A

PRACTICAL TRAINING
SEMINAR REPORT
ON
BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED
SESSION 2008-2012
Submitted for the prti! fu!"!!me#t
for the $rd of the de%ree of
&AC'ELOR O( TEC'NOLOG)
O(
RA*AST'AN TEC'NICAL +NI,ERSIT)- .OTA


SUBMITTED BY:

RAJAN MEENA
08E
C071
VII
SEM (ECE)

FINAL YEAR
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
/eprtme#t of E!e0tro#i01 2 Commu#i0tio#
E#%i#eeri#%
ENGINEERING COLLEGE A*MER
3A# Auto#omou1 I#1titute of Go4t5 of R61th#7
&d!i8 Chourh-N5'5 8-&8-P11-A6mer-90:002
1

;eb1ite < $$$5e06mer505i# -Ph #o5 01=:-
2>?1??9-??>-800-801
2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is with profound gratitude that I express my deep indebtedness to all the employees
of B.S.N.L. without whose support and guidance it would not have been possible for
this training to have materialized and taken a concrete shape. I owe my personal
thanks to my trainers in charge Dr. S.l. verma (SDE), and Dr. Sandeep saini (JTO)
who extended full support and co!operation at every stage of my training period. I
would also like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the guidance from Mr.
Dhirender mah!r ("OD #$ ele%r#ni%s and %#mm!ni%ai#n) and Mrs. &e'ha
mehra (Seminar C#(#rdina#r #$ ele%r#ni%s and %#mm!ni%ai#n) for undergoing
training at a reputed company like B.S.N.L.
I am also indebted to my parents and friends for their constant encouragement and
helping me in my endeavor.Last" but not the least" I would like to thank everyone who
has contributed for the successful completion of my training.

RAJAN MEENA
08EC
071
(B.TECH VII SEMESTER - ECE)
3

)&E*ACE
#rganizations are made up of people and function through people. $ithout people"
organizations cannot exist. %he resources of men" money" material" machinery" and
mechanism are connected" coordinated and utilized through people. &ngineers need to
concentrate more on mechanism and the way in which things have been made. %he
need of training arises for doing things yourself" understanding its way.
'ractical exposure for doing things makes a person conversant to the technicalities
involved in any (ob. In view of such benefits" imparting of vocational training has
been made an integral part of any academic structure.
In B.S.N.L." training is given to &ngineering )spirants to secure future in the dynamic
world of telecommunications. %oday telecommunication industry is one of the very
fastest growing industries in the world.
In this order I have taken *+ days BSNL training. In my report I try to introduce
Leased line concepts" $I,)-" $i!.i" optical fiber concepts and overview of
Intranet.

TA+LE O* CONTENTS
C"A)TE&
NO.
CONTENTS )AGE NO.
/over 'age
0
)cknowledgement
'reface
1
/ontents
v!vi
List of .igures
2ii
List of %ables
2iii
/hapter!0 Introduction to BSNL
0!*
0.0 3ow BSNL /ame to %elecom Network
0
0.* Institutional .ramework
0
0.1 BSNL /ontribution to 4#%
*
/hapter!* $orking of Basic %elecom network
1!5
*.0 /all Setup
1
*.* &lectronic &xchange
6
*.1 /arrier 7oom
6
*.1.0 /LLS
6
*.1.* ,LLN
6
*.6 ,ain 4istribution .rame
6
*.6.0 .unctions of ,4.
5
*.5 'ower 'lant
5
/hapter!1 Leased Lines
8!9
1.0 Introduction
8
1.* 4rawbacks of LL
8
1.1 ,LLN
8
1.1.0 ,LLN .eatures
8
1.1.* ,LLN )dvantages
9
1.1.1 )pplications #f ,LLN
9
/hapter!6 Intranet
+!0:
6.0 Introduction
+
6.* .eatures of Intranet
+
6.1 $hy Intranet for an #rganization;
+
6.6 )pplication of Intranet
<
6.5 #verview of Intranet
<
6.8 Intranet )pplication in a /ircle
0:
/hapter!5 /orporate Network
00!0*
5.0 Introduction
00
5.* $hy do #rganization have /N;
00
5.1 .eatures of /N Security
0*
/hapter!8 $I!.I
01!06
!

8.0 $I!.I Network 01
8.* $orking of $I!.I Network 01
8.1 Benefits of $I!.I 06
8.6 Limitations of $I!.I 06
/hapter!9 $I,)- 05!0+
9.0 $ireless Broadband Services 05
9.* Salient .eatures of $I,)- 05
9.1 &volution of Broadband Services 08
/hapter!+ =S, 0<!*0
+.0 .eatures of =S, 0<
+.* =S, Subsystem 0<
+.*.0 7adio Subsystem 0<
+.*.* Network and Switching
Subsystem
*:
+.*.1 .unction of ,S/ *:
/hapter!< ='7S **
/hapter !0: /4,) *1
0:.0 )dvantages of /4,) *1
0:.* 4isadvantages of /4,) *1
0:.1 4ifference Between /4,) and =S, *1
/hapter!00 .ibre #ptic %ransmission ,edium *6!*5
00.0 Introduction *6
00.* )rchitecture of .ibre *6
00.1 /lassification *5
00.6 )dvantages of .ibre #ptics *5
/hapter!0* /onclusion *8
/hapter!01 Bibliography and 7eferences *9
"

L,ST O* *,G-&ES
*,G-&E NO. T,TLE O* *,G-&E )AGE NO.
.I= *.0 3ow Line 7eaches .rom Subscriber %o &xchange 1
.I= *.* ,4. 6
.I= 6.0 Intranet Network <
.I= 5.0 /orporate Network 0*
.I= 8.0 $I!.I Network 01
.I= 9.0 $I,)- Network )rchitecture 09
.I= +.0 Basic =S, Network 0<
.I= 00.0 #ptical .ibre %ransmission *6
.I= 00.* 'ropagation of Light %hrough .ibre *5


