1 Keshab Chander Sen :-

was an Indian Bengali Hindu philosopher and social reformer who

attempted to incorporate Christian theology within the
framework of Hindu thought.He was born on 19th November
1838 in Kolkata. He was a descendant of the medieval Sena kings
of Bengal.
He was so influenced by the ideas of Brahmo Samaj that he joined
the Calcutta Brahmo Samaj in 1857.
At the age of 19, Keshab Chandra Sen started social work by
establishing an evening school for adults.
He used the medium of Press to spread social consciousness and
development.
he started a fortnightly journal 'Indian Mirror'
Keshab Chandra Sen was associated with many revolutionary
programs of social reform like liberation of women from the social
bindings, education of women and the poor workers, eradication
of social evils like untouchability and casteism, spread of
vernacular and various charitable works for the oppressed people.
He took the initiative to introduce legislation to curb polygamy
and child marriage and promoted inter-caste marriage.
he was given the title of 'Acharya' of the 'Brahmo Samaj' by
Devendranath Tagore. But due to the differences in the beliefs
and philosophies of Devendranath Tagore and Keshab Chandra
Sen, Brahmo Samaj split into two.
founded his own breakaway "Brahmo Samaj of India" in 1866
he propagated the Navavidhan, the New Dispensation or the
Religion of Harmony. He preached bhakti, which was inspired
from both Chaitanya and Christ.
2 Theodore Beck:-
was a British educationalist working for the British Raj in India, who was
invited by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan to serve as the first principal of the
Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at the age 24. in Aligarh, which
would later evolve into the Aligarh Muslim University. He was also
opposed to join the Congress
3 Ustad Bismillah Khan
He was an Indian shehnai maestro.
He was the third classical musician to be awarded the Bharat
Ratna (in 2001)
His ancestors were court musicians and used to play in Naqqar
khana in the princely states of Bhojpur, now in Bihar.
Though a pious Shi'ite Muslim, he was also, like many Indian
musicians, regardless of religion, a devotee of Saraswati, the
Hindu Goddess of wisdom and arts, and often played at Hindu
temples, including the famous Vishwanath Temple in Varanasi, on
the banks of the river Ganges.He also performed for spiritual
master Prem Rawat.
He was credited with having almost monopoly over the
instrument as he and the shehnai are almost synonyms.
Khan had the rare honor of performing at Delhi's Red Fort on the
eve of India's Independence in 1947.
awarded Talar Mausiquee award from Republic of Iran

4 Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

An Afghan Pashtun political and spiritual leader known for
his non-violent opposition to British Rule in India.
A lifelong pacifist, a devout Muslim,and a close friend
of Mohandas Gandhi
he was also known as Fakhri Afghan ("The Afghan
pride"), Badshah Khan and Sarhaddi Gandhi (Urdu, Hindi lit.,
"Frontier Gandhi")
he decided social activism and reform would be more beneficial
for Pashtuns. This ultimately led to the formation of the Khudai
Khidmatgar movement (Servants of God). The movement's
success triggered a harsh crackdown against him and his
supporters and he was sent into exile.
It was at this stage in the late 1920s that he formed an alliance
with Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. This alliance was to
last till the 1947 partition of India.
Ghaffar Khan strongly opposed the Muslim League's demand for
the partition of India.
In 1987 he became the first person without Indian citizenship to
be awarded the Bharat Ratna
5 Sajjad Zaheer

was a renowned Urdu writer, Marxist thinker
Famously known as Bannay Mian, Zaheer was born in Lukhnow,
the former state of Oudh
He was one of the founding members of the Communist Party of
India and later in 1948, the Communist Party of Pakistan, along
with Faiz Ahmad Faiz.
A collection of short stories, Angaray, which had stories by Sajjad
Zaheer
and was immediately banned in India by the British Government
in 1933, "for hurting the religious susceptibilities of a section of
the community." This gave rise to the All-India Progressive
Writers' Movement & Association of which both Sajjad Zaheer
and Ahmed Ali were co-founders.
The first official conference of the Association was held in
Lucknow in 1936 which was presided over by Munshi Premchand.
LITERARY CONTRIBUTION
London Ki Ek Raat- a novel.
Roshnai, a collection of essays on progressive writing and the
progressive writers movement.
Zikre Hafiz, his research based book on Persian poet Hafez.
Pighla Nilam, his last book,a collection of his poetry.

6 WW HUNTER
Scottish historian, statistician, a compiler and a member of
theIndian Civil Service, who later became Vice President of Royal
Asiatic Society
In 1869 Lord Mayo, the then governor-general, asked Hunter to
submit a scheme for a comprehensive Statistical Survey of India.
And the The Imperial Gazetteer of India was published in 1881.
In 1882 presided over the commission on Indian Education
in 1886 he was elected vice-chancellor of the University of
Calcutta.
7 Achyut Patwardhan
was an Indian independence activist and political leader and
founder of the Socialist Party of India. He was also a philosopher
who believed fundamental change in society begins with man
himself,
He studied Communist and Socialist literature, resigned his
Professorship and plunged in 1932 into Gandhijis civil
disobedience movement. He was imprisoned several times.
In 1934 he and his associates in jail formed the Congress
Socialistic Party with a view to working for socialistic objectives
from within the Congress.
He took a prominent part in the Quit India movement. he went
underground, and ably directed the movement of a parallel
government mainly in the Satara district.
In 1947 they formed the Socialist Party of India, independently of
the Congress. In 1950 Achyut retired from politics
8 James Wilson
was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and a signer
of the United States Declaration of Independence.
was a major force in drafting the United States Constitution. A
leading legal theorist
9 LALA HAR DAYAL

