident> in providin/ t't Con/ress .+ -+ l, vest t'e ppoint.ent o1 lo,er-rn$ed o11i"ers
in t'e *resident lone, or in t'e "o#rts, or in t'e 'eds o1 deprt.ents, -e"#se t'e po,er to ppoint
o11i"ers ,'o. t'e *resident .+ -e #t'ori0ed -+ l, to ppoint is lred+ vested in 'i., ,it'o#t
need o1 "on1ir.tion -+ t'e Co..ission on Appoint.ents, in t'e se"ond senten"e2 4'e ,ord =lone>
in t'e t'ird senten"e, s literl i.port 1ro. t'e lst prt o1 pr2 3, se"tion 18, Arti"le A33 o1 t'e 1935
Constit#tion, ppers to -e red#ndnt in t'e li/'t o1 t'e se"ond senten"e2 4'is red#ndn"+ "nnot
previl over t'e "ler nd positive intent o1 t'e 1r.ers o1 t'e 198% Constit#tion t't presidentil
ppoint.ents, e5"ept t'ose .entioned in t'e 1irst senten"e, re not s#-?e"t to "on1ir.tion -+ t'e
Co..ission on Appoint.ents2
3. !resident authoriHed Coissioner of Bureau of Custos9 Coissioner not included
&ith the first group of appointent
4'e position o1 Co..issioner o1 t'e B#re# o1 C#sto.s ( -#re# 'ed) is not one o1 t'ose ,it'in t'e
1irst /ro#p o1 ppoint.ents ,'ere t'e "onsent o1 t'e Co..ission on Appoint.ents is re@#ired2 4'e
198% Constit#tion deli-ertel+ e5"l#ded t'e position o1 ='eds o1 -#re#s> 1ro. ppoint.ents t't
need t'e "onsent ("on1ir.tion) o1 t'e Co..ission on Appoint.ents2 &oreover, t'e *resident is
e5pressl+ #t'ori0ed -+ l, to ppoint t'e Co..issioner o1 t'e B#re# o1 C#sto.s (RA 193%, 4ri111
nd C#sto.s Code o1 t'e *'ilippines, Se"tion )81, s .ended -+ *D34 on 2% 9"to-er 19%2)2
41. ,a&s approved during the effectivit( of previous constitution ust )e read in haron(
&ith the ne& one
RA 193% nd *D 34 ,ere pproved d#rin/ t'e e11e"tivit+ o1 t'e 1935 Constit#tion, #nder ,'i"' t'e
*resident .+ no.inte nd, ,it' t'e "onsent o1 t'e Co..ission on Appoint.ents, ppoint t'e 'eds
o1 -#re#s, li$e t'e Co..issioner o1 t'e B#re# o1 C#sto.s2 A1ter t'e e11e"tivit+ o1 t'e 198%
Constit#tion, 'o,ever, RA 193% nd *D 34 've to -e red in 'r.on+ ,it' Se"2 1), Art2 A33, ,it' t'e
res#lt t't, ,'ile t'e ppoint.ent o1 t'e Co..issioner o1 t'e B#re# o1 C#sto.s is one t't devolves
on t'e *resident, s n ppoint.ent 'e is #t'ori0ed -+ l, to .$e, s#"' ppoint.ent, 'o,ever, no
lon/er needs t'e "on1ir.tion o1 t'e Co..ission on Appoint.ents2
!erfecto v. %eer
GR L-2348, 2% Fe-r#r+ 1958 (85 *'il 552)
First Division, Ben/0on (p)! 8 "on"#r2
Facts: 4'e 1935 Constit#tion provides in its Arti"le A333, Se"tion 9, t't t'e .e.-ers o1 t'e S#pre.e
Co#rt nd ll ?#d/es o1 in1erior "o#rts =s'll re"eive s#"' "o.penstion s .+ -e 1i5ed -+ l,, ,'i"'
s'll not -e di.inis'ed d#rin/ t'eir "ontin#n"e in o11i"e>2 3t lso provides t't =#ntil Con/ress s'll
provide ot'er,ise, t'e C'ie1 (#sti"e o1 t'e S#pre.e Co#rt s'll re"eive n nn#l "o.penstion o1
si5teen t'o#snd pesos, nd e"' Asso"ite (#sti"e, 1i1teen t'o#snd pesos>2 ;'en (#sti"e *er1e"to
ss#.ed o11i"e, Con/ress 'd not =provided ot'er,ise>, -+ 1i5in/ di11erent slr+ 1or sso"ite
?#sti"es2 :e re"eived slr+ t t'e rte provided -+ t'e Constit#tion, i2e2, 1i1teen t'o#snd pesos
+er2
4'e Colle"tor o1 3nternl Reven#e re@#ired (#sti"e Gre/orio *er1e"to to p+ in"o.e t5 #pon 'is slr+
s .e.-er o1 t'e ?#di"ir+2 4'e ltter pid t'e .o#nt #nder protest2 :e "ontended t't t'e
ssess.ent ,s ille/l, 'is slr+ not -ein/ t5-le 1or t'e reson t't i.position o1 t5es t'ereon
,o#ld red#"e it in violtion o1 t'e Constit#tion2
Issue: ;'et'er t'e i.position o1 n in"o.e t5 #pon t'e slr+ o1 .e.-er o1 t'e (#di"ir+ .o#nt
to di.in#tion t'ereo12, nd t'#s violte t'e Constit#tion2
Held: 4'e i.position o1 n in"o.e t5 #pon t'e slr+ o1 .e.-er o1 t'e ?#di"ir+ .o#nts to
di.in#tion t'ereo12 31 sid i.position ,o#ld not -e "onsidered s di.in#tion, it ,o#ld pper t't,
in t'e .tter o1 "o.penstion nd po,er nd need o1 se"#rit+, t'e ?#di"ir+ is on pr ,it' t'e
J5e"#tive2 S#"' ss#.ption "ertinl+ i/nores t'e previlin/ stte o1 11irs2 F#rt'er, t'e Constit#tion
provides t't ?#d/es s'll 'old t'eir o11i"es d#rin/ /ood -e'vior, nd s'll t stted ti.es re"eive 1or
t'eir servi"es "o.penstion ,'i"' s'll not -e di.inis'ed d#rin/ t'eir "ontin#n"e in o11i"e2 4'#s,
ne5t to per.nen"+ in o11i"e, not'in/ "n "ontri-#te .ore to t'e independen"e o1 t'e ?#d/es t'n
1i5ed provision 1or t'eir s#pport2 3n t'e /enerl "o#rse o1 '#.n nt#re, po,er over .n6s
s#-sisten"e .o#nts to po,er over 'is ,ill2 4'e independen"e o1 t'e ?#d/es s o1 1r /reter
i.portn"e t'n n+ reven#e t't "o#ld "o.e 1ro. t5in/ t'eir slries2
J5e.ption o1 t'e ?#di"il slr+ 1ro. red#"tion -+ t5tion is not rell+ /rt#it+ or privile/e2 3t is
essentill+ nd pri.ril+ "o.penstion -sed #pon vl#-le "onsidertion2 4'e "ovennt on t'e prt
o1 t'e /overn.ent is /#rnt+ ,'ose 1#l1ill.ent is s .#"' s prt o1 t'e "onsidertion /reed s is
t'e .one+ slr+2 4'e #ndert$in/ 's its o,n prti"#lr vl#e to t'e "iti0ens in se"#rin/ t'e
independen"e o1 t'e ?#di"ir+ in "rises< nd in t'e est-lis'.ent o1 t'e "o.penstion #pon
per.nent 1o#ndtion ,'ere-+ ?#di"il pre1er.ent .+ -e pr#dentl+ ""epted -+ t'ose ,'o re
@#li1ied -+ tlent, $no,led/e, inte/rit+ nd "p"it+, -#t re not possessed o1 s#"' privte 1ort#ne
s to .$e n ss#red slr+ n o-?e"t o1 personl "on"ern2 9n t'e ot'er 'nd, t'e .e.-ers o1 t'e
?#di"ir+ relin@#is' t'eir position t t'e -r, ,it' ll its pro1essionl e.ol#.ents, sever t'eir
"onne"tion ,it' t'eir "lients, nd dedi"te t'e.selves e5"l#sivel+ to t'e dis"'r/e o1 t'e onero#s
d#ties o1 t'eir 'i/' o11i"e2 So, it is irre1#t-le t't t'e /#rnt+ /inst red#"tion o1 slr+ -+ t'e
i.position o1 t5 is not n e5e.ption 1ro. t5tion in t'e sense o1 1reedo. 1ro. -#rden or servi"e
to ,'i"' ot'ers re li-le2 4'e e5e.ption 1or p#-li" p#rpose or vlid "onsidertion is .erel+
no.inl e5e.ption, sin"e t'e vlid nd 1#ll "onsidertion or t'e p#-li" p#rpose pro.oted is re"eived in
t'e pl"e o1 t'e t52
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt 11ir.ed t'e ?#d/.ent2
>ndencia v. ?avid
GR L-)355-5), 31 A#/#st 1953 (93 *'il )9))
Jn Bn", &onte.+or (p)! ) "on"#r
Facts: St#rnino Dvid, s Colle"tor o1 3nternl Reven#e "olle"ted in"o.e t5es 1ro. (#sti"es
Jnden"i nd (#/o, s *residin/ (#sti"e o1 t'e Co#rt o1 Appels nd Asso"ite (#sti"e o1 t'e S#pre.e
Co#rt respe"tivel+2 4'e lo,er "o#rt 'eld t't #nder t'e do"trine lid do,n in t'e "se o1 *er1e"to vs2
&eer, 85 *'il2, 552, t'e "olle"tion o1 in"o.e t5es 1ro. t'e slries o1 (#sti"e (#/o nd (#sti"e
Jnden"i ,s di.in#tion o1 t'eir "o.penstion nd t'ere1ore ,s in violtion o1 t'e Constit#tion o1
t'e *'ilippines, nd so ordered t'e re1#nd o1 sid t5es2 Respondent, t'ro#/' t'e Soli"itor Generl
"ontended t't t'e "olle"tion ,s done p#rs#nt to Se"tion 13 o1 Rep#-li" A"t 598 ,'i"' Con/ress
en"ted to #t'ori0e nd le/li0e t'e "olle"tion o1 in"o.e t5 on t'e slries o1 ?#di"il o11i"ers, i1 not
to "o#nter"t t'e r#lin/ on t'e *er1e"to Cse2
Issue: ;'et'er t'e Le/islt#re .+ l,1#ll+ de"lre t'e "olle"tion o1 in"o.e t5 on t'e slr+ o1
p#-li" o11i"il, spe"ill+ ?#di"il o11i"er, not de"rese o1 'is slr+, 1ter t'e S#pre.e Co#rt 's
1o#nd nd de"ided ot'er,ise2
Held: 4'e Le/islt#re "nnot l,1#ll+ de"lre t'e "olle"tion o1 in"o.e t5 on t'e slr+ o1 p#-li"
o11i"il, spe"ill+ ?#di"il o11i"er, not de"rese o1 'is slr+, 1ter t'e S#pre.e Co#rt 's 1o#nd nd
de"ided ot'er,ise2 4'e interprettion nd ppli"tion o1 t'e Constit#tion nd o1 stt#tes is ,it'in t'e
e5"l#sive provin"e nd ?#risdi"tion o1 t'e ?#di"il deprt.ent, nd t't in en"tin/ l,, t'e
Le/islt#re .+ not le/ll+ provide t'erein t't it -e interpreted in s#"' ,+ t't it .+ not violte
Constit#tionl pro'i-ition, t'ere-+ t+in/ t'e 'nds o1 t'e "o#rts in t'eir ts$ o1 lter interpretin/
sid stt#te, spe"ill+ ,'en t'e interprettion so#/'t nd provided in sid stt#te r#ns "o#nter to
previo#s interprettion lred+ /iven in "se -+ t'e 'i/'est "o#rt o1 t'e lnd2 3n t'e "se t -r,
Se"tion 13 o1 Rep#-li" A"t 598 interpreted or s"ertined t'e .enin/ o1 t'e p'rse =,'i"' s'll not
-e di.inis'ed d#rin/ t'eir "ontin#n"e in o11i"e,> 1o#nd in se"tion 9, Arti"le A333 o1 t'e Constit#tion,
re1errin/ to t'e slries o1 ?#di"il o11i"ers2 4'is "t o1 interpretin/ t'e Constit#tion or n+ prt t'ereo1
-+ t'e Le/islt#re is n invsion o1 t'e ,ell-de1ined nd est-lis'ed provin"e nd ?#risdi"tion o1 t'e
(#di"ir+2 4'e Le/islt#re #nder o#r 1or. o1 /overn.ent is ssi/ned t'e ts$ nd t'e po,er to .$e
nd en"t l,s, -#t not to interpret t'e.2 4'is is .ore tr#e ,it' re/rd to t'e interprettion o1 t'e
-si" l,, t'e Constit#tion, ,'i"' is not ,it'in t'e sp'ere o1 t'e Le/isltive deprt.ent2 Allo,in/ t'e
le/islt#re to interpret t'e l, ,o#ld -rin/ "on1#sion nd inst-ilit+ in ?#di"il pro"esses nd "o#rt
de"isions2
F#rt'er, #nder t'e *'ilippine s+ste. o1 "onstit#tionl /overn.ent, t'e Le/isltive deprt.ent is
ssi/ned t'e po,er to .$e nd en"t l,s2 4'e J5e"#tive deprt.ent is "'r/ed ,it' t'e e5e"#tion
or "rr+in/ o#t o1 t'e provisions o1 sid l,s2 B#t t'e interprettion nd ppli"tion o1 sid l,s -elon/
e5"l#sivel+ to t'e (#di"il deprt.ent2 And t'is #t'orit+ to interpret nd ppl+ t'e l,s e5tends to
t'e Constit#tion2 Be1ore t'e "o#rts "n deter.ine ,'et'er l, is "onstit#tionl or not, it ,ill 've to
interpret nd s"ertin t'e .enin/ not onl+ o1 sid l,, -#t lso o1 t'e pertinent portion o1 t'e
Constit#tion in order to de"ide ,'et'er t'ere is "on1li"t -et,een t'e t,o, -e"#se i1 t'ere is, t'en
t'e l, ,ill 've to /ive ,+ nd 's to -e de"lred invlid nd #n"onstit#tionl2 4'ere1ore, t'e
do"trine lid do,n in t'e "se o1 *er1e"to vs2 &eer to t'e e11e"t t't t'e "olle"tion o1 in"o.e t5 on
t'e slr+ o1 ?#di"il o11i"er is di.in#tion t'ereo1 nd so violtes t'e Constit#tion, is reiterted2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt 11ir.ed t'e de"ision, 11ir.in/ t'e r#lin/ in *er1erto v2 &eer nd 'oldin/ t'e
interprettion nd ppli"tion o1 l,s -elon/ to t'e (#di"ir+2

=itafan v. Coissioner of Internal 'evenue ('esolution)
GR L-%8%88, 23 (#l+ 198%
Jn Bn", &elen"io-:errer (p)! 12 "on"#r, 1 on leve
Facts: 4'e C'ie1 (#sti"e 's previo#sl+ iss#ed dire"tive to t'e Fis"l &n/e.ent nd B#d/et 911i"e
to "ontin#e t'e ded#"tion o1 ,it''oldin/ t5es 1ro. slries o1 t'e (#sti"es o1 t'e S#pre.e Co#rt nd
ot'er .e.-ers o1 t'e ?#di"ir+2 4'is ,s 11ir.ed -+ t'e S#pre.e Co#rt en -n" on 4 De"e.-er
198%2
*etitioners re t'e d#l+ ppointed nd @#li1ied (#d/es presidin/ over Brn"'es 52, 19 nd 53,
respe"tivel+, o1 t'e R4C, 7tionl Cpitl (#di"il Re/ion, ll ,it' sttions in &nil2 4'e+ see$ to
pro'i-it ndGor perpet#ll+ en?oin t'e Co..issioner o1 3nternl Reven#e nd t'e Finn"il 911i"er o1
t'e S#pre.e Co#rt, 1ro. .$in/ n+ ded#"tion o1 ,it''oldin/ t5es 1ro. t'eir slries2 ;it' t'e
1ilin/ o1 t'e petition, t'e Co#rt dee.ed it -est to settle t'e iss#e t'ro#/' ?#di"il prono#n"e.ent,
even i1 it 'd delt ,it' t'e .tter d.inistrtivel+2
Issue: ;'et'er t'e intention o1 t'e 1r.ers o1 t'e 198% Constit#tion is to e5e.pt ?#sti"es nd ?#d/es
1ro. t5es s it ,s in t'e 1935 Constit#tion2
Held: 4'e s"ertin.ent o1 t'e intent is -#t in $eepin/ ,it' t'e 1#nd.entl prin"iple o1
"onstit#tionl "onstr#"tion t't t'e intent o1 t'e 1r.ers o1 t'e or/ni" l, nd o1 t'e people doptin/
it s'o#ld -e /iven e11e"t2 4'e pri.r+ ts$ in "onstit#tionl "onstr#"tion is to s"ertin nd t'ere1ter
ss#re t'e reli0tion o1 t'e p#rpose o1 t'e 1r.ers nd o1 t'e people in t'e doption o1 t'e
Constit#tion2 3t .+ lso -e s1el+ ss#.ed t't t'e people in rti1+in/ t'e Constit#tion ,ere /#ided
.inl+ -+ t'e e5plntion o11ered -+ t'e 1r.ers2 3n t'e present "se, Se"tion 18, Arti"le A333 is plin
t't t'e Constit#tion #t'ori0es Con/ress to pss l, 1i5in/ not'er rte o1 "o.penstion o1 (#sti"es
nd (#d/es -#t s#"' rte .#st -e 'i/'er t'n t't ,'i"' t'e+ re re"eivin/ t t'e ti.e o1 en"t.ent,
or i1 lo,er, it ,o#ld -e ppli"-le onl+ to t'ose ppointed 1ter its pprovl2 3t ,o#ld -e strined
"onstr#"tion to red into t'e provision n e5e.ption 1ro. t5tion in t'e li/'t o1 t'e dis"#ssion in t'e
Constit#tionl Co..ission2 4'#s, t'e de-tes, interpoltions nd opinions e5pressed re/rdin/ t'e
"onstit#tionl provision in @#estion #ntil it ,s 1inll+ pproved -+ t'e Co..ission dis"losed t't t'e
tr#e intent o1 t'e 1r.ers o1 t'e 198% Constit#tion, in doptin/ it, ,s to .$e t'e slries o1
.e.-ers o1 t'e (#di"ir+ t5-le2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt dis.issed t'e petition 1or pro'i-ition2

Aglipa( v. 'uiH
GR 45459, 13 &r"' 193% ()4 *'il 281)
First Division, L#rel (p)! 5 "on"#r2
Facts: 3n &+ 193), t'e Dire"tor o1 *osts nno#n"ed in t'e dilies o1 &nil t't 'e ,o#ld order t'e
iss#n"e o1 post/e st.ps "o..e.ortin/ t'e "ele-rtion in t'e Cit+ o1 &nil o1 t'e 33rd
3nterntionl J#"'risti" Con/ress, or/ni0ed -+ t'e Ro.n Ct'oli" C'#r"'2 4'e petitioner, &ons2
Gre/orio A/lip+, S#pre.e :ed o1 t'e *'ilippine 3ndependent C'#r"', in t'e 1#l1ill.ent o1 ,'t 'e
"onsiders to -e "ivi" d#t+, re@#ested Ai"ente Sotto, Js@2, .e.-er o1 t'e *'ilippine Br, to deno#n"e
t'e .tter to t'e *resident o1 t'e *'ilippines2 3n spite o1 t'e protest o1 t'e petitioner6s ttorne+, t'e
Dire"tor o1 *osts p#-li"l+ nno#n"ed 'vin/ sent to t'e Inited Sttes t'e desi/ns o1 t'e post/e 1or
printin/2 4'e sid st.ps ,ere "t#ll+ iss#ed nd sold t'o#/' t'e /reter prt t'ereo1 re.ined
#nsold2 4'e 1#rt'er sle o1 t'e st.ps ,s so#/'t to -e prevented -+ t'e petitioner2
Issue: ;'et'er t'e iss#n"e o1 t'e post/e st.ps ,s in violtion o1 t'e Constit#tion2
Held: Reli/io#s 1reedo. s "onstit#tionl .ndte is not in'i-ition o1 pro1o#nd reveren"e 1or
reli/ion nd is not denil o1 its in1l#en"e in '#.n 11irs2 Reli/ion s pro1ession o1 1it' to n
"tive po,er t't -inds nd elevtes .n to 'is Cretor is re"o/ni0ed2 And, in so 1r s it instills into
t'e .inds t'e p#rest prin"iples o1 .orlit+, its in1l#en"e is deepl+ 1elt nd 'i/'l+ ppre"ited2 ;'en
t'e Filipino people, in t'e pre.-le o1 t'eir Constit#tion, i.plored =t'e id o1 Divine *roviden"e, in
order to est-lis' /overn.ent t't s'll e.-od+ t'eir idels, "onserve nd develop t'e ptri.on+ o1
t'e ntion, pro.ote t'e /enerl ,el1re, nd se"#re to t'e.selves nd t'eir posterit+ t'e -lessin/s o1
independen"e #nder re/i.e o1 ?#sti"e, li-ert+ nd de.o"r"+,> t'e+ t'ere-+ .ni1ested t'eir
intense reli/io#s nt#re nd pl"ed #n1lterin/ relin"e #pon :i. ,'o /#ides t'e destinies o1 .en nd
ntions2 4'e elevtin/ in1l#en"e o1 reli/ion in '#.n so"iet+ is re"o/ni0ed 'ere s else,'ere2
A"t 4852 "onte.pltes no reli/io#s p#rpose in vie,2 ;'t it /ives t'e Dire"tor o1 *osts is t'e
dis"retionr+ po,er to deter.ine ,'en t'e iss#n"e o1 spe"il post/e st.ps ,o#ld -e
=dvnt/eo#s to t'e Govern.ent2> 91 "o#rse, t'e p'rse =dvnt/eo#s to t'e Govern.ent> does
not #t'ori0e t'e violtion o1 t'e Constit#tion< i2e2 to pproprite, #se or ppl+ o1 p#-li" .one+ or
propert+ 1or t'e #se, -ene1it or s#pport o1 prti"#lr se"t or "'#r"'2 3n t'e "se t -r, t'e iss#n"e
o1 t'e post/e st.ps ,s not inspired -+ n+ se"trin 1eelin/ to 1vor prti"#lr "'#r"' or
reli/io#s deno.intions2 4'e st.ps ,ere not iss#ed nd sold 1or t'e -ene1it o1 t'e Ro.n Ct'oli"
C'#r"', nor ,ere .one+ derived 1ro. t'e sle o1 t'e st.ps /iven to t't "'#r"'2 4'e p#rpose o1 t'e
iss#in/ o1 t'e st.ps ,s to t$e dvnt/e o1 n event "onsidered o1 interntionl i.portn"e to
/ive p#-li"it+ to t'e *'ilippines nd its people nd ttr"t .ore to#rists to t'e "o#ntr+2 4'#s, insted
o1 s'o,in/ Ct'oli" "'li"e, t'e st.p "ontined .p o1 t'e *'ilippines, t'e lo"tion o1 t'e Cit+ o1
&nil, nd n ins"ription t't reds =Set MMM333 3nterntionl J#"'risti" Con/ress, Fe-2 3-%, 193%2>
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt denied t'e petition 1or ,rit o1 pro'i-ition, ,it'o#t prono#n"e.ent s to "osts2