L,ST O* TA+LES
TA+LE NO. TA+LE NAME )AGE NO.
%)BL& 5.0 4ifference Between %raditional and Ideal
Network
00
%)BL& 9.0 7eference 'oints 0+
7

C"A)TE&(.
,NT&OD-CT,ON TO +SNL
India is the fourth largest telecom market in )sia after /hina" >apan and South ?orea.
%he Indian telecom network is the eighth largest in the world.
%@'&A /#,,BNI/)%I#N S&72I/& '7#2I4&7
/#BN%7@A IN4I)
)2)IL)BLI%@A N)%I#N)L &-/&'% 4&L3I C ,B,B)I
#$N&7A %3& =#2&7N,&N% #. IN4I)
$&BSI%&A www.bsnl.co.in
... "OW +SNL CAME ,N TELECOM MA&KET/
%he initial phase of telecom reforms began in 0<+6 with the creation of /enter for
4epartment of %elematics D/!4#%E for developing indigenous technologies and
private manufacturing of customer premise eFuipment. Soon after" the ,ahanagar
%elephone Nigam Limited D,%NLE and 2idesh Sanchar Nigam Limited D2SNLE were
set up in 0<+8.%he %elecom /ommission was established in 0<+<. ) crucial aspect of
the institutional reform of the Indian telecom sector was setting up of an independent
regulatory body in 0<<9 the %elecom 7egulatory )uthority of India D%7)IE" to
assure investors that the sector would be regulated in a balanced and fair manner. In
*:::" 4o% corporatized its services wing and created Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited.
..0 ,NST,T-T,ONAL *&AMEWO&K/
It is defined as the system of formal laws" regulations" and procedures" and informal
conventions" customs" and norms" that broaden" mold" and restrain socio!economic
activity and behavior. %he country has been divided into units called /ircles" ,etro
4istricts" Secondary Switching )reas DSS)E" Long 4istance /harging )rea DL4/)E
and Short 4istance /harging )rea DS4/)E.
In India" 4o% is the nodal agency for taking care of telecom sector on behalf of
government.
Its basic functions areA
'olicy .ormulation
7eview of performance
Licensing
$ireless spectrum management
)dministrative monitoring of 'SBs
7esearch C 4evelopment
StandardizationG2alidation of &Fuipment
..1 +SNL CONT&,+-T,ON TO DE2ELO)MENT O* TELECOM/
8

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited was formed in year *::: and took over the service
providers role from 4#%. BSNLHs roadmap for providing customer with access to the
latest telecommunications services without losing sight of universal service access has
been by way of utilizing optimally the existing infrastructure and accelerating
advances in technological component by innovative absorption.
AC",E2EMENTS O* +SNL/
BSNL has a customer base of over < crore and is the fourth largest integrated
telecom operator in the country.
BSNL is the market leader in Broadband" landline and national transmission
network.
BSNL is also the only operator covering over 5 lakh village with telecom
connectivity.
)rea of operation of BSNL is all India except 4elhi C ,umbai.
#

C"A)TE&(0
WO&K,NG O* +AS,C TELECOMM-N,CAT,ON NETWO&K
%his section includes brief introduction of how a call is processed when we dial a call
from basic telephone to another basic telephone or from basic to mobile or vice versa.
0.. CALL SET-)/
$hen a subscriber calls to another subscriber first its reFuest goes to the nearest
switching centre that is 'S%N D'ublic Switching %elecommunication NetworkE.
%hen it processes the caller and subscriberHs number if it exists in the same BS/
then call setup is completed.
If subscriber is not in the same BS/ DBase Switching /entreE then call transfer to
,S/ D,ain Switching /entreE then it transfers the call to prior BS/ then call
setup is completed.
If /aller calls to a mobile subscriber then call transfer is done by ,%S# now call
transfer is done on B%Ss DBase %ransceiver StationE and call setup is completed.
.I= *.0 3#$ LIN& 7&)/3&S .7#, SBBS/7IB&7 %# &-/3)N=&
(&E*( .)
*-NCT,ON O* E3C"ANGE/
&xchange of information with subscriber lines with other exchange. %his is done
by two type of signalingA
0. Inchannel signaling
*. /ommon channel signaling
'rocessing of signaling information and controlling the operation of signaling
network.
/harging and billing.
10

0.0 ELECT&ON,C E3C"ANGE/
)ll control functions by series of instructions are stored in memory.
,emories are modifiable and control program can always be rewritten. .or each
call processing step decision is taken according to class of service.
0.1 CA&&,E& &OOM/
Leased line connectivity is provided in carrier room. %his room has two partsA
0. /onventional leased line system
*. ,LLN
0.1.. CON2ENT,ONAL LEASED L,NE S4STEM/
It consists of modems and routers that are provided by the company reFuesting for
that network.
/onnectivity of different )%," banks etc. is provided by BSNL here.
.or this" we have 6 modems D* in &xchange" 0 at sender and 0 at receiverE
,odems are used for short distances i.e. trans and receive part are received here
and local lead connection is given to the subscriber.
Local lead faults can be handled here but the trans and receive faults can be
handled by the department meant for it.
)ccept 86?bps or * ,bps.
.or long distance communication we have ,B-S and data is sent through optical
fibers. ,B-S are present at both the ends.
0.1.0 MANAGED LEASED L,NE NETWO&K/
No open wiring.
7oute can be changed by the computer software
In )gra =ate &xchange" we have 1 2,B- of type II.
0.5 MD*(MA,N D,ST&,+-T,ON *&AME)/
,.4... is a media between switching network and subscriberHs line. It is a termination
point within the local telephone exchange where exchange eFuipment and
terminations of local loops are connected by (umper wires.
.I= *.* ,4.
11