Indian revolutionary and scholar who was dedicated to the
removal of British influence in India.
On a Government of India scholarship to St. Johns College at
Oxford, he became a supporter of the Indian revolutionary
movement. In 1907 Har Dayal resigned his scholarship
He returned to India in 1908 to further indigenous political
institutions and to arouse his countrymen against British rule, but
the government thwarted his work, and he soon returned to
Europe.
In 1913 he formed the Ghadr(Gadar) Party to organize a rebellion
against the British government of India.
10 Aryabhata
was the first in the line of great mathematician-astronomersfrom
the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy.
His most famous works are the ryabhaya ( a compendium of
mathematics and astronomy) and the Arya-siddhanta
(covers arithmetic, algebra, plane trigonometry, and spherical
trigonometry. It also contains continued fractions, quadratic
equations, sums-of-power series, and a table of sines.)
HIS MAIN WORKS IN MATHEMATICS ARE:- PLACE VALUE SYSTEM AND ZERO,
APPROXIMATION OF , GIVES THE AREA OF A TRIANGLE, PROVIDED
ELEGANT RESULTS FOR THE SUMMATION OF SERIES OF SQUARES AND CUBES

Aryabhata's system of astronomy was called the audAyaka system

His main works in Astronomy :-he seems to ascribe the apparent
motions of the heavens to the Earth's rotation. He may have
believed that the planet's orbits as elliptical rather than
circularAryabhata calculated the sidereal rotation (the rotation of
the earth referencing the fixed stars) Aryabhata advocated an
astronomical model in which the Earth turns on its own axisIndia's
first satellite Aryabhata and the lunar crater Aryabhata are named
in his honour.

11- Jiddu Krishnamurti
was an Indian writer and speaker on philosophical and spiritual
subjects. His subject matter included: psychological revolution,
the nature of the mind, meditation, human relationships, and
bringing about positive change in society
He constantly stressed the need for a revolution in the psyche of
every human being and emphasized that such revolution cannot
be brought about by any external entity, be it religious, political,
or social.
He claimed allegiance to no nationality, caste, religion, or
philosophy, and spent the most of his life traveling the world,
speaking to large and small groups and individuals
His supporters, working through non-profit foundations in
India, Great Britain and the United States, oversee several
independent schools based on his views on education.

12- Gopi Krishna
was a yogi, mystic, teacher, social reformer, and writer
His autobiography is known under the title Kundalini: The
Evolutionary Energy in Man.,in it he has put this amazing aspect
of our nature in a logical, consistent and scientific light, and
presented us with a new understanding of the goal of evolution,
both as individuals and as a species.

he himself has started to search the life of geniuses and
enlightented persons in history for clues of kundalini awakening.
He proposed an organisation to be erected to conduct scientific
research on the matter.
The research should, according to him, consist of research on
biological processes in the body, psychological and sociological
research of living persons. According to Mr. Krishna the lives of
historical persons should also be investigated.
13- Sir Muhammad Iqbal or Allama
Iqbal
was a philosopher,poet and politician
[1]
in British India who is
widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement.
He is considered one of the most important figures in Urdu
literature,
[2]
with literary work in both
the Urdu and Persian languages
his best known Urdu works are Bang-i-Dara, Bal-i-Jibril, Zarb-i
Kalim and a part of Armughan-e-Hijaz.
Iqbal became a member of the London branch of the All India
Muslim League,in one of his most famous speeches, Iqbal pushed
for the creation of a Muslim state in Northwest India.
Pakistan Government had recognised him as its "national poet"


14-Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu
was an Indian politician and Freedom Fighter , prominent
Telugu barrister and the first Chief Minister of the Indian
province Andhra state. He was also known as Andhra Kesari
. He was elected the general secretary of the Congress Party in
December 1921 at the Ahmedabad session