%anila !rince Hotel v. +#I#
GR 12215), 3 Fe-r#r+ 199%
Jn -n", Bellosillo (p)! ) "on"#r, ot'ers dissent
Facts: 4'e Govern.ent Servi"e 3ns#rn"e S+ste. (GS3S), p#rs#nt to t'e privti0tion pro/r. o1
t'e *'ilippine Govern.ent #nder *ro"l.tion 58 dted 8 De"e.-er 198), de"ided to sell t'ro#/'
p#-li" -iddin/ 38H to 51H o1 t'e iss#ed nd o#tstndin/ s'res o1 t'e &nil :otel (&:C)2 3n "lose
-iddin/ 'eld on 18 Septe.-er 1995 onl+ t,o -idders prti"ipted! &nil *rin"e :otel Corportion,
Filipino "orportion, ,'i"' o11ered to -#+ 51H o1 t'e &:C or 15,388,888 s'res t *41258 per s're,
nd Renon/ Ber'd, &l+sin 1ir., ,it' 344-S'erton s its 'otel opertor, ,'i"' -id 1or t'e s.e
n#.-er o1 s'res t *44288 per s're, or *2242 .ore t'n t'e -id o1 petitioner2 *endin/ t'e
de"lrtion o1 Renon/ Ber'rd s t'e ,innin/ -idderGstrte/i" prtner nd t'e e5e"#tion o1 t'e
ne"essr+ "ontr"ts, t'e &nil *rin"e :otel .t"'ed t'e -id pri"e o1 *44288 per s're tendered -+
Renon/ Ber'd in letter to GS3S dted 28 Septe.-er 19952 &nil *rin"e :otel sent .n/er6s
"'e"$ to t'e GS3S in s#-se@#ent letter, -#t ,'i"' GS3S re1#sed to ""ept2 9n 1% 9"to-er 1995,
per'ps ppre'ensive t't GS3S 's disre/rded t'e tender o1 t'e .t"'in/ -id nd t't t'e sle o1
51H o1 t'e &:C .+ -e 'stened -+ GS3S nd "ons#..ted ,it' Renon/ Ber'd, &nil *rin"e
:otel ".e to t'e Co#rt on pro'i-ition nd .nd.#s2
Issue(s):
;'et'er t'e provisions o1 t'e Constit#tion, prti"#lrl+
Arti"le M33 Se"tion 18, re sel1-e5e"#tin/2
;'et'er t'e 51H s're is prt o1 t'e ntionl
ptri.on+2
Held: A provision ,'i"' l+s do,n /enerl prin"iple, s#"' s t'ose 1o#nd in Arti"le 33 o1 t'e 198%
Constit#tion, is #s#ll+ not sel1-e5e"#tin/2 B#t provision ,'i"' is "o.plete in itsel1 nd -e"o.es
opertive ,it'o#t t'e id o1 s#pple.entr+ or en-lin/ le/isltion, or t't ,'i"' s#pplies s#11i"ient
r#le -+ .ens o1 ,'i"' t'e ri/'t it /rnts .+ -e en?o+ed or prote"ted, is sel1-e5e"#tin/2 4'#s
"onstit#tionl provision is sel1-e5e"#tin/ i1 t'e nt#re nd e5tent o1 t'e ri/'t "on1erred nd t'e li-ilit+
i.posed re 1i5ed -+ t'e "onstit#tion itsel1, so t't t'e+ "n -e deter.ined -+ n e5.intion nd
"onstr#"tion o1 its ter.s, nd t'ere is no ln/#/e indi"tin/ t't t'e s#-?e"t is re1erred to t'e
le/islt#re 1or "tion2 3n sel1-e5e"#tin/ "onstit#tionl provisions, t'e le/islt#re .+ still en"t
le/isltion to 1"ilitte t'e e5er"ise o1 po,ers dire"tl+ /rnted -+ t'e "onstit#tion, 1#rt'er t'e
opertion o1 s#"' provision, pres"ri-e pr"ti"e to -e #sed 1or its en1or"e.ent, provide
"onvenient re.ed+ 1or t'e prote"tion o1 t'e ri/'ts se"#red or t'e deter.intion t'ereo1, or pl"e
reson-le s1e/#rds ro#nd t'e e5er"ise o1 t'e ri/'t2 4'e .ere 1"t t't le/isltion .+ s#pple.ent
nd dd to or pres"ri-e penlt+ 1or t'e violtion o1 sel1-e5e"#tin/ "onstit#tionl provision does not
render s#"' provision ine11e"tive in t'e -sen"e o1 s#"' le/isltion2 4'e o.ission 1ro. "onstit#tion
o1 n+ e5press provision 1or re.ed+ 1or en1or"in/ ri/'t or li-ilit+ is not ne"essril+ n indi"tion
t't it ,s not intended to -e sel1-e5e"#tin/2 4'e r#le is t't sel1-e5e"#tin/ provision o1 t'e
"onstit#tion does not ne"essril+ e5'#st le/isltive po,er on t'e s#-?e"t, -#t n+ le/isltion .#st -e
in 'r.on+ ,it' t'e "onstit#tion, 1#rt'er t'e e5er"ise o1 "onstit#tionl ri/'t nd .$e it .ore
vil-le2 S#-se@#ent le/isltion 'o,ever does not ne"essril+ .en t't t'e s#-?e"t "onstit#tionl
provision is not, -+ itsel1, 1#ll+ en1or"e-le2 As /inst "onstit#tions o1 t'e pst, .odern "onstit#tions
've -een /enerll+ dr1ted #pon di11erent prin"iple nd 've o1ten -e"o.e in e11e"t e5tensive
"odes o1 l,s intended to operte dire"tl+ #pon t'e people in .nner si.ilr to t't o1 stt#tor+
en"t.ents, nd t'e 1#n"tion o1 "onstit#tionl "onventions 's evolved into one .ore li$e t't o1
le/isltive -od+2 :en"e, #nless it is e5pressl+ provided t't le/isltive "t is ne"essr+ to en1or"e
"onstit#tionl .ndte, t'e pres#.ption no, is t't ll provisions o1 t'e "onstit#tion re sel1-
e5e"#tin/2 31 t'e "onstit#tionl provisions re treted s re@#irin/ le/isltion insted o1 sel1-e5e"#tin/,
t'e le/islt#re ,o#ld 've t'e po,er to i/nore nd pr"ti"ll+ n#lli1+ t'e .ndte o1 t'e 1#nd.entl
l,2 3n 1ine, Se"tion 18, se"ond pr/rp', Art2 M33 o1 t'e 198% Constit#tion is .ndtor+, positive
"o..nd ,'i"' is "o.plete in itsel1 nd ,'i"' needs no 1#rt'er /#idelines or i.ple.entin/ l,s or
r#les 1or its en1or"e.ent2 Fro. its ver+ ,ords t'e provision does not re@#ire n+ le/isltion to p#t it in
opertion2
3n its plin nd ordinr+ .enin/, t'e ter. ptri.on+ pertins to 'erit/e2 ;'en t'e Constit#tion
spe$s o1 ntionl ptri.on+, it re1ers not onl+ to t'e nt#rl reso#r"es o1 t'e *'ilippines, s t'e
Constit#tion "o#ld 've ver+ ,ell #sed t'e ter. nt#rl reso#r"es, -#t lso to t'e "#lt#rl 'erit/e o1
t'e Filipinos2 3t lso re1ers to Filipino6s intelli/en"e in rts, s"ien"es nd letters2 3n t'e present "se,
&nil :otel 's -e"o.e lnd.r$, livin/ testi.onil o1 *'ilippine 'erit/e2 ;'ile it ,s
restri"tivel+ n A.eri"n 'otel ,'en it 1irst opened in 1912, "on"o#rse 1or t'e elite, it 's sin"e t'en
-e"o.e t'e ven#e o1 vrio#s si/ni1i"nt events ,'i"' 've s'ped *'ilippine 'istor+2 3n t'e /rntin/
o1 e"ono.i" ri/'ts, privile/es, nd "on"essions, espe"ill+ on .tters involvin/ ntionl ptri.on+,
,'en "'oi"e 's to -e .de -et,een =@#li1ied 1orei/ner> nd =@#li1ied Filipino,> t'e ltter s'll
-e "'osen over t'e 1or.er2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt dire"ted t'e GS3S, t'e &nil :otel Corportion, t'e Co..ittee on *rivti0tion
nd t'e 911i"e o1 t'e Govern.ent Corporte Co#nsel to "ese nd desist 1ro. sellin/ 51H o1 t'e
S're o1 t'e &:C to Renon/ Ber'd, nd to ""ept t'e .t"'in/ -id o1 &nil *rin"e :otel t *44 per
s'ere nd t'ere1ter e5e"#te t'e ne"essr+ /ree.ents nd do"#.ent to e11e"t t'e sle, to iss#e t'e
ne"essr+ "lern"es nd to do s#"' ot'er "ts nd deeds s .+ -e ne"essr+ 1or t'e p#rpose2

Ganada v. Guvera
GR L-)3915, 24 April 1985 (13) SCRA 2%)
Jn Bn", Js"olin (p)! 1 "on"#r, 2 "on"#r ,it' reservtion, 1 too$ no prt, 1 on leve
Facts: 3nvo$in/ t'e people6s ri/'t to -e in1or.ed on .tters o1 p#-li" "on"ern (Se"tion ), Arti"le 3A o1
t'e 19%3 *'ilippine Constit#tion) s ,ell s t'e prin"iple t't l,s to -e vlid nd en1or"e-le .#st -e
p#-lis'ed in t'e 911i"il G0ette or ot'er,ise e11e"tivel+ pro.#l/ted, petitioners see$ ,rit o1
.nd.#s to "o.pel respondent p#-li" o11i"ils to p#-lis', nd or "#se t'e p#-li"tion in t'e 911i"il
G0ette o1 vrio#s presidentil de"rees, letters o1 instr#"tions, /enerl orders, pro"l.tions,
e5e"#tive orders, letter o1 i.ple.enttion nd d.inistrtive orders2 4'e+ .intin t't sin"e t'e
s#-?e"t o1 t'e petition "on"erns p#-li" ri/'t nd its o-?e"t is to "o.pel t'e per1or.n"e o1 p#-li"
d#t+, t'e+ re proper prties 1or t'e petition2 4'e respondents lle/ed, 'o,ever t'ro#/' t'e Soli"itor-
Generl, t't petitioners 've no le/l personlit+ or stndin/ to -rin/ t'e instnt petition2 4'e+
1#rt'er "ontend t't p#-li"tion in t'e 911i"il G0ette is not sine @# non re@#ire.ent 1or t'e
e11e"tiveness o1 l,s ,'ere t'e l,s provide 1or t'eir o,n e11e"tivit+ dtes2 4'#s p#-li"tion is not
indispens-le2
Issue: ;'et'er p#-li"tion is n indispens-le re@#ire.ent 1or t'e e11e"tivit+ o1 l,s
Held: *#-li"tion in t'e 911i"il G0ette is ne"essr+ in t'ose "ses ,'ere t'e le/isltion itsel1 does
not provide 1or its e11e"tivit+ dte L 1or t'en t'e dte o1 p#-li"tion is .teril 1or deter.inin/ its
dte o1 e11e"tivit+, ,'i"' is t'e 1i1teent' d+ 1ollo,in/ its p#-li"tion L -#t not ,'en t'e l, itsel1
provides 1or t'e dte ,'en it /oes into e11e"t2 4'is is "orre"t inso1r s it e@#tes t'e e11e"tivit+ o1
l,s ,it' t'e 1"t o1 p#-li"tion2 Arti"le 2 'o,ever, "onsidered in t'e li/'t o1 ot'er stt#tes ppli"-le
to t'e iss#e does not pre"l#de t'e re@#ire.ent o1 p#-li"tion in t'e 911i"il G0ette, even i1 t'e l,
itsel1 provides 1or t'e dte o1 its e11e"tivit+2 4'e "ler o-?e"t o1 t'e s#"' provision is to /ive t'e
/enerl p#-li" de@#te noti"e o1 t'e vrio#s l,s ,'i"' re to re/#lte t'eir "tions nd "ond#"t s
"iti0ens2 ;it'o#t s#"' noti"e nd p#-li"tion, t'ere ,o#ld -e no -sis 1or t'e ppli"tion o1 t'e .5i.
=i/nornti le/is non e5"#st2> 3t ,o#ld -e t'e 'ei/'t o1 in?#sti"e to p#nis' or ot'er,ise -#rden
"iti0en 1or t'e trns/ression o1 l, o1 ,'i"' 'e 'd no noti"e ,'tsoever, not even "onstr#"tive
one2 F#rt'er, p#-li"tion is ne"essr+ to pprise t'e p#-li" o1 t'e "ontents o1 re/#ltions nd .$e
t'e sid penlties -indin/ on t'e persons 11e"ted t'ere-+2 3n t'e present "se, *residentil iss#n"es
o1 /enerl ppli"tion, ,'i"' 've not -een p#-lis'ed, s'll 've no 1or"e nd e11e"t2 4'e
i.ple.enttionGen1or"e.ent o1 presidentil de"rees prior to t'eir p#-li"tion in t'e 911i"il G0ette is
n opertive 1"t, ,'i"' .+ 've "onse@#en"es ,'i"' "nnot -e ?#stl+ i/nored2 4'e pst "nnot
l,+s -e ersed -+ ne, ?#di"il de"lrtion t't n ll-in"l#sive stte.ent o1 prin"iple o1 -sol#te
retro"tive invlidit+ "nnot -e ?#sti1ied2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt ordered t'e respondents to p#-lis' in t'e 911i"il G0ette ll #np#-lis'ed
presidentil iss#n"es ,'i"' re o1 /enerl ppli"tion, nd t't #nless so p#-lis'ed, t'e+ s'll 've
no -indin/ 1or"e nd e11e"t2
Ganada v. Guvera ('esolution)
GR L-)3915, 29 De"e.-er 198) (14) SCRA 44))
Jn Bn", Cr#0 (p) ! 8 "on"#rrin/
Facts: 9n 24 April 1985, t'e Co#rt 11ir.ed t'e ne"essit+ 1or t'e p#-li"tion to t'e 911i"il G0ette ll
#np#-lis'ed presidentil iss#n"es ,'i"' re o1 /enerl ppli"tion, nd #nless so p#-lis'ed, t'e+
s'll 've no -indin/ 1or"e nd e11e"t2 De"ision ,s "on"#rred onl+ -+ 3 ?#d/es2 *etitioners .ove 1or
re"onsidertion G "lri1i"tion o1 t'e de"ision on vrio#s @#estions2 Soli"itor Generl vers t't t'e
.otion is re@#est 1or dvisor+ opinion2 Fe-r#r+ Revol#tion too$ pl"e, ,'i"' s#-se@#entl+ re@#ired
t'e ne, Soli"itor Generl to 1ile re?oinder on t'e iss#e (#nder R#le 3, Se"tion 18 o1 t'e R#les o1
Co#rt)2
Issue: ;'et'er p#-li"tion is still re@#ired in li/'t o1 t'e "l#se =#nless ot'er,ise provided>2
Held: 4'e "l#se =#nless it is ot'er,ise provided,> in Arti"le 2 o1 t'e Civil Code, re1ers to t'e dte o1
e11e"tivit+ nd not to t'e re@#ire.ent o1 p#-li"tion itsel1, ,'i"' "nnot in n+ event -e o.itted2 4'is
"l#se does not .en t't t'e le/islt#re .+ .$e t'e l, e11e"tive i..editel+ #pon pprovl, or
on n+ ot'er dte, ,it'o#t its previo#s p#-li"tion2 4'e le/islt#re .+ in its dis"retion provide t't
t'e #s#l 1i1teen-d+ period s'll -e s'ortened or e5tended2 *#-li"tion re@#ire.ents pplies to (1) ll
stt#tes, in"l#din/ t'ose o1 lo"l ppli"tion nd privte l,s< (2) presidentil de"rees nd e5e"#tive
orders pro.#l/ted -+ t'e *resident in t'e e5er"ise o1 le/isltive po,ers ,'enever t'e s.e re
vlidl+ dele/ted -+ t'e le/islt#re or dire"tl+ "on1erred -+ t'e Constit#tion< (3) Ad.inistrtive r#les
nd re/#ltions 1or t'e p#rpose o1 en1or"in/ or i.ple.entin/ e5istin/ l, p#rs#nt lso to vlid
dele/tion< (4) C'rter o1 "it+ not,it'stndin/ t't it pplies to onl+ portion o1 t'e ntionl
territor+ nd dire"tl+ 11e"ts onl+ t'e in'-itnts o1 t't pl"e< (5) &onetr+ Bord "ir"#lrs to =1ill in
t'e detils> o1 t'e Centrl Bn$ A"t ,'i"' t't -od+ is s#pposed to en1or"e2 F#rt'er, p#-li"tion .#st
-e in 1#ll or it is no p#-li"tion t ll sin"e its p#rpose is to in1or. t'e p#-li" o1 t'e "ontents o1 t'e
l,s2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt de"lred t't ll l,s s -ove de1ined s'll i..editel+ #pon t'eir pprovl, or
s soon t'ere1ter s possi-le, -e p#-lis'ed in 1#ll in t'e 911i"il G0ette, to -e"o.e e11e"tive onl+
1ter 15 d+s 1ro. t'eir p#-li"tion, or on not'er dte spe"i1ied -+ t'e le/islt#re, in ""ordn"e ,it'
Arti"le 2 o1 t'e Civil Code2
!riicias v. :rdaneta
GR L-2)%82, 18 9"to-er 19%9 (93 SCRA 4)2)
First Division, de Cstro (p)! 8 "on"#rrin/, 1 on leve, 1 did not t$e prt2
Facts: 9n 13 &r"' 19)4, 9rdinn"e 3 (Series o1 19)4) ,s en"ted -+ t'e &#ni"ipl Co#n"il o1
Irdnet, *n/sinn2 9rdinn"e is ptterned 1ter nd -sed on Se"tion 53, 5 pr/rp' 4 o1 A"t
3992, s .ended (Revised &otor Ae'i"le L,)2 9n 28 (#ne 19)4, RA 413) (Lnd 4rnsporttion nd
4r11i" Code) -e".e e11e"tive2 Se"tion )3 e5pli"itl+ repeled A"t 39922
9n 8 Fe-r#r+ 19)5, (#n A#/#sto B2 *ri.i"is ,s drivin/ 'is "r ,it'in Irdnet ,'en .e.-er o1
Irdnet6s &#ni"ipl *oli"e s$ed 'i. to stop2 :e ,s told, #pon stoppin/, t't 'e 'd violted
&#ni"ipl 9rdinn"e 3 (S2 19)4), 1or overt$in/ tr#"$2> 4'e poli"e.n t'en s$ed 1or plinti116s
li"ense ,'i"' 'e s#rrendered, nd te.porr+ opertor6s per.it ,s iss#ed to 'i.2 4'is in"ident too$
pl"e -o#t 288 .eters ,+ 1ro. s"'ool -#ildin/, t Brrio 7n".lirn, Irdnet2 4'ere1ter,
"ri.inl "o.plint ,s 1iled in t'e &#ni"ipl Co#rt o1 Irdnet /inst *ri.i"is 1or violtion o1
9rdinn"e 3 (S2 19)4)2
D#e to t'e instit#tion o1 t'e "ri.inl "se, *ri.i"is initited n "tion 1or t'e nn#l.ent o1 sid
ordinn"e ,it' pr+er 1or t'e iss#n"e o1 preli.inr+ in?#n"tion 1or t'e p#rpose o1 restrinin/
de1endnts &#ni"iplit+ o1 Irdnet, &+or *ere0, *oli"e C'ie1 S#+t, (#d/e Sorino nd *trol.n
Andrd 1ro. en1or"in/ t'e ordinn"e2 4'e ,rit ,s iss#ed nd (#d/e Sorino ,s en?oined 1ro.
1#rt'er pro"eedin/ in t'e "ri.inl "se2 9n 29 (#ne 19)), t'e Co#rt o1 First 3nstn"e Lin/+en 'eld in
its de"ision t't t'e ordinn"e ,s n#ll nd void nd 'd -een repeled -+ RA 413)2 4'e ,rit o1
preli.inr+ in?#n"tion /inst (#d/e Sorino de1inite nd per.nent2 3t lso restrined *ere0, S#+t,
nd Andrd 1ro. en1or"in/ sid ordin"e t'ro#/'o#t Irdnet, orderin/ t'e. to ret#rn t'e plinti116s
driver6s li"ense, nd to p+ t'e "ost o1 t'e s#it2 4'e p#-li" o11i"ils ppeled to t'e S#pre.e Co#rt2
Issue: ;'et'er t'e ordinn"e is vlid2
Held: 4'e /enerl r#le is t't lter l, previls over n erlier l,2 4'e ordinn"e6s vlidit+ s'o#ld
-e deter.ined vis--vis RA 413), t'e =.ot'er stt#te> (not A"t 3992), ,'i"' ,s in 1or"e t t'e ti.e
t'e "ri.inl "se ,s -ro#/'t /inst *ri.i"is2 F#rt'er, ,'en t'e &#ni"ipl Co#n"il o1 Irdnet #sed
t'e p'rse =ve'i"#lr tr11i"> (Se"tion 1, 9rdinn"e) it did not distin/#is' -et,een pssen/er "rs nd
.otor ve'i"les nd .otor tr#"$s nd -#ses2 Considerin/ t't t'is is re/#ltor+ ordinn"e, its
"lerness, de1initeness nd "ertint+ re ll t'e .ore i.portnt so t't n ver/e .n s'o#ld -e
-le ,it' d#e "re, 1ter redin/ it, to #nderstnd nd s"ertin ,'et'er 'e ,ill in"#r penlt+ 1or
prti"#lr "ts or "o#rses o1 "ond#"t2 4'#s, s t'e &#ni"ipl Co#n"il o1 Irdnet did not .$e n+
"lssi1i"tion o1 its t'oro#/'1res, "ontrr+ to t'e e5pli"it re@#ire.ent lid do,n -+ Se"tion 38, RA
413)2 4'e 9rdinn"e re1ers to onl+ one o1 t'e 1o#r "lssi1i"tions .entioned in pr/rp' (-), Se"tion
352 4'e "lssi1i"tions ,'i"' .#st -e -sed on Se"tion 35 re ne"essr+ in vie, o1 Se"tion 3) ,'i"'
sttes t't no provin"il, "it+ or .#ni"ipl #t'orit+ s'll en"t or en1or"e n+ ordinn"e or resol#tion
spe"i1+in/ .5i.#. llo,-le speeds ot'er t'n t'ose provided in t'is A"t2 4'e ordinn"e, t'ere1ore
in vie, o1 t'e 1ore/oin/, is void2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt 11ir.ed t'e ppeled de"ision2
,a Carlota #ugar Central v. JieneH
GR L-1243), 31 &+ 19)1 (2 SCRA 295)
Jn Bn", Di0on (p)! 18 "on"#rrin/, 1 too$ no prt2
Facts: So.eti.e in Septe.-er, 1955 L Crlot S#/r Centrl, ,'i"' ,s #nder t'e d.inistrtion o1
Jli0lde, i.ported 588 s'ort tons o1 ..oni#. s#lp'te nd 358 s'ort tons o1 ..oni#. p'osp'te2
;'en t'e 1ertili0ers rrived in t'e *'ilippines, t'e Centrl Bn$ i.posed 1%H e5"'n/e t5 1ro. t'e
Centrl in ""ordn"e ,it' t'e provisions o1 Rep#-li" A"t )812 9n 18 7ove.-er 1955 t'e Centrl 1iled,
t'ro#/' t'e :on/$on/ C S'n/'i Bn$in/ Corportion, petition 1or t'e re1#nd o1 t'e *28,8%2289
pid (t'e 1%H t5), "li.in/ t't it 'd i.ported t'e 1ertili0ers .entioned 'ereto1ore #pon re@#est
nd 1or t'e e5"l#sive #se o1 5 '"iends o,ned nd .n/ed -+ Jli0lde, nd t'ere1ore t'e
i.porttion ,s e5e.pt 1ro. t'e 1%H e5"'n/e t5 in ""ordn"e ,it' Se"tion 2, RA )81, s
.ended -+ RA 13%52
9n 2 (#l+ 195), t'e A#ditor o1 t'e Centrl Bn$ denied t'e petition2 4'e Centrl re@#ested t'e A#ditor
to re"onsider 'is r#lin/, -#t 1ter re-e5.intion o1 ll pertinent ppers t'e re"onsidertion ,s
denied2 4'e Centrl t'en ppeled to t'e A#ditor Generl o1 t'e *'ilippines2 9n 18 (n#r+ 195%, t'e
A#ditor Generl 11ir.ed t'e r#lin/ o1 t'e A#ditor o1 t'e Centrl Bn$ #pon t'e /ro#nd t't t'e
i.porttion o1 t'e 1ertili0ers does not 1ll ,it'in t'e s"ope o1 t'e e5e.ptin/ provisions o1 Se"tion 2 o1
RA )81, s .ended -+ RA 13%5< nd t'#s 11ir.in/ t'e de"ision o1 t'e A#ditor, Centrl Bn$ o1 t'e
*'ilippines2 4'e Centrl nd Jli0lde 1iled t'e petition 1or revie, in t'e S#pre.e Co#rt2
Issue: ;'et'er #pon t'e i.porttion o1 t'e 1ertili0ers re "overed -+ t'e e5e.ption (provided -+
Se"tion 1 nd 2 o1 Rep#-li" A"t 7o2 )81, s .ended -+ Rep#-li" A"ts 11%5, 119% nd 13%5)2
Held: 4'e l, is, t'ere1ore, "ler t't i.ported 1ertili0ers re e5e.pt 1ro. t'e p+.ent o1 t'e 1%H
t5 onl+ i1 t'e s.e ,ere i.ported -+ plnters or 1r.ers dire"tl+ or t'ro#/' t'eir "oopertives2 4'e
e5e.ption "overs e5"l#sivel+ 1ertili0ers i.ported -+ plnters or 1r.ers dire"tl+ or t'ro#/' t'eir
"oopertives2 4'e ,ord =dire"tl+> 's -een interpreted to .en =,it'o#t n+t'in/ intervenin/>2
Conse@#entl+, n i.porttion o1 1ertili0ers .de -+ 1r.er or plnter t'ro#/' n /ent, ot'er t'n
'is "oopertive, is not i.ported dire"tl+ s re@#ired -+ t'e e5e.ption2
;'en t'e iss#e is ,'et'er or not t'e e5e.ption 1ro. t5 i.posed -+ l, is ppli"-le, t'e r#le is
t't t'e e5e.ptin/ provision is to -e "onstr#ed li-erll+ in 1vor o1 t'e t5in/ #t'orit+ nd stri"tl+
/inst e5e.ption 1ro. t5 li-ilit+, t'e res#lt -ein/ t't stt#tor+ provisions 1or t'e re1#nd o1 t5es
re stri"tl+ "onstr#ed in 1vor o1 t'e Stte nd /inst t'e t5p+er2 J5e.ptin/ 1ro. t'e 1%H t5 ll
1ertili0ers i.ported -+ plnters or 1r.ers t'ro#/' n+ /ent ot'er t'n t'eir "oopertives, t'is ,o#ld
-e renderin/ #seless t'e onl+ e5"eption e5pressl+ est-lis'ed in t'e "se o1 1ertili0ers i.ported -+
plnters or 1r.ers t'ro#/' t'eir "oopertives2