(&E*( 5)
12

0.5.. *-NCT,ONS O* MD*/
)ll cable copper wires supplying services through user telephone lines are
terminated and distributed through ,4..
%he most common kind of large ,4. is a long steel rack accessible from both
sides. &ach (umper is a twisted wire.
It consists of local connection and broadband connection frames for the main
&xchange area.
%he ,4. usually holds central office protective devices including heat coils and
functions as a test point between a line and the office.
It provides testing of calls.
It checks whether fault is indoor or external.
)ll lines terminate individually.
0.6 )OWE& )LANT/
It provides !6+2 to the switch rooms and 6+2 to the connections.
Batteries are artificially discharged once in a year for their maintenance.
/ooling is provided through fans C )/.
%here is earth region too for protection.
13

C"A)TE&(1
LEASED L,NES
1.. ,NT&OD-CT,ON/
) leased line Ddedicated lineE is a permanent fiber optic or telephone connection
between two points set up by a telecommunications carrier. %hey can be used for
telephone" data" or Internet services. Businesses use a leased line to connect to
geographically distant offices because it guarantees bandwidth for network traffic. .or
example" a bank may use a leased line in order to easily transfer financial information
from one office to another. /ustomers generally pay a flat monthly rate for the service
depending on the distance between the two points. Leased lines do not have telephone
numbers. %he information sent through the leased line travels along dedicated secure
channels" eliminating the congestion that occurs in shared networks.
1.0 D&AW+ACKS O* T&AD,T,ONAL LEASED L,NE C,&C-,TS/
0. Limited range of services ! #nly 'lain Leased Line Service" 4ata cards
support only up to 86 kbps" no support for N x 86 ?bps.
*. .rom #perator point of view in case of Leased Line /ircuit different boxes
from different vendors so difficult to manage C control.
1. No /entralized ,onitoring or alarm or performance monitoring.
%he solution to this is MLLN.
1.1 MLLN ( MANAGED LEASED L,NE NETWO&K )/
%he ,LLN service is specially designed mainly for having effective control and
monitoring on the leased line so that the down time is minimized and the circuit
efficiency is increased. %his mainly deals with data circuits ranging from 86 ?bps to
*:6+ ?bps.
1.1.. MLLN *EAT-&ES/
0. ,LLN is an integrated" fully managed" multi service digital network platform
through which service provider can offer a wide range of service at an optimal
cost to business subscriber.
*. Bsing N,S" ,LLN can provide high speed Leased Line with improved IoS"
high availability C reliability.
1. &xcept for connecting the local lead to the ,#4&, all operations C
maintenance is carried out through 7#% D7emote #perating %erminalE.
1

6. N,S supports service provisioning" Network optimization" planning C service
monitering.
5. System offers end to end circuit creation and modification" circuit loop testing C
fault isolation" automatic rerouting of traffic in case of trunk failure" software
programmability of N%B etc.
8. Banking" .inancial institution" Stock market" paper industry" broadcasting C
Internet service 'rovider are the main customers for ,LLN.
1.1.0 MLLN AD2ANTAGES/
0. *6 hrs 'erformance ,onitoring of the circuit.
*. /ircuit fault reports generated proactively.
1. #n 4emand the Bandwidth can be increased.
6. Low lead time for new circuit provisioning.
5. 'rotection against the failure of the circuit through recovery ,anagement
process either automatic or manually.
8. Long drive on single copper pair.D for 86 kbps 9 kms C for *mbps 1.5 kmsE
9. /entrally managed from 7#% connected to the N,S.
1.1.1 A))L,CAT,ON O* MLLN/
0. /orporate high speed internet access through Broadband.
*. L)N interconnection.
1. 3otline connectivity for voice.
6. 'oint to point connection for data circuit.
5. 'oint to multipoint connection.
1!

C"A)TE&(5
,NT&ANET
5.. ,NT&ANET/
Smaller private version of Internet. It uses Internet protocols to create
enterprise!wide network which may consists of interconnected L)Ns.
It may or may not include connection to Internet.
Intranet is an internal information system based on Internet technology and web
protocols for implementation within a corporate organization.
%his implementation is performed in such a way as to transparently deliver the
immense informational resources of an organization to each individualHs desktop
with minimal cost" time and effort.
%he Intranet defines your organization and displays it for everyone to see.
5.0 *EAT-&ES O* ,NT&ANET/
0. It is scalable.
*. It is Interchangeable.
1. It is platform independent
6. It is 3ardware independent.
5. It is vendor independent.
5.1 W"4 ,NT&ANET *O& AN O&GAN,7AT,ON/
Iuick access to voice" video" data and other resources needed by users.
2ariety of valuable Intranet applications improves communication and
productivity across all areas of an enterprise.
) *0st /entury %elephone.
)n IS# %ool.
) %arget ,arketing %ool.
) 4ecision ,aking %ool.
) /omplete /ommunication %ool.
1"

.I= 6.0 IN%7)N&% N&%$#7? (&E*( 6)
5.5 A))L,CAT,ONS O* ,NT&ANET/
'ublishing /orporate documents.
)ccess into searchable directories.
&xcellent ,ailing .acilities.
'roper Sharing of Information.
4eveloping =roupware )pplications.
5.6 TEC"N,CAL O2E&2,EW O* T"E ,NT&ANET TEC"NOLOG4
Intranet runs on open %/'GI' network" enable companies to employ the same type of
servers and browser used for $orld $ide $eb for internal applications distributed
over the corporate L)N.
) typical Intranet implementation involves a high end machine called a server which
can be accessed by individual '/s commonly referred to as clients" through the
network.
%he Intranet site setup can be Fuite inexpensive" especially if your users are already
connected by L)N.
5.8 ,NT&ANET A))L,CAT,ONS ,N A C,&CLE/
&very circle must have an intranet server which should have the followingA
)ll postingGtransferGrelieving orders issued within circle to be hosted on the
intranet.
17