15-Maulana Mohammad
Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali
were Indian Muslim leaders, activists, scholars, journalists and
poets, and was among the leading figures of the Khilafat
Movement
Maulana Mohammad Ali Jouhar had spent four years in prison for
advocating resistance to the British and support for the caliphate.
publish the Urdu weekly Hamdard and
the English weekly Comrade.
form the All India Khilafat Committee. The organization was based
in Lucknow,
In 1920 an alliance was made between Khilafat leaders and
the Indian National Congress, to work and fight together for the
causes of Khilafat and Swaraj.
Many Hindu religious and political leaders identified the Khilafat
cause as Islamic fundamentalism based on a pan-Islamic agenda.
And many Muslim leaders viewed the Indian National Congress as
becoming increasingly dominated by Hindu fundamentalists and
thus the Ali brothers began distancing themselves from Gandhi
and the Congress.
16-Dr. Dhondo Keshav Karve
popularly known as Maharishi Karve, was a social reformer
in India in the field of women's welfare.
Mr Karve decided to continue the work of promoting women's
education in India. The Government of India awarded Dhondo
Keshav Karve its highest civilian award, Bhrat Ratna,
founded Widhaw-Wiwhottejak Mandali, which, besides
encouraging marriages of widows, also helped the needy children
of widows.
established a Hindu Widows' Home Association
17-Prarthana Samaj
was a movement for religious and social reform
in Maharashtra based on earlier reform movements and
traditions of Maharashtra formed in 1849 by Ram Balkrishna
Jaykar and others in Mumbai.
It was secret in order to avoid the wrath of the powerful and
orthodox elements of society.
Meetings were for discussion, the singing of hymns, and the
sharing of a communal meal prepared by a low-caste cook.
Members ate bread baked by Christians and drank water brought
by Muslims
Prarthana Samaj critically examined the relations between
contemporary social and cultural systems and religious beliefs and
gave priority to social reform as compared with the political
changes already initiated by the British government
led many impressive projects of cultural change and social reform
in Western India, such as the improvement of the lot of women
and depressed classes, an end to the caste system, abolition of
child marriages and infanticide, educational opportunites for
women, and remarriage of widows..

18-Satya Shodhak Samaj
is a religion established by Mahatma Jyotirao Phule in 1873. This
was started as a group whose main aim was to liberate the
social Shudra and Untouchables castes from exploitation and
oppression.
Mahatma Jyotirao Phule always condemned Hinduism and the
privileged status of priests in it. He openly condemned the
inequality in the religious books, orthodox nature of religion,
exploitation of masses by the means of it, blind and misleading
rituals, and hypocrisy in the prevalent religion
Phule established Satya Shodhak Samaj with the ideals of human
well being in broader aspects, human happiness, unity,equality,
and easy religious principles and rituals

19-Babhaa
was a Sanskrit scholar and poet of India.
He was the Asthana Kavi (Court Poet) in the court of
King Harshavardhana,
principal works include a biography of Harsha,the Haracarita and
one of the world's earliest novels, Kdambari .
19-Pupul Jayakar
was an Indian cultural activist and writer,
best known for her work on the revival of traditional and village
arts, handlooms and handicrafts in post-independence India.
Jayakar founded the National Crafts Museum in 1956, and
the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) in
1984, to restore and manage monuments and advocate for
heritage property conservation.
She was awarded the Padma Bhushan, in 1967.
20-Jayadeva
was a Sanskrit poet during 1200 AD.
He is most known for his composition, the epic poem Gita
Govinda, which depicts the divine love
of Krishna-an avatar of Vishnu and his consort, Radha, and it is
mentioned that Radha is greater than Hari, and is considered an
important text in the Bhakti movement of Hinduism
Dasakritikrite :-the ten incarnations of Vishnu in another
composition,
The illustrious poet also institutionalized the Devadasi (women
dancers specially dedicated to the temple deity) system in Oriya
temples.
Jayadeva's work had a profound influence on Guru Nanak during
his visit to Puri

21-Champaran and kherda satyagrah
In Champaran,
a district in state of Bihar, tens of thousands of
landless serfs, indentured laborers and poor farmers were forced
to grow indigo and other cash crops instead of the food crops
These goods were bought from them at a very low price Now in
the throes of a devastating famine, the British levied an
oppressive tax which they insisted on increasing in rate.
Raj Kumar Shukla took Mahatma Gandhi to Champaran and
the Champaran Satyagraha beganGandhi established an ashram in
Champaran, he was arrested by police on the charge of creating
unrest and was ordered to leave the province.
Gandhi led organized protests and strike against the landlords,
who with the guidance of the British government, signed an
agreement granting more compensation and control over farming
for the poor farmers of the region, and cancellation of revenue
hikes and collection until the famine ended. It was during this
agitation, that Gandhi was addressed by the people
as Bapu (Father) and Mahatma (Great Soul).
In kheda
a famine had struck the district and a large part of Gujarat, and
virtually destroyed the agrarian economy. The poor peasants had
barely enough to feed themselves, but the British government of
the Bombay Presidency insisted that the farmers not only pay full
taxes, but also pay the 23% increase stated to take effect that
every year.
here , Gandhi was only the spiritual head of the struggle His chief
lieutenant, toured the countryside, organized the villagers and
gave them political leadership and direction Patel and his
colleagues organized a major tax revolt, and all the different
ethnic and caste communities of Kheda rallied around it.
The Government finally sought to foster an honorable agreement
for both parties. The tax for the year in question, and the next
would be suspended, and the increase in rate reduced, while all
confiscated property would be returned.