CI' v. CA
GR 115349, 18 April 199% (2%1 SCRA )85)
4'ird Division, *n/ni-n (p)! 4 "on"#rrin/
Facts: *rivte respondent, t'e Ateneo de &nil Iniversit+, is non-sto"$, non-pro1it ed#"tionl
instit#tion ,it' #5ilir+ #nits nd -rn"'es ll over t'e *'ilippines2 9ne #5ilir+ #nit is t'e 3nstit#te
o1 *'ilippine C#lt#re (3*C), ,'i"' 's no le/l personlit+ seprte nd distin"t 1ro. t't o1 privte
respondent2 4'e 3*C is *'ilippine #nit en//ed in so"il s"ien"e st#dies o1 *'ilippine so"iet+ nd
"#lt#re2 9""sionll+, it ""epts sponsors'ips 1or its reser"' "tivities 1ro. interntionl
or/ni0tions, privte 1o#ndtions nd /overn.ent /en"ies2 9n 8 (#l+ 1983, privte respondent
re"eived 1ro. Co..issioner o1 3nternl Reven#e (C3R) de.nd letter dted 3 (#ne 1983, ssessin/
privte respondent t'e s#. o1 *1%4,84329% 1or lle/ed de1i"ien"+ "ontr"tor6s t5, nd n ssess.ent
dted 2% (#ne 1983 in t'e s#. o1 *1,141,83% 1or lle/ed de1i"ien"+ in"o.e t5, -ot' 1or t'e 1is"l
+er ended 31 &r"' 19%82 Den+in/ sid t5 li-ilities, privte respondent sent petitioner letter-
protest nd s#-se@#entl+ 1iled ,it' t'e ltter .e.ornd#. "ontestin/ t'e vlidit+ o1 t'e
ssess.ents2 9n 1% &r"' 988, petitioner rendered letter-de"ision "n"elin/ t'e ssess.ent 1or
de1i"ien"+ in"o.e t5 -#t .odi1+in/ t'e ssess.ent 1or de1i"ien"+ "ontr"tor6s t5 -+ in"resin/ t'e
.o#nt d#e to *193,4%52552 Instis1ied, privte respondent re@#ested 1or re"onsidertion or
reinvesti/tion o1 t'e .odi1ied ssess.ent2
At t'e s.e ti.e, it 1iled in t'e respondent "o#rt petition 1or revie, o1 t'e sid letter-de"ision o1 t'e
petitioner2 ;'ile t'e petition ,s pendin/ -e1ore t'e respondent "o#rt, petitioner iss#ed 1inl
de"ision dted 3 A#/#st 1988 red#"in/ t'e ssess.ent 1or de1i"ien"+ "ontr"tor6s t5 1ro.
*193,4%5255 to *4),51)241, e5"l#sive o1 s#r"'r/e nd interest2 9n 12 (#l+ 1993, t'e respondent
"o#rt set side respondent6s de"ision, nd "n"elin/ t'e de1i"ien"+ "ontr"tor6s t5 ssess.ent in t'e
.o#nt o1 *4),51)241 e5"l#sive o1 s#r"'r/e nd interest 1or t'e 1is"l +er ended 31 &r"' 19%82 7o
prono#n"e.ent s to "ost2 9n 2% April 1994, Co#rt o1 Appels, in CA-GR S* 31%98, 11ir.ed t'e
de"ision o1 t'e Co#rt o1 45 Appels2 7ot in ""ord ,it' sid de"ision, petitioner ".e to S#pre.e
Co#rt vi petition 1or revie,2
Issues:
;'et'er t'e privte respondent 's t'e -#rden o1
proo1 in t'e t5 "se2
;'et'er t'e privte respondent is t5-le s n
independent "ontr"tor2
Held: 4'e Co..issioner erred in ppl+in/ t'e prin"iples o1 t5 e5e.ption ,it'o#t 1irst ppl+in/ t'e
,ell-settled do"trine o1 stri"t interprettion in t'e i.position o1 t5es2 3t is o-vio#sl+ -ot' illo/i"l nd
i.pr"ti"l to deter.ine ,'o re e5e.pted ,it'o#t 1irst deter.inin/ ,'o re "overed -+ t'e
1oresid provision2 4'e Co..issioner s'o#ld 've deter.ined 1irst i1 privte respondent ,s "overed
-+ Se"tion 285, ppl+in/ t'e r#le o1 stri"t interprettion o1 l,s i.posin/ t5es nd ot'er -#rdens on
t'e pop#l"e, -e1ore s$in/ Ateneo to prove its e5e.ption t'ere1ro., 1ollo,in/ t'e r#le o1
"onstr#"tion ,'ere =t'e t5 e5e.ptions re to -e stri"tl+ "onstr#ed /inst t'e t5p+er>2
4'e do"trine in t'e interprettion o1 t5 l,s is t't stt#te ,ill not -e "onstr#ed s i.posin/ t5
#nless it does so "lerl+, e5pressl+, nd #n.-i/#o#sl+2 45 "nnot -e i.posed ,it'o#t "ler nd
e5press ,ords 1or t't p#rpose2 A""ordin/l+, t'e /enerl r#le o1 re@#irin/ d'eren"e to t'e letter in
"onstr#in/ stt#tes pplies ,it' pe"#lir stri"tness to t5 l,s nd t'e provisions o1 t5in/ "t re
not to -e e5tended -+ i.pli"tion2> 3n "se o1 do#-t, s#"' stt#tes re to -e "onstr#ed .ost stron/l+
/inst t'e /overn.ent nd in 1vor o1 t'e s#-?e"ts or "iti0ens -e"#se -#rdens re not to -e
i.posed nor pres#.ed to -e i.posed -e+ond ,'t stt#tes e5pressl+ nd "lerl+ i.port2 3n t'e
present "se, Ateneo6s 3nstit#te o1 *'ilippine C#lt#re never sold its servi"es 1or 1ee to n+one or ,s
ever en//ed in -#siness prt 1ro. nd independentl+ o1 t'e "de.i" p#rposes o1 t'e #niversit+2
F#nds re"eived -+ t'e Ateneo de &nil Iniversit+ re te"'ni"ll+ not 1ee2 4'e+ .+ 'o,ever 1ll s
/i1ts or dontions ,'i"' re =t5-e5e.pt> s s'o,n -+ privte respondent6s "o.plin"e ,it' t'e
re@#ire.ent o1 Se"tion 123 o1 t'e 7tionl 3nternl Reven#e Code providin/ 1or t'e e5e.ption o1 s#"'
/i1ts to n ed#"tionl instit#tion2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt denied t'e petition nd 11ir.ed t'e ssiled De"ision o1 t'e Co#rt o1 Appels2 4'e
Co#rt r#led t't t'e privte respondent is not "ontr"tor sellin/ its servi"es 1or 1ee -#t n
"de.i" instit#tion "ond#"tin/ t'ese reser"'es p#rs#nt to its "o..it.ents to ed#"tion nd,
#lti.tel+, to p#-li" servi"e2 For t'e instit#te to 've ten"io#sl+ "ontin#ed opertin/ 1or so lon/
despite its ""#.#ltion o1 si/ni1i"nt losses, ,e "n onl+ /ree ,it' -ot' t'e Co#rt o1 45 Appels
nd t'e Co#rt o1 Appels t't =ed#"tion nd not pro1it is .otive 1or #ndert$in/ t'e reser"'
pro?e"ts2

%actan Ce)u (%CIAA) v. %arcos
GR 128882, 11 Septe.-er 199) (2)1 SCRA ))%)
4'ird Division, Dvide (r2 (p)! 4 "on"#rrin/2
Facts: &"tn Ce-# 3nterntionl Airport A#t'orit+ (&C3AA) ,s "reted -+ virt#e o1 Rep#-li" A"t
)9582 Sin"e t'e ti.e o1 its "retion, &C3AA en?o+ed t'e privile/e o1 e5e.ption 1ro. p+.ent o1 relt+
t5es in ""ordn"e ,it' Se"tion 14 o1 its C'rter2 :o,ever on 11 9"to-er 1994, t'e 911i"e o1 t'e
4res#rer o1 Ce-#, de.nded 1or t'e p+.ent o1 relt+ t5es on severl pr"els o1 lnd -elon/in/ to
t'e petitioner2 *etitioner o-?e"ted to s#"' de.nd 1or p+.ent s -seless nd #n?#sti1ied2 3t lso
sserted t't it is n instr#.entlit+ o1 t'e /overn.ent per1or.in/ /overn.entl 1#n"tions, ,'i"'
p#ts li.ittions on t'e t5in/ po,ers o1 lo"l /overn.ent #nits2 3t nonet'eless stnds in t'e s.e
1ootin/ s n /en"+ or instr#.entlit+ o1 t'e ntionl /overn.ent -+ t'e ver+ nt#re o1 its po,ers
nd 1#n"tions2 4'e Cit+ re1#sed to "n"el nd set side petitioner6s relt+ t5 ""o#nt, insistin/ t't
t'e &C3AA is /overn.ent "ontrolled "orportion ,'ose t5 e5e.ption privile/e 's -een ,it'dr,n
-+ virt#e o1 Se"tions 193 nd 234 o1 t'e Lo"l Govern.ent Code (LGC), nd not n instr#.entlit+ o1
t'e /overn.ent -#t .erel+ /overn.ent o,ned "orportion per1or.in/ proprietr+ 1#n"tions2 &C3AA
pid its t5 ""o#nt =#nder protest> ,'en Cit+ is -o#t to iss#e ,rrnt o1 lev+ /inst t'e &C3AA6s
properties2
9n 29 De"e.-er 1994, &C3AA 1iled *etition o1 De"lrtor+ Relie1 ,it' t'e Ce-# Re/ionl 4ril Co#rt
"ontendin/ t't t'e t5in/ po,er o1 lo"l /overn.ent #nits do not e5tend to t'e lev+ o1 t5es or 1ees
on n instr#.entlit+ o1 t'e ntionl /overn.ent2 3t "ontends t't -+ t'e nt#re o1 its po,ers nd
1#n"tions, it 's t'e 1ootin/ o1 n /en"+ or instr#.entlit+ o1 t'e ntionl /overn.ent< ,'i"' "li.
t'e Cit+ re?e"ts2 9n 22 &r"' 1995, t'e tril "o#rt dis.issed t'e petition, "itin/ t't "lose redin/ o1
t'e LGC provides t'e e5press "n"elltion nd ,it'dr,l o1 t5 e5e.ptions o1 Govern.ent 9,ned
nd Controlled Corportions2 &C3AA6s .otion 1or re"onsidertion 'vin/ -een denied -+ t'e tril "o#rt
in its 4 &+ 1995 order, t'e petitioner 1iled t'e instnt petition2
Issue: ;'et'er t'e &C3AA is e5e.pted 1ro. relt+ t5es2
Held: 45 stt#tes re "onstr#ed stri"tl+ /inst t'e /overn.ent nd li-erll+ in 1vor o1 t'e
t5p+er2 B#t sin"e t5es re pid 1or "ivili0ed so"iet+, or re t'e li1e-lood o1 t'e ntion, t'e l,
1ro,ns /inst e5e.ptions 1ro. t5tion nd stt#tes /rntin/ t5 e5e.ptions re t'#s "onstr#ed
stri"tissi.i ?#ris /inst t'e t5p+er nd li-erll+ in 1vor o1 t'e t5in/ #t'orit+2 A "li. o1
e5e.ption 1ro. t5 p+.ents .#st -e "lerl+ s'o,n nd -sed on ln/#/e in t'e l, too plin to -e
.ist$en2 Jlse,ise stted, t5tion is t'e r#le, e5e.ption t'ere1ro. is t'e e5"eption2 :o,ever, i1 t'e
/rntee o1 t'e e5e.ption is politi"l s#-division or instr#.entlit+, t'e ri/id r#le o1 "onstr#"tion
does not ppl+ -e"#se t'e pr"ti"l e11e"t o1 t'e e5e.ption is .erel+ to red#"e t'e .o#nt o1 .one+
t't 's to -e 'ndled -+ t'e /overn.ent in t'e "o#rse o1 its opertions2 F#rt'er, sin"e t5tion is t'e
r#le nd e5e.ption t'ere1ro. t'e e5"eption, t'e e5e.ption .+ -e ,it'dr,n t t'e ples#re o1 t'e
t5in/ #t'orit+2 4'e onl+ e5"eption to t'is r#le is ,'ere t'e e5e.ption ,s /rnted to privte prties
-sed on .teril "onsidertion o1 .#t#l nt#re, ,'i"' t'en -e"o.es "ontr"t#l nd is t'#s
"overed -+ t'e non-i.pir.ent "l#se o1 t'e Constit#tion2
&"tn Ce-# 3nterntionl Airport A#t'orit+ (&C3AA) is =t5-le person> #nder its C'rter (RA
)958), nd ,s onl+ e5e.pted 1ro. t'e p+.ent o1 rel propert+ t5es2 4'e /rnt o1 t'e privile/e
onl+ in respe"t o1 t'is t5 is "on"l#sive proo1 o1 t'e le/isltive intent to .$e it t5-le person
s#-?e"t to ll t5es, e5"ept rel propert+ t52 Sin"e Rep#-li" A"t %1)8 or t'e Lo"l Govern.ent Code
(LGC) e5pressl+ provides t't =All /enerl nd spe"il l,s, "ts, "it+ "'rters, de"rees Esi"F,
e5e"#tive orders, pro"l.tions nd d.inistrtive re/#ltions, or prt o1 prts t'ereo1 ,'i"' re
in"onsistent ,it' n+ o1 t'e provisions o1 t'is Code re 'ere-+ repeled or .odi1ied ""ordin/l+2> ;it'
t't repelin/ "l#se in t'e LGC, t'e t5 e5e.ption provided 1or in RA )958 'd -een e5pressl+
repeled -+ t'e provisions o1 t'e LGC2 4'ere1ore, &C3AA 's to p+ t'e ssessed relt+ t5 o1 its
properties e11e"tive 1ter (n#r+ 1, 1992 #ntil t'e present2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt denied t'e petition, nd 11ir.ed t'e "'llen/ed de"ision nd order o1 t'e R4C
Ce-#< ,it'o#t prono#n"e.ent s to "osts2

#erfino v. CA
GR L-48858, 15 Septe.-er 198%
Se"ond Division, *rs (p)! 4 "on"#rrin/2
Facts: 9n 25 A#/#st 193%, pr"el o1 lnd ,s ptented in t'e n.e o1 *"i1i"o Cs.+or (9C4
1839)2 9n 14 De"e.-er 1945, 'e sold sid lnd in 1vor o1 7e.esi D2 Blt0r (4C4 7o2 5%-7, 18
(n#r+ 194))2 9C4 1839 ,s lost d#rin/ t'e ,r nd #pon petition o1 7e.esi Blt0r, t'e Co#rt o1
First 3nstn"e o1 7e/ros 9""identl ordered t'e re"onstit#tion t'ereo12 *#rs#nt t'ereto, 9C4 14-R
(1839) ,s iss#ed on 18 (n#r+ 194) in t'e n.e o1 *"i1i"o Cs.+or2 9n t't s.e d+, 4C4
5%-7 ,s iss#ed in t'e n.e o1 7e.esi Blt0r -#t 1ter t'e "n"elltion o1 9C4 14-R (1839)2 9n
15 A#/#st 1951, 7e.esi Blt0r, sold sid propert+ to Lope0 S#/r Centrl &ill Co2, nd t'e ltter
did not present t'e do"#.ents 1or re/istrtion #ntil 1% De"e.-er 19)4 to t'e 911i"e o1 t'e Re/istr+ o1
Deeds2 Sid o11i"e re1#sed re/istrtion #pon its dis"over+ t't t'e s.e propert+ ,s "overed -+
not'er "erti1i"te o1 title, 4C4 38985, in t'e n.e o1 Federi"o Ser1ino2 9n 19 7ove.-er 19)4, t'e
spo#ses Ser1inos .ort//ed t'e lnd to t'e *'ilippine 7tionl Bn$ (*7B) to se"#re lon in t'e
.o#nt o1 *5,888288< ,'i"' ,s ins"ri-ed in 4C4 7o2 389852
4'e Lope0 S#/r Centrl instit#ted n "tion to re"over sid lnd< nd t'e lo,er "o#rt rendered
de"ision orderin/ t'e "n"elltion o1 4C4 7o2 38985< iss#n"e o1 ne, 4C4 in t'e n.e o1 plinti11<
nd t'e p+.ent o1 t'e plinti11 *7B t'e lon o1 spo#ses Ser1inos se"#red -+ sid lnd2 Bot' prties
ppeled 1ro. t'is de"ision o1 t'e tril "o#rt2 R#lin/ on t'e ssi/n.ent o1 errors, t'e ppellte "o#rt
11ir.ed t'e ?#d/.ent o1 t'e tril "o#rt ,it' .odi1i"tion in its de"ision settin/ side t'e de"ision o1
t'e tril "o#rt de"lrin/ plinti11 li-le to *7B 1or p+.ent, 'o,ever, orderin/ t'e plinti11 to rei.-#rse
t'e Ser1ino spo#ses o1 t'e s#. *1,839249, representin/ t'e #npid t5es nd penlties pid -+ t'e
ltter ,'en t'e+ rep#r"'sed t'e propert+2 :en"e, t'e ppel -+ t'e spo#ses Ser1ino nd *7B to t'e
S#pre.e Co#rt2
Issue: ;'et'er t'e #"tion sle o1 t'e disp#ted propert+ ,s n#ll nd void2
Held: 4'e ssiled de"ision o1 t'e ppellte "o#rt de"lres t't t'e pres"ri-ed pro"ed#re in #"tion
sles o1 propert+ 1or t5 delin@#en"+ -ein/ in dero/tion o1 propert+ ri/'ts s'o#ld -e 1ollo,ed
p#n"tilio#sl+2 Stri"t d'eren"e to t'e stt#tes /overnin/ t5 sles is i.pertive not onl+ 1or t'e
prote"tion o1 t'e t5 p+ers, -#t lso to ll+ n+ possi-le s#spi"ion o1 "oll#sion -et,een t'e -#+er
nd t'e p#-li" o11i"ils "lled #pon to en1or"e s#"' l,s2 7oti"e o1 sle to t'e delin@#ent lnd o,ners
nd to t'e p#-li" in /enerl is n essentil nd indispens-le re@#ire.ent o1 l,, t'e non-1#l1ill.ent o1
,'i"' vitites t'e sle2 3n t'e present "se, Lope0 S#/r Centrl ,s not entirel+ ne/li/ent in its
p+.ent o1 lnd t5es2 4'e re"ord s'o,s t't t5es ,ere pid 1or t'e +ers 1958 to 1953 nd
re"eipt t'ere1or ,s o-tined in its n.e2 4'e sle t'ere1ore -+ t'e *rovin"e o1 7e/ros 9""identl o1
t'e lnd in disp#te to t'e spo#ses Ser1inos ,s void sin"e t'e *rovin"e o1 7e/ros 9""identl ,s not
t'e rel o,ner o1 t'e propert+ t'#s sold2 3n t#rn, t'e spo#ses Ser1inos title ,'i"' 's -een derived
1ro. t't o1 t'e *rovin"e o1 7e/ros 9""identl is li$e,ise void2 :o,ever, t'e 1"t t't t'e p#-li"
#"tion sle o1 t'e disp#ted propert+ ,s not vlid "nnot in n+ ,+ -e ttri-#ted to t'e .ort//ee6s
1#lt2 4'e in-ilit+ o1 t'e Re/ister o1 Deeds to noti1+ t'e "t#l o,ner or Lope0 S#/r Centrl o1 t'e
s"'ed#led p#-li" #"tion sle ,s prtl+ d#e to t'e 1il#re o1 Lope0 S#/r Centrl to de"lre t'e lnd
in its n.e 1or n#.-er o1 +ers nd to p+ t'e "o.plete t5es t'ereon2 *7B is t'ere1ore entitled to
t'e p+.ent o1 t'e .ort//e lon s r#led -+ t'e tril "o#rt nd e5e.pted 1ro. t'e p+.ent o1
"osts2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt 11ir.ed t'e ssiled de"ision, ,it' .odi1i"tion t't *7B .ort//e "redit .#st
-e pid -+ Lope0 S#/r Centrl2
%anahan v. >CC
GR L-44899, 22 April 1981 (184 SCRA 198)
First Division, Fernnde0 (p)! 4 "on"#rrin/2
Facts: &ri J2 &n'n, t'e petitioner, is t'e ,ido, o1 70rio &n'n, (r2, ,'o died o1 =Jnteri"
Fever> ,'ile e.plo+ed s "lssroo. te"'er in Ls *iKs &#ni"ipl :i/' S"'ool, Ls *iKs, Ri0l, on 8
&+, 19%52 4'e de"esed ,s in per1e"t 'elt' ,'en 'e entered /overn.ent servi"e on 28 (#l+ 19)9,
nd t't in t'e "o#rse o1 'is e.plo+.ent in 19%4, 'e ,s treted 1or epi/stri" pin2 :e s#""#.-ed
to enteri" 1ever on &+ 8, 19%52 4'#s, t'e petitioner 1iled "li. ,it' t'e Govern.ent Servi"e
3ns#rn"e S+ste. (GS3S) 1or det' -ene1it #nder *residentil De"ree )2)2 3n letter dted 19 (#ne
19%5, t'e GS3S denied t'e "li. on 1indin/ t't t'e il.ent o1 70rio &n'n, (r2, t+p'oid 1ever,
is not n o""#ptionl disese, nd t't enteri" 1ever or prt+p'oid is si.ilr in e11e"t to t+p'oid
1ever, in t'e sense t't -ot' re prod#"ed -+ Sl.onell or/nis.s2
4'e petitioner ppeled to t'e J.plo+ees Co.penstion Co..ission (JCC), ,'i"' 11ir.ed t'e
de"ision o1 t'e GS3S on 1indin/ t't t'e il.ent o1 t'e de"esed, enteri" 1ever, ,s not ind#"ed -+
or //rvted -+ t'e nt#re o1 t'e d#ties o1 70rio &n'n, (r2 s te"'er2 4'#s, t'e ppel2
Issue: ;'et'er t'e ;or$.en6s Co.penstion s'o#ld -e resolved in 1vor o1 t'e ,or$er
Held: 4'e 4rnsitor+ nd Finl *rovisions o1 t'e 7e, L-or Code provides t't ll "tions nd "li.s
""r#in/ prior to t'e e11e"tivit+ o1 t'is Code s'll -e deter.ined in ""ordn"e ,it' t'e l,s in 1or"e t
t'e ti.e o1 t'eir ""r#l nd #nder t'e t'ird pr/rp' o1 Arti"le 292, 4itle 33 (*res"ription o1 911enses
nd Cli.s), ,or$.en6s "o.penstion "li.s ""r#in/ prior to t'e e11e"tivit+ o1 t'is Code nd d#rin/
t'e period 1ro. 1 7ove.-er 19%4 #p to 31 De"e.-er 19%4 s'll -e pro"essed nd d?#di"ted in
""ordn"e ,it' t'e l,s nd r#les t t'e ti.e t'eir "#ses o1 "tion ""r#ed :en"e, t'is Co#rt
pplied t'e provisions o1 t'e ;or$.en6s Co.penstion A"t, s .ended, on pssin/ #pon petitioner6s
"li.22 4'e illness t't "li.ed t'e li1e o1 t'e de"esed .+ 'd its onset -e1ore 18 De"e.-er 19%4,
t'#s, 'is "tion ""r#ed -e1ore 18 De"e.-er 19%42 Still, 3n n+ "se, nd "se o1 do#-t, t'e s.e
s'o#ld -e resolved in 1vor o1 t'e ,or$er, nd t't so"il le/isltions L li$e t'e ;or$.en6s
Co.penstion A"t nd t'e L-or Code L s'o#ld -e li-erll+ "onstr#ed to ttin t'eir l#d-le
o-?e"tive, i2e2, to /ive relie1 to t'e ,or$.n ndGor 'is dependents in t'e event t't t'e 1or.er s'o#ld
die or s#stin n in?#r+2 *#rs#nt to s#"' do"trine nd ppl+in/ no, t'e provisions o1 t'e ;or$.en6s
Co.penstion A"t in t'is "se, t'e pres#.ption o1 "o.pens-ilit+ s#-sists in 1vor o1 t'e "li.nt2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt set side t'e de"ision o1 t'e JCC nd ordered t'e GS3S to p+ t'e petitioner t'e
.o#nt o1 *),888288 s det' "o.penstion -ene1it nd *)88288 s ttorne+6s 1ees, to rei.-#rse t'e
petitioner6s e5penses in"#rred 1or .edi"l servi"es, 'ospitli0tion nd .edi"ines o1 t'e de"esed
70rio &n'n, (r2, d#l+ s#pported -+ proper re"eipts, nd to p+ d.inistrtive 1ees2
"illavert v. >CC
GR L-48)85, 14 De"e.-er 1981 (118 SCRA 233)
First Division, Fernnde0 (p)! 4 "on"#rrin/
Facts: Do.in 72 Aillvert, t'e petitioner, is t'e .ot'er o1 t'e lte &r"elino 72 Aillvert ,'o died o1
"#te 'e.orr'/i" pn"retitis on 12 De"e.-er 19%5 e.plo+ed s Code Aeri1ier in t'e *'ilippine
Const-#lr+2 4'e de"esed lso per1or.ed t'e d#ties o1 "o.p#ter opertor nd "ler$ t+pist2 9n 11
De"e.-er 19%5, t'e de"esed reported s #s#l to t'e Const-#lr+ Co.p#ter Center in C.p
Cr.e2 :e per1or.ed 'is d#ties not onl+ s Code Aeri1ier -#t lso 'ndled d.inistrtive 1#n"tions,
"o.p#ter opertion nd t+pin/ ?o-s d#e to s'ort/e o1 "ivilin personnel2 Alt'o#/' 'e ,s
"o.plinin/ o1 "'est pin nd 'ed"'e lte in t'e 1ternoon o1 sid d+, 'e ,s re@#ired to render
overti.e servi"e #ntil lte in t'e d+, t+pin/ vol#.ino#s "lssi1ied "o..#ni"tions, "o.p#tin/
llo,n"es nd preprin/ "'e"$s 1or t'e slr+ o1 *C-37* personnel t'ro#/'o#t t'e "o#ntr+ 1or
distri-#tion on or -e1ore 15 De"e.-er 19%52 Gspin/ 1or -ret', perspirin/ pro1#sel+, nd .#.-lin/
in"o'erent ,ords ,'ile sleep, nd ,'en 'e ,s not -le to re/in "ons"io#sness, 'e ,s r#s'ed to
t'e Iniversit+ o1 t'e Jst-R.on &/s+s+ (IJR&) &e.oril :ospitl ,'ere 'e died t 5!38 .2
4'e 7B3 stted t't t'e e5"t "#se o1 "#te 'e.orr'/i" pn"retitis is still #n$no,n, lt'o#/' .ost
reser"' dt /ree t't p'+si"l nd .entl stresses re stron/ "#sl 1"tors in t'e develop.ent o1
t'e disese2
9n 18 &r"' 19%), s'e 1iled "li. 1or in"o.e -ene1its 1or t'e det' o1 'er son #nder *D )2), s
.ended, ,it' t'e Govern.ent Servi"e 3ns#rn"e S+ste. (GS3S)2 GS3S denied t'e "li. on t'e
/ro#nd t't "#te 'e.orr'/i" pn"retitis is not n o""#ptionl disese nd t't t'e petitioner 'd
1iled to s'o, t't t'ere ,s "#sl "onne"tion -et,een t'e 1tl il.ent o1 &r"elino 72 Aillvert
nd t'e nt#re o1 'is e.plo+.ent2 4'e petitioner ppeled to t'e J.plo+ees Co.penstion
Co..ission (JCC)2 9n 31 &+ 19%8, t'e JCC 11ir.ed t'e de"ision o1 GS3S den+in/ t'e "li.2
:en"e, t'e petition2
Issue: ;'et'er t'e petitioner is entitled to 'er son6s det' -ene1its2
Held: 4'e &edi"o Le/l 911i"er o1 t'e 7B3 stted t't t'e e5"t "#se o1 "#te 'e.orr'/i"
pn"retitis ("#te in1l..tion ,it' 'e.orr'/i" ne"rosis o1 t'e pn"res) is still #n$no,n despite
e5tensive reser"'es in t'is 1ield, lt'o#/' .ost reser"' dt re /reed t't p'+si"l nd .entl
stresses re stron/ "#sl 1"tors in t'e develop.ent o1 t'e disese2 4'ere is no eviden"e t ll t't
&r"elino 72 Aillvert 'd =-o#t o1 l"o'oli" into5i"tion> s'ortl+ -e1ore 'e died, neit'er is t'ere
s'o,in/ t't 'e #sed dr#/s< ne/tin/ t'e sso"ition provided -+ *rin"iples o1 3nternl &edi"ine (-+
:rrison %t' Jdition, p2 15%1)2 Fro. t'e 1ore/oin/ 1"ts o1 re"ord, it is "ler t't &r"elino 72 Aillvert
died o1 "#te 'e.orr'/i" pn"retitis ,'i"' ,s dire"tl+ "#sed or t lest //rvted -+ t'e d#ties
'e per1or.ed s "ode veri1ier, "o.p#ter opertor nd "ler$ t+pist o1 t'e *'ilippine Const-#lr+2
F#rt'er, Arti"le 4 o1 t'e L-or Code o1 t'e *'ilippines, s .ended, provides t't =ll do#-ts in t'e
i.ple.enttion nd interprettion o1 t'is Code, in"l#din/ its i.ple.entin/ r#les nd re/#ltions s'll
-e resolved in 1vor o1 l-or2>
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt set side t'e de"ision o1 t'e JCC nd ordered t'e GS3S to p+ t'e petitioner det'
-ene1its in t'e .o#nt o1 *),8882882

