REDOX

Transfer of electron at a distance

What is means by transfer of electron at a distance?
Look at this diagram :
G
Reducing
agent
Oxidizing
agent
e e
+
Positive
terminal
Negative
terminal
Electrolyte
U-u!e
he reducing agent undergoes oxidation
"loss of electron#
he oxidizing agent undergoes reduction
"gain of electron#
Galvanometer
$hen oxidizing agent and reducing agent solutions is
separated !y an electrolyte in a U-u!e% redox reactions
occur !y trans&er o& electron using connecting 'ire( his
electron trans&er is call )trans&er o& electron at a distance*(
+olution that can react as oxidizing agent is the
su!stances that undergoes reduction ,rocess
Solution
Half equation (gain of electron)
and canges colour of solution
!cidified potassiu"
"anganate(#$$)%
&'nO
(
'nO
(
)
+ *H
+
+ +e ,
'n
-+
+ (H
-
O
(purple to colourless)
!cidified potassiu"
dicro"ate(#$) %
&
-
.r
-
O
/
.r
-
O
/
-)
+ 0(H
+
+ 1e ,
-.r
2+
+ /H
-
O
(orange to green)
.lorine% .l
-
.l
-
+ -e , -.l
)

(pale 3ello4 to colourless)
5ro"ine% 5r
-

5r
-
+ -e , -5r
)

(reddis 6ro4n to colourless)
$odine% $
-
$
-
+ -e , -$
)

(6ro4n to colourless)
Give extra attention to hal& e-uation &or acidi&ied
,otassium manganate".//# solution and acidi&ied
,otassium dicrhomate"./#solution(
"&isrt time 'e see this hal& e-uation% must memorize#
+olution that can react as reducing agent is
undergoes oxidation ,rocess
+olution name
0al& e-uation
"loss o& electron# and changes
colour o& solution
/ron"//# sul,hate%
1e+O
2
1e
34
5 1e
64
4 7e
"green to 6ro4n#
+tanum"//#
chloride% +n8l
3
+n
34
5 +n
24
4 3e
"!oth o& the ions is colourless#
Potassium chloride%
98l
38l
-
5 8l
3
4 3e
"colourless to pale 3ello4#
Potassium !romide%
9:r
3:r
-
5 :r
3
4 3e
"colourless to reddis 6ro4n#
Potassium iodide%
9/
3/
-
5 /
3
4 3e
"colourless to !ro'n#
Remem!er :
i( Electron trans&er &rom reducing agent to
oxidizing agent through connecting 'ire(
ii( 8ar!on;gra,hite electrode that is immersed in
reducing agent act as negative terminal(
iii( 8ar!on;gra,hite electrode that is immersed in
oxidising agent act as ,ositive terminal(
iv( he de&lection o& galvanometer needle sho's
the electron &lo'ing;moving(
1e' reaction that you must kno'<
Exam,le 7:
8an you ,redict 'hat 'ill ha,,en=
i,s : determine the solution that react as oxidizing
agent an reducing agent &irst(
Oxidizing agent : acidi&ied ,otassium
manganate".//# solution(
Reducing agent : iron"//# sul,hate solution
/& you can identi&y% the rest 'ill !e much easier(
G
iron($$) sulpate
solution% 7eSO
(

890 "ol d"
)2
!cidified
potassiu"
"anganate(#$$)
solution%
&'nO
(
890 "ol
d"
)2

e
e
+ Negative
terminal
+ul,huric acid% 0
3
+O
2

>(7 mol dm
-6

U-u!e
Galvanometer
Positive
terminal
?Look at the list o& oxidant and reductant that you have ,re,ared
a!ove@
Oxidation ,rocess " reducing agent #
0al& e-uation : 1e
34
5 1e
64
4 7e
- 7 iron"//#ion ;1e
34
loss 7 electron to ,roduce
7 iron"///#ion;1e
64
- 1e
34
is oxidize to 1e
64
- iron"//#ion react as reducing agent
- oxidation num!er o& iron is increase &rom 43
to 46
- the colour o& the solution is turn &rom "light#
green to !ro'n
-
$hat 'ill ha,,en to the electrons that has !een
released=
- he electron 'ill !e released through
negative terminal "car!on that is
immersed in iron"//#sul,hate solution#%
and &lo' through connecting 'ire to
,ositive terminal "car!on that is immersed
in acidi&ied ,otassium manganate ".//#
solution#% so% the galvanometer needle
'ill de&lect(
- Aanganate".//# ion% AnO
2
-
'ill gain
electron and undergoes the reduction
,rocess(
Reduction ,rocess "oxidizing agent#
0al& e-uation: AnO
2
-
4 B0
4
4 Ce 5 An
34
420
3
O
- 7 Aanganate ".//# ion% AnO
2
-
gain C electron
,roduce 7 mangan"//# ion% An
34

- Aanganate".//# ion is reduced to mangan"//#
ion
- Aangnate ".//# ion act as oxidizing agent
- oxidation num!er &or mangan is decreasing
&rom 4D to 43
- the colour o& solution is changes &rom ,ur,le
to colourless

8an you 'rite the total ionic e-uation &or this
reaction=
AnO
2
-
4 B0
4
4 Ce 5 An
34
4 20
3
O
C1e
34
5 C1e
64
4 Ce
'nO
(
)
+ *H
+
+ +7e
-+
, 'n
-+
+ (H
-
O + +7e
2+
0o' this ,rocess is made= Aay!e this -uestion 'ill !e
ask in PEPER3 this year "structure;essay#
Exam,le 3:
8an you ,redict 'hat 'ill ha,,en=
G
:romine
'ater
Potassium
iodide
solution%
9/
>(7 mol
dm
-6