22-Conjeevaram Natarajan Annadurai
popularly called Anna ,was a former Chief Minister of the South
Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
He was the first member of a Dravidian party to hold that post
and was also the first non-Congress leader to form a majority
government in independent India.
He was well known for his oratorical skills and was an acclaimed
writer in the Tamil language. He scripted and acted in several
plays.
He legalised Self-respect marriages, enforced a two language
policy (in preference to thethree language formula in other
southern states), implemented subsidies for rice, and
renamed Madras State to Tamil Nadu.
23-Mohammad Barkatullah
a Bangladeshi author
His literary works were included in the curriculum of school level,
secondary, higher secondary and graduation level Bengali
Literature in Bangladesh.
Books:- Parasya Pratibha,Manuser Dharma ,Karbala O Imam
Bangser Itihas , Nabigrha Sangbad, Makka Khanda , Naya Jatir
Srasta Hazrat Muhammad , Hazrat Osman , Bangla Sahitye Muslim
Dhara

24-Jadong
is the final post on Tibet Border and famous for stunning orchids.
History has it that this was obviously a buying and selling location
in between Tibet and Sikkim prior to being annexed to India in
1950.
In springtime, wild blossoms for example primulas and
Rhododendrons shower the surroundings in numerous shades
Its located in the yumthang valley


25-Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat
was a Chagatai Turko-Mogol military general, ruler of Kashmir,
and a historical Persian and Chagatai writer.
He had also attacked Tibet through Ladakh but had failed
His historical work Tarikh-i-Rashidi ( History of Rashid ) is a
personal memoir combined with a Central Asian history.


26-Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna
was as Indian revolutionary, the founding president of the Ghadar
Party, and a leading member of the party involved in the Ghadar
Conspiracy of 1915.
Tried at the Lahore Conspiracy trial, Sohan Singh served sixteen
years of a life sentence for his part in the conspiracy before he
was released in 1930.
He later worked closely with the Indian labour movement,
devoting considerable time to the Kisan Sabha and
the Communist Party of India.

27-Subhashchandra Pandharinath
"Fergie" Gupte
was one of Test cricket's finest spin bowlers from india. Sir Garry
Sobers pronounced him the best leg spinner that it had been his
pleasure to see. Gupte flighted and spun the ball sharply, and
possessed two different googlies.
28-Sir Jadunath Sarkar
WAS A PROMINENT INDIAN BENGALI ARISTOCRAT AND HISTORIAN.HIS
PROMINENT BOOKS ARE
A History of Jaipur (1984),The Fall of the Mughal Empire (in 4
volumes), (193238),Military History of India,The House of
Shivaji,The Rani of Jhansi,Famous Battles of Indian,
HistoryChronology of Indian History,Shivaji (in Bengali),A History
of Aurangzib (in 5 volumes), (191224),Mughal
Administration (1920),Shivaji and his Times (1919),Anecdotes of
Aurangzib,Studies in Mughal India,India of Aurangzib (1901),A
Short History of Aurangzib and A History of Bengal


29-Alluri Sita Rama Raju
was an Indian revolutionary involved in the independence
movement.
Raju led the ill-fated "Rampa Rebellion" of 192224, during which
a band of tribal leaders and other sympathizers fought against
the British Raj. He was referred to as "Manyam Veerudu" ("Hero
of the Jungles") by the local people.

30-Hassan Nasir
was a Pakistani proletariat leader and Secretary General of the
banned Communist Party of Pakistan
Hasan Nasir belonged to Hyderabad (Deccan) and had fought,
along with Makhdoom Mohiuddin and others, in the Telangana
armed struggle.
He was arrested in 1960, put in a cell in the Lahore Fort and
brutally tortured till he died.
31-Acharya nirmala
He was the eminent Bengali writer and editor of the works of Nati
binodini, Manik Bandopadyay.he was the founder of satyajeet ray
memorial at nandan
32-Guru Ravidass
also known as Raidas, Rohidas and Ruhidas in eastern India, was
a North Indian Sant mystic of the bhakti movement who was
active in the 15th century.
His devotional songs were included in the Sikh holy book, the Adi
Granth
He taught that one is distinguished not by one's caste but by one's
actions and that every person has the right to worship God and
read holy texts.
He opened a frontal attack against the system of Untouchability
. He rejected the tradition of Brahmin mediator to reach the
Supreme Being, He became a model for his fellow beings to
overcome the hierarchical barriers of Brahminical social order and
to establish Begumpura - a state without fear and sorrows
Guru Ravidass elevated the status of the labour by emphasizing
on the fact that honest labour is empowering.
33-Jagat Seth
was a rich jain businessman from Murshidabad during the rule
of Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula. Jagat seth means banker of the world
as Roben Orme (official historian of East India Company)
described Jagat Seths as the greatest shroff (money changer) and
banker in the known world.
He, along with Omichund and Mir Jafar joined the successful
conspiracy against the Nawab, engineered by Robert Clive, due to
which the Nawab lost the battle of Plassey. The British thus
established the first colony in India. Mir Jafar was installed as the
puppet ruler of Bengal.
The Jagat Seth family were beheaded in 1763 by the troops of Mir
Kasim.
34-Baba Ram Chandra or Shridhar
Balwant Jodhpurkar
was an Indian trade unionist ,who organised the farmers of Oudh,
India into forming a united front to fight against the abuses of
landlords in the 1920s and 1930s ,and formed the Oudh Kisan
Sabha
He was also an influential figure in the history of Fiji, and owed his
inspiration to take up the cause of the down-trodden to his 12
years as an indentured labourer in Fiji and to his efforts to end the
indenture system. He was a Brahmin, of Maharashtrian origin. He
left for Fiji as an indentured labourer in 1904
35-Sir Thomas Roe
diplomat and author who advanced Englands mercantile interest
in Asia and was prominent in negotiations during the Thirty Years
War.
Roe began his diplomatic career in India as ambassador to the
court of the Mogul emperor Jhngr.
As ambassador to Constantinople (162128), Roe obtained
increased privileges for the English merchants trading in
the Ottoman Empire.
He negotiated a treaty with Algiers, then subject to Ottoman rule,
resulting in the release of several hundred Englishmen captured
by the Barbary pirates
36-Jean-Baptiste Tavernier
was a French traveller and pioneer of trade with India
he is best known for the discovery and sale of the 118-carat (24 g)
blue diamond that he subsequently sold to Louis XIV of France
he began a second journey (163843) to India as far as Agra and
from there to The Kingdom of Golkonda. His visit to the court of
the Great Mogul - Emperor Shah Jahan at the time - and to the
diamond mines .Tavernier traveled as a merchant of the highest
rank, trading in costly jewels and other precious wares, and
finding his chief customers among the greatest princes of the
East.
37-Pandita Ramabai
was a social reformer and activist in India.
started Arya Mahila Samaj,
later converted to Christianity, and served widows and helpless
women of India.
She wrote many books including The High Caste Hindu Woman,
which showed the darkest aspects of the life of Hindu women,
including child brides and child widows, and their treatment by
government and society.
by the British Government she was awarded the
Kaisar-i-Hind medal for community service in 1919