)ll letters circularsGletters issued from different sections of the circle office to be
hosted on the server for immediate access by SS)s. &ach section in circle office
)dministration" #perations" ,arketing" .inance" 'lanning" /omputers etc can
have web pages hosted on the server.
) database can be maintained for ,IS reports and all other reports to be sent
periodically by SS)s to circle office. %he database can have front end forms
designed in )S' or '3' for the SS)s to input the data. Separate programs can be
developed to consolidate the data fed by SS)s.
)ll data prepared and Gor distributed during SS) heads meetings can be hosted
on the Intranet.
%he implementation of the above will reduce the usage of paper and also reduce
the usage of .)-.
18

C"A)TE&(6
CO&)O&ATE NETWO&K
6.. ,NT&OD-CT,ON/
) corporate network D/NE is a closed and private computer network that affords
secure communications between geographically dispersed L)Ns of an enterprise.
Tradii#nal ne9#r's
Informal
Socially oriented
3ad geographical boundaries
$ere expertise specific
No access to corporate
resources
Not self sufficient
Not self sustainable
No corporate governance
policies
An ideal ne9#r'
.ormal
Business oriented
International infrastructure C
exposure
/omprehensive expertise
)ccess to substantial corporate
resources
self sufficient
Self sustainable
=overned by strict values and
principles
%)BL& 5.0 4I..&7&7/&S B&%$&&N %7)4I%I#N)L )N4 I4&)L
N&%$#7?S (&E*( 0)
%he reFuirement in a /orporate Network is same as ideal network.
6.0 W"4 DO +-,SNESSES "A2E CO&)O&ATE NETWO&K:
) business implements a corporate network to share applications and data between
different computing devices and users in different locations. Bnless the application is
web based or database driven" this usually means copying files back and forth
between a network drive and a local computer" where a desktop application is used to
read andGor edit the files.
%he increasing need to access corporate data from anywhere has led to changes in the
nature of applications" in current model of corporate network.
) typical corporate network has the following characteristicsA
,any L)N segments.
,ore than one network protocol DI' or I'-E.
#S'.!configured areas" if it uses I'.
4ial!up connectivity for users connecting from home or while traveling.
/onnectivity to external networks.
4emand!dial connections to branch offices.
1#

4edicated circuits to branch offices.
) corporate network typically uses different types of network media. %he
different office segments can be on 0:!,B &thernet or %oken 7ing networks"
but the backbone network used for connecting the different networks and
hosting servers is usually made up of 0::!,B &thernet . /onnectivity to
external networks Dthe InternetE is over leased lines. /onnectivity to branch
offices is either over dial!up line or dedicated media Dleased linesE.
.I= 5.0 /#7'#7)%& N&%$#7? (&E*( 6)
6.1 *EAT-&ES O* CO&)O&ATE NETWO&K SEC-&,T4/
/omplete bullet!proof protection of the remote computers you have on your
network.
&xecutable patches can be easily uploaded to all your remote computers and
executed remotely.
&asy and intuitive configuration without lots of complicated configuration files.
&verything is configured through the stand!alone =BI interface from any
location where %/'GI' connection to your corporate network can be established.
@ou do not need to physically visit your workstations when you need to change
security settings or install patches.
%he remote client service application is bullet!proof. @our users will not be able
to disable" uninstall or delete it.
)ll traffic between the server and the clients is encrypted. )ll local files are
encrypted as well.
%he server service application and the remote client service application work as
N% services under $indows N%G*:::G-' and higher therefore they will keep
working in the logoff mode.
20

C"A)TE&(8
W,(*, (W,&ELESS *,DEL,T4)
8.. W,(*, NETWO&K/
) $i!.i network provides the features and benefits of traditional L)N technologies
such as &thernet and %oken 7ing without the limitations of wires or cables. It provides
the final few meters of connectivity between a wired network and the mobile user.
$I.I is a wireless L)N %echnology to deliver wireless broad band speeds up to 56
,bps to Laptops" '/s" '4)s" dual mode $i!.i enabled phones etc.
8.0 WO&K,NG O* W,(*, NETWO&K/
In a typical $i!.i configuration" a transmitterGreceiver DtransceiverE device" called the
A%%ess )#in (A))" connects to the wired network from a fixed location using
standard cabling. ) wireless )ccess 'oint combines router and bridging functions" it
bridges network traffic" usually from &thernet to the airwaves" where it routes to
computers with wireless adapters. %he )' can reside at any node of the wired network
and acts as a gateway for wireless data to be routed onto the wired network. It
supports only 0: to 1: mobile devices per )ccess 'oint D)'E depending on the
network traffic. Like a cellular system" the $i!.i is capable of roaming from the )'
and re!connecting to the network through another )'. Like a cellular phone system"
the wireless L)N is capable of roaming from the )' and re!connecting to the network
through other )'s residing at other points on the wired network. %his can allow the
wired L)N to be extended to cover a much larger area than the existing coverage by
the use of multiple )'s such as in a campus environment. It may be used as a
standalone network anywhere to link multiple computers together without having to
build or extend a wired network.
.I= 8.0$I!.I N&%$#7? (&E*( 6)
&nd users access the $i!.i network through Wi(*i adapers" which are implemented
as cards in desktop computers" or integrated within hand!held computers. $i!.i
21