?el 'osario I #ons v. =,'C
GR L-)4284, 31 &+ 1985 (135 SCRA ))9)
First Division, &elen"io-:errer (p)! 5 "on"#rrin/, 1 on leve
Facts: 9n 1 Fe-r#r+ 19%8, Del Rosrio nd Sons Lo//in/ Jnterprises, 3n"2 entered into =Contr"t
o1 Servi"es> ,it' Cl.r Se"#rit+ A/en"+ ,'ere-+ t'e ltter #ndertoo$ to s#ppl+ t'e 1or.er ,it'
se"#rit+ /#rds t t'e rte o1 *388288 per .ont' 1or e"' /#rd2 4'ere1ter, *#lino &-#ti, 7poleo
Bort nd Silvino 4#dio 1iled Co.plint /inst t'e Se"#rit+ A/en"+ nd petitioner, 1or
#nderp+.ent o1 slr+, non-p+.ent o1 livin/ llo,n"e, nd 13t' .ont' p+2 4'ere1ter, 1ive ot'er
/#rds 1iled t'eir "o.plint 1or t'e s.e "#ses o1 "tion2 *etitioner "ontended t't "o.plinnts
've no "#se o1 "tion /inst it d#e to -sen"e o1 e.plo+er-e.plo+ee reltions'ip -et,een t'e.2
4'e+ lso denied li-ilit+ lle/in/ t't d#e to t'e inde@#"+ o1 t'e .o#nts pid to it #nder t'e
Contr"t o1 Servi"es, it "o#ld not possi-l+ "o.pl+ ,it' t'e p+.ents re@#ired -+ l-or l,s2
Assi/ned 1or "o.p#lsor+ r-itrtion, t'e L-or Ar-iter rendered de"ision dis.issin/ t'e "o.plint 1or
,nt o1 e.plo+er-e.plo+ee reltions'ip2 ;'en t'e "se ,s ppeled to t'e 7LRC, t'e de"ision ,s
.odi1ied -+ 'oldin/ t't petitioner is li-le to p+ "o.plinnts, ?ointl+ nd severll+, ,it' t'e
Se"#rit+ A/en"+ on t'e /ro#nd t't t'e petitioner is n indire"t e.plo+er p#rs#nt to Arti"les 18) nd
18%2 :en"e, t'e ppel2 4'e petitioner "ontended t't 7LRC erred in /ivin/ d#e "o#rse to t'e ppel
despite t'e 1"t t't it ,s not #nder ot' nd t'e re@#ired ppel 1ee ,s not pid< in 'oldin/ it
?ointl+ nd severll+ li-le ,it' t'e Se"#rit+ A/en"+< nd in re1#sin/ to /ive d#e "o#rse to its &otion
1or Re"onsidertion2
Issue(s):
;'et'er t'e 1or.l de1e"ts o1 t'e ppel o1 t'e
se"#rit+ /en"+ invlidte t'e ppel2
;'et'er t'e se"#rit+ /#rds 1ro. t'e /en"+ re
entitled to -ene1its "li.ed 1ro. t'e "o.pn+
Held: 4'e 1or.l de1e"ts in t'e ppel o1 t'e Se"#rit+ A/en"+ ,ere not 1tl de1e"ts2 4'e l"$ o1
veri1i"tion "o#ld 've -een esil+ "orre"ted -+ re@#irin/ n ot'2 4'e ppel 1ee 'd -een pid
lt'o#/' it ,s del+ed2 Fil#re to p+ t'e do"$etin/ 1ees does not #to.ti"ll+ res#lt in t'e
dis.issl o1 t'e ppel2 Dis.issl is dis"retionr+ ,it' t'e Appellte Co#rt nd dis"retion .#st -e
e5er"ised ,isel+ nd pr#dentl+, never "pri"io#sl+, ,it' vie, to s#-stntil ?#sti"e2 Fil#re to p+
t'e ppel do"$etin/ 1ee "on1ers dire"tor+ nd not .ndtor+ po,er to dis.iss n ppel nd
s#"' po,er .#st -e e5er"ised ,it' so#nd dis"retion nd ,it' /ret del o1 "ir"#.spe"tion,
"onsiderin/ ll ttendnt "ir"#.stn"es2> &oreover, s provided 1or -+ Arti"le 221 o1 t'e L-or Code
=in n+ pro"eedin/ -e1ore t'e Co..ission or n+ o1 t'e L-or Ar-iters, t'e r#les o1 eviden"e
previlin/ in Co#rts o1 l, or e@#it+ s'll not -e "ontrollin/ nd it is t'e spirit nd intention o1 t'is
Code t't t'e Co..ission nd its .e.-ers nd t'e L-or Ar-iters s'll #se ever+ nd ll reson-le
.ens to s"ertin t'e 1"ts in e"' "se speedil+ nd o-?e"tivel+ nd ,it'o#t re/rd to te"'ni"lities
o1 l, or pro"ed#re, ll in t'e interest o1 d#e pro"ess2
F#rt'er, Arti"les 18) o1 t'e L-or Code provides t't =in t'e event t't t'e "ontr"tor or s#-"ontr"tor
1ils to p+ t'e ,/es o1 'is e.plo+ees in ""ordn"e ,it' t'is Code, t'e e.plo+er s'll -e ?ointl+ nd
severll+ li-le ,it' 'is "ontr"tor or s#-"ontr"tor to s#"' e.plo+ees to t'e e5tent o1 t'e ,or$
per1or.ed #nder t'e "ontr"t, in t'e s.e .nner nd e5tent t't 'e is li-le to e.plo+ees dire"tl+
e.plo+ed -+ 'i.,> nd Arti"le 18% provides t't =t'e provisions o1 t'e i..editel+ pre"edin/ Arti"le
s'll li$e,ise ppl+ to n+ person, prtners'ip, sso"ition or "orportion ,'i"', not -ein/ n
e.plo+er, "ontr"ts ,it' n independent "ontr"tor 1or t'e per1or.n"e o1 n+ ,or$, ts$, ?o- or
pro?e"t2> 3n t'e "se t -r, petitioner -e".e n indire"t e.plo+er o1 respondents-"o.plinnts
,'en petitioner entered into Contr"t o1 Servi"es ,it' t'e Se"#rit+ A/en"+ nd t'e ltter 'ired t'e
"o.plinnts to ,or$ s /#rds 1or t'e 1or.er2 :o,ever, t'e petitioner6s li-ilit+ s'o#ld -e ,it'o#t
pre?#di"e to "li. 1or rei.-#rse.ent /inst t'e Se"#rit+ A/en"+ 1or s#"' .o#nts s petitioner
.+ 've to p+ to "o.plinnts2 4'e Se"#rit+ A/en"+ .+ not see$ e5"#lption -+ "li.in/ t't
petitioner6s p+.ents to it ,ere inde@#te2 As n e.plo+er, it is "'r/ed ,it' $no,led/e o1 l-or
l,s nd t'e de@#"+ o1 t'e "o.penstion t't it de.nds 1or "ontr"t#l servi"es is its prin"ipl
"on"ern nd not n+ ot'er6s2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt 11ir.ed t'e ?#d/.ent #nder revie,, ,it'o#t pre?#di"e to petitioner6s ri/'t to see$
rei.-#rse.ent 1ro. Cl.r Se"#rit+ A/en"+ 1or s#"' .o#nts s petitioner .+ 've to p+ to
"o.plinnts2 Costs /inst t'e privte respondent2
G( v. First =ational #uret(
GR L-1)138, 29 April 19)1 (1 SCRA 1324)
Jn Bn", L-rdor (p)! 8 "on"#rrin/
Facts: At di11erent ti.es ,it'in period o1 t,o .ont's prior to 24 De"e.-er 1953, Diosddo C2 4+,
e.plo+ed s opertor .e"'ni" 1ore.n in t'e Brod,+ Cotton F"tor+ ins#red 'i.sel1 in 18 lo"l
ins#rn"e "o.pnies, .on/ ,'i"' -ein/ t'e 8 -ove-n.ed de1endnts, ,'i"' iss#ed to 'i.
personl ""ident poli"ies2 *linti116s -ene1i"ir+ ,s 'is e.plo+er, Brod,+ Cotton F"tor+, ,'i"'
pid t'e ins#rn"e pre.i#.s2 9n 24 De"e.-er 1953, 1ire -ro$e o#t ,'i"' totll+ destro+ed t'e
Brod,+ Cotton F"tor+2 Fi/'tin/ 'is ,+ o#t o1 t'e 1"tor+, plinti11 ,s in?#red on t'e le1t 'nd -+
'ev+ o-?e"t2 :e ,s -ro#/'t to t'e &nil Centrl Iniversit+ 'ospitl, nd 1ter re"eivin/ 1irst-id,
'e ,ent to t'e 7tionl 9rt'opedi" :ospitl 1or tret.ent o1 'is in?#ries (1r"t#res in inde5, .iddle,
1o#rt', nd 1i1t' 1in/ers o1 le1t 'nd)2 Fro. 2) De"e.-er 1953 to 8 Fe-r#r+ 1954, 'e #nder,ent
.edi"l tret.ent in t'e 'ospitl2 4'e -ove-des"ri-ed p'+si"l in?#ries 've "#sed te.porr+ totl
dis-ilit+ o1 plinti116s le1t 'nd2 *linti11 1iled t'e "orrespondin/ noti"e o1 ""ident nd noti"e o1 "li.
,it' ll o1 t'e -ove-n.ed de1endnts to re"over inde.nit+2 De1endnts re?e"ted plinti116s "li. 1or
inde.nit+ 1or t'e reson t't t'ere -ein/ no severn"e o1 .p#ttion o1 t'e le1t 'nd, t'e dis-ilit+
s#11ered -+ 'i. ,s not "overed -+ 'is poli"+2
*linti11 s#ed t'e de1endnts in t'e &#ni"iplit+ Co#rt o1 t'is Cit+, ,'i"' dis.issed 'is "o.plints2
4'ere1ter, t'e plinti11 ppeled to t'e Co#rt o1 First 3nstn"e &nil, presided -+ (#d/e Gre/orio S2
7rvs, ,'i"' -solved t'e de1endnts 1ro. t'e "o.plints2 :en"e, t'e ppel2
Issue: ;'et'er Diosddo 4+ is entitled to inde.nit+ #nder t'e ins#rn"e poli"+ 1or t'e dis-ilit+ o1 'is
le1t 'nd2
Held: 4'e /ree.ent "ontined in t'e ins#rn"e poli"ies is t'e l, -et,een t'e prties2 As t'e ter.s
o1 t'e poli"ies re "ler, e5press nd spe"i1i" t't onl+ .p#ttion o1 t'e le1t 'nd s'o#ld -e
"onsidered s loss t'ereo1, n interprettion t't ,o#ld in"l#de t'e .ere 1r"t#re or ot'er
te.porr+ dis-ilit+ not "overed -+ t'e poli"ies ,o#ld "ertinl+ -e #n,rrnted2 3n t'e "se t -r,
d#e to t'e "lrit+ o1 t'e stip#ltion, distin"tion -et,een =te.porr+ dis-ilit+> nd =totl dis-ilit+>
need not -e .de in reltion to one6s o""#ption .ens t't t'e "ondition o1 t'e ins#rn"e is s#"'
t't "o..on pr#den"e re@#ires 'i. to desist 1ro. trns"tin/ 'is -#siness or renders 'i. in"p-le
o1 ,or$in/2 ;'ile t'e Co#rt s+.pt'i0es ,it' t'e plinti11 or 'is e.plo+er, 1or ,'ose -ene1it t'e
poli"ies ,ere iss#ed, it "n not /o -e+ond t'e "ler nd e5press "onditions o1 t'e ins#rn"e poli"ies,
ll o1 ,'i"' de1ine prtil dis-ilit+ s loss o1 eit'er 'nd -+ .p#ttion t'ro#/' t'e -ones o1 t'e
,rist2> 4'ere ,s no s#"' .p#ttion in t'e "se t -r2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt 11ir.ed t'e ppeled de"ision, ,it' "osts /inst t'e plinti11-ppellnt2

?e la CruH v. Capital Insurance
GR L-215%4, 38 (#ne 19)) (1% SCRA 559)
Jn Bn", Brrer (p)! 8 "on"#rrin/
Facts: Jd#rdo de l Cr#0 ,s t'e 'older o1 n ""ident ins#rn"e poli"+2 3n "onne"tion ,it' t'e
"ele-rtion o1 t'e 7e, Ner, t'e ins#red, non-pro1essionl -o5er, prti"ipted in -o5in/ "ontest2 3n
t'e "o#rse o1 'is -o#t ,it' not'er person, li$e,ise non-pro1essionl, o1 t'e s.e 'ei/'t, ,ei/'t
nd si0e, Jd#rdo slipped nd ,s 'it -+ 'is opponent on t'e le1t prt o1 t'e -"$ o1 t'e 'ed, "#sin/
Jd#rdo to 1ll, ,it' 'is 'ed 'ittin/ t'e rope o1 t'e rin/2 4'e ins#red died ,it' t'e "#se o1 det'
reported s 'e.orr'/e intr"rnil, le1t2 4'e ins#rer re1#sed to p+ t'e pro"eeds o1 t'e poli"+ on t'e
/ro#nd t't t'e det' o1 t'e ins#red in -o5in/ "ontest, ,s not ""identl nd, t'ere1ore, not
"overed -+ t'e ins#rn"e2
Si.on de l Cr#0, t'e 1t'er o1 t'e ins#red nd -ene1i"ir+ #nder t'e poli"+, 1iled "li. ,it' t'e
ins#rn"e "o.pn+ 1or p+.ent o1 inde.nit+ #nder t'e ins#rn"e poli"+2 Denied, De l Cr#0
instit#ted t'e "tion in t'e CF3 *n/sinn (Civ2 Cse 7o2 I-2)5)) 1or spe"i1i" per1or.n"e2 De1endnt
ins#rer set #p t'e de1ense t't t'e det' o1 t'e ins#red, "#sed -+ 'is prti"iption in -o5in/
"ontest, ,s not ""identl nd, t'ere1ore, not "overed -+ ins#rn"e2 A1ter d#e 'erin/, t'e "o#rt
rendered t'e de"ision in 1vor o1 t'e plinti11< orderin/ t'e ins#rn"e "o.pn+ to inde.ni1+ plinti11
1or t'e det' o1 t'e ltter6s son, to p+ t'e -#ril e5penses, nd ttorne+6s 1ees2 :en"e, t'e ppel2
Issue: ;'et'er t'e det' o1 t'e ins#red is "overed -+ t'e poli"+2
Held: 4'e ter.s =""ident> nd =""identl> 've not "@#ired n+ te"'ni"l .enin/, nd re
"onstr#ed -+ t'e "o#rts in t'eir ordinr+ nd "o..on ""epttion2 4'e ter.s .en t't ,'i"'
'ppen -+ "'n"e or 1ort#ito#sl+, ,it'o#t intention nd desi/n, nd ,'i"' is #ne5pe"ted, #n#s#l, nd
#n1oreseen2 An ""ident is n event t't t$es pl"e ,it'o#t one6s 1oresi/'t or e5pe"ttion! n event
t't pro"eeds 1ro. n #n$no,n "#se, or is n #n#s#l e11e"t o1 $no,n "#se nd, t'ere1ore, not
e5pe"ted2 4'ere is no ""ident ,'en deli-erte "t is per1or.ed #nless so.e dditionl,
#ne5pe"ted, independent, nd #n1oreseen 'ppenin/ o""#rs ,'i"' prod#"es or -rin/s -o#t t'e res#lt
o1 in?#r+ or det'2 ;'ere t'e det' or in?#r+ is not t'e nt#rl or pro--le res#lt o1 t'e ins#red6s
vol#ntr+ "t, ,'i"' prod#"es t'e in?#r+, t'e res#ltin/ det' is ,it'in t'e prote"tion o1 poli"ies
ins#rin/ /inst t'e det' or in?#r+ 1ro. ""ident2 3n t'e present "se, ,'ile t'e prti"iption o1 t'e
ins#red in t'e -o5in/ "ontest is vol#ntr+, i1 ,it'o#t t'e #nintentionl slippin/ o1 t'e de"esed,
per'ps 'e "o#ld not 've re"eived t't -lo, in t'e 'ed nd ,o#ld not 've died2 F#rt'er, det' or
dis-le.ent res#ltin/ 1ro. en//e.ent in -o5in/ "ontests ,s not de"lred o#tside o1 t'e prote"tion
o1 t'e ins#rn"e "ontr"t (;'t ,s in"l#ded ,s det' or dis-le.ent "onse@#ent #pon t'e 3ns#red
en//in/ in 1oot-ll, '#ntin/, pi/sti"$in/, steeple"'sin/, polo-pl+in/, r"in/ o1 n+ $ind,
.o#ntineerin/, or .otor"+"lin/)2 Fil#re o1 t'e de1endnt ins#rn"e "o.pn+ to in"l#de det'
res#ltin/ 1ro. -o5in/ .t"' or ot'er sports .on/ t'e pro'i-itive ris$s leds inevit-l+ to t'e
"on"l#sion t't it did not intend to li.it or e5e.pt itsel1 1ro. li-ilit+ 1or s#"' det'2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt 11ir.ed t'e ppeled de"ision, ,it' "osts /inst ppellnt2