38-Srinivasa Ramanujan
was Indian mathematician and autodidact who,
with almost no formal training in pure
mathematics, made extraordinary contributions
to mathematical analysis, number
theory, infinite series, andcontinued fractions.
By 17, Ramanujan had conducted his own
mathematical research on Bernoulli
numbers and the EulerMascheroni constant
He stated results that were both original and
highly unconventional, such as the Ramanujan
prime and the Ramanujan theta function
The Ramanujan Journal, an international
publication, was launched to publish work in all
areas of mathematics influenced by his work.
the Government of India declared that
Ramanujan's birthday (22 December) should be
celebrated every year as National Mathematics
Day
39-Romesh Chunder Dutt
was an Indian civil servant, economic historian, writer, and
translator of Ramayana and Mahabharata.
As an ics officier Dutt was especially troubled by the lack of
assured tenants' rights or rights of transfer for those who tilled
the land. He considered the land taxes to be ruinous, a block to
savings, and the source of famines.
.He was president of the Indian National Congress in 1899.
Dutt served as the first president of Bangiya Sahitya Parishad
Dutt traced a decline in standards of living to the
nineteenth-century deindustrialization of the subcontinent and
the narrowing of sources of wealth
Wrote economic history of india under british rule

40-Rani Rudrama
was one of the most prominent rulers of the Kakatiya dynasty on
the Deccan Plateau
Rudramba defended the kingdom from the Cholas and
the Yadavas, earning their respect.
she was quite impressed by a form of Shiva Tandavam
- Perini which was extinct, but brought back by Dr. Nataraja
Ramakrishna. She found this dance more of an exercise to the
soldiers and had it made part of the training of the royal force.
41-Megasthenes
was a Greek ethnographer in the Hellenistic period
author of the work Indica.
ambassador of Seleucus I of Syria possibly to Chandragupta
Maurya in Pataliputra, India.
commented on the presence of pre-Socratic views among the
Brahmans and Jews.
42-Lakshmi Bai, the Rani of Jhansi
was the queen of the Maratha-ruled princely state of Jhansi,
situated in the north-central part of India.
She was one of the leading figures of the Indian Rebellion of
1857 and a symbol of resistance to the rule of the British East
India Company in the subcontinent.after she was forcibly retired
by the British due to a controversial law of "Doctrine of Lapse"
Hugh Rose ,the army commander ,commented that the Jhansi
Rani Lakshmibai is "personable, clever and beautiful" and she is
"the most dangerous of all Indian leaders "