wireless L)N adapters provide an interface between the client Network #perating
System DN#SE and the airwaves via an antenna.
8.1 +ENE*,TS O* W,(*,/
$i!.i offers the following productivity" conveniences" and cost advantages over
traditional wired networksA
,obility/ $i!.i systems can provide L)N users with access to real!time
information anywhere in their organization.
Installation Speed and Simplicity/ Installing a $i!.i system can be fast and easy
and can eliminate the need to pull cable through walls and ceilings.
Installation .lexibility/ $ireless technology allows the network to go where
wire cannot go.
7educed /ost!of!#wnership/ $hile the initial investment reFuired for $i!.i
hardware can be higher than the cost of wired L)N hardware" overall
installation expenses and life!cycle costs can be significantly lower.
Scalability/ $i!.i systems can be configured in a variety of topologies to meet
the needs of specific applications and installations. /onfigurations are easily
changed and range from peer!to!peer networks suitable for a small number of
users to full infrastructure networks of thousands of users that allows roaming
over a broad area.
It offers much high speed up to 56 ,bps which is very much greater than other
wireless access technologies like /#74&/%" =S, and /4,).
8.5 L,M,TAT,ONS O* W,(*,/
/overageA ) single )ccess 'oint can cover" at best" a radius of only about 8:
meters. .or 0: sFuare kms area roughly 85: )ccess 'oints are reFuired" where
as /4,) *::: 0x&2!4# reFuires (ust :< sites.
7oamingA It lacks roaming between different networks hence wide spread
coverage by one service provider is not possible" which is the key to success of
wireless technology.
Backhaul/ Backhaul directly affects data rate service. $i!.i real world data rates
are at least half of the their theoretical peak rates due to factors such as signal
strength" interference and radio overhead .Backhaul reduces the remaining
throughput further.
Interference/ $i!.i uses unlicensed spectrum" which mean no regulator recourse
against interference. %he most popular type of $i!.i" J+:*.00Hb uses.
C"A)TE&(;
22

W,MA3
;.. W,&ELESS +&OAD+AND SE&2,CES/
%here are two fundamentally different types of broadband wireless services. %he first
type attempts to provide a set of services similar to that of the traditional fixed!line
broadband but using wireless as the medium of transmission. %his type" called fixed
wireless broadband" can be thought of as a competitive alternative to 4SL or cable
modem. %he second type of broadband wireless" called mobile broadband" offers the
additional functionality of portability" nomadicity and mobility.
$I!,)- is an acronym that stands for W#rld(9ide ,ner#pera<ili= $#r Mi%r#9ave
A%%ess and this technology is designed to accommodate both fixed and mobile
broadband applications.
;.0 SAL,ENT *EAT-&ES O* W,MA3/
#.4,!based physical layer.
2ery high peak data rates.
Scalable bandwidth and data rate support.
)daptive modulation and coding D),/E.
Link!layer retransmissions.
Support for %44 and .44 #.4,).
.lexible and dynamic per user resource allocation.
Support for advanced antenna techniFues.
Iuality!of!service support.
7obust security.
Support for mobility.
I'!based architecture.
;.1 E2OL-T,ON O* +&OAD+AND W,&ELESS/
0. N)77#$B)N4 $I7&L&SS L#/)L!L##' S@S%&,S/ %he first application
for which a wireless alternative was developed and deployed was voice telephony.
%hese systems" called wireless local!loop D$LLE. $LL systems based on the digital!
23

enhanced cordless telephony D4&/%E and code division multiple access D/4,)E
standards continue to be deployed in these markets. 4uring the same time" several
small start!up companies focused solely on providing Internet!access services using
wireless" antennas to be installed at the customer premises. %hese early systems
typically offered speeds up to a few hundred kilobits per second. Later evolutions of
license!exempt systems were able to provide higher speeds.
*. .I7S%!=&N&7)%I#N B7#)4B)N4 S@S%&,SA )s 4SL and cable modems
began to be deployed" wireless systems had to evolve to support much higher speeds
to be competitive. 2ery high speed systems" called local multipoint distribution
systems DL,4SE" supporting up to several hundreds of megabits per second" were
developed.
In the late 0<<:s" one of the more important deployments of wireless broadband
happened in the so!called multi channel multipoint distribution services D,,4SE
band at *.5=3z. %he ,,4S band was historically used to provide wireless cable
broadcast video services" especially in rural areas where cable %2 services were not
available. %he first generations of these fixed broadband wireless solutions were
deployed using the same towers that served wireless cable subscribers. %hese towers
were typically several hundred feet tall and enabled L#S coverage to distances up to
15 miles" using high!power transmitter.
%he advent of satellite %2 ruined the wireless cable business" and operators were
looking for alternative ways to use this spectrum. ) few operators began to offer one!
way wireless Internet!access service" using telephone line as the return path.
1. S&/#N4 ! =&N&7)%I#N B7#)4B)N4 S@S%&,SA Second!generation
broadband wireless systems were able to overcome the L#S issue and to provide
more capacity. %his was done through the use of a cellular architecture and
implementation of advanced!signal processing techniFues to improve the link and
system performance under multi path conditions. ,any solved the NL#S problem by
using such techniFues as orthogonal freFuency division multiplexing D#.4,E" code
division multiple access D/4,)E" and multi antenna processing.
6. $I,)- )N4 #%3&7 B7#)4B)N4 $I7&L&SS %&/3N#L#=I&SA
$I,)- is not the only solution for delivering broadband wireless services. $i,)-
occupies a somewhat middle ground between $i!.i and 1= technologies when
compared in the key dimensions of data rate" coverage" IoS" mobility" and price.
;.1 W,MA3 NETWO&K A&C",TECT-&E/
%he overall network may be logically divided into three partsA
0. ,obile Stations D,SE used by the end user to access the network.
*. %he access service network D)SNE" which comprises one or more base stations
and one or more )SN gateways that form the radio access network at the edge.
1. /onnectivity service network D/SNE" which provides I' connectivity and all the
I' core network functions.
2