Jua Chee +an v. ,a& :nion and 'ock Insurance
GR L-4)11, 1% De"e.-er 1955 (52 9G 1982)
First Division, Re+es (BL (p)! % "on"#rrin/2
Facts: Be1ore ;;33, O# C'ee Gn, .er"'nt o1 Al-+, o,ned 4 ,re'o#ses in 4-"o, Al-+ #sed
1or t'e stor/e o1 sto"$s o1 "opr nd o1 'e.p in ,'i"' 'e delt e5tensivel+2 4'e+ 'd -een, ,it'
t'eir "ontents, ins#red ,it' t'e 3ns#rn"e Co.pn+ sin"e 193%, nd t'e lose .de p+-le to t'e
*'ilippine 7tionl Bn$ s .ort//e o1 t'e 'e.p nd "opr, to t'e e5tent o1 its interest2 9n 21 (#l+
1948, 1ire o1 #ndeter.ined ori/in t't -ro$e o#t nd lsted l.ost one ,ee$, /#tted nd "o.pletel+
destro+ed Bode/s 7os2 1, 3 nd 4, ,it' t'e .er"'ndise stored t'erein2 *linti11-ppellee in1or.ed
t'e ins#rer -+ tele/r. on t'e s.e dte2 4'e ins#rn"e Co.pn+ resisted p+.ent, "li.in/
violtion o1 ,rrnties nd "onditions, 1ilin/ o1 1r#d#lent "li.s, nd t't t'e 1ire 'd -een
deli-ertel+ "#sed -+ t'e ins#red or -+ ot'er persons in "onnivn"e ,it' 'i.2 O# C'ee Gn, 'is
-rot'er O# C'ee *o, nd so.e e.plo+ees o1 'is ,ere indi"ted nd tried in 1948 1or t'e "ri.e o1
rson -#t ,ere "@#itted -+ t'e tril "o#rt in 1inl de"ision on 9 (#l+ 19412
;it' t'e "ivil "se, O# C'ee Gn instit#ted t'e "tion in 1948 ,it' t'e Co#rt o1 First 3nstn"e o1
Al-+, see$in/ to re"over t'e pro"eeds o1 "ertin 1ire ins#rn"e poli"ies totllin/ *3%8,888, iss#ed -+
t'e L, Inion C Ro"$ 3ns#rn"e Co2, Ltd2, t'ro#/' its /ent, ;rner, Brnes C Co2, Ltd2, #pon "ertin
-ode/s nd .er"'ndise o1 t'e ins#red t't ,ere -#rned on 21 (#ne 19482 4'e re"ords o1 t'e
ori/inl "se ,ere destro+ed d#rin/ t'e li-ertion o1 t'e re/ion, nd ,ere re"onstit#ted in 194)2 A1ter
tril t't lsted severl +ers, t'e CF3 rendered de"ision in 1vor o1 t'e plinti11, orderin/ t'e
ins#rn"e "o.pn+ to p+ O# C'ee Gn t'e s#. o1 *14),394248 (1st "#se o1 "tion), *158,888
(2nd), *5,888 (3rd), *15,888 (4t') , nd *48,888 (5t'), e"' -erin/ 88H interest per nn#. in
""ordn"e ,it' Se"tion 91 (-) o1 t'e 3ns#rn"e A"t 1ro. 2) Septe.-er 1948, #ntil e"' is pid, ,it'
"osts /inst t'e de1endnt2 3t lso dis.issed t'e "o.plint in intervention o1 *7B ,it'o#t "osts2 4'e
3ns#rn"e Co.pn+ ppeled dire"tl+ to t'e S#pre.e Co#rt2 3t "ontends t't ,rrnt+ in 1ire
ins#rn"e poli"+ pro'i-ited t'e stor/e in t'e pre.ises o1 oils (ni.l ndGor ve/et-le ndGor .inerl
nd t'eir li@#id prod#"ts 'vin/ 1ls' point -elo, 388 de/rees F'ren'eit2 Gsoline, ,'i"' 's
1ls' point -elo, 388 de/rees F'ren'eit ,s stored t'erein2
Issue: ;'et'er /soline .+ -e "onstr#ed s oil to ,rrnt t'e 1or1eit#re o1 "li.s #nder t'e
ins#rn"e poli"+2
Held: 4'e :e.p ;rrnt+ provisions relied #pon -+ t'e ins#rer spe$s o1 =oils (ni.l ndGor
ve/et-le ndGor .inerl ndGor t'eir li@#id prod#"ts 'vin/ 1ls' point -elo, 388P F'ren'eit>, nd
is de"idedl+ .-i/#o#s nd #n"ertin< 1or in ordinr+ prln"e, =9ils> .en =l#-ri"nts> nd not
/soline or $erosene2 B+ reson o1 t'e e5"l#sive "ontrol o1 t'e ins#rn"e "o.pn+ over t'e ter.s nd
p'rseolo/+ o1 t'e "ontr"t, t'e .-i/#it+ .#st -e 'eld stri"tl+ /inst t'e ins#rer nd li-erll+ in
1vor o1 t'e ins#red, spe"ill+ to void 1or1eit#re2 4'ere is no reson ,'+ t'e pro'i-ition o1 $eepin/
/soline in t'e pre.ises "o#ld not -e e5pressed "lerl+ nd #n.ist$-l+, in t'e ln/#/e nd ter.s
t't t'e /enerl p#-li" "n redil+ #nderstnd, ,it'o#t resort to o-s"#re esoteri" e5pression2 31 t'e
"o.pn+ intended to rel+ #pon "ondition o1 t't "'r"ter, it o#/'t to 've -een plinl+ e5pressed
in t'e poli"+2 Still, it is ,ell settled t't t'e $eepin/ o1 in1l..-le oils on t'e pre.ises, t'o#/'
pro'i-ited -+ t'e poli"+, does not void it i1 s#"' $eepin/ is in"identl to t'e -#siness nd ""ordin/ to
t'e ,ei/'t o1 #t'orit+, even t'o#/' t'ere re printed pro'i-itions /inst $eepin/ "ertin rti"les on
t'e ins#red pre.ises t'e poli"+ ,ill not -e voided -+ violtion o1 t'ese pro'i-itions, i1 t'e
pro'i-ited rti"les re ne"essr+ or in "#sto.r+ #se in "rr+in/ on t'e trde or -#siness "ond#"ted
on t'e pre.ises2 3n t'e present "se, no /soline ,s stored in t'e -#rned -ode/s, nd t't =Bode/
7o2 2> ,'i"' ,s not -#rned nd ,'ere t'e /soline ,s 1o#nd, stood isolted 1ro. t'e ot'er ins#red
-ode/s2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt 1o#nd no reversi-le error in t'e ?#d/.ent ppeled 1ro., t'#s 11ir.in/ it< ,it'
"osts /inst t'e ppellnt2
Hoe Insurance v. >astern #hipping ,ines
GR L-34382, 28 (#l+ 1983 (123 SCRA 425)
First division, G#tierre0 (p)! 4 "on"#rrin/, 2 on leve2
Facts: 9n 13 (n#r+ 19)%, S2 D?it C Co2, on -e'l1 o1 Atls Consolidted &inin/ C Develop.ent
Corportion, s'ipped on -ord t'e SS QJstern (#piter6 1ro. 9s$, (pn, 2,3)1 "oils o1 QBl"$ :ot
Rolled Copper ;ire Rods26 4'e vessel is o,ned nd operted -+ Jstern S'ippin/ Lines2 4'e s'ip.ent
,s ins#red ,it' :o.e 3ns#rn"e /inst ll ris$s in t'e .o#nt o1 *1,588,18528)2 53 o1 t'e 23)1
"oils dis"'r/ed 1ro. t'e vessel ,ere in -d order2 4'e Consi/nee #lti.tel+ re"eived t'e 2,3)1 "oils
,it' %3 "oils loose nd prtl+ "#t, nd 28 "oils nd prtl+ "#t, ,'i"' 'd to -e "onsidered s s"rp2
4'e ,ei/'t lso 'd net lossGs'ort/e o1 593215 $/s, or 1,28925) l-s2 For t'e lossGd./e s#11ered
-+ t'e "r/o, :o.e 3ns#rn"e pid t'e "onsi/nee #nder its ins#rn"e poli"+ t'e .o#nt o1 *3,2)8244,
-+ virt#e o1 ,'i"' :o.e 3ns#rn"e -e".e s#-ro/ted to t'e ri/'ts nd "tions o1 t'e *'elps Dod/e2
:o.e 3ns#rn"e .de de.nds 1or p+.ent /inst Jstern S'ippin/ nd t'e trnsporttion
"o.pn+ 1or rei.-#rse.ent o1 t'e 1oresid .o#nt -#t e"' re1#sed to p+ t'e s.e2 (A "se
=:o.e ins#rn"e v2 7A 7edllo+d Li?nen> "onsolidted ,it' t'is "se is o1 t'e s.e nt#re)2
Filin/ its "ses in "o#rt, :o.e 3ns#rn"e vers t't it is 1orei/n ins#rn"e "o.pn+ #t'ori0ed to do
-#siness in t'e *'ilippines t'ro#/' its /ent, Ai"tor Bello (,'o 'olds o11i"e t &$ti) in -ot' "ses2 3n
L-34382, Jstern S'ippin/ Lines denies t'e lle/tion o1 plinti116s "p"it+ to s#e 1or l"$ o1
$no,led/e or in1or.tion s#11i"ient to 1or. -elie1 s to t'e tr#t' t'ereo1, ,'ile An/el (ose
4rnsporttion d.its t'e lle/tion2 3n L-34383, 7A 7edllo+d Li?nen, Col#.-in *'ilippines, nd
G#"ods denied plinti116s "p"it+ to s#e2 4'e "o#rt dis.issed t'e "o.plints in t'e t,o "ses on t'e
s.e /ro#nd, t't t'e plinti11 1iled to prove its "p"it+ to s#e, even i1 t'e petitioner 'd lred+
se"#red t'e ne"essr+ li"ense to "ond#"t its ins#rn"e -#siness in t'e *'ilippines d#rin/ t'e 1ilin/ o1
t'e "se2 :en"e, t'e petition2
Issue: ;'et'er 1orei/n "orportion doin/ -#siness in t'e *'ilippines initill+ ,it'o#t li"ense "n
"li. inde.nit+ t'ro#/' *'ilippine Co#rts2
Held: 4'e o-?e"tive o1 t'e l, ,s to s#-?e"t t'e 1orei/n "orportion to t'e ?#risdi"tion o1 o#r "o#rts2
4'e Corportion L, .#st -e /iven reson-le, not n #nd#l+ 'rs', interprettion ,'i"' does not
'.per t'e develop.ent o1 trde reltions nd ,'i"' 1osters 1riendl+ "o..er"il inter"o#rse .on/
"o#ntries2 A 'rs' interprettion ,o#ld disstro#sl+ e.-rrss trde, #nli$e i1 t'e l, is /iven
reson-le interprettion, it ,o#ld .r$edl+ 'elp in t'e develop.ent o1 trde2 4'e l, si.pl+ .ens
t't no 1orei/n "orportion s'll -e per.itted Qto trns"t -#siness in t'e *'ilippine 3slnds,6 s t'is
p'rse is $no,n in "orportion l,, #nless it s'll 've t'e li"ense re@#ired -+ l,, nd, #ntil it
"o.plies ,it' t'e l,, s'll not -e per.itted to .intin n+ s#it in t'e lo"l "o#rts2 A "ontrr+
'oldin/ ,o#ld -rin/ t'e l, to t'e ver/e o1 #n"onstit#tionlit+, res#lt ,'i"' s'o#ld -e nd "n -e
esil+ voided2 3n t'e present "se, t'e l"$ o1 "p"it+ t t'e ti.e o1 t'e e5e"#tion o1 t'e "ontr"ts
,s "#red -+ t'e s#-se@#ent re/istrtion2 S#"' is lso stren/t'ened -+ t'e pro"ed#rl spe"ts o1
t'ese "ses24'e petitioner s#11i"ientl+ lle/ed its "p"it+ to s#e ,'en it verred in its "o.plints t't
it is 1orei/n ins#rn"e "o.pn+, t't it is #t'ori0ed to do -#siness in t'e *'ilippines, t't its /ent
is &r2 Ai"tor :2 Bello, nd t't its o11i"e ddress is t'e 9ledn B#ildin/ t A+l Aven#e, &$ti< s
re@#ired -+ Se"tion 4, R#le 8 o1 t'e R#les o1 Co#rt2 Generl denils inde@#te to tt"$ t'e 1orei/n
"orportions l"$ o1 "p"it+ to s#e in t'e li/'t o1 its positive ver.ent t't it is #t'ori0ed to do so2
7evert'eless, even i1 t'e plinti116s l"$ o1 "p"it+ to s#e ,s not properl+ rised s n iss#e -+ t'e
ns,ers, t'e petitioner introd#"ed do"#.entr+ eviden"e t't it 'd t'e #t'orit+ to en//e in t'e
ins#rn"e -#siness t t'e ti.e it 1iled t'e "o.plints2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt "onsolidted nd /rnted t'e petitions, reversed nd set side t'e CF3 de"isions2
3n L-34382 (Civil Cse %1923), Jstern S'ippin/ Lines nd An/el (ose 4rnsporttion 3n"2 re ordered
to p+ t'e :o.e 3ns#rn"e Co.pn+ t'e s#. o1 *1,)38222 e"' ,it' interest t t'e le/l rte 1ro. 5
(n#r+ 19)8 #ntil 1#ll+ pid2 J"' s'll lso p+ one-'l1 o1 t'e "osts2 4'e Co#rt dis.issed t'e
"o#nter"li. o1 An/el (ose 4rnsporttion 3n"2 3n L-34383, 72 A2 7edllo+d Li?nen or its /ent
Col#.-in *'il2 3n"2 ,s ordered to p+ t'e petitioner t'e s#. o1 *2,42)298 ,it' interest t t'e le/l
rte 1ro. 1 Fe-r#r+ 19)8 #ntil 1#ll+ pid, t'e s#. o1 *588288 ttorne+6s 1ees, nd "osts2 4'e Co#rt
dis.issed t'e "o.plint /inst G#"ods, 3n"2

Co v. 'epu)lic
GR L-12158, 2) &+ 19)8 (188 *'il %%5)
First Dvision, B#tist An/elo (p)! ) "on"#rrin/
Facts: *etitioner ,s -orn in A-r nd 'is prents re -ot' C'inese2 :e o,es 'is lle/in"e to t'e
7tionlist Govern.ent o1 C'in2 :e is .rried to Leonor Go, t'e .rri/e 'vin/ -een "ele-rted in
t'e Ct'oli" "'#r"' o1 Bn/#ed2 :e spe$s nd ,rites Jn/lis' s ,ell s t'e 3lo"no nd 4/lo/
dile"ts2 :e /rd#ted 1ro. t'e A-r Alle+ Colle/e, nd 1inis'ed 'is pri.r+ st#dies in t'e =Cole/io>
in Bn/#ed, -ot' s"'ools -ein/ re"o/ni0ed -+ t'e /overn.ent2 :e 's "'ild t,o .ont's old2 :e 's
never -een ""#sed o1 n+ "ri.e involvin/ .orl t#rpit#de2 :e is not opposed to or/ni0ed
/overn.ent, nor is 'e .e.-er o1 n+ s#-versive or/ni0tion2 :e does not -elieve in, nor pr"ti"e,
pol+/.+2 Sin"e 'is -irt', 'e 's never /one -rod2 :e .in/les ,it' t'e Filipinos2 :e pre1ers
de.o"rti" 1or. o1 /overn.ent nd stted t't i1 'is petition is /rnted 'e ,o#ld serve t'e
/overn.ent eit'er in t'e .ilitr+ or "ivil deprt.ent2 :e is .er"'nt delin/ in t'e -#+ nd sell o1
to-""o2 :e lso is prt o,ner o1 store in Bn/#ed2 3n 'is to-""o -#siness, 'e 's ,or$in/ "pitl
o1 *18,888288 ,'i"' 'e "li.s to 've -een ""#.#lted t'r# svin/s2 :e "ontri-#tes to "ivi" nd
"'rit-le or/ni0tions li$e t'e (+"ees, Rotr+, Red Cross nd to to,n 1iests2 :e li$es t'e "#sto.s
o1 t'e Filipinos -e"#se 'e 's resided in t'e *'ilippines 1or lon/ ti.e2 D#rin/ t'e +er 195), 'e
"li.s to 've erned *1,888288 in 'is to-""o -#siness2 ;it' respe"t to t'e store o1 ,'i"' 'e "li.s
to -e prt o,ner, 'e stted t't 'is 1t'er /ve 'i. s#. o1 less t'n *3,888288 representin/ one-
1o#rt' o1 t'e sles2 Aside 1ro. -ein/ "o-o,ner o1 sid store, 'e re"eives .ont'l+ slr+ o1 *128,88
s sles.n t'erein2 :e too$ "o#rse in rdio .e"'ni"s nd "o.pleted t'e s.e in 19552 :e 's
no vi"e o1 n+ $ind2 :e "li.s t't 'e 's never -een delin@#ent in t'e p+.ent o1 t5es2 B#t 'e
d.itted t't 'e did not 1ile 'is in"o.e t5 ret#rn ,'en 'e lle/edl+ re"eived n .o#nt o1 not less
t'n *3,888 1ro. 'is 1t'er ,'i"' 'e "li.s to 've invested in 'is to-""o -#siness2
*etitioner 1iled 'is petition 1or nt#rli0tion in t'e tril "o#rt2 A1ter 'erin/, t'e "o#rt ordered t't
"erti1i"te o1 nt#rli0tion -e iss#ed to petitioner 1ter t'e lpse o1 t,o +ers 1ro. t'e dte t'e
de"ision -e"o.es 1inl nd ll t'e re@#isites provided 1or in RA 5832 4'e /overn.ent ppeled t'e
de"ision o1 t'e tril "o#rt, risin/ t'e 1"ts t't did not stte ,'t prin"iples o1 t'e Constit#tion 'e
$ne,, lt'o#/' ,'en s$ed ,'t l,s o1 t'e *'ilippines 'e -elieves in, 'e ns,ered =de.o"r"+2<
t't 'e stted t't 'is 1t'er 'd lred+ 1iled 'is in"o.e t5 ret#rn, ,'en s$ed ,'+ 'e did not 1ile
'is in"o.e t5 ret#rns< nd t't 'e presented 'is lien "erti1i"te o1 re/istrtion, -#t not t'e lien
"erti1i"tes o1 re/istrtion o1 'is ,i1e nd "'ild2
Issue: ;'et'er petitioner 1iled to "o.pl+ ,it' t'e re@#ire.ents pres"ri-ed -+ l, in order to @#li1+
'i. to -e"o.e Filipino "iti0en2
Held: 4'e s"ope o1 t'e ,ord l, in ordinr+ le/l prln"e does not ne"essril+ in"l#de t'e
"onstit#tion, ,'i"' is t'e 1#nd.entl l, o1 t'e lnd, nor does it "over ll t'e prin"iples #nderl+in/
o#r "onstit#tion2 F#rt'er, *'ilippine l, re@#ires t't n lien to "ond#"ted 'i.sel1 in proper nd
irrepro"'-le .nner d#rin/ t'e entire period o1 'is residen"e in t'e *'ilippines in 'is reltion ,it'
t'e "onstit#ted /overn.ent s ,ell s ,it' t'e "o..#nit+ in ,'i"' 'e is livin/2 3n t'e present "se, in
so sttin/ t't 'e -elieves .erel+ in o#r l,s, 'e did not ne"essril+ re1er to t'ose prin"iples
e.-odied in o#r "onstit#tion ,'i"' re re1erred to in t'e l,< t'e -elie1 in de.o"r"+ or in
de.o"rti" 1or. o1 /overn.ent is not s#11i"ient to "o.pl+ ,it' t'e re@#ire.ent o1 t'e l, t't one
.#st -elieve in t'e prin"iples #nderl+in/ o#r "onstit#tion2 F#rt'er, petitioner 1iled to s'o, t't 'e
's "o.plied ,it' 'is o-li/tion to re/ister 'is ,i1e nd "'ild ,it' t'e B#re# o1 3..i/rtion s
re@#ired -+ t'e Alien Re/istrtion A"tl< nd 1#rt'er 1iled to 1ile 'is in"o.e t5 ret#rn despite 'is 1i5ed
slr+ o1 *1,448288 +er nd 'is pro1it o1 *1,888288 in 'is to-""o -#siness, nd re"eived n
.o#nt less t'n *3,888 1ro. 'is 1t'er s one-1o#rt' o1 t'e pro"eeds o1 t'e sle o1 t'e store, t'e
totl o1 ,'i"' is .ore t'n ,'t is re@#ired -+ l, 1or one to 1ile n in"o.e t5 ret#rn2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt reversed t'e ppeled de"ision, 'old t't t'e tril "o#rt erred in /rntin/ t'e
petition 1or nt#rli0tion, ,it'o#t prono#n"e.ent s to "osts2
,ee Cho (K #e ,ee) v. 'epu)lic
GR L-12488, 28 De"e.-er 1959 (18) *'il %%5)
Jn Bn", B#tist An/elo (p)! 9 "on"#rrin/
Facts: 9n 22 Septe.-er 198%, petitioner ,s -orn in A.o+, C'in, o1 C'inese prents2 :e ".e to
t'e *'ilippines so.eti.e in Fe-r#r+ 1921 nd ,s /iven t'e "orrespondin/ lien "erti1i"te o1
residen"e nd re/istrtion2 :e settled in Ce-# Cit+ (,'ere 'e s "ontin#o#sl+ resided #p to t'e
present ti.e)2 *etitioner st#died 1st to %t' /rde in Ce-# C'inese :i/' S"'ool, privte instit#tion
re"o/ni0ed -+ t'e /overn.ent2 :e spe$s nd ,rites Jn/lis' nd t'e Ce-# dile"t2 :e, 'vin/
sso"ited ,it' so.e Filipinos, en//ed in t'e "orn -#siness in Ce-# Cit+ (1921-;;33) nd in t'e
l#.-er -#siness (194)-present)2 :e invested *5,888288 "pitl in t'e -#siness nd t present t'e
"t#l ,ort' o1 'is s're is -o#t *28,8882882 *etitioner is re"eivin/ .ont'l+ slr+ o1 *488288 nd
reli0es pro1it s're ,ort' *18,888288 ever+ +er2 :e 's no t5 li-ilit+ to t'e /overn.ent2 :e
possesses ll t'e @#li1i"tions nd none o1 t'e dis@#li1i"tions pres"ri-ed -+ l,2 As to 'is 1.il+, 'e
.rried one S+ Sio$ Bin on 8 De"e.-er 1929 ,it' ,'o. 'e 'd 13 "'ildren, ll -orn in t'e Ce-#
Cit+2 All t'ese "'ildren 'd -een iss#ed t'e "orrespondin/ lien "erti1i"te o1 re/istrtion, ,it' t'e
e5"eption o1 Lo#rdes Lee ,'o .rried nt#rli0ed Filipino "iti0en n.ed Li. Dee G#n2 ;it' t'e
e5"eption o1 ;illi. Lee ,'o is not o1 s"'ool /e, An/elit ,'o re"'ed 5t' /rde nd Lo#rdes ,'o
stopped in 3rd +er 'i/' s"'ool, t'e ot'er "'ildren re t present st#d+in/ in privte s"'ools nd
"olle/es re"o/ni0ed -+ t'e /overn.ent2
Lee C'o 1iled petitioner 1or nt#rli0tion -e1ore t'e Co#rt o1 First 3instn"e o1 Ce-#2 9n 38 A#/#st
195), t'e "o#rt rendered de"ision 1indin/ petitioner @#li1ied to -e Filipino "iti0en2 9n 2 9"to-er
195%, 'o,ever, t'e /overn.ent 1iled .otion 1or ne, tril on t'e /ro#nd o1 ne,l+ dis"overed
eviden"e ,'i"' i1 presented .+ 11e"t t'e @#li1i"tion o1 petitioner, nd 1indin/ t'e s.e ,ell
1o#nded, t'e "o#rt entertined t'e .otion2 A1ter 'erin/, t'e "o#rt /in rendered de"ision
re11ir.in/ its 'oldin/ t't petitioner is @#li1ied to -e"o.e Filipino "iti0en2 4'e /overn.ent
interposed n ppel2
Issue: ;'et'er petitioner ,s -le to "o.pl+ ,it' t'e re@#ire.ents 1or nt#rli0tion2
Held: 4'e provisions o1 t'e 7t#rli0tion L, s'o#ld -e stri"tl+ "onstr#ed in order t't its l#d-le
nd ntionlisti" p#rpose .+ -e 1#ll+ 1#l1illed2 3n t'e present "se, t'e petitioner 's not 1iled n+
de"lrtion o1 intention to -e"o.e Filipino "iti0en -e"#se, s 'e "li.s, 'e 's resided "ontin#o#sl+
in t'e *'ilippines 1or period o1 .ore t'n 38 +ers nd 's /iven pri.r+ nd se"ondr+ ed#"tion
to ll 'is "'ildren in privte s"'ools re"o/ni0ed -+ t'e /overn.ent2 An/elit Lee 's onl+ re"'ed
/rde 1ive nd no e5plntion ,s /iven ,'+ no se"ondr+ ed#"tion ,s 11orded 'er2 Lo#rdes Lee
's st#died onl+ s 1r s 3rd +er 'i/' s"'ool nd t'en lle/edl+ stopped lle/edl+ -e"#se o1 poor
'elt'2 Lo#rdes d.itted in open "o#rt, 'o,ever, t't s'e "ontin#ed 'er st#dies in C'inese s"'ool,
,'i"' e.plo+s stri"tl+ C'inese "#rri"#l#., despite 'er illness2 4'is "ir"#.stn"e -etr+s t'e sin"erit+
o1 petitioner to -e"o.e Filipino "iti0en 1or i1 'is .otive ,ere proper 'e s'o#ld not 've tolerted
s#"' devition 1ro. t'e ed#"tionl re@#ire.ent o1 t'e l,2 4'e petitioner, t'#s, 's 1iled to @#li1+
to -e"o.e Filipino "iti0en2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt r#led t't ppeled de"ision is reversed, ,it' "osts /inst petitioner2
+uerrero v. CA
GR L-445%8, 38 &+ 198) (142 SCRA 13))
Se"ond Division, G#tierre0 (p)! 4 "on"#rrin/, 1 t$in/ no prt2
Facts: 9n 8 A#/#st 19)3, RA 3844 -olis'ed nd o#tl,ed s're tenn"+ nd p#t in its sted t'e
/ri"#lt#rl lese'old s+ste.2 3n 19)9, Apolinrio Benite0 ,s t$en -+ &n#el nd &ri G#errero to
t$e "re o1 t'eir )8 'eds o1 "o,s ,'i"' ,ere /r0in/ ,it'in t'eir 21-'e"tre "o"on#t plnttion
sit#ted t t'e S#-provin"e o1 A#ror, O#e0on2 Benite0 ,s llo,ed 1or t't p#rpose to p#t #p '#t
,it'in t'e plnttion ,'ere 'e nd 'is 1.il+ st+ed2 3n ddition to ttendin/ to t'e "o,s, 'e ,s
.de to "len t'e lred+ 1r#it-erin/ "o"on#t trees, -#rn dried leves nd /rss nd to do s#"'
ot'er si.ilr "'ores2 :rvest ti.e ,'i"' #s#ll+ "o.es ever+ 3 .ont's2 For 'is ,or$ relted to t'e
"o"on#ts, 'e s'red 1G3 o1 t'e pro"eeds 1ro. t'e "opr 'e pro"essed nd sold in t'e .r$et2 For
ttendin/ to t'e "o,s 'e ,s pid *588 +er2
9n 18 Septe.-er 19%1, RA )389 .endin/ RA 3844 de"lred s're tenn"+ reltions'ips s "ontrr+
to p#-li" poli"+2 So.eti.e in t'e erl+ prt o1 19%3, Benite0 ,s re1rined 1ro. /t'erin/ n#ts 1ro.
t'e 18-'e"tre portion o1 t'e 1)-'e"tre prt o1 t'e plnttion 1ro. ,'ere 'e #sed to /t'er n#ts2 :e
1elt //rieved -+ t'e "ts o1 de1endnts nd 'e -ro#/'t t'e .tter to t'e ttention o1 t'e 911i"e o1
Spe"il Init in t'e 911i"e o1 t'e *resident in &l"Kn/, &nil2 4'is led to n e5e"#tion o1 n
/ree.ent ,'ere-+ de1endnts /reed to let plinti11 ,or$ on t'e 1)-'e"tre portion o1 t'e plnttion
s tennt t'ereon nd t't t'eir reltions'ip ,ill -e /#ided -+ t'e provisions o1 RA 1199 (A/ri"#lt#rl
4enn"+ A"t o1 t'e *'ilippines)2
3n (#l+ 19%3, 'e ,s /in re1rined 1ro. /t'erin/ n#ts 1ro. t'e 18-'e"tre portion o1 t'e plnttion
,it' t'rets o1 -odil+ 'r. i1 'e persists to /t'er 1r#its t'ere1ro.2 4'e G#erreros ssi/ned Ro/elio
nd *#lino Lti/+ to do t'e /t'erin/ o1 t'e n#ts nd t'e pro"essin/ t'ereo1 into "opr2 De1endnts
G#erreros lso "#sed to -e de.olis'ed prt o1 t'e "ott/e ,'ere Benite0 nd 'is 1.il+ lived, t'#s,
.$in/ t'e Benite0 1eel t't t'e+ .ent -#siness2 :en"e, t'e "se 1or reinstte.ent ,it' d./es2
Issue: ;'et'er Benite0 is tennt ,it'in t'e .enin/ o1 t'e tenn"+ l, to ,rrnt reinstte.ent to
t'e plnttion
Held: Lon/stndin/ possession is n essentil distin"tion -et,een .ere /ri"#lt#rl l-orer nd
rel tennt ,it'in t'e .enin/ o1 t'e tenn"+ l,, tennt -ein/ one ,'o 's t'e te.porr+ #se nd
o""#ption o1 lnd or tene.ents -elon/in/ to not'er 1or t'e p#rpose o1 prod#"tion2 A 'ired l-orer
,'o -#ilt 'is o,n 'o#se t 'is e5pense t t'e ris$ o1 losin/ t'e s.e #pon 'is dis.issl or ter.intion
n+ ti.e, is .ore "onsistent ,it' t't o1 n /ri"#lt#rl tennt ,'o en?o+s se"#rit+ o1 ten#re #nder
t'e l,2 C#ltivtion is not'er i.portnt 1"tor in deter.inin/ t'e e5isten"e o1 tenn"+ reltions'ips2
C#ltivtion is not li.ited .erel+ to t'e tillin/, plo,in/ or 'rro,in/ o1 t'e lnd -#t lso in"l#des t'e
pro.otion o1 /ro,t' nd t'e "re o1 t'e plnts, or '#s-ndin/ t'e /ro#nd to 1or,rd t'e prod#"ts o1
t'e ert' -+ /enerl ind#str+2 A/ree.ent to s're t'e prod#"e or 'rvest on =ter"io -sis> t't is,
1G3 to 2G3 s'rin/ in 1vor o1 t'e lndo,ners -olsters t'e tenn"+ "li.2 4'e /ri"#lt#rl l-orer
,or$s 1or t'e e.plo+er, nd 1or 'is l-or 'e re"eives slr+ or ,/e, re/rdless o1 ,'et'er t'e
e.plo+er .$es pro1it2 9n t'e ot'er 'nd, t'e s're tennt prti"iptes in t'e /ri"#lt#rl prod#"e2
:is s're is ne"essril+ dependent on t'e .o#nt o1 'rvest2 9n"e tenn"+ reltions'ip is
est-lis'ed, t'e tennt 's t'e ri/'t to "ontin#e ,or$in/ #ntil s#"' reltions'ip is e5tin/#is'ed
""ordin/ to l,2 3n t'e present "se, -esides t'ese indi"tions, t'e /ree.ent .de on 2 &+ 19%3
is "ler nd "te/ori"l ter. t't t'e Benite0 is tennt2 Ar/#in/ t't t'e intent ,s di11erent, -ein/
t't o1 'ired 1r.'nd, t'e l, e5istin/ t t't ti.e t'e /ree.ent ,s .de .ilitte /inst t'e
"li.2 Benite0 did not "o..it n+ o1 t'e "#ses t't ,o#ld ,rrnt 'is e?e"t.ent, nd t'#s, ,s
#nl,1#ll+ deprived o1 'is ri/'t to se"#rit+ o1 ten#re nd t'e Co#rt o1 A/rrin Re1or.s did not err in
orderin/ t'e reinstte.ent o1 respondent s tennt nd /rntin/ 'i. d./es t'ere1or2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt dis.issed t'e petition 1or l"$ o1 .erit, nd 11ir.ed t'e CA de"ision2 7o "osts2

