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PROFILING
P
R
O
F
I
L
I
N
G

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TABLE OF CONTENTS.


Index __ 2
Introduction __ 3
Objectives __ 5
Background (Theory) __ 6
Instruments __ 6
Procedure __ 6
Measurements and Calculation __ 8
Conclusion __ 10
References __ 11
Copy of field notebook pages __ 12
Profiling Maps __ 13





























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INTRODUCTION

The elevation of a point is defined as the vertical distance between point and a reference
level surface called datum. The datum is a reference from which measurements are made, so if a
whole series of heights is given relative to a plane, this plane is called a datum. In topographical
work the used datum is the mean sea level (MSL) which is the most common datum used for the
purpose of leveling.

Leveling defined as the process by which the elevation of apoint a bove reference elevation
datum, or the elevation difference between two or more points on the eraths surface is
determeined. Its purpose may be to provide spot heights or contour lines on a plan, to provide data
for making longitudinal and cross-sections, or to provide a level or inclined surface in the setting
out of construction works. The most common method that us used in leveling is the differential
leveling because of its high degree of accuracy. Its performed using an instrument called a level
and a leveling staff.

Figure (1). Leveling


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The main use of leveling is to make the profiling. Profile leveling is a method of surveying
that has been carried out along the central line of a track of land on which a linear engineering
work is to be constructed. The operations involved in determining the elevation of ground surface
at small spatial interval a long a line is called profile leveling and its include making longitudinal
sections and cross sections.
In our experiment, we took the road in front of the College of Nursing and Allied
Health Professions reaching. The leveling performed in a sunny day in the last day of Ramadan.








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OBJECTIVES.
o Apply a closed leveling loop, then find the misclusure error, and correct the elevations in
each station.
o To learn how to draw a profiling map Make the longitudinal section on the field make
cross sections by depending on the longitudinal section that just be made in the first
term.

THEORY.
Profiling is away to present the changing in the elevation or reduced level of a sectional
view graphically or by a map. Profiling usually used for works which locates in one direction and
the same direction (e.g. roads, pipelines) , and its maps uses two scales; vertical scale presents
the distance between the points or ground distance and horizontal scale presents the reduced
level for any point. Profiling can by done by taking a number of points- should by in the same
direction - and find there reduced level and the distances between them, then simply using scales
drew the profiling map.

Profiling has two main types:
First, one is the longitudinal section when profiling is taken along the centerline.
The main object o longitudinal section is to reproduce on paper the existing
ground profile along a particular line such as the centerline of an existing or
proposed work like the center line of a railway, road, canal or water main. As a
general guide, levels are taken at:
1- Every 10m, 20m, 30m , depending on the topography.
2- Points at which gradient changes.
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3- Street intersections.

Second, one is the cross section when profiling is taken orthogonal to the centerline.

Cross section usually taken at right angles to the centerline of a proposed or
existing project such as a road. The width of these sections must be sufficient to
cover the proposed works.


INSTRUMENTS.
o Leveling devise.
o Tripod (head and three legs, used to support a level).
o Staff (used to measure the vertical distance).
o 20 m tape.
o Leveling rod.


PROCEDURE.

1. First of all the experiment has been done on 9 points on the ground with 10-meter
separate them, prepared before the class.
2. The first set up of the level was made on a region that let us to see the points 1,2,3,4
and the benchmark.
3. The staff was put on the benchmark in vertical condition and the back sight-reading
(R1, R2 and R3) were taking directly from the staff.
4. Points 1, 2 and 3 were intermediate points so intermediate readings were taken for
each point from the first set up.
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5. Foresight readings (R1, R2 and R3) were made for the point 4(40 m) which was a
turning point from the first set up.
6. Points 5a and 5b (at 40m) were defined on the ground where the cross section line
passed and the elevation of these points were taken as intermediate sight.
7. Other dimensions of the section line were measured directly by the tape and staff.
8. A new setup was made in other region. And the back sight-reading were made for the
turning point (point number 4(30 m)).
9. Intermediate sight-readings were taken for the points 5 & 6 from the second setup.
10. Foresight readings were taken for the point 7 from the second setup.
11. A new setup (number 3) was made in a new region and the back sight-readings for the
point number 7 were taking from this setup.
12. Intermediate sight-readings were taken for the points 8, from the third setup.
13. Foresight readings were taken for the point 9(80 m) from the forth setup. This point
was determined randomly to make the closed loop leveling.
14. A new setup (number 4) was made in a new region and the back sight-readings for the
point number 9(80m) were taking from this setup.
15. Foresight readings for point 10(x) was taken and back fore sight-readings for the it was
taken from the 5
th
setup final setup.
16. Setup number 5 was made in position where the benchmark and point number 10
could be observed.





