.I= 9.0 $I,)- N&%$#7? )7/3I%&/%B7& (&E*( 1)
+ASE STAT,ON (+S)/ %he BS is responsible for providing the air interface to the
,SS. )dditional functions that may be part of the BS are micro mobility management
functions" such as handoff triggering and tunnel establishment" radio resource
management" IoS policy enforcement" traffic classification" 43/' D4ynamic 3ost
/ontrol 'rotocolE proxy" key management" session management" and multicast group
management.
ACCESS SE&2,CE NETWO&K GATEWA4 (ASN(GW)/ %he )SN gateway
typically acts as a layer * traffic aggregation points within an )SN. )dditional
functions that may be part of the )SN gateway include intra!)SN location
management and paging" radio resource management and admission control" caching
of subscriber profiles and encryption keys" ))) client functionality" establishment
and management of mobility tunnel with base stations" IoS and policy enforcement"
and foreign agent functionality for mobile I'" and routing to the selected /SN.
CONNECT,2,T4 SE&2,CE NETWO&K (CSN)/ %he /SN provides connectivity
to the Internet" )S'" other public networks" and corporate networks. %he /SN is
owned by the NS' and includes ))) servers that support authentication for the
2!

devices" users" and specific services. %he /SN also provides per user policy
management of IoS and security. %he /SN is also responsible for I' address
management" support for roaming between different NS's" location management
between )SNs" and mobility and roaming between )SNs" subscriber billing and inter
operator settlement" inter!/SN tunneling to support roaming between different NS's.
&E*E&ENCE )O,NTS/ %he $i,)- N$= defines a reference point as a
conceptual link that connects two groups of functions that reside in different
functional entities of the )SN" /SN or ,S. 7eference points may not be a physical
interface except when the functional entities on either side of it are implemented on
different physical devices.
7eference point &nd points 4escription
70 ,S and /SN Implements the air interface DI&&&
+:*.08eE specifications.
7* ,S and /SN .or authentication" authorization" I' host
configuration management and mobility
management" only a logical interface
between ,S and /SN
71 )SN and /SN Supports )))" policy enforcement"and
mobility mgmt. capabilities
76 )SN and )SN ) set of protocols originatingGterminating
in various entities within the )SN. In
7elease I " 76 is the only interoperable
interface between different )SNs or
heterogenous )SNs.
75 /SN and /SN ) set of protocols for interworking
between home and visited network.
78 BS and )SN!=$ ) set of control and bearer plane
protocols for communication between BS
and )SN!=$. It may serve as a conduit
for exchange of different ,)/ states
information between neighboring BSs.
79 )SN!=$!4'
and )SN!=$!
&'
)n optional set of control plane protocols
for co!ordination between two group of
functions identified in 78.
7+ BS and BS ) set of control plane message flows and
bearer plane data flows between BSs to
ensure fast and seamless handover.
%)BL& 9.0 7&.&7&N/& '#IN%S (&E*( 0)
2"

C"A)TE&(>
GLO+AL S4STEM *O& MO+,LE COMM-N,CAT,ON (GSM)
In wireless communication every region is divided into cells. /ell size is constant for
whole system. =S, is a form of multiplexing" which divides the available
bandwidth among the different channels. ,ost of the times the multiplexing
used is either %4, D%ime division multiplexingE or .4, D.reFuency 4ivision
,ultiplexingE. S, differs from its predecessor technologies in that both
signaling and speech channels are digital" and thus =S, is considered a second
generation D*=E mobile phone system.
.I= +.0 (&E*( 5)
>.. MA,N *EAT-&ES O* GSM/
Support for voice and data services
Better freFuency efficiency" smaller cells and more customers per cell
3igh audio Fuality and reliability for wireless" uninterrupted phone calls at higher
speeds De.g. from cars" trainsE i.e. high transmission Fuality.
)uthentication via chip!card and 'IN.
$orldwide connectivity.
>.0 GSM S-+S4STEMS/
7)4I# SBBS@S%&, D7SSE
N&%$#7? )N4 S$I%/3IN= SBBS@S%&, DNSSE
>.0.. &AD,O S-+S4STEM/
MO+,LE STAT,ON (MS)/
) mobile unit is a transmitter as well as receiver too. It has a SI, DSubscriber Identity
,oduleE which gives a uniFue identity of a subscriber. &very mobile unit has a uniFue
I,I& DInternational ,obile &Fuipment IdentityE number.
27

+ASE T&ANSCE,2E& STAT,ON (+TS)/
) base transceiver station or cell site DB%SE is a piece of eFuipment that facilitates
wireless communication between user eFuipment DB&E and a network.
It encodes" encrypts" modulates and feeds the 7. signal to antenna.
It produces time and freFuency synchronization signals.
It does power control and freFuency hopping too.
+ASE STAT,ON CONT&OLLE& (+SC)/
Its main work is to control several transceivers.
Switching between B%Ss
,anaging of network resources
,apping of radio channels
>.0.0 NETWO&K AND SW,TC",NG S-+S4STEM/
%his subsystem does mainly switching" mobility management" interconnection to
other networks" system control.
COM)ONENTS/
.. MO+,LE SE&2,CES SW,TC",NG CENT&E (MSC)/
It controls all connections via a separated network toGfrom a mobile terminal within
the domain of the ,S/ several BS/ can belong to a ,S/.
0. DATA+ASES/
"#me L#%ai#n &e?iser ("L&)/
/entral master database containing user data" permanent and semi!permanent data of
all subscribers assigned to the 3L7 Done provider can have several 3L7sE.
2isi#r L#%ai#n &e?iser (2L&)/
Local database for a subset of user data" including data about all user currently in the
domain of the 2L7.
>.0.1*-NCT,ON O* MA,N SW,TC",NG CENTE& (MSC)/
,anages communication between =S, and other network D'S%N" 4ata
Network and ='7SE.
/all setup basic switching" call handling.
Location register
Billing for subscriber
>.1 *EAT-&ES O* GSM/
=S, is already used worldwide with over 65: million subscribers.
28