Bello v. CA
GR L-381)1, 29 &r"' 19%4 (5) SCRA 589)
Jn Bn", 4ee'n$ee (p)! 18 "on"#rrin/2
Facts: 9n 25 A#/#st 19%8, spo#ses (#n nd Filo.en Bello ,ere "'r/ed 1or est1 -e1ore t'e Cit+
Co#rt o1 *s+ 1or lle/edl+ 'vin/ .ispproprited ld+6s rin/ ,it' vl#e o1 *1,888288 re"eived
-+ t'e. 1ro. Att+2 *r#den"io de G#0.n 1or sle on "o..ission -sis2 A1ter tril, t'e+ ,ere
"onvi"ted2 *etitioners 1iled t'eir noti"e o1 ppel o1 t'e dverse ?#d/.ent to t'e Co#rt o1 First
3nstn"e (CF3) o1 *s+ Cit+, -#t t'e prose"#tion 1iled =petition to dis.iss ppel> on t'e /ro#nd
t't sin"e t'e "se ,s ,it'in t'e "on"#rrent ?#risdi"tion o1 t'e "it+ "o#rt nd t'e CF3 nd t'e tril in
t'e "it+ "o#rt 'd -een d#l+ re"orded, t'e ppel s'o#ld 've -een t$en dire"tl+ to t'e Co#rt o1
Appels s provided -+ se"tion 8% o1 t'e (#di"ir+ A"t, Rep#-li" A"t 29), s .ended2 4'e CF3 per its
order o1 29 9"to-er 19%1 did 1ind t't t'e ppel s'o#ld 've -een t$en dire"tl+ to t'e Co#rt o1
Appels -#t ordered t'e dis.issl o1 t'e ppel nd re.nd o1 t'e re"ords to t'e "it+ "o#rt =1or
e5e"#tion o1 ?#d/.ent2> 4'ere1ter, t'e Cit+ "o#rt denied petitioners6 .otion =1or 'vin/ -een
erroneo#sl+ ddressed to t'is "o#rt> insted o1 to t'e CF3 i/norin/ petitioners6 predi".ent t't t'e
CF3 'd lred+ t#rned t'e. do,n nd ordered t'e dis.issl o1 t'eir ppel ,it'o#t noti"e to t'e.
nd t't s "onse@#en"e it ,s poised to e5e"#te its ?#d/.ent o1 "onvi"tion /inst t'e.2
*etitioners spo#ses t'en 1iled on 14 (n#r+ 19%2 t'eir petition 1or pro'i-ition nd .nd.#s ,it'
t'e Co#rt o1 Appels /inst t'e *eople nd Cit+ Co#rt2 4'e Soli"itor Generl did not interpose n+
o-?e"tion ,'i"'ever vie,point is dopted -+ t'e :onor-le Co#rt in resolvin/ t'e t,o pprentl+
"on1li"tin/ or "ls'in/ prin"iples o1 l,, i2e22 1inlit+ o1 ?#di"il de"ision or e@#it+ in ?#di"il de"ision2
4'e Co#rt o1 Appels, 'o,ever, dis.issed t'e petition on 1% De"e.-er 19%3, 1ter 1indin/ t't t'e
"it+ "o#rt6s ?#d/.ent ,s dire"tl+ ppel-le to it2 Alt'o#/' re"o/ni0in/ t't t'e CF3 insted o1
dis.issin/ ppel, "o#ld 've in t'e e5er"ise o1 its in'erent po,ers dire"ted ppel to -e endorsed to
t'e Co#rt o1 Appels, it 'eld t't sin"e petitioners did not i.pled t'e CF3 s prin"ipl prt+
respondent it "o#ld not /rnt n+ relie1 t ll even on t'e ss#.ption t't petitioners "n -e sid to
deserve so.e e@#ities2 ;it' t'eir .otion 1or re"onsidertion denied, petitioners 1iled t'e petition 1or
revie,2
Issue: ;'et'er t'e 1or.l i.pledin/ o1 t'e Co#rt o1 First 3nstn"e is indispens-le nd t'e
pro"ed#rl in1ir.it+ o1 .isdire"tin/ t'e ppel to Co#rt o1 First 3nstn"e re 1tl to t'e ppellees6
"#se
Held: 4'e "onstr#"tion o1 stt#tes is l,+s "#tioned /inst nrro,l+ interpretin/ stt#te s to
de1et t'e p#rpose o1 t'e le/isltor nd it is o1 t'e essen"e o1 ?#di"il d#t+ to "onstr#e stt#tes so s
to void s#"' deplor-le res#lt (o1 in?#sti"e or -s#rdit+> nd t'ere1ore literl interprettion is to
-e re?e"ted i1 it ,o#ld -e #n?#st or led to -s#rd res#lts2 4'#s, in t'e "onstr#"tion o1 its o,n R#les o1
Co#rt, t'e Co#rt is ll t'e .ore so -o#nd to li-erll+ "onstr#e t'e. to void in?#sti"e, dis"ri.intion
nd #n1irness nd to s#ppl+ t'e void -+ 'oldin/ t't Co#rts o1 First 3nstn"e re e@#ll+ -o#nd s t'e
'i/'er "o#rts not to dis.iss .isdire"ted ppels ti.el+ .de -#t to "erti1+ t'e. to t'e proper
ppellte "o#rt2
4'e 1or.l i.pledin/ o1 t'e CF3 ,'i"' iss#ed t'e "'llen/ed order o1 dis.issl ,s not indispens-le
nd "o#ld -e =overloo$ed in t'e interest o1 speed+ d?#di"tion2 4'e Co#rt o1 Appels Q "t o1
dis.issin/ t'e petition nd den+in/ t'e relie1 so#/'t o1 endorsin/ t'e ppel to t'e proper "o#rt
si.pl+ -e"#se o1 t'e non-i.pleder o1 t'e CF3 s no.inl prt+ ,s tnt.o#nt to s"ri1i"in/
s#-stn"e to 1or. nd to s#-ordintin/ s#-stntil ?#sti"e to .ere .tter o1 pro"ed#rl te"'ni"lit+2
4'e pro"ed#rl in1ir.it+ o1 petitioners .isdire"tin/ t'eir ppel to t'e CF3 rt'er t'n to t'e Co#rt o1
Appels, ,'i"' t'e+ 'd ti.el+ so#/'t to "orre"t in t'e CF3 itsel1 -+ s$in/ t't "o#rt to "erti1+ t'e
ppel to t'e Co#rt o1 Appels s t'e proper "o#rt, s'o#ld not -e over-./ni1ied s to totll+ deprive
t'e. o1 t'eir s#-stntil ri/'t o1 ppel nd leve t'e. ,it'o#t n+ re.ed+2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt set side t'e CA de"ision dis.issin/ t'e petition nd in lie# t'ereo1, ?#d/.ent ,s
rendered /rntin/ t'e petition 1or pro'i-ition /inst Cit+ "o#rt, en?oinin/ it 1ro. e5e"#tin/ its
?#d/.ent o1 "onvi"tion /inst petitioners-""#sed nd 1#rt'er "o..ndin/ sid "it+ "o#rt to elevte
petitioners6 ppel 1ro. its ?#d/.ent to t'e CA 1or t'e ltter6s disposition on t'e .erits< ,it'o#t "osts2

Cit( of %anila v. Chinese Counit( of %anila
GR 14355, 31 9"to-er 1919 (48 *'il
First Division, (o'nson (p)! 4 "on"#rrin/2
Facts: 9n t'e 11t' d+ o1 De"e.-er, 191), t'e "it+ o1 &nil presented petition in t'e Co#rt o1 First
3nstn"e o1 sid "it+, pr+in/ t't "ertin lnds, t'erein prti"#lrl+ des"ri-ed, -e e5proprited 1or t'e
p#rpose o1 "onstr#"tin/ p#-li" i.prove.ent, spe"i1i"ll+ 1or t'e p#rpose o1 e5tendin/ Ri0l Aven#e2
4'e C'inese Co..#nit+ opposed t'e sid e5proprition, "ontendin/ t't t'ere ,s no ne"essit+ o1
t$in/, t't it lred+ 'd p#-li" "'r"ter nd t't it ,o#ld it ,o#ld dist#r- t'e restin/ pl"es o1 t'e
ded2
4'e tril "o#rt de"ided t't t'ere ,s no ne"essit+ 1or t'e e5proprition o1 t'e strip o1 lnd nd
-solved e"' nd ll o1 t'e de1endnts 1ro. ll li-ilit+ #nder t'e "o.plint, ,it'o#t n+ 1indin/ s to
"osts2 Fro. t'e ?#d/.ent, t'e Cit+ o1 &nil ppeled2
Issue: ;'et'er t'e C'inese "e.eter+ .+ -e vlidl+ e5proprited -+ t'e Cit+ o1 &nil
Held: 4'e e5er"ise o1 t'e ri/'t o1 e.inent do.in, ,'et'er dire"tl+ -+ t'e Stte, or -+ its #t'ori0ed
/ents, is ne"essril+ in dero/tion o1 privte ri/'ts, nd t'e r#le in t't "se is t't t'e #t'orit+
.#st -e stri"tl+ "onstr#ed2 7o spe"ies o1 propert+ is 'eld -+ individ#ls ,it' /reter ten"it+, nd
none is /#rded -+ t'e "onstit#tion nd l,s .ore sed#lo#sl+, t'n t'e ri/'t to t'e 1ree'old o1
in'-itnts2 ;'en t'e le/islt#re inter1eres ,it' t't ri/'t, nd, 1or /reter p#-li" p#rposes,
pproprites t'e lnd o1 n individ#l ,it'o#t 'is "onsent, t'e plin .enin/ o1 t'e l, s'o#ld not -e
enlr/ed -+ do#-tl+ interprettion2
4'e ri/'t o1 e5proprition is not n in'erent po,er in .#ni"ipl "orportion, nd -e1ore it "n
e5er"ise t'e ri/'t so.e l, .#st e5ist "on1errin/ t'e po,er #pon it2 ;'en t'e "o#rts "o.e to
deter.ine t'e @#estion, t'e+ .#st not onl+ 1ind () t't l, or #t'orit+ e5ists 1or t'e e5er"ise o1
t'e ri/'t o1 e.inent do.in, -#t (-) lso t't t'e ri/'t or #t'orit+ is -ein/ e5er"ised in ""ordn"e
,it' t'e l,2 3n t'e present "se t'ere re t,o "onditions i.posed #pon t'e #t'orit+ "on"eded to t'e
Cit+ o1 &nil! First, t'e lnd .#st -e privte< nd, se"ond, t'e p#rpose .#st -e p#-li"2 31 t'e "o#rt,
#pon tril, 1inds t't neit'er o1 t'ese "onditions e5ists or t't eit'er one o1 t'e. 1ils, "ertinl+ it
"nnot -e "ontended t't t'e ri/'t is -ein/ e5er"ised in ""ordn"e ,it' l,2 3t is ,ell $no,n 1"t
t't "e.eteries .+ -e p#-li" or privte2 4'e 1or.er is "e.eter+ #sed -+ t'e /enerl "o..#nit+, or
nei/'-or'ood, or "'#r"', ,'ile onl+ 1.il+, or s.ll portion o1 t'e "o..#nit+ or nei/'-or'ood
#ses t'e ltter2 ;'ere e.eter+ is open to t'e p#-li", it is p#-li" #se nd no prt o1 t'e /ro#nd "n
-e t$en 1or ot'er p#-li" #ses #nder /enerl #t'orit+2 And t'is i..#nit+ e5tends to t'e
#ni.proved nd #no""#pied prts, ,'i"' re 'eld in /ood 1it' 1or 1#t#re #se2 3t is lle/ed, nd not
denied, t't t'e "e.eter+ in @#estion .+ -e #sed -+ t'e /enerl "o..#nit+ o1 C'inese, ,'i"' 1"t,
in t'e /enerl ""epttion o1 t'e de1inition o1 p#-li" "e.eter+, ,o#ld .$e t'e "e.eter+ in @#estion
p#-li" propert+2 31 t't is tr#e, t'en, o1 "o#rse, t'e petition o1 t'e plinti11 .#st -e denied, 1or t'e
reson t't t'e "it+ o1 &nil 's no #t'orit+ or ri/'t #nder t'e l, to e5proprite p#-li" propert+2
B#t, ,'et'er or not t'e "e.eter+ is p#-li" or privte propert+, its pproprition 1or t'e #ses o1
p#-li" street, espe"ill+ d#rin/ t'e li1eti.e o1 t'ose spe"ill+ interested in its .intenn"e s
"e.eter+, s'o#ld -e @#estion o1 /ret "on"ern, nd its pproprition s'o#ld not -e .de 1or s#"'
p#rposes #ntil it is 1#ll+ est-lis'ed t't t'e /retest ne"essit+ e5ists t'ere1or2 3n t'is "se t'ere is no
ne"essit+ o1 t$in/ sin"e t'ere re ot'er ,+s -+ ,'i"' Ri0l Aven#e .+ -e e5pnded to ese t'e
tr11i" sit#tion2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt 'eld t't t'ere is no proo1 o1 t'e ne"essit+ o1 openin/ t'e street t'ro#/' t'e
"e.eter+ 1ro. t'e re"ord2 B#t t't d?oinin/ nd d?"ent lnds 've -een o11ered to t'e "it+ 1ree o1
"'r/e, ,'i"' ns,ers ever+ p#rpose o1 t'e Cit+2 4'e S#pre.e Co#rt, t'#s, 11ir.ed t'e ?#d/.ent o1
t'e lo,er "o#rt, ,it' "osts /inst t'e ppellnt2