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MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATIONS.

Sketch of the site.























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TABLE 1. DATA.




Sample calculations.

HI1 = hBM + BS = 767.330 + 0.171 = 767.501 m
h1 = HI1 FS = 767.501 0.265 = 767.236 m



Point B.S
R1 R2 R3
I.S F.S
R1 R2 R3
H.I Elevation
hi
DB.S DF.F Ci Hi

B.M 0.249 0.171 0.091 767.501 767.330 15.8
0 0.265 767.236 282.7767
10 1.134 766.367 .9537 88 2
20 2.012 765.489 287.5797
30 0.352 0.284 0.215 3.042 2.942 2.842 764.843 764.559 13.7 20.0 -0.0078 764.5512
40 1.198 763.645 289.8737
A 1.208 763.635 289.8137
B 1.198 763.645 289.8737
C 1.295 763.548 289.5977
D 1.367 763.476 289.7867
E 1.495 763.348 289.9977
F 1.328 763.515 289.7337
G 1.433 766.410 288.9377
50 2.103 762.740 287.2777
60 1.568 1.523 1.478 3.091 3.000 2.900 763.366 761.843 9.0 19.1 -0.0156 761.8274
70 2.388 760.978 286.3578
80 3.315 3.229 3.143 3.345 3.245 3.143 763.350 760.121 17.2 20.2 -0.0237 760.0973
X 4.915 4.808 4.701 0.380 0.298 0.215 767.860 763.052 21.4 16.5 -0.0312 763.0208
B.M 0.560 0.491 0.423 767.369 13.7 -0.039 737.330

10.015 9.976 22.1 89.5
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DBS(1) = (0.249 0.091) 100 = 15.8 m
DFS(1) = (3.042 2.842) 100 = 20 m
= hBM(Calculated) hBM(Known) = 767.369 767.330 = 0.039m
a = C
=

1000
=
89.5 +77.1
1000
= 0.1666
And C = 30
a = 300.1666 = 12.24


1
=

=
1 0.039
5
= 0.0078 mm
h1
`
= h1 + C1 = 764.559-0.0078 = 764.5512 m

2
=

=
2 0.039
5
= 0.0156 mm


CONCLUSION.


From the previous results, we find that our measurements are not acceptable ,
since > a ( 0.039 > 0.012), so it needs correction.

After the data was corrected we can use it to draw the profiling map, using appropriate
scale, taking into account that the horizontal scale usually is smaller than the vertical one since
the change in the reduced level are less than the horizontal, so we need smaller scale to contain
the horizontal distance.

And as we see above the error is greater than the allowable one, so our result is not
acceptable, therefore we made a correction for the elevations and here are some principle sources
of errors that may affect the accuracy of leveling results are:


The staff not held vertically
Main source of errors comes from moving the leveling device to set new setups.
The precision of the person who take readings.
The usual random errors (e.g. the oldness of the used instruments, the angle of the
line of sight on the staff rod) .
Wind may vibrate the level and the staff and make it difficult to keep the bubble
centered and to read the staff correctly.

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REFERENCES:



Surveying for Engineers, Dr. Najeh Tamim, Second Edition, 2006.
Lecture notes and slides of Dr. Mustafa, 2014.
Other internet websites.