MOLLIER DIAGRAM

Dew Point - Tdp

The Dew Point is the temperature at which water
vapor starts to condense out of the air, the
temperature at which air becomes completely
saturated. Above this temperature the moisture will
stay in the air.
If the dew-point temperature is close to the air
temperature, the relative humidity is high, and if
the dew point is well below the air temperature, the
relative humidity is low.
The Dew Point temperature can be measured by
filling a metal can with water and ice cubes. Stir by
a thermometer and watch the outside of the can.
When the vapor in the air starts to condensate on
the outside of the can, the temperature on the
thermometer is pretty close to the dew point of the
actual air.
The dew point temperature can be read by
following a vertical line from the state-point to the
saturation line. Dew point is represented along the
100% relative humidity line in the Mollier diagram.
Dry-Bulb Temperature - Tdb
Dry bulb temperature is usually referred to as air
temperature, is the air property that is most common
used. When people refer to the temperature of the air,
they are normally referring to its dry bulb temperature.
Dry-bulb temperature - Tdb, can be measured by using a
normal thermometer. The dry-bulb temperature is an
indicator of heat content and is shown along the left axis
of the Mollier diagram. The horizontal lines extending
from this axis are constant-temperature lines.
Wet-Bulb Temperature - Twb
Wet bulb temperature is associated with the moisture
content of the air. Wet bulb temperature can be measured
with a thermometer that has the bulb covered with a
water-moistened bandage with air flowing over the
thermometer. Wet bulb temperatures are always lower
than dry bulb temperatures but they will be identical with
100% relative humidity in the air (the air is at the
saturation line). On the Mollier diagram, the wet-bulb
lines slope a little upward to the left (dotted lines).
Heating of Air
Cooling and DehumidfyingAir
Mixing of Air of different Conditions
The heat balance for the mix can be expressed as:
L
A
h
A
+ L
C
h
C
= (L
A
+ L
C
)h
B
where
L = mixing rate
h = enthalpy of the air
The moisture balance for the mix can be
expressed as:
L
A
x
A
+ L
C
x
C
= (L
A
+ LC) x
B
where
x = water content in the air
Calculating the mixture variables x
B
and h
B
makes
it possible to calculate the mixing temperature t
B
.
Humidifying ,
Adding Steam or Water (liquid)
PsychrometricChart
The psychrometricchart is a variant of the Mollier diagram used in
some parts of the world.
The process transforming a Mollier diagram to a psychrometric
chart is shown below. First it has to be reflected in a vertical mirror,
then rotated 90 degrees.
Evaporation from Water
Surfaces
The amount of evaporated water can be expressed as:
( )
c
s
evap
p
A h
x x
c
m

c
s
amount of evaporated water (kg/s)
A =water surface area (m2)
h =heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)
=mean specific heat for moist air (J /kg K)
=humidity ratio in the air (kg/kg)
x =humi
evap
p
c
x
m

=
dity ratio in saturated air at the same temperature as the water surface (kg/kg)
Problem 6 (page 22)
An indoor pool evaporates a certain amount of water, which is removed by a
dehumidifier to maintain +25C, =70% RH in the room (state 1 in figure).
The dehumidifier, shown in figure, is a refrigeration cycle in which moist air
flowing over the evaporator cools such that liquid water drops out, and the air
continues flowing over the condenser. The air after the evaporator (state 2)
has a temperature of +14C. For an air flow of 0,10 kg/s dry air the unit has a
coefficient of performance COP
R
=3,0.
Total pressure in the room is constant 101325 Pa.
Calculate
a) the amount of water that evaporates from the pool ( steady state)
b) the compressor work input
c) the absolute humidity and enthalpy (kJ /kg of dry air) for theair as it returns
to the room (state 3 in figure)
1 3
Water liquid
Evaporator
Condenser
2
Problem dryer
Wood dryer
Capacity: 500 kg/h
Heating coil
Outdoor air
T=+14 C
=60% RH
T=+40 C
=90% RH
+
Volume flow of moist air: 20100 m
3
/h
A
B
C
D
14 , 60%
1599 , 0.60 1599 959.4
959.4
0.622 0.00595 /
101325 959.4
1.0114 0.00595(2502 1.84 14) 29.17 /
40 , 90%
7375 , 0.90 7375 6637.5
6637.5
0.622
101325 663
A A
ws w
A
A
D D
ws w
D
T C RH
p Pa p Pa
x kg kg
h kJ kg
T C RH
p Pa p Pa
x

= =
= = =
= =

= + + =
= =
= = =
=

o
o
3
3
0.04360 /
7.5
1.01 40 0.04360(2502 1.84 40) 152.70 /
8314.51
0.04360 (273.15 40)
18.02
0.94914
6637.5
1.0 0.04360
1.09952 /
0.94914
20100 1.09952 22100.3 /
D
u
moist air
dry air
kg kg
h kJ kg
R
m T
M
V m
p
m
kg m
V
m V kg h
m

=
= + + =
+
= = =
+
= = =
= = =
22100.3
21177.0 /
1.0 1.0 0.04360
( )
500
0.04360 0.01999 /
21177.0
152.70 /
moist air
C D
water in dryer dry air
D C
water in dryer
C D
dry air
C D
m
kg h
x
adiabatic conditions for the dryer h h
m m x x
m
x x kg kg
m
h h kJ kg
Heating coi