+ul,huric
acid% 0
3
+O
2

>(7 mol dm
-6

U-tu!e
Galvanometer
Tips : recognize te solution tat react as oxidizing
agent and reducing agent first9
Oxidising agent : !romine 'ater
Reducing agent : ,otassium iodide solution
Negative terminal: he car!on that immersed in
,otassium iodide solution
Positive terminal: he car!on that immersed in !romine
solution;'ater
E&ter you have recognize it% the others 'ill !e easier(
Look at the ta!le that you have ,re,are a!ove%
Oxidation ,rocess ; "Reducing agent#
0al& e-uation : 3/
-
5 /
3
4 3e
- 3 iodide ions loss 3 electron to ,roduce 7
molecule o& iodine
- /odide ion is oxidize to iodine
- /odide ion react as reducing agent
- Oxidation num!er &or iodine increase &rom -7 to
>( thus oxidation occur
- 8olourless solution change to !ro'nish yello'
$hat 'ill occur to this releasing electron=
- his electron 'ill !e released through negative
terminal
- gra,hite electrode that is immersed in ,otassium
iodide solution% and &lo' through connecting 'ire
to ,ositive terminal
- gra,hite electrode that is immersed in !romine
solution#%
- hus% galvanometer needle 'ill de&lect(
- !romine 'ill gain electron and reduction ,rocess
'ill occur(
Reduction ,rocess
0al& e-uation &or reduction : :r
3
4 3e 5 3:r
-

- 7 molecule !romine gains 3 electron to ,roduce 3
!romide ion
- :romine is reduce to !romide ion(
- :romine react as oxidizing agent
- Oxidation num!er &or !romine decreasing &rom >
to -7
- :ro'nish-yello' solution change to colourless

8an you 'rite the total ionic e-uation &or this reaction=
:r
3
4 3/
-
3:r
-
4 /
3

exam,le 6: "cont C(7 F C(3 :3B(D(3>>B#
i,s : recognize the solution that react as oxidizing
agent and reducing agent &irst(
Oxidizing agent : acidi&ied ,otassium
dicrhomate"./#
erminal ,ositive: 8ar!on electrod that is immersed
G
stanum"//#
chloride
solution%
+n8l
3

>(7 mol dm
-6
Ecidi&ied
,otassium
dichromate
solution%
9
3
8r
3
O
D
+ul,huric acid%
0
3
+O
2
>(7 mol
dm
-6

U-u!e
Galvanometer
into acidi&ied ,otassium
dichromate"./#
Reducing agent : stanum"//# chloride solution
erminal negative: car!on immersed into stanum"//#
chloride solution
Oxidation ,rocess "reducing agent# 8ont: C(7
0al& e-uation : Sn
-+
, Sn
(+
+ -e
?o!servation: no canges in colour o& solution@
.l
)
.l
-
+ -e
?o!servation: he colour changes &rom colourless to
pale 3ello4@
"depend on te question#
- 7 stanum"//# ion loss 3 electrons to ,roduce 7
stanum"/.# ion
- +tanum"//# ion is oxidize to stanum"/.# ion
- +tanum"//# ion react as reducing agent
- Oxidation num!er &or stanum is increasing &rom
43 to 42
$hat 'ill occur to this releasing electron=
- his electron 'ill !e released through negative
terminal
- gra,hite electrode that is immersed in stanum"//#
chloride solution# is negative terminal% and &lo'
through connecting 'ire to ,ositive terminal
- electrode that is immersed in acidi&ied ,otassium
dichromate"./# solution is ,ositive terminal%
- Galvanometer needle 'ill de&lect(
- Gicrhomate"./#ion 'ill gain electron and
reducing ,rocess 'ill occur
Reduction ,rocess ; "oxidising agent#
hal& e-uation &or reduction:
.r
-
O
/
-)
+ 0(H
+
+ 1e

, -.r
2+
+ /H
-
O
- 7 dichromate"./# ion gain H electron to ,roduce
3 chromium"///#ion
- dichromate"./# ion is reduced to
3 chromium"///# ion
- dichromate"./# ion react as oxidizing agent(
- Oxidation num!er &or chromium decreasing &rom
4H to 46
- Orange solution turn to green

8an you 'rite the total ionic e-uation &or this reaction=
8an you ans'er the &ollo'ing -uestionI
i( +tate the electrode that react as ,ositive terminal
8ar!on electrode that immersed in acidi&ied
9
3
8r
3
O
D
solution
ii( +tate the electrode that react as negative terminal
8ar!on electrode that immersed in +n8l
3
solution
iii( Aark the direction o& the &lo' o& current at the
'ire
iv( Name the su!stance that undergoes oxidation
,rocess
stanum"//# /on
v( Name the su!stance that undergoes reduction
,rocess
dichromate"./# /on
vi( Name the oxidizing agent
Ecidi&ied ,otassium dicrhomate"./# solution
;dikromat"./#ion
vii( Name the reduction agent
stanum"//#chloride solution ; stanum"//#ion
viii(+tate the o!servation at the end o& this reaction
8olour o& solution &or acidi&ied ,otassium
dicrhomate"./#solution change &rom ,ur,le to
green
ix( $rite the hal& e-uation &or the !oth electrode
+n
34
----J +n
24
4 3e
8r
3
O
D
3-
4 720
4
4 He ---J 38r
34
4 D0
3
O

x( $rite the total ionic e-uation &or this reaction

6+n
34
4 8r
3
O
D
3-
4 720
4
---J 6+n
24
4 38r
34
4
D0
3
O