International roaming permits subscribers to use one phone throughout $estern
&urope. /4,) will work in )sia" but not .rance" =ermany" the B.?. and other
popular &uropean destinations.
=S, is mature" having started in the mid!+:s. %his maturity means a more stable
network with robust features. /4,) is still building its network.
%he availability of Subscriber Identity ,odules" which are smart cards that
provide secure data encryption give =S, m!commerce advantages.
2#

C"A)TE& @ A
GENE&AL )ACKET &AD,O SE&2,CE (G)&S)
=eneral packet radio service D='7SE is a packet oriented mobile data service
available to users of the *= cellular communication systems" global system for mobile
communications D=S,E" as well as in the 1= systems. In *= systems" ='7S provides
data rates of 58!006 kbps. It provides moderate speed data transfer" by using unused
time division multiple access D%4,)E channels.
Its supported protocols are Internet 'rotocol DI'E" 'oint to 'oint 'rotocol D'''E and
-.*5.
='7S data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred" while data
communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection
time" independent of whether the user actually is using the capacity or is in an idle
state. ='7S is a best effort packet switched service" as opposed to circuit switching"
where a certain Iuality of service DIoSE is guaranteed during the connection for non!
mobile users.
='7S extends the =S, circuit switched data capabilities and makes the following
services possibleA
K )lways onL Internet access
,ultimedia messaging service D,,SE
'ush to talk over cellular D'o/G'%%E
Instant messaging and presence wireless village
Internet applications for smart devices through wireless application protocol
D$)'E
'oint to 'oint D'*'E serviceA inter!networking with the internet DI'E.
Increase message sending speed 1: messages per minute approximately.
30

C"A)TE&( .B
CODE D,2,S,ON M-LT,)LE ACCESS (CDMA)
/ode 4ivision ,ultiple )ccess D/4,)E consistently provides better capacity for
voice and data communications that other commercial mobile technologies" allowing
more subscribers to connect at any given time" and it is the common platform on
which 1= technologies are built.
/4,) is a spread spectrum technology" allowing many users to occupy the same
time and freFuency allocations in a given bandGspace. )s it name implies" /4,)
assigns uniFue codes to each communication to differentiate it from others in the same
spectrum resources" /4,) enables many more people to share the airwaves at the
same time than do alternative technologies.
.B.. AD2ANTAGES O* CDMA/
Increased cellular communications security.
Simultaneous conversations
Increased efficiency" meaning that the carrier can serve more subscribers.
Smaller phones
Low power reFuirements and little cell!to!cell coordination needed by
operators.
&xtended reach!beneficial to rural users situated far from cells.
.B.0 D,SAD2ANTAGES O* CDMA/
4ue to its proprietary nature" all of /4,)Hs flaws are not known to the
engineering community.
/4,) is relatively new" and the network is not as mature as =S,.
/4,) cannot offer international roaming" a large =S, advantage.
.B.1 D,**E&ENCE +ETWEEN CDMA AND GSM/
%he =S, stands for global system for mobile communication and /4,) for
code division multiple accesses.
=S, is a form of multiplexing" which divides the available bandwidth among
the different channels. ,ost of the times the multiplexing used are either %4,
D%ime 4ivision ,ultiplexingE or .4, D.reFuency 4ivision ,ultiplexingE. #n
the other hand /4,) is a type of multiple access scheme Dwhich means
allotting the given bandwidth to multiple usersE and makes use of spread
spectrum techniFue which is essentially increasing the size of spectrum.
In /4,) each user is provided a uniFue code and all the conversations
between * users are coded. %his provides a greater level of security to /4,)
users than the =S, ones.
31

C"A)TE&( ..
*,+E& O)T,C T&ANSM,SS,ON S4STEM
.... ,NT&OD-CT,ON/
#ptical .iber is new medium" in which information Dvoice" 4ata or 2ideoE is
transmitted through a glass or plastic fiber" in the form of light" following the
transmission seFuence give below A
D0E Information is encoded into &lectrical Signals.
D*E &lectrical Signals are converted into light Signals.
D1E Light %ravels down the .iber.
D6E ) 4etector /hanges the Light Signals into &lectrical Signals.
D5E &lectrical Signals are decoded into Information.
.I= 00.0 #'%I/)L .IB&7 %7)NS,ISSI#N (&E*( .)
...0 A&C",TECT-&E O* *,+E&/
%he optical fiber has two concentric layers called the core and the cladding. %he inner
core is the light carrying part. %he surrounding cladding provides the difference
refractive index that allows total internal reflection of light through the core. %he
index of the cladding is less than 0M" lower than that of the core. ,ost fibers have an
additional coating around the cladding. %his buffer coating is a shock absorber and
has no optical properties affecting the propagation of light within the fiber.
32

Jacket
Cladding
Core
Cladding
Angle of
reflection
Angle of
incidence
Light at less than
critical angle is
absorbed in jacket
Jacket
Light is propagated by
total internal reflection
Jacket
Cladding
Core
(n
2)
(n
2)
Fig. Total Internal eflection in an optical Fibre
.I= 00.* '7#')=)%I#N #. LI=3% %37#B=3 .IB7& (REF- 1)
...1 CLASS,*,CAT,ON/
%here are three types of fibersA
DIE ,ultimode Step Index fiber DStep Index fiberE
DIIE ,ultimode graded Index fiber D=raded Index fiberE
DIIIE Single! ,ode Step Index fiber DSingle ,ode fiberE
(,) STE)(,NDE3 M-LT,MODE *,+E&/ It has a large core" up to 0:: microns in
diameter. )s a result" some of the light rays that make up the digital pulse may travel a
direct route" whereas others zigzag as they bounce off the cladding. %his type of fiber
is best suited for transmission over short distances" in an endoscope" for instance.
(,,) G&ADED(,NDE3 M-LT,MODE *,+E&/ It contains a core in which the
refractive index diminishes gradually from the center axis out toward the cladding.
%he higher refractive index at the center makes the light rays moving down the axis
advance more slowly than those near the cladding. ) digital pulse suffers less
dispersion.
(,,,) S,NGLE(MODE *,+E&/ It has a narrow core Deight microns or lessE" and the
index of refraction between the core and the cladding changes less than it does for
multimode fibers. Light thus travels parallel to the axis" creating little pulse
dispersion. %elephone and cable television networks install millions of kilometers of
this fiber every year.
...5 AD2ANTAGES O* *,+&E O)T,CS/
N S'&&4/ .iber optic networks operate at high speeds ! up into the gigabits.
N B)N4$I4%3A large carrying capacity.
N 4IS%)N/&/ Signals can be transmitted further without needing to be refreshed or
strengthened.
N 7&SIS%)N/&/ =reater resistance to electromagnetic noise such as radios" motors or
other nearby cables.
C ,)IN%&N)N/&/ .iber optic cables costs much less to maintain.
33