"illanueva v. Coelec ('esolution)
GR L-54%18, 4 De"e.-er 1985
Jn Bn$, 4ee'n$ee (p)! 9 "on"#rrin/, 2 on leve
Facts: 9n 4 (n#r+ 1988, t'e lst d+ 1or 1ilin/ o1 "erti1i"tes o1 "ndid"+, one 7r"iso &endo0, (r2
1iled 'is s,orn "erti1i"te o1 "ndid"+ s independent 1or t'e o11i"e o1 vi"e-.+or o1 Dolores, O#e0on
in t'e 38 (n#r+ 1988 lo"l ele"tions2 Lter t't d+, 'o,ever, &endo0 1iled n #ns,orn letter in 'is
o,n 'nd,ritin/ ,it'dr,in/ 'is sid "erti1i"te o1 "ndid"+ =1or personl resons2> :is #ns,orn
,it'dr,l 'd -een ""epted -+ t'e ele"tion re/istrr ,it'o#t protest nor o-?e"tion2 Lter on 25
(n#r+ 1988, petitioner Crisolo/o Ailln#ev, #pon lernin/ o1 'is "o.pnion &endo06s ,it'dr,l,
1iled 'is o,n s,orn =Certi1i"te o1 Cndid"+ in s#-stit#tion> o1 &endo06s 1or t'e sid o11i"e o1 vi"e
.+or s one-.n independent ti"$et2 4'e res#lts s'o,ed petitioner to -e t'e "ler ,inner over
respondent ,it' .r/in o1 452 votes2 4'e &#ni"ipl Bord o1 Cnvssers, 'o,ever, disre/rded ll
votes "st in 1vor o1 petitioner s str+ votes on t'e -sis o1 t'e *rovin"il Jle"tion 911i"er6s opinion
t't petitioner6s n.e does not pper in t'e "erti1ied list o1 "ndidtes2 4'e "nvssers ""ordin/l+
pro"li.ed respondent Aiven"io G2 Lirio s t'e onl+ #nopposed "ndidte nd s t'e d#l+ ele"ted vi"e
.+or o1 Dolores2
9n 21 Fe-r#r+ 1988, Co.ele" denied t'e petition o1 Ailln#ev, sttin/ t't &endo06s ,it'dr,l
,s not #nder ot' s re@#ired -+ Se"tion 2% o1 t'e 19%8 Jle"tion Code, nd t't 'is ,it'dr,l ,s
not .de 1ter t'e lst d+ 1or 1ilin/ o1 "erti1i"te o1 "ndid"+, s "onte.plted -+ Se"tion 28, -#t on
t'e s.e d+2
Issue: ;'et'er t'e in1or.l ,it'dr,l o1 &endo0 invlidtes t'e ele"tion o1 Ailln#ev s vi"e
.+or2
Held: Se"tion 28 o1 t'e 19%8 Jle"tion Code provides 1or s#"' s#-stit#te "ndidtes in "se o1 det',
,it'dr,l or dis@#li1i"tion #p to .id-d+ o1 t'e ver+ d+ o1 t'e ele"tions2 &endo06s ,it'dr,l
,s 1iled on t'e lst 'o#r o1 t'e lst d+ 1or re/#lr 1ilin/ o1 "ndid"ies, ,'i"' 'e 'd 1iled erlier
t't s.e d+2 For ll intents nd p#rposes, s#"' ,it'dr,l s'o#ld t'ere1ore -e "onsidered s 'vin/
-een .de s#-stntill+ nd in tr#t' 1ter t'e lst d+, even /oin/ -+ t'e literl redin/ o1 t'e
provision -+ t'e Co.ele"2 F#rt'er, t'e ,ill o1 t'e ele"torte s'o#ld -e respe"ted, it s'o#ld not -e
de1eted t'ro#/' t'e invo"tion o1 1or.l or te"'ni"l de1e"ts2 4'e ,ill o1 t'e people "nnot -e
1r#strted -+ te"'ni"lit+ t't t'e "erti1i"te o1 "ndid"+ 'd not -een properl+ s,orn to2 4'is le/l
provision is .ndtor+ nd non-"o.plin"e t'ere,it' -e1ore t'e ele"tion ,o#ld -e 1tl to t'e stt#s
o1 t'e "ndidte -e1ore t'e ele"torte, -#t 1ter t'e people 've e5pressed t'eir ,ill, t'e res#lt o1 t'e
ele"tion "nnot -e de1eted -+ t'e 1"t t't t'e "ndidte 's not s,orn to 'is "erti1i"te or
"ndid"+2 4'e le/l re@#ire.ent t't ,it'dr,l -e #nder ot' ,ill -e 'eld to -e .erel+ dire"tor+
nd &endo06s 1il#re to o-serve t'e re@#ire.ent s'o#ld -e "onsidered 'r.less irre/#lrit+2 4'e
-on 1ides o1 petitioner Ailln#ev s s#-stit#te "ndidte "nnot -e s#""ess1#ll+ ssiled2 4'e votes
"st in 'is 1vor .#st -e "o#nted2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt resolved to re"onsider nd sets side t'e @#estioned Resol#tions o1 Co.ele" nd
nn#ls t'e pro"l.tion o1 Lirio s ele"ted vi"e-.+or o1 Dolores, O#e0on nd insted de"lres
petitioner s t'e d#l+ ele"ted vi"e-.+or o1 sid .#ni"iplit+ nd entitled 1ort',it' to ss#.e sid
o11i"e, t$e t'e ot' o1 o11i"e nd dis"'r/e its 1#n"tions2 4'e resol#tion is .de i..editel+
e5e"#tor+2
In '> Gapo(: ?iosdada Al)erastine2 petitioner
GR L-14322, 25 Fe-r#r+ 19)8 (18% *'il 188)
Jn Bn", B#tist An/elo (p)! 18 "on"#rrin/
Facts: 9n 19 7ove.-er 1939, *etronil 4.po+, ,ido, nd ,it'o#t "'ildren, re@#ested ,it'
Boni1"io &ino0 to red test.ent nd e5plin its "ontents to 'er in 'er 'o#se in Sn &i/#el street,
.#ni"iplit+ o1 Ar/o, provin"e o1 Ce-# in 19 7ove.-er 1939, ,'i"' 'e did in t'e presen"e o1 tree
instr#.entl ,itnesses, Rosrio D2 C'n, &#ri"io de l *en, nd Si.eon 9.-o+2 A1ter "on1ir.in/
t'e "ontents o1 t'e test.ent, s'e re@#ested Boni1"io &ino0 to ,rite 'er n.e t t'e 1oot o1 t'e
test.ent in t'e se"ond p/e, ,'i"' 'e did, nd 1ter ,'i"' s'e st.ped 'er t'#.-.r$ -et,een
'er n.e nd s#rn.e in t'e presen"e o1 ll t'ree instr#.entl ,itnesses2 Boni1"io &ino0 lso
si/ned t t'e 1oot o1 t'e test.ent, in t'e se"ond p/e, in t'e presen"e o1 t'e testtor nd ll t'ree
-oven.ed ,itnesses2 :o,ever, t'e testtor, ?#st li$e Boni1"io &ino0, did not si/n on t'e le1t
.r/in or n+ prt o1 t'e 1irst p/e o1 t'e test.ent, "o.posed o1 t,o p/es2 All t'e t'ree
instr#.entl ,itnesses si/ned t t'e 1oot o1 t'e "$no,led/.ent ,ritten in t'e se"ond p/e o1 t'e
test.ent, nd t'e le1t .r/in o1 t'e 1irst nd se"ond p/e, in t'e presen"e o1 t'e testtor, Boni1"io
&ino0, Att+2 Dintnr, nd t'e ot'ers2 4'e test.ent ,s e5e"#ted 1reel+ nd spontneo#sl+, ,it'o#t
'vin/ -een t'retened, 1or"ed nd inti.idted, nd not 'vin/ e5er"ised on 'er (t'e testtor) #nd#e
in1l#en"e, -ein/ t'e s.e in 1#ll #se o1 'er .entl 1"#lties nd en?o+in/ /ood 'elt'2 9n 22 Fe-r#r+
195%, t'e testtor died in 'ere 'o#se in Ar/o2
9n % &r"' 195%, or t,o ,ee$s 1ter, t'e 'eir 1o#nd in t'e test.ent, Cr.n A-erstine died,
levin/ 'er .ot'er, t'e petitioner Diosdd Al-erstine2 A1ter tril on t'e pro-te o do"#.ent
p#rportedl+ to -e t'e lst nd test.ent o1 *etronil R.po+, t'e tril "o#rt denied t'e petition on
t'e /ro#nd t't t'e le1t 'nd .r/in o1 t'e 1irst p/e o1 t'e ,ill does not -er t'e t'#.-.r$ o1 t'e
testtri52 *etitioner ppeled 1ro. t'is r#lin/2 4'e Co#rt o1 Appels "erti1ied t'e "se to t'e S#pre.e
Co#rt -e"#se it involves p#rel+ @#estion o1 l,2
Issue: ;'et'er t'e -sen"e o1 t'e testtor6s t'#.-.r$ in t'e 1irst p/e is 1tl to render t'e ,ill
void
Held: Stt#tes pres"ri-in/ t'e 1or.lities to -e o-served in t'e e5e"#tion o1 ,ills re ver+ stri"tl+
"onstr#ed2 A ,ill .#st -e e5e"#ted in ""ordn"e ,it' t'e stt#tor+ re@#ire.ents< ot'er,ise it is
entirel+ void2 3n t'e present "se, t'e "ontention t't t'e petition 1or pro-te is #nopposed, nd t't
t'e t'ree testi.onil ,itnesses testi1ied nd .ni1ested to t'e "o#rt t't t'e do"#.ent e5presses t'e
tr#e nd vol#ntr+ ,ill o1 t'e de"esed, "nnot -e s#stined s it r#ns "o#nter to t'e e5press
provision o1 t'e l,2 Sin"e t'e ,ill s#11ers t'e 1tl de1e"t, s it does not -er t'e t'#.-.r$ o1 t'e
testtri5 on its 1irst p/e even i1 it -ers t'e si/nt#re o1 t'e t'ree instr#.entl ,itnesses, t'e s.e
1ils to "o.pl+ ,it' t'e l, nd t'ere1ore "nnot -e d.itted to pro-te2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt 11ir.ed t'e ppeled order, ,it'o#t prono#n"e.ent s to "osts2

%ata)uena v. Cervantes
GR L-28%%1, 31 &r"' 19%1 (38 SCRA RRR)
Jn Bn", Fernndo (p)! 9 "on"#r, 1 too$ no prt
Facts: 9n 28 Fe-r#r+ 195), Feli5 &t-#en e5e"#ted Deed o1 Dontion inter vivos in 1vor o1
*etronil Cervntes d#rin/ t'e ti.e t'e+ ,ere livin/ s '#s-nd nd ,i1e in "o..on l,
reltions'ip2 4'e+ ,ere lter .rried on 28 &r"' 19)22 Feli5 died intestte on 13 Septe.-er 19)22
Corneli &t-#en, -ein/ t'e sole sister nd nerest nd nerest reltive to Feli5, @#estioned t'e
vlidit+ o1 t'e dontion "li.in/ t't t'e -n on dontion -et,een spo#ses d#rin/ .rri/e pplies
to "o..on-l, reltions'ip2 S'e 'd t'e lnd de"lred on 'er n.e nd pid t'e estte nd
in'eritn"e t5es t'ereon on virt#e o1 n 11idvit o1 sel1-d?#di"tion e5e"#ted -+ 'er in 19)22 9n 23
7ove.-er 19)5, t'e lo,er "o#rt #p'eld t'e vlidit+ o1 t'e dontion s it ,s .de -e1ore Cervntes6
.rri/e to t'e donor2 :en"e, t'e ppel2
Issue: ;'et'er t'e Arti"le 133 o1 t'e "ivil "ode ppl+ to dontions -et,een live-in prtners2
Held: ;'ile Arti"le 133 o1 t'e Civil Code "onsiders s void =dontion -et,een t'e spo#ses d#rin/
t'e .rri/e,> poli"+ "onsidertions o1 t'e .ost e5i/ent "'r"ter s ,ell s t'e di"ttes o1 .orlit+
re@#ire t't t'e s.e pro'i-ition s'o#ld ppl+ to "o..on-l, reltions'ip, s it is "ontrr+ to p#-li"
poli"+2 4'e l, pro'i-its dontions in 1vor o1 t'e ot'er "onsort nd 'is des"endnts -e"#se o1 1er o1
#nd#e nd i.proper press#re nd in1l#en"e #pon t'e donor, pre?#di"e deepl+ rooted in n"ient l,2
;'tever o.ission .+ -e pprent in n interprettion p#rel+ literl o1 t'e ln/#/e #sed .#st -e
re.edied -+ n d'eren"e to its vo,ed o-?e"tive2 3t is prin"iple o1 stt#tor+ "onstr#"tion t't ,'t
is ,it'in t'e spirit o1 t'e l, is s .#"' prt o1 it s ,'t is ,ritten2 9t'er,ise t'e -si" p#rpose
dis"erni-le in s#"' "odl provision ,o#ld not -e ttined2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt (1) reversed t'e 23 7ove.-er 19)5 de"ision o1 t'e lo,er "o#rt< (2) de"lred t'e
@#estioned dontion void nd re"o/ni0ed t'e ri/'ts o1 plinti11 nd de1endnt s pro indiviso 'eirs to
t'e propert+< nd (3) re.nded t'e "se to t'e lo,er "o#rt 1or its pproprite disposition in
""ordn"e ,it' t'e "#rrent de"ision< ,it'o#t prono#n"e.ent s to "osts2



!eople v. #anta(ana
GR L-22291, 15 7ove.-er 19%) (%4 *'il 25)
Se"ond Division, Con"ep"ion (r2 (p)! 4 "on"#r, 1 too$ no prt, 1 desi/nted to sit in 2nd division
Facts: 9n 19 Fe-r#r+ 19)2, (es#s Snt+n + Js"#dero, ,s ppointed s =Spe"il A/ent> -+ t'en
Colonel (ose C2 &ristel, C'ie1 o1 t'e C3S2 9n 9 &r"' 19)2, Col2 &ristel iss#ed n #ndted
"erti1i"tion to t'e e11e"t t't t'e ""#sed ,s n ""redited .e.-er o1 t'e C3S nd t'e pistol
des"ri-ed in t'e sid &e.ornd#. Re"eipt ,s /iven to 'i. -+ virt#e o1 'is ppoint.ent s spe"il
/ent nd t't 'e ,s #t'ori0ed to "rr+ nd possess t'e s.e in t'e per1or.n"e o1 'is o11i"il d#t+
nd 1or 'is personl prote"tion2 9n 29 9"to-er 19)2, t'e ""#sed ,s 1o#nd in *l0 &irnd in
possession o1 t'e 1irer.s nd ..#nition ,it'o#t li"ense to possess t'e.2 An investi/tion ,s
"ond#"ted nd t'ere#pon, "orrespondin/ "o.plint ,s 1iled /inst t'e ""#sed2 4'e "se
#nder,ent tril 1ter ,'i"' t'e ""#sed ,s "onvi"ted o1 t'e "ri.e "'r/ed2 :en"e, t'e "se ,s
ppeled to S#pre.e Co#rt2
Issue: ;'et'er Snt+n, se"ret /ent, ,s li-le 1or ille/l possession o1 1irer.s
Held: 4'e ppoint.ent o1 "ivilin s =se"ret /ent to ssist in t'e .intenn"e o1 pe"e nd order
".pi/ns nd dete"tion o1 "ri.es s#11i"ientl+ p#ts 'i. ,it'in t'e "te/or+ o1 pe"e o11i"er
e@#ivlent even to .e.-er o1 t'e .#ni"ipl poli"e e5pressl+ "overed -+ Se"tion 8%9 (*eople v2
&"rndn/)2 3n t'e present "se, Snt+n ,s ppointed s C3S se"ret /ent ,it' t'e #t'orit+
to "rr+ nd possess 1irer.s2 :e ,s iss#ed 1irer. in t'e per1or.n"e o1 'is o11i"il d#ties nd 1or
'is personl prote"tion2 Appli"tion o1 li"ense ,s #nne"essr+, ""ordin/ to Col2 &ristel, s t'e
1irer. is /overn.ent propert+2 7o per.it ,s iss#ed, ""ordin/ to Cpt2 Adol1o Brin/s s 'e ,s
lred+ ppointed s C3S /ent2 Jven i1 t'e "se o1 *eople vs2 &p revo$ed t'e do"trine in t'e
&"rndn/ "se, t'is ,s .de onl+ on 38 A#/#st 19)%, +ers 1ter t'e ""#sed ,s "'r/ed2
Inder t'e &"rndn/ r#le t'ere1ore o-tinin/ t t'e ti.e o1 ppellnt6s ppoint.ent s se"ret
/ent, 'e in"#rred no "ri.inl li-ilit+ 1or possession o1 t'e pistol in @#estion2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt reversed t'e ppeled de"ision, "on1or.-l+ ,it' t'e re"o..endtion o1 t'e
Soli"itor Generl, nd "@#itted (es#s Snt+n, "n"elin/ t'e -ond 1or 'is provisionl relese< ,it'
"osts de o1i"io2
!eople v. >stenHo
GR L-353%), 11 Septe.-er 1988 (99 SCRA )51)
First Division, de Cstro (p)! 5 "on"#r
Facts: 3n de"ision dted 28 Septe.-er 1948 -+ t'e Cdstrl Co#rt, Lot 42%3 o1 t'e 9r.o"
Cdstre ,s de"lred p#-li" lnd2 Respondent Aotes 1iled on23 Fe-r#r+ 19%2 petition to reopen
t'e de"ision o1 t'e Cdstrl Co#rt #nder Rep#pli" A"t 931 s .ended -+ Rep#-li" A"t )23)2 Aotes
"li. t't sin"e t'e ti.e li.it 1or 1ilin/ ppli"tions 1or 1ree ptents nd ppli"tions 1or ?#di"il
"on1ir.tion o1 in"o.plete nd i.per1e"t titles 've -een e5tended #p to 31 De"e.-er 1988, t'e
reopenin/ o1 "dstrl "ses is lso e5tended #ntil 31 De"e.-er 19882 4'e ?#d/e denied t'e
opposition 1or l"$ o1 s#11i"ient .erit on 9 &+ 19%2, nd rendered de"ision on 22 (#l+ 19%2 1ter d#e
'erin/, de"lrin/ Lot 42%3 p#-li" lnd nd d?#di"tin/ sid lot in 1vor o1 t'e Aoetes in #ndivided
interest in e@#l s're o1 S e"'2 Disstis1ied ,it' t'e de"ision o1 t'e lo,er "o#rt, petitioners 1iled t'e
instnt petition2
Issue: ;'et'er t'e e5tension provided 1or #nder RA )2)3 lso pplies to Re-openin/ o1 Cdstrl
*ro"eedin/s2
Held: Inder t'e le/l .5i. o1 stt#tor+ "onstr#"tion, e5pressio #ni#s est e5"l#sio lteri#s (J5press
&ention is 3.plied J5"l#sion), t'e e5press .ention o1 one t'in/ in l,, s /enerl r#le, .ens t'e
e5"l#sion o1 ot'ers not e5pressl+ .entioned2 4'is r#le, s /#ide to pro--le le/isltive intent, is
-sed #pon t'e r#les o1 lo/i" nd t'e nt#rl ,or$in/s o1 t'e '#.n .ind2 31 RA )23) 'd intended
t't t'e e5tension it provided 1or pplies lso to reopenin/ o1 "dstrl "ses, it ,o#ld 've so
provided in t'e s.e ,+ t't it provided t'e e5tension o1 ti.e to 1ile ppli"tions 1or 1ree ptent nd
1or ?#di"il "on1ir.tion o1 i.per1e"t or in"o.plete title2 4'e intention to e5"l#de t'e reopenin/ o1
"dstrl pro"eedin/s or "ertin lnds ,'i"' ,ere de"lred p#-li" lnd in RA )23) is .de "lerer -+
re1eren"e to RA28)1 ,'i"' in"l#des t'e reopenin/ o1 "dstrl "ses, -#t not so in"l#ded in RA )23)2
4'#s, RA )23), t'e ver+ l, on ,'i"' Aotes -ses 'is petition to reopen t'e "dstrl pro"eedin/s
1ils to s#ppl+ n+ -sis 1or respondents6 "ontention2 3t ,ill -e noted t't ,'ile RA 28)1 1i5ed t'e ti.e
to reopen "dstrl "ses ,'i"' s'll not e5tend -e+ond 31 De"e.-er 19)8, no si.ilr provision is
1o#nd in RA )23) e5pressl+ e5tendin/ t'e ti.e li.it 1or t'e reopenin/ o1 "dstrl pro"eedin/s on
pr"els o1 lnd de"lred p#-li" lnd2 As "orre"tl+ pointed o#t -+ petitioners, t'e e5tension s provided
1or -+ t'e RA )23) .$es no re1eren"e to reopenin/ o1 "dstrl "ses s t'e erlier l,, RA28)1,
e5pressl+ did2 4r#l+, t'e e5tension provided 1or -+ RA )23) pplies onl+ to t'e 1ilin/ o1 ppli"tions
1or 1ree ptent nd 1or ?#di"il "on1ir.tion o1 i.per1e"t or in"o.plete titles nd not to reopenin/ o1
"dstrl pro"eedin/s li$e t'e instnt "se, pro"eedin/ entirel+ di11erent 1ro. =1ilin/ n ppli"tion
1or 1ree ptent or 1or ?#di"il "on1ir.tion o1 i.per1e"t or in"o.plete titles2>
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt set side t'e 22 (#l+ 19%2 de"ision o1 t'e respondent (#d/e nd reitertin/ t'e 28
Septe.-er 1948 de"ision o1 t'e Cdstrl Co#rt< ,it'o#t prono#n"e.ent s to "osts2

%utuc v. Coelec
GR L-32%1%, 2) 7ove.-er 19%8 (3) SCRA 228)
First Division, Fernndo (p)! % "on"#r, 2 on leve, 1 "on"#r in seprte opinion
Facts: 4'e Co..ission on Jle"tions (C9&JLJC) pro'i-ited petitioner A.elito &#t#", "ndidte 1or
t'e position o1 dele/te to t'e Constit#tionl Convention, 1ro. #sin/ =?in/les in 'is .o-ile #nits
e@#ipped ,it' so#nd s+ste.s nd lo#d spe$ers> on 22 9"to-er 19%82 *etitioner i.p#/ned t'e "t o1
respondent s violtive o1 'is ri/'t to 1ree spee"'2 Respondent 'o,ever "ontended t't t'e
pro'i-ition ,s pre.ised on provision o1 t'e Constit#tionl Convention A"t, ,'i"' .de it #nl,1#l
1or "ndidtes =to p#r"'se, prod#"e, re@#est or distri-#te s.ple -llots, or ele"torl prop/nd
/d/ets s#"' s pens, li/'ters, 1ns (o1 ,'tever nt#re), 1ls'li/'ts, t'leti" /oods or .terils,
,llets, -ndns, s'irts, 'ts, .t"'es, "i/rettes, nd t'e li$e, ,'et'er o1 do.esti" or 1orei/n
ori/in2> 3t ,s its "ontention t't t'e ?in/le proposed to -e #sed -+ petitioner is t'e re"orded or tped
voi"e o1 sin/er nd t'ere1ore tn/i-le prop/nd .teril, #nder t'e p'rse =nd t'e li$e2>
Issue: ;'et'er t'e tped ?in/les 1ll #nder t'e p'rse =nd t'e li$e2>
Held: Inder t'e ,ell-$no,n prin"iple o1 e?#sde. /eneris, t'e /enerl ,ords 1ollo,in/ n+
en#.ertion re ppli"-le onl+ to t'in/s o1 t'e s.e $ind or "lss s t'ose spe"i1i"ll+ re1erred to2 3t
is @#ite pprent t't ,'t ,s "onte.plted in t'e A"t ,s t'e distri-#tion o1 /d/ets o1 t'e $ind
re1erred to s .ens o1 ind#"e.ent to o-tin 1vor-le vote 1or t'e "ndidte responsi-le 1or its
distri-#tion2 4'e Constit#tionl Convention A"t "onte.plted t'e pro'i-ition on t'e distri-#tion o1
/d/ets o1 t'e $ind re1erred to s .ens o1 ind#"e.ent to o-tin 1vor-le vote 1or t'e "ndidte
responsi-le 1or its distri-#tion (distri-#tion o1 ele"torl prop/nd /d/ets, .ention -ein/ .de o1
pens, li/'ters, 1ns, 1ls'li/'ts, t'leti" /oods or .terils, ,llets, -ndns, s'irts, 'ts, .t"'es,
nd "i/rettes, nd "on"l#din/ ,it' t'e ,ords =nd t'e li$e2>)2 4ped ?in/les t'ere1ore ,ere not
pro'i-ited2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt de"ision ,s .de to e5po#nd on t'e resons -e'ind t'e .in#te resol#tion o1 3
7ove.-er 19%82 4'e S#pre.e Co#rt per.nentl+ restrined nd pro'i-ited t'e Co.ele" 1ro.
en1or"in/ or i.ple.entin/ or de.ndin/ "o.plin"e ,it' its order -nnin/ t'e #se o1 politi"l tped
?in/le, p#rs#nt to t'e SC resol#tion o1 3 7ove.-er 19%8< ,it'o#t prono#n"e.ent s to "osts2
!eople v. %anantan
GR L-14129, 31 (#l+ 19)2 (5 SCRA )84)
Jn Bn", Re/l (p)! % "on"#r, 1 too$ no prt, 1 on leve
Facts: 3n n in1or.tion 1iled -+ t'e *rovin"il Fis"l o1 *n/sinn in t'e Co#rt o1 First 3nstn"e (CF3)
o1 t't *rovin"e, G#iller.o &nntn ,s "'r/ed ,it' violtion o1 Se"tion 54 o1 t'e Revised
Jle"tion Code2 A preli.inr+ investi/tion "ond#"ted -+ sid "o#rt res#lted in t'e 1indin/ o1 pro--le
"#se t't t'e "ri.e "'r/ed ,s "o..itted -+ t'e de1endnt2 4'ere1ter, t'e tril strted #pon
de1endnt6s ple o1 not /#ilt+, t'e de1ense .oved to dis.iss t'e in1or.tion on t'e /ro#nd t't s
?#sti"e o1 t'e pe"e, t'e de1endnt is not one o1 t'e o11i"ers en#.erted in Se"tion 54 o1 t'e Revised
Jle"tion Code2 4'e lo,er "o#rt denied t'e .otion to dis.iss, 'oldin/ t't ?#sti"e o1 t'e pe"e is
,it'in t'e p#rvie, o1 Se"tion 542 A se"ond .otion ,s 1iled -+ de1ense "o#nsel ,'o "ited in s#pport
t'ereo1 t'e de"ision o1 t'e Co#rt o1 Appels (CA) in *eople vs2 &"re/, ,'ere it ,s 'eld t't
?#sti"e o1 t'e pe"e is e5"l#ded 1ro. t'e pro'i-ition o1 Se"tion 54 o1 t'e Revised Jle"tion Code2 A"tin/
on vrio#s .otions nd pledin/s, t'e lo,er "o#rt dis.issed t'e in1or.tion /inst t'e ""#sed #pon
t'e #t'orit+ o1 t'e r#lin/ in t'e "se "ited -+ t'e de1ense2 :en"e, t'e ppel -+ t'e Soli"itor Generl2
Issue: ;'et'er t'e ?#sti"e o1 t'e pe"e ,s e5"l#ded 1ro. t'e "over/e o1 Se"tion 54 o1 t'e Revised
Jle"tion Code
Held: Inder t'e r#le o1 Cs#s o.is#s pro o.isso '-end#s est, person, o-?e"t or t'in/ o.itted
1ro. n en#.ertion .#st -e 'eld to 've -een o.itted intentionll+2 4'e .5i. ="s#s o.is#s> "n
operte nd ppl+ onl+ i1 nd ,'en t'e o.ission 's -een "lerl+ est-lis'ed2 4'e ppli"tion o1 t'e
r#le o1 ="s#s o.is#s> does not pro"eed 1ro. t'e .ere 1"t t't "se is "ri.inl in nt#re, -#t
rt'er 1ro. reson-le "ertint+ t't prti"#lr person, o-?e"t or t'in/ 's -een o.itted 1ro.
le/isltive en#.ertion2 S#-stit#tion o1 ter.s is not o.ission2 For in its .ost e5tensive sense t'e
ter. =?#d/e> in"l#des ll o11i"ers ppointed to de"ide liti/ted @#estions ,'ile "tin/ in t't "p"it+,
in"l#din/ ?#sti"e o1 t'e pe"e, nd even ?#rors, it is sid, ,'o re ?#d/es o1 1"ts2 4'e intention o1 t'e
Le/islt#re did not e5"l#de t'e ?#sti"e o1 t'e pe"e 1ro. its opertion2 3n Se"tion 54, t'ere is no
ne"essit+ to in"l#de t'e ?#sti"e o1 pe"e in t'e en#.ertion, s previo#sl+ .de in Se"tion 449 o1 t'e
Revised Ad.inistrtive Code, s t'e le/islt#re 's viled itsel1 o1 t'e .ore /eneri" nd -roder
ter. =?#d/e,> in"l#din/ t'erein ll $inds o1 ?#d/es, li$e ?#d/es o1 t'e "o#rts o1 First 3nstn"e, ?#d/es o1
t'e "o#rts o1 A/rrin Reltions, ?#d/es o1 t'e "o#rts o1 3nd#stril Reltions, nd ?#sti"es o1 t'e pe"e2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt set side t'e dis.issl order entered -+ t'e tril "o#rt nd re.nded t'e "se 1or
tril on t'e .erits2