= = =
+ +
=
=
= = =
= =
,
0.01999 /
( )
( ) (1 )
0.01999 0.04360
0.627
0.00595 0.04360
:62.7%
0.627 21177.0 13280.2 /
( ) (1 )
B C
B A D
B D
A D
dry air A
B A
l x x kg kg
Mixing rate of outdoor air mix
x mix x mix x
x x
mix
x x
Amount of outdoor air
m kg h
h mix h mix

= =
= +

= = =

= =
= +
0.627 29.17 (1 0.627) 152.70 75.23 /
21177.0
( ) (152.70 75.23) 455.7 456
3600
D
B
dry air
C B heating coil
h
h kJ kg
Q m h h kW

= + =
= = =
Problem dryer
with heat pump
Wood dryer
Capacity: 500 kg/h
Cooling coil
Outdoor air
T=+14 C
=60% RH
T=+40 C
=90% RH
-
Evaporator
Condenser
A
B
F
E
C D
Volume flow of moist air: 20100 m
3
/h
T=+28C
14 , 60%
1599 , 0.60 1599 959.4
959.4
0.622 0.00595 /
101325 959.4
1.0114 0.00595(2502 1.84 14) 29.17 /
40 , 90%
7375 , 0.90 7375 6637.5
6637.5
0.622
101325 663
A A
ws w
A
A
E E
ws w
E
T C RH
p Pa p Pa
x kg kg
h kJ kg
T C RH
p Pa p Pa
x

= =
= = =
= =

= + + =
= =
= = =
=

o
o
0.04360 /
7.5
1.01 40 0.04360(2502 1.84 40) 152.70 /
28 , 100% ( )
3780 , 3780 ( 6637.5 )
3780
0.622 0.02410 /
101325 3780
1.01 28 0.02410(2502 1.84 2
E
F F
ws w
F
F
kg kg
h kJ kg
T C RH assumed
p Pa p Pa Pa condensation occur
x kg kg
h

=
= + + =
= =
= = <
= =

= + +
o
3
3
8) 89.82 /
8314.51
0.04360 (273.15 40)
18.02
0.94914
6637.5
1.0 0.04360
1.09952 /
0.94914
20100 1.09952 22100.3 /
22100.3
21177.0 /
1.0 1.0 0.04360
u
moist air
moist air
dry air
kJ kg
R
m T
M
V m
p
m
kg m
V
m V kg h
m
m kg h
x

=
+
= = =
+
= = =
= = =
= = =
+ +
( )
500
0.04360 0.01999 /
21177.0
152.70 /
0.01999 / ( )
D E
water in dryer dry air
E D
water in dryer
D E
dry air
D E
C D
adiabatic conditions for the dryer h h
m m x x
m
x x kg kg
m
h h kJ kg
Cooling coil x x kg kg no condensation occur
Heat tr

=
=
= = =
= =
= =
( )
21177.0
( ) (152.70 89.82) 369.89
3600
0.01999 /
dry air
E F L
B C
ansfer to heat pump evaporator
Q m h h kW
Condenser x x kg kg

= = =
= =
,
( )
( ) (1 )
0.01999 0.02410
0.226
0.00595 0.02410
: 22.6%
0.226 21177.0 4795.5 /
( ) (1 )
0.226 29.17 (1 0
B A F
B F
A F
dry air A
B A F
B
Mixing rate of outdoor air mix
x mix x mix x
x x
mix
x x
Amount of outdoor air
m kg h
h mix h mix h
h

= +

= = =

= =
= +
= +
1
2
.226) 89.82 76.11 /
( )
(log ) 717
: 1780 / (1460 / 2)
: 2100 / (1776 / 2)
dry air
C B C condenser
kJ kg
Q m h h need to calculate h
From P h diagram for R we read
after evaporator h kJ kg kJ kg fromCATT
after compressor h kJ kg kJ kg fromCATT
afte

=
= =

=
=
3
4 3
717
1 4
717
1 4
717
2
: 1010 / (700.6 / 2)
: 1010 / (700.6 / 2)
( )
369.89
0.4804 /
( ) (1780 1010)
:
(
R
L
L
R
comp R
r condenser h kJ kg kJ kg from CATT
before evaporator h h kJ kg kJ kg fromCATT
Q m h h
Q
m kg s
h h
Work input to compressor
W m h h

=
= =
=
= = =

=
1
717
2 3
) 0.4804(2100 1780) 153.72 154
:
( ) 0.4804(2100 1010) 523.61
( )
523.61
76.11 165.1
21177.0
3600
R
H
dry air
C B H
H
C B
dry air
kW
Heat transfer from condenser
Q m h h kW
this heat will heat the mixed air flow
Q m h h
Q
h h
m

= =
= = =
=
= + = + = 2 /
152.70 /
21177.0
( ) (165.12 152.70) 73.07 73
3600
Wood dryer using only outdoor air consumes about 456 kW of heat
Wood dryer with a mec
D E
dry air
C D cooling coil
kJ kg
Adiabatic conditions in dryer h h kJ kg
Q m h h kW

= =
= = =
hanical heat pump consumes
electricity 154 kW and deliviers 75 kW of heat
ps: no efficiency have been included.