C"A)TE&( ..
)dvanced #ptical NetworksA 4$4,
(DENSE WA2ELENGT" D,2,S,ON M-LT,)LE3,NG)
,NT&OD-CT,ON
%he revolution in high bandwidth applications and the explosive growth of the Internet"
however" have created capacity demands that exceed traditional %4, limits. %o meet
growing demands for bandwidth" a technology called 4ense $avelength 4ivision
,ultiplexing D4$4,E has been developed that multiplies the capacity of a single fiber.
4$4, systems being deployed today can increase a single fiberHs capacity sixteen fold"
to a throughput of 6: =bGs. %he emergence of 4$4, is one of the most recent and
important phenomena in the development of fiber optic transmission technology. 4ense
wavelength!division multiplexing D4$4,E revolutionized transmission technology by
increasing the capacity signal of embedded fiber.
#ne of the ma(or issues in the networking industry today is tremendous
demand for more and more bandwidth. Before the introduction of optical networks" the
reduced availability of fibers became a big problem for the network providers. 3owever"
with the development of optical networks and the use of 4ense $avelength 4ivision
,ultiplexing D4$4,E technology" a new and probably" a very crucial milestone is being
reached in network evolution. %he existing S#N&%GS43 network architecture is best
suited for voice traffic rather than todayHs high!speed data traffic. %o upgrade the system
to handle this kind of traffic is very expensive and hence the need for the development of
an intelligent all!optical network. Such a network will bring intelligence and scalability to
the optical domain by combining the intelligence and functional capability of
S#N&%GS43" the tremendous bandwidth of 4$4, and innovative networking software
to spawn a variety of optical transport" switching and management related products.In
traditional optical fiber networks" information is transmitted through optical fiber by a
single light beam. In a wavelength division multiplexing D$4,E network" the vast
optical bandwidth of a fiber Dapproximately 1: %3z corresponding to the low!loss region
in a single mode optical fiberE is carved up into wavelength channels" each of which
carries a data stream individually.
%he multiple channels of information Deach having a different carrier
wavelengthE are transmitted simultaneously over a single fiber. %he reason why this can
be done is that optical beams with different wavelengths propagate without interfering
with one another. $hen the number of wavelength channels is above *: in a $4,
system" it is generally referred to as 4ense $4, or 4$4,.
4$4, technology can be applied to different areas in the
telecommunication networks" which includes the backbone networks" the residential
access networks" and also the Local )rea Networks DL)NsE. )mong these three areas"
developments in the 4$4,!based backbone network are leading the way" followed by
the 4$4,!based L)Ns.
3

DE2ELO)MENT O* DWDM TEC"NOLOG4
&arly $4, began in the late 0<+:s using the two widely spaced wavelengths in
the 010: nm and 055: nm Dor +5: nm and 010: nmE regions" sometimes called wideband
WDM. %he early 0<<:s saw a second generation of $4," sometimes called narrowband
WDM, in which two to eight channels were used. %hese channels interval of about 6::
=3z in the 055:!nm window. By the mid!0<<:s" dense $4, D4$4,E systems were
emerging with 08 to 6: channels and spacing from 0:: to *:: =3z. By the late 0<<:s
4$4,
systems had evolved to the point where they were capable of 86 to 08: parallel channels"
densely packed at 5: or even *5 =3z intervals. )s fig. 0 shows" the progression of the
technology can be seen as an increase in the number of wavelengths accompanied by a
decrease in the spacing of the wavelengths. )long with increased density of wavelengths"
systems also advanced in their flexibility of
%#n$i?!rai#n, hr#!?h add(dr#p $!n%i#ns, and mana?emen %apa<iliies.
3!

CONCL-S,ON
&ngineering student will have to serve in the public and private sector industries and
workshop based training and teaching in classroom has its own limitation. %he lack of
expo sure to real life" material express and functioning of industrial organization is the
measure hindrance in the student employment.
In the open economy era of fast modernization and tough competition" technical
industries should procedure pass out as near to (ob function as possible.
'ractical training is one of the ma(or steps in this direction. I did my training from
BSNL" Bharatpur which is one of the best known communication service provider
companies of India. %he training helps me in gaining in depth knowledge of the
working of telephone exchange" various technologies of BSNL =S," ='7S"
$I,)-" $i!.i" ,LLN and optical fiber transmission.
In the end" I hereby conclude that I have successfully completed my industrial training
on the above topics.
3"

+,+L,OG&A)"4 AND &E*E&ENCES
(,) +,+L,OG&A)"4/
0. 4ata /ommunication )nd Networking! Behrouz ). .oruzan
*. $ireless /ommunication and Networks!$illiam Stallings
1. /omputer Networking ?urose C 7oss
(,,) &E*E&ENCES/
6. www.bsnl.co.in
!. $$$.%&$'(%).*+.,%
37