OXIDE. To determine the empirical formula of copper(II) AIM oxide. Problem How is the formula of copper(II) oxide determined ? Statement The empirical formula of copper(II) oxide can be Hypothesis determined by finding out the mass of copper and oxygen in a sample of copper(II) oxide.
Manipulated variable : Mass of copper oxide
Variables Responding variable : Mass of copper formed Fixed variables : An excess of hydrogen gas
Combustion tube, Bunsen burner, Stoppers, Glass
Apparatus tube, Retort stand and clamp, Balance, U tube, Spatula, Porcelain dish. Hydrogen gas, H2, Copper(II) oxide, Anhydrous Materials calcium chloride, CaCl2, Wooden splinter, Zinc granules.
Figure
Procedure 1. The mass of the combustion tube with porcelain dish
in it is weighed. 一 小 匙
2. A spatulaful of copper(II) oxide is added to the
porcelain dish. The tube is weighed again. 3. The apparatus is set up as shown in Figure. 4. Hydrogen gas is allowed to flow into the set of apparatus for 5 to 10 minutes to remove all the air / oxygen in the tube. 5. To determine whether all the air has been removed from the tube, the gas that comes out from the small hole is collected in a test tube. Then, the gas is tested with a lighted wooden splinter. If the gas burns quietly without a ‘pop’ sound, then all the air has been totally removed from the combustion tube. 6. The excess hydrogen gas that flows out from the small hole of the combustion tube is burnt and the copper(II) oxide is heated strongly. 7. The flame is turned off when the copper(II) oxide turns completely brown. 8. The flow of hydrogen gas is continued until the set of apparatus cools down to room temperature. 9. The mass of the combustion tube with its content is weighed again. 10. The heating, cooling and weighing are repeated until a constant mass is obtained. The constant mass is recorded. Description Mass(g) combustion tube + porcelain dish x combustion tube + porcelain dish + y copper(II) oxide combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper z Copper z-x Data & Oxygen y–z Observation Element Copper, Cu Oxygen, O Mass (g) z–x y-z Number of z–x y–z moles of atoms 64 16 Simplest ratio of moles 1) The function of anhydrous calcium chloride is to dry the hydrogen gas.
2) Copper(II) oxide is black in colour. It reacts with
hydrogen gas to produce brown copper metal. CuO + H 2 → Cu + H2O
3) Below are the precautions and safety measures
taken during the activity. a) Air in the combustion tube must be totally removed before step 6. ( a mixture of hydrogen gas and air will cause an explosion when lighted. )
b) The flow of hydrogen gas must be continuous
throughout this activity so that air does not Discussion enter the tube. ( if not, an explosion may occur and the hot copper produced will react with oxygen again. )
c) Heating, Cooling, Weighing process is repeated
until a constant mass is obtained to ensure all the copper(II) oxide has change into copper.
4) This method can also be used to determine the
empirical formulae of oxides of other low reactivity metals such as tin(II) oxide and lead(II) oxide.
5) This method cannot be replaced by heating
copper(II) oxide with reactive metals such as magnesium or calcium. Both the reactants and products are solids and thus the individual mass of copper and oxygen cannot be determined at all.
Conclusion The empirical formula of copper(II) oxide is CuO.
o Pass the hydrogen gas through combustion tube before heating. – remove the air to avoid the explotion.
o The hydrogen gas is continuously flowed through
the combustion tube. Precautions – to avoid explotion / prevent copper react with oxygen again.
o Heating, Cooling, Weighing process is repeated
until a constant mass is obtained. – to ensure all the copper(II) oxide had change to copper.