,opeH vs. CGA
GR L-92%4, 1 Fe-r#r+ 195% (188 *'il 858)
Jn Bn", &onte.+or (p)! 18 "on"#r
Facts: Lope0 C Sons i.ported 'e5/onl ,ire nettin/ 1ro. :.-#r/, Ger.n+2 4'e &nil Colle"tor
o1 C#sto.s ssessed t'e "orrespondin/ "#sto.s d#ties on t'e i.porttion on t'e -sis o1 "ons#lr
nd s#pplier invoi"es2 Sid "#sto.s d#ties ,ere pid nd t'e s'ip.ents ,ere relesed2 S#-se@#entl+,
'o,ever, t'e Colle"tor ressessed t'e dollr vl#e o1 t'e "ost nd 1rei/'t o1 sid ,ire nettin/ nd s
res#lt o1 t'e ressess.ent, dditionl "#sto.s d#ties in t'e .o#nt o1 *1,9))259 ,ere levied nd
i.posed #pon petitioner2 Filin/ to se"#re re"onsidertion o1 t'e ressess.ent nd lev+ o1 dditionl
"#sto.s d#ties, Lope0 C Sons ppeled to t'e Co#rt o1 45 Appels2 A"tin/ #pon .otion to dis.iss
t'e ppel, 1iled -+ t'e Soli"itor Generl on t'e /ro#nd o1 l"$ o1 ?#risdi"tion, t'e 45 Co#rt, -+ its
resol#tion o1 23 &+ 1955, dis.issed t'e ppel on t'e /ro#nd 't it 'd no ?#risdi"tion to revie,
de"isions o1 t'e Colle"tor o1 C#sto.s o1 &nil, "itin/ se"tion % o1 RA 1125, "retin/ sid t5 "o#rt2
Fro. sid resol#tion o1 dis.issl, Lope0 C Sons ppeled to t'e S#pre.e Co#rt, see$in/ reversl o1
sid resol#tion o1 dis.issl2
Issue: ;'et'er t'e de"ision o1 t'e Colle"tor o1 C#sto.s is dire"tl+ ppel-le to t'e Co#rt o1 45
Appel2
Held: Se"tion % o1 Rep#-li" A"t 1125 spe"i1i"ll+ provides t't t'e Co#rt o1 45 Appels (C4A) 's
ppellte ?#risdi"tion to revie, de"isions o1 t'e Co..issioner o1 C#sto.s2 9n t'e ot'er 'nd, se"tion
11 o1 t'e s.e A"t in li1tin/ t'e en#.ertin/ t'e persons nd entities ,'o .+ ppel .entions
.on/ ot'ers, t'ose 11e"ted -+ de"ision or r#lin/ o1 t'e Colle"tor o1 C#sto.s, nd 1ils to .ention
t'e Co..issioner o1 C#sto.s2 ;'ile t'ere is rell+ dis"repn"+ -et,een t'e t,o se"tions, it is .ore
reson-le nd lo/i"l to 'old t't in se"tion 11 o1 t'e A"t, t'e Le/islt#re .ent nd intended to s+,
t'e Co..issioner o1 C#sto.s, insted o1 Colle"tor o1 C#sto.s2 31 persons 11e"ted -+ de"ision o1
t'e Colle"tor o1 C#sto.s .+ ppel dire"tl+ to t'e Co#rt o1 45 Appels, t'en t'e s#pervision nd
"ontrol o1 t'e Co..issioner o1 C#sto.s over 'is Colle"tor o1 C#sto.s, #nder t'e C#sto.s L, 1o#nd
in se"tions 113% to 1419 o1 t'e Revised Ad.inistrtive Code, nd 'is ri/'t to revie, t'eir de"isions
#pon ppel to 'i. -+ t'e persons 11e"ted -+ sid de"ision ,o#ld, not onl+ -e /rvel+ 11e"ted -#t
even destro+ed2 4'e Co#rts re not e5"tl+ ind#l/in/ in ?#di"il le/isltion -#t .erel+ endevorin/ to
re"ti1+ nd "orre"t "lerl+ "leri"l error in t'e ,ordin/ o1 stt#te, in order to /ive d#e "o#rse nd
"rr+ o#t t'e evident intention o1 t'e le/islt#re2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt 11ir.ed t'e ppeled order, 'oldin/ t't #nder t'e C#sto.s L, nd RA 1125,
t'e C4A 's no ?#risdi"tion to revie, -+ ppel de"ision o1 t'e Colle"tor o1 C#sto.s< ,it' "osts2

#anciangco v. 'ono
GR L-)8%89, 19 (#l+ 1985 (13% SCRA RRR)
Jn Bn", &elen"io-:errer (p)! 18 "on"#r, 1 dissents in seprte opinion, 1 too$ no prt
Facts: *etitioner ,s ele"ted Brn/+ Cptin o1 Brn/+ St2 Cr#0, 90.i0 Cit+, in t'e 1% &+
1982 Brn/+ ele"tions2 Lter, 'e ,s ele"ted *resident o1 t'e Asso"ition o1 Brn/+ Co#n"ils
(ABC) o1 90.i0 Cit+ -+ t'e Bord o1 Dire"tors o1 t'e sid Asso"ition2 As t'e *resident o1 t'e
Asso"ition, petitioner ,s ppointed -+ t'e *resident o1 t'e *'ilippines s .e.-er o1 t'e Cit+6s
Sn//#nin/ *nl#n/sod2 9n 2% &r"' 1984, petitioner 1iled 'is Certi1i"te o1 Cndid"+ 1or t'e 14
&+ 1984 Btsn *.-ns ele"tions 1or &is.is 9""identl #nder t'e -nner o1 t'e &indno
Allin"e2 :e ,s not s#""ess1#l in t'e sid ele"tion2 3nvo$in/ Se"tion 13(2), Arti"le 5 o1 B* )9%,
petitioner in1or.ed Ai"e-&+or Ben?.in A2 F#entes, *residin/ 911i"er o1 t'e Sn//#nin/ *nl#n/sod,
t't 'e ,s res#.in/ 'is d#ties s .e.-er o1 t't -od+2 4'e .tter ,s elevted to t'e &inister o1
Lo"l Govern.ent (ose A2 RoKo, ,'o r#led t't sin"e petitioner is n ppointive o11i"il, 'e is dee.ed
to 've resi/ned 1ro. 'is ppointive position #pon t'e 1ilin/ o1 'is Certi1i"te o1 Cndid"+2
Issue: ;'et'er t'e ""#sed is "onsidered resi/ned 1ro. t'e ltter6s 1ilin/ o1 "erti1i"te o1 "ndid"+
1or t'e Btsn2
Held: Alt'o#/' it .+ -e t't Se"tion 13(2), Bts *.-ns )9%, d.its o1 .ore t'n one
"onstr#"tion, t$in/ into s"onsidertion t'e nt#re o1 t'e positions o1 t'e o11i"ils en#.erted t'erein,
n.el+, /overnors, .+ors, .e.-ers o1 t'e vrio#s sn//#nins or -rn/+ o11i"ils, t'e le/isltive
intent to distin/#is' -et,een ele"tive positions in se"tion 13(2), s "ontrsted to ppointive positions
in se"tion 13(l) #nder t'e ll-en"o.pssin/ "l#se redin/ =n+ person 'oldin/ p#-li" ppointive o11i"e
or position,> is "ler2 3t is r#le o1 stt#tor+ "onstr#"tion t't ,'en t'e ln/#/e o1 prti"#lr
se"tion o1 stt#te d.its o1 .ore t'n one "onstr#"tion, t't "onstr#"tion ,'i"' /ives e11e"t to t'e
evident p#rpose nd o-?e"t so#/'t to -e ttined -+ t'e en"t.ent o1 t'e stt#te s ,'ole, .#st -e
1ollo,ed2 A stt#te6s "l#ses nd p'rses s'o#ld not -e t$en s det"'ed nd isolted e5pressions,
-#t t'e ,'ole nd ever+ prt t'ereo1 .#st -e "onsidered in 1i5in/ t'e .enin/ o1 n+ o1 its prts2
4'e le/isltive intent to "over p#-li" ppointive o11i"ils in s#-se"tion (1), nd o11i"ils .entioned in
s#-se"tion (2) ,'i"' s'o#ld -e "onstr#ed to re1er to lo"l ele"tive o11i"ils, "n -e /lened 1ro. t'e
pro"eedin/s o1 t'e Btsn *.-ns2 Sin"e petitioner is #n@#estion-l+ n ppointive .e.-er o1 t'e
Sn//#nin/ *nl#n/sod o1 90.i0 Cit+, s 'e ,s ppointed -+ t'e *resident s .e.-er o1 t'e
Cit+6s Sn//#nin/ *nl#n/sod -+ virt#e o1 'is 'vin/ -een ele"ted *resident o1 t'e Asso"ition o1
Brn/+ Co#n"ils, 'e is dee.ed to 've ipso 1"to "esed to -e s#"' .e.-er ,'en 'e 1iled 'is
"erti1i"te o1 "ndid"+ 1or t'e 14 &+ 1984 Btsn ele"tions2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt dis.issed t'e petition nd denied t'e ,rits pr+ed 1or, 'oldin/ t't t'ere ,s no
/rve -#se o1 dis"retion on t'e prt o1 t'e o11i"ils< ,it'o#t "osts2

Capati v. Ocapo *+' ,-.@/5.2 81 April 43@.6
Se"ond Division, Js"olin (p)! 4 "on"#r, 2 on leve2
Facts: Air/ilio Cpti, resident o1 B"olor, *.pn/ ,s t'e "ontr"tor o1 t'e Feti Bn$ 1or t'e
"onstr#"tion o1 its -#ildin/ in 3ri/, C.rines S#r2 9n 23 &+ 19)%, Cpti entered into s#--
"ontr"t ,it' t'e Dr2 (es#s 9".po, resident o1 7/ Cit+, ,'ere-+ t'e ltter, in "onsidertion o1
t'e .o#nt o1 *2,288288, #ndertoo$ to "onstr#"t t'e v#lt ,lls, e5terior ,lls nd "ol#.ns o1 t'e
sid Feti -#ildin/ in ""ordn"e ,it' t'e spe"i1i"tions indi"ted t'erein2 9".po 1#rt'er -o#nd
'i.sel1 to "o.plete sid "onstr#"tion on or -e1ore 5 (#ne 19)%2 9".po, 'o,ever, ,s onl+ -le to
1inis' t'e "onstr#"tion on 28 (#ne 19)%2
D#e to t'e del+, Cpti 1iled in t'e CF3 *.pn/ n "tion 1or re"over+ o1 "onse@#entil d./es
(Civil Cse 3188) in t'e s#. o1 *85,888288 ,it' interest, pl#s ttorne+6s 1ees nd "osts2 9".po 1iled
.otion to dis.iss t'e "o.plint on t'e /ro#nd t't ven#e o1 "tion ,s i.properl+ lid2 4'e .otion
,s pre.ised on t'e stip#ltion printed t t'e -"$ o1 t'e "ontr"t ,'i"' provides t't ll "tions
risin/ o#t, or reltin/ to t'is "ontr"t .+ -e instit#ted in t'e CF3 o1 t'e Cit+ o1 7/2 4'e lo,e "o#rt
dis.issed t'e "o.plint2 :en"e t'e ppel2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt set side t'e ppeled order, nd ordered t'e ret#rn o1 t'e re"ords to t'e "o#rt o1
ori/in 1or 1#rt'er pro"eedin/s, ,it' "osts /inst de1endnt-ppellee 9".po2
4. ;here personal actions a( )e filed
4'e r#le on ven#e o1 personl "tions "o/ni0-le -+ t'e CF3 is 1o#nd in Se"tion 2(-), R#le 4 o1 t'e
R#les o1 Co#rt, ,'i"' provides t't s#"' "tions .+ -e "o..en"ed nd tried ,'ere t'e de1endnt or
n+ o1 t'e de1endnts resides or .+ -e 1o#nd, or ,'ere t'e plinti11 or n+ o1 t'e plinti11s resides,
t t'e ele"tion o1 t'e plinti112 Sid se"tion is @#li1ied -+ Se"tion 3 o1 t'e s.e r#le, providin/ t't -+
,ritten /ree.ent o1 t'e prties t'e ven#e o1 n "tion .+ -e "'n/ed or trns1erred 1ro. one
provin"e to not'er2
.. E%a(F onl( perissive
4'e ,ord =.+> is .erel+ per.issive nd opertes to "on1er dis"retion #pon prt+2 Inder ordinr+
"ir"#.stn"es, t'e ter. =.+ -e> "onnotes possi-ilit+< it does not "onnote "ertint+2 =&+> is n
#5illr+ ver- indi"tin/ li-ert+, opport#nit+, per.ission or possi-ilit+2 3n t'e "se t -r, t'e
stip#ltion s to ven#e in t'e "ontr"t in @#estion is si.pl+ per.issive2 B+ t'e sid stip#ltion, t'e
prties did not /ree to 1ile t'eir s#its solel+ nd e5"l#sivel+ ,it' t'e CF3 7/2 4'e+ .erel+ /reed to
s#-.it t'eir disp#tes to t'e sid "o#rt, ,it'o#t ,ivin/ t'eir ri/'t to see$ re"o#rse in t'e "o#rt
spe"i1i"ll+ indi"ted in Se"tion 2(-), R#le 4 o1 t'e R#les o1 Co#rt (See relted "se in 7i"ols v2
Reprtions Co..ission! =&+> is not .ndtor+)2 Sin"e t'e "o.plint 's -een 1iled in t'e CF3
*.pn/, ,'ere t'e plinti11 resides, t'e ven#e o1 "tion is properl+ lid in ""ordn"e ,it' Se"tion
2(-), R#le 4 o1 t'e R#les o1 Co#rt2

Alfon v. 'epu)lic *+' ,-D4.142 .3 %a( 43@16
Se"ond Division, A-d Sntos (p)! 4 "on"#r
Facts: &ri Jstrell Aeroni" *ri.itiv D#terte ,s -orn on 15 &+ 1952 t t'e IS4 :ospitl to
Filo.eno D#terte nd Jstrell2 S'e ,s re/istered t t'e Lo"l Civil Re/istrr6s 911i"e s &ri Jstrell
Aeroni" *ri.itiv D#terte2 9n 15 (#ne 1952, s'e ,s -pti0ed s &ri Jstrell Aeroni" *ri.itiv
D#terte t t'e St2 Ant'on+ de *d# C'#r"', Sin/lon/, &nil2 Jstrell Aeroni" *ri.itiv D#terte
's -een t$en "red o1 -+ &r2 nd &rs2 :e"tor Al1on2 S'e lived in &ndl#+on/ 1or 23 +ers ,it' 'er
#n"le, :e"tor Al1on2 ;'en &ri Jstrell strted s"'oolin/, s'e #sed t'e n.e Jstrell S2 Al1on2 S'e
ttended 'er 1irst /rde #p to 1o#rt' +er 'i/' s"'ool t Stell &ris Colle/e #sin/ t'e n.e Jstrell
S2 Al1on2 A1ter /rd#tin/ 1ro. 'i/' s"'ool s'e enrolled t t'e Arellno Iniversit+ nd 1inis'ed
B"'elor o1 S"ien"e in 7#rsin/2 :er s"'olsti" re"ords 1ro. ele.entr+ to "olle/e s'o, t't s'e ,s
re/istered -+ t'e n.e o1 Jstrell S2 Al1on2 *etitioner 's e5er"ised 'er ri/'t o1 s#11r/e #nder t'e
s.e n.e2 S'e 's not "o..itted n+ 1elon+ or .isde.enor2
S'e 1iled veri1ied petition on 28 April 19%8 pr+in/ t't 'er n.e -e "'n/ed 1ro. &ri Jstrell
Aeroni" *ri.itiv D#terte to Jstrell S2 Al1on2 4'e CF3 (Brn"' MM333) prtill+ denied petitioner6s
pr+er on 29 De"e.-er 19%8, /rntin/ t'e "'n/e o1 1irst n.e -#t not t'e s#rn.e2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt .odi1ied t'e ppeled order in s .#"' s t't petitioner is llo,ed to "'n/e not
onl+ 'er 1irst n.e -#t lso 'er s#rn.e so s to -e $no,n s Jstrell S2 Al1on< ,it'o#t "osts2
4. !rincipall( is not eBuivalent to eCclusivel(
4'e ,ord =prin"ipll+> s #sed in rti"le 3)4 o1 t'e Civil Code is not e@#ivlent to =e5"l#sivel+> so t't
t'ere is no le/l o-st"le i1 le/iti.te or le/iti.ted "'ild s'o#ld "'oose to #se t'e s#rn.e o1 its
.ot'er to ,'i"' it is e@#ll+ entitled2 3n t'e "se t -r, t'e lo,er "o#rt erred in resonin/ t't s
le/iti.te "'ild o1 Filo.eno D#terte nd Jstrell Al1on s'e s'o#ld prin"ipll+ #se t'e s#rn.e o1 'er
1t'er2
.. +rounds for change of nae
4'e 1ollo,in/ .+ -e "onsidered, .on/ ot'ers, s proper or reson-le "#ses t't .+ ,rrnt t'e
/rnt o1 petitioner 1or "'n/e o1 n.e< (1) ,'en t'e n.e is ridi"#lo#s, tinted ,it' dis'onor, or is
e5tre.el+ di11i"#lt to ,rite or prono#n"e< (2) ,'en t'e re@#est 1or "'n/e is "onse@#en"e o1
"'n/e o1 stt#s, s#"' s ,'en nt#rl "'ild is "$no,led/ed or le/iti.ted< nd (3) ,'en t'e
"'n/e is ne"essr+ to void "on1#sion (1 4olentino ))8, Civil Code o1 t'e *'ilippines, 1953 ed< :,
Lion/ v2 Rep#-li")2 3n t'e "se t -r, to void "on1#sion, t'e petition o1 n.e s'o#ld -e /rnted s
t'e petitioner 's -een #sin/ t'e n.e o1 Jstrell S2 Al1on sin"e "'ild'ood2

'ura v. ,opena *+' ,-03@41-452 43 June 43@D6
Se"ond Division, A-d Sntos (p)! 5 "on"#r
Facts: 4eod#lo R#r ,s ""#sed, tried nd "onvi"ted o1 1ive (5) "o#nts o1 est1 "o..itted on
di11erent dtes in t'e &#ni"ipl Cir"#it 4ril Co#rt o1 4#-i/on-Clrin, 4#-i/on, Bo'ol, deno.inted s
Cri.inl Cse 523, 524, 525, 52) nd 52%2 4'e 5 "ses ,ere ?ointl+ tried nd sin/le de"ision ,s
rendered on 18 A#/#st 19832 R#r ,s senten"ed to totl prison ter. o1 1% .ont's nd 25 d+s2 3n
e"' "ri.inl "se t'e senten"e ,s 3 .ont's nd 1i1teen 15 d+s2
R#r ppeled to t'e R4C Bo'ol -#t sid "o#rt 11ir.ed t'e de"ision o1 t'e lo,er "o#rt2 ;'en t'e "se
,s re.nded to t'e "o#rt o1 ori/in 1or e5e"#tion o1 ?#d/.ent, R#r pplied 1or pro-tion2 4'e
ppli"tion ,s opposed -+ pro-tion o11i"er o1 Bo'ol on t'e /ro#nd t't R#r is dis@#li1ied 1or
pro-tion #nder Se"tion 9 (") o1 *D 9)8 or t'e *ro-tion L, (i2e2 ppli"-le to t'ose ,'o 've
previo#sl+ -een "onvi"ted -+ 1inl ?#d/.ent o1 n o11ense p#nis'ed -+ i.prison.ent o1 not less t'n
1 .ont' nd 1 d+ ndGor 1ine o1 not less t'n *288)2 4'e "o#rt denied t'e ppli"tion 1or
pro-tion2 A .otion 1or re"onsidertion ,s li$e,ise denied2 :en"e t'e instnt petition2
4'e S#pre.e Co#rt /rnted t'e pro-tion nd dire"ted t'e ?#d/e to /ive d#e "o#rse to t'e petitioner6s
ppli"tion 1or pro-tion< ,it'o#t "osts2
4. E!reviousF applies to date of conviction2 not to date of coission of a crie
4'e stt#te reltes =previo#s> to t'e dte o1 "onvi"tion, not to t'e dte o1 t'e "o..ission o1 t'e
"ri.e2 ;'en t'e ""#sed pplied 1or pro-tion 'e 'd no previo#s "onvi"tion -+ 1inl ?#d/.ent2 ;'en
'e pplied 1or pro-tion t'e onl+ "onvi"tion /inst 'i. ,s t'e ?#d/.ent ,'i"' ,s t'e s#-?e"t o1
'is ppli"tion2 Convi"tion does not retro"t to t'e d+ o1 t'e "o..ission o1 t'e "ri.e2