43-Lala Har Dayal
was a Indian nationalist revolutionary
[1]
who founded the Ghadar
Party in America.
The movement began with a group of immigrants known as the
Hindustani Workers of the Pacific Coast.
In a letter toThe Indian Sociologist, published in 1907, he started
to explore anarchist ideas, In April 1914, he was arrested by the
United States government for spreading anarchist literature and
fled to Berlin, Germany.
44-The Indian National Army or Azad
Hind Fauj
was an armed force formed by Indian nationalists in 1942
in Southeast Asia during World War II. The aim of the army was to
liberate India from the British occupation
withJapanese assistance. Initially composed of Indian prisoners of
war captured by Japan in the Malayan campaign and at Singapore,
it later drew volunteers from Indian expatriate population
in Malaya and Burma.
The INA also was at the forefront of women's equality and the
formation of a women's regiment, the Rani of
Jhansi regiment was formed as an all volunteer women's unit to
fight the British occupiers as well as provide medical services to
the INA.
Initially formed in 1942 immediately after the fall of Singapore
under Mohan Singh, the first INA collapsed in December that year
before it was revived under the leadership of Subhas Chandra
Bose in 1943 and proclaimed the army of Bose's Arzi
Hukumat-e-Azad Hind (The Provisional Government of Free India).
This second INA fought along with the Imperial Japanese
Army against the British andCommonwealth forces in the
campaigns in Burma, Imphal and Kohima, and later, against the
successful Burma Campaign of the Allies
. The end of the war saw a large number of the troops repatriated
to India where some faced trial for treason and became a
galvanising point of the Indian Independence movement
the Red Fort trials of captured INA officers in India provoked
massive public outcries in support of their efforts to fight for
Indian independence against the Raj, eventually triggering
the Bombay mutiny in the British Indian
45-The Asiatic Society of bengal
founded in 1784, by Sir William Jones, a British lawyer and
Orientalist, to encourage Oriental studies.
it was the vehicle for his ideas about the importance of Hindu
culture and learning and about the vital role of Sanskrit in the
Aryan languages.
Headquarters are in Kolkata.
The society owns an art collection that includes paintings by Peter
Paul Rubens and Joshua Reynolds.
The societys library contains some 100,000 general volumes, and
its Sanskrit section has more than 27,000 books, manuscripts,
prints, coins, and engravings. The Journal of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal is published regularly.
46-INDIAN COUNCIL FOR CULTURAL
RELATIONS
The ICCR was founded in 1950 by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad,
independent Indias first Education Minister.
The Council helps formulate and implement policies pertaining to
Indias external cultural relations, to foster mutual understanding
between India and other countries and to promote cultural
exchanges with other peoples.
The Objects of the Council as defined in the Memorandum of
Association are:
1. to participate in the formulation and implementation of
policies and programmes relating to India's external cultural
relations;
2. to foster and strengthen cultural relations and mutual
understanding between India and other countries;
3. to promote cultural exchange with other countries and
peoples;
4. to establish and develop relations with national and
inter-national organisations in the field of culture;
5. to take such measures as may be required to further these
objectives.


47-The alwar or azhwars
were Tamil poet saints of south India who lived between the sixth
and ninth centuries A.D. and espoused emotional devotion
or bhakti to Visnu-Krishna in their songs of longing, ecstasy and
service.
They were 12 in number
Use of tamil helped to make the Tamil religious life independent
of a knowledge of Sanskrit.
The one held in greatest esteem among the Alvars is Nammalvar,
His works- Thiruvasiriyam, Thiruviruttam, Periya
Thiruvandhadhi correspond to the Yajur, Rig and Atharva Vedas
respectively
alvars came from all castes, a symbolic notion in Vaishnavism to
show that devotion to God transcends above caste.

48-Fairazi movement
was a movement in Bangladesh in the 18th century started by
the Islamic reformer, Haji Shariatullah. He started this movement
among the most depressed section of theMuslim society; the
farmers and the artisans.
He called upon the people to discard un-Islamic practices and
customs, and to act upon the commandments of faith, the
"Faraiz", or duties. He requested them to observe strictly the
principles of faith and rules of Shariah, and to refrain
from Hindu practices.
The growing popularity of the movement amongst the people
of Bengal alarmed the Hindu landlords who harassed Haji
Shariatullah

49-Kuka revolt or Namdhari movement
Ram Singh launched this revolt against the British in 1857 by
hoisting a white flag of freedom and announced a programme of
far reaching significance.such as boycott government services,
boycott British run educational institutions and law courts,
boycott foreign made goods and defy British laws.
He was the originator of the nonviolent and civil
disobedience movement in Punjab in 1872.
Mahatma Gandhi later used the concepts of non-cooperation and
civil disobedience propounded by Ram Singh as political weapons
against the British
50-Rehnumai Mazdayasan Sabha
It was a Religious Reform among the Parsis which begun among
the Parsis in the 19th century. In 1851, the Rehnumai Mazdayasan
Sabha or Religious Reform Association was started by Naoroji
Furdonji, Dadabhai Naoroji, S.S.Bengalee, and others.
It campaigned against orthodoxy and initiated the modernization
of Parsi social customs regarding the education of women,
marriage and the social position of women in general. In course of
time, the Parsis became the most westernized section of Indian
society.

51-Tana Bhagat movement
It was a religious movement gained momentum in chotanagpur
region among the Oraon ,in its earlier phase it was called as
Kurukh Dharam (literally the Original religion of the Kurukh or
Oraons).
initiated in 1914 by a young Oraon tribes man known as Jatra
Oraon who declared that in a dream Dharmes (the Supreme God)
told him to give up Matia (ghost-finding and exorcism) and the
belief in spirits, to abjure all animal sacrifices, animal food and
liquor, and to give up ploughing their fields which entailed cruelty
to cows and oxen; but failed to save the tribe from famine and
poverty, and no more to work as coolies or laborer under men of
other castes and tribes.
proclaimed that a new day was drawing near, and those who did
not count themselves among his followers would be destroyed.
Dharmes had further ordered Jatra to teach his people the
mantras, or songs and incantations and thereby to cure their
diseases and other afflictions.




52-Wahabi Movement (1820-1870)
This movement was originally an Islamic socio-religious reform
movement. It tried to purify Islam by eliminating all the un-Islamic
practices which had crept into Muslim society through the ages.
Saiyad Ahmad of Rae-Bareily was the founder of this movement in
India. But his actual ambition was to revive Muslim power in
Hindustan by overthrowing the Sikhs in Punjab and British in
Bengal.
Wahabism spread very rapidly in Bihar, Bengal, UP and
North-Western India. After Saiyad Ahmad's death in the battle of
Balakot against the Sikhs (1831), Patna became the centre of this
movement.
In Bengal Saiyad Nissar Hussain led this anti-British struggle which
sometimes took a communal turn. Although the Wahabi uprising
was mainly inspired by anti-imperialist sentiments yet it had some
kind of revivalist and communal tendencies.
The British took strong measures against this movement and were
able to subdue it completely around 1870.

53-kazi Nazrul Islam or Bidrohi Kobi (Rebel Poet),
was a Bengali poet, musician and revolutionary who pioneered
poetic works espousing intense spiritual rebellion
against fascism and oppression.
His poetry and nationalist activism earned him the popular title of
Bidrohi Kobi (Rebel Poet). Accomplishing a large body of acclaimed
works through his life,
Nazrul is officially recognised as the national
poet of Bangladesh and commemorated in India.
Nazrul's writings explore themes such as love, freedom, and
revolution; he opposed all bigotry, including religious and gender.
Throughout his career, Nazrul wrote short stories, novels, and
essays but is best known for his poems, in which he pioneered
new forms such as Bengali ghazals.
preached revolution through his poetic works, such as "Bidrohi"
("The Rebel") and "Bhangar Gaan" ("The Song of Destruction"), as
well as his publication "Dhumketu" ("The Comet").

54-Gopuram or Gopura

is a monumental tower, usually ornate, at the entrance of any

temple, especially in Southern India. This forms a prominent
feature of Koils, Hindu temples of the Dravidian style.

They are topped by the kalasam, a bulbous stone finial. They

function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple
complex.

Murudeshwara Temple in Bhatkal,Karnataka, has the tallest
gopuram

55-bharat dharma mahamandal or All India
Great Federation of Religion
Shri Gyanand Maharaj laid the foundation of Bharat Dharma
Mahamandal to promote the cause of women in the field of education
and to preserve Indian Culture and human value
56-The Young Bengal movement
was a group of radical Bengali free thinkers emerging from Hindu
College, Calcutta in the early 19th century. They were also known
as Derozians, after their firebrand teacher at Hindu College, Henry
Louis Vivian Derozio.
were inspired and excited by the spirit of free thought and revolt
against the existing social and religious structure of Hindusociety.
A number of Derozians were attracted to the Brahmo Samaj
movement
The Young Bengal Movement peripherally included Christians
such as Reverend Alexander Duff
57-Quit india movement or the August
Movement (August Kranti)
was a civil disobedience movement launched in India in August
1942 in response to Mohandas Gandhi's call for immediate
independence.
The All-India Congress Committee proclaimed a mass protest
demanding what Gandhi called "an orderly British withdrawal"
from India. The call for determined, but passive
resistance appears in his call to Do or Die,
The British were prepared to act. Almost the entire Indian
National Congress leadership, and not just at the national level,
was imprisoned without trial within hours after Gandhi's speech
the British had the support of the Viceroy's Council (which had a
majority of Indians), of the Muslims, the Communist Party, the
princely states, the Imperial and state police, the Indian Army, and
the Indian Civil Service.
In terms of immediate objectives Quit India failed because of
heavy-handed suppression, weak coordination and the lack of a
clear-cut programme of action.
However, the British government realized that India was
ungovernable in the long run, and the question for postwar
became how to exit gracefully while protecting Britain's allies, the
Muslims and the princes.

58-The Swadeshi movement,
was an Indian independence movement and the show of
developing Indian nationalism,
was an economic strategy aimed at removing the British
Empire from power and improving economic conditions in India
by following the principles of swadeshi (self-sufficiency), which
had some success. Strategies of the Swadeshi movement involved
boycotting British products and the revival of domestic products
and production processes.
The Swadeshi Movement started with the partition of Bengal by
the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, 1905 and continued up to 1908
The western clothes were thrown in bonfires and it was an act of
honour to wear the local Indian clothes.The British products were
also boycotted in the markets and the sales of the British fell
dramatically.
It was the most successful of the pre-Gandhian movements. Its
chief architects were Aurobindo Ghosh, Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar
Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai.
Swadeshi, as a strategy, was a key focus of Mahatma Gandhi, who
described it as the soul of Swaraj (self rule). Gandhi, at the time of
the actual movement, remained loyal to the British Crown.

59-The Rowlatt act
passed by the British in colonial India in March 1919, indefinitely
extending "emergency measures" (of the Defence of India
Regulations Act) enacted during the First World War in order to
control public unrest and root out conspiracy
this act effectively authorized the government to imprison for a
maximum period of two years, without trial, any person
suspected of terrorism living in the Raj.
The Rowlatt Act gave British imperial authorities power to deal
with revolutionary activities.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, among other Indian leaders, was
extremely critical of the Act and argued that not everyone should
get punishment in response to isolated political crimes.
Accepting the report of the Repressive Laws Committee,
the Government of India repealed the Rowlatt Act, the Press
Act and twenty-two other laws in March 1922



60-The Ilbert Bill
was a bill introduced in 1883 for British India by Viceroy
Ripon that proposed an amendment for existing laws in the
country at the time to allow Indian judges and magistrates the
jurisdiction to try British offenders in criminal cases at the District
level, something that was disallowed at the time.
However, the introduction of the bill led to intense opposition
in Britain and from British settlers in India that ultimately played
on racial tensions before it was enacted in 1884 in a severely
compromised state.
as a result of popular disapproval of the Ilbert Bill by a majority of
English women, Viceroy Ripon (who had introduced the Bill)
passed an amendment, whereby a jury of 50% Europeans was
required if an Indian judge was to face a European on the dock

61-montagu reform or august
declaration of 1917
After the Lucknow Pact, a British policy was announced which
aimed at increasing association of Indians in every branch of the
administration for progressive realization of responsible
government in India as an integral part of the British empire. This
came to be called the August Declaration.Because of Hindu
Muslim unity exhibited in Lucknow Pact.
The Provincial Legislative Councils were enlarged and the majority
of 'their members were to be elected. The provincial governments
were given more powers under the system of Dyarachy.
Under this system some subjects, such as finance and law and
order, were called 'reserved' subjects and remained under the
direct control of the Governor; others such as education, public
health, and local self-government, were called 'transferred'
subjects and were to be controlled by ministers responsible to the
legislature.
the Governor retained complete Control over the financiers. The
Governor could, moreover, overrule the ministers on any grounds
that he considered special.
The Indian National Congress met in a special session at Bombay
in August 1918 under the President ship of Hasan Imam to
consider the reform proposals.
The Indian National Congress met in a special session at Bombay
in August 1918 and condemned it as 'disappointed and
unsatisfactory' and demanded effective self- government instead.
Some of the veteran Congress leaders led by Surendranath
Banerjee were in favour of accepting the government proposals.
They left the Congress at this time and founded the Indian Liberal
Federation. They came to be known as Liberals and played a
minor role in Indian politics hereafter.
The Montague Chelmsford reforms or the act of 1919 was based
on this declaration.



62-The Indigo revolt
was a peasant movement and subsequent
uprising of indigo farmers against the indigo
planters that arose in Bengal in 1859.
After the courageous fight by the Sepoy for
independence in 1857 in FebruaryMarch 1859
the farmers refused to sow a single seedling
of indigo plant. The strength of the farmers'
resolutions were dramatically stronger than
anticipated from a community victimized by
brutal treatment for about half a century. Most
importantly it was a revolt of both the major
religious groups of farmers in Bengal, it was
totally a nonviolent resistance
The zamindars were also targets of the revolting
peasants. Indigo planters were put into public
trial and executed.
The revolt was ruthlessly suppressed. Large
forces of police and military backed by the
British Government and the zamindars
mercilessly slaughtered a number of peasants.
Dinabandhu Mitra's 1859 play Nil Darpan is
based on the revolution.
63-The Malabar Rebellion or Moplah
Rebellion
was an armed uprising in 1921 against British authority
and Hindus in the Malabar region of Southern India
by Mappila Muslims and the culmination of a series of Mappila
revolts that recurred throughout the 19th century and early 20th
century.
The 1921 rebellion began as a reaction against a heavy handed
crackdown on the Khilafat Movement by the British authorities in
the Eranad and Valluvanad taluks of Malabar.
The Mappilas attacked and took control of police stations, British
government offices, courts and government treasuries.
The largely kudiyaan (tenant) Mappilas also attacked and
killed jenmi (landlords) of
the Hindu Nair and Brahmin Nambudiri castes.
Mappilas committed several atrocities against the Hindu
community, who they accused of helping the police to suppress
their rebellion.Annie Besant reported that Muslim Mappilas
forcibly converted many Hindus.
The British administration raised a special quasi-military (or
Armed Police) battalion, the Malabar Special Police (MSP), initially
consisting of non-Muslims and trained by the British Indian Army.
The MSP then attacked the rioters and eventually subdued them.

64-Aligarh Movement
was the movement led by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, to educate the
Muslims of the South Asia after the defeat of the rebels in
the Indian rebellion of 1857.
It had enormous success and had a profound impact on the future
of the subcontinent. Its most significant achievement was the
establishment of Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh,
which later became Aligarh Muslim University,
Amu was a centre of Pakistan Movement and Indian
Independence Movement.
After dislodging the Muslim Nawabs from the throne, the new
rulers, the British, implemented a new educational policy which
banned Arabic, Persian and religious education in schools and
made English not only the medium of instruction but also the
official language in 1835.
This spawned a negative attitude amongst the Muslims towards
everything modern and western, and a disinclination to make use
of the opportunities available under the new regime.
Aligarh movement was launched with two immediate objectives
in mind: to remove the state of misunderstanding and tension
between the Muslims and the new British government, and to
induce them to go after the opportunities available under the new
regime without deviating in any way from the fundamentals of
their faith. Keeping education and social reform as the two planks
of his program,





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