MF11: Mathematical Formulae

MATHEMATICS
Algebraic series
n

r=1
r =
1
2
n(n + 1)
n

r=1
r
2
=
1
6
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
n

r=1
r
3
=
1
4
n
2
(n + 1)
2
Roots of polynomials
Cubic case:
If ax
3
+bx
2
+cx +d = 0 has roots , and then

= + + =
b
a
,

= + + =
c
a
,

= =
d
a
,

2
+
2
+
2
=
_

_
2
2

,
3
+
3
+
3
=
_

_
_
_

_
2
3

_
+ 3

General case (Newton sums):

Let 0 = a
n
x
n
+a
n1
x
n1
+ +a
1
x +a
0
have roots x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
. Dene the following sums:
S
1
= x
1
+x
2
+ +x
n
S
2
= x
2
1
+x
2
2
+ +x
2
n
.
.
.
S
k
= x
k
1
+x
k
2
+ +x
k
n
.
.
.
Then
a
n
S
1
+a
n1
= 0
a
n
S
2
+a
n1
S
1
+ 2a
n2
= 0
a
n
S
3
+a
n1
S
2
+a
n2
S
1
+ 3a
n3
= 0
.
.
.
Polar coordinates
Area of a sector of a curve
1
2
_

r
2
d
Perpendicular tangents Let
dx
d
=
d(r cos )
d
= 0
Parallel tangents Let
dy
d
=
d(r sin)
d
= 0
Arc length
Cartesian
_
x
2
x
1

1 +
_
dy
dx
_
2
dx
Parametric
_
t
2
t
1

_
dx
dt
_
2
+
_
dy
dt
_
2
dt
Polar
_

r
2
+
_
dr
d
_
2
d
Area of a surface of revolution
Cartesian 2
_
x
2
x
1
y

1 +
_
dy
dx
_
2
dx
Parametric 2
_
t
2
t
1
y

_
dx
dt
_
2
+
_
dy
dt
_
2
dt
Mean value and centroid
Mean value
1
b a
_
b
a
f(x) dx
Area centroid
_
_
b
a
xf(x) dx
_
b
a
f(x) dx
,
_
b
a
1
2
[f(x)]
2
dx
_
b
a
f(x) dx
_
Volume of revolution centroid
_
_
b
a
x[f(x)]
2
dx
_
b
a
[f(x)]
2
dx
, 0
_
Shortest plane and line distances
The point (x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) to the plane ax +by +cz d = 0:
|ax
1
+by
1
+cz
1
d|

a
2
+b
2
+c
2
The line a
1

+tb
1

to the line a
2

+sb
2

:
1
|n

|
|(a
2

a
1

) . n

| where n

= b
1

b
2

The point p

to the line a

+tb

1
|b

|
|(p

) b

|
2
STATISTICS
Geometric distribution
X Geo(p) = P(X = r) = p(1 p)
r1
, r = 1, 2, . . .
P(X n) = q
n1
; P(X < n) = 1 q
n1
E(X) =
1
p
; Var(X) =
q
p
2
(Negative) exponential distribution
If X has an exponential distribution with parameter :
p.d.f. of X =
_
_
_
e
x
x 0,
0 otherwise
c.d.f. of X =
_
_
_
1 e
x
x 0,
0 otherwise
P(X > x) = e
x
; E(X) =
1

; Var(X) =
1

2
Inference
Unbiased estimates
= x =

x
n
;
2
=
n
n 1
s
2
=

(x x)
2
n 1
=
1
n 1
_

x
2

x)
2
n
_
Testing the mean
Condence intervals for are 95%. Test statistics assume H
0
: =
0
.
Normal,
2
known: x 1.96

n
; Z =

X
0
/

n
, Z N(0, 1)
Non-normal,
2
known, n large: x 1.96

n
; Z =

X
0
/

n
, Z N(0, 1)

2
unknown, n large: x 1.96

n
; Z =

X
0
/

n
, Z N(0, 1)
Normal,
2
unknown, n small: x t

n
; T =

X
0
/

n
, T t(n 1)
3
Testing the dierence of means from normal populations (pooled sample)
Condence intervals for
1

2
are 95%. Test statistics assume H
0
:
1

2
= 0.
Pooled estimate of variance:
2
=
n
1
s
2
1
+n
2
s
2
2
n
1
+n
2
2

2
1
,
2
2
known: ( x
1
x
2
) 1.96

2
1
n
1
+

2
2
n
2
; Z =

X
1

X
2

2
1
n
1
+

2
2
n
2
, Z N(0, 1)
Common
2
known: ( x
1
x
2
) 1.96
_
1
n
1
+
1
n
2
; Z =

X
1

X
2

_
1
n
1
+
1
n
2
, Z N(0, 1)
Common
2
unknown, n
1
, n
2
large: ( x
1
x
2
) 1.96
_
1
n
1
+
1
n
2
; Z =

X
1

X
2

_
1
n
1
+
1
n
2
, Z N(0, 1)
Common
2
unknown, n
1
, n
2
small: ( x
1
x
2
) t

_
1
n
1
+
1
n
2
; T =

X
1

X
2

_
1
n
1
+
1
n
2
, T t(n
1
+n
2
2)
Testing the dierence of means (paired sample)

d =

d
n
;
2
d
=
1
n 1
_

d
2

d)
2
n
_
Condence intervals for
d
are 95%. Test statistics assume H
0
:
d
= 0
Dierences normal or n large:

d 1.96

d

n
; z =

d

d
/

n
, Z N(0, 1)
Dierences normal and n small:

d t

n
; t =

d

d
/

n
, T t(n 1)

2
distribution
X
2

2
(), X
2
=

(O E)
2
E
Regression and correlation
y = a +bx, where b =
1
n

xy x y
1
n

x
2
x
2
and a = y b x
4
MECHANICS
Centres of mass of uniform bodies
Triangular lamina:
2
3
along median from vertex
Solid hemisphere of radius r:
3r
8
from centre
Hemispherical shell of radius r:
r
2
from centre
Circular arc of radius r and angle 2:
r sin

from centre
Circular sector of radius r and angle 2:
2r sin
3
from centre
Solid cone or pyramid of height h:
3h
4
from vertex
Moments of inertia for uniform bodies of mass m
Thin rod, length 2l, about perpendicular axis through centre:
1
3
ml
2
Rectangular lamina, sides 2a and 2b, about perpendicular axis through centre:
1
3
m(a
2
+b
2
)
Disc or solid cylinder of radius r about axis:
1
2
mr
2
Solid sphere of radius r about a diameter:
2
5
mr
2
Spherical shell of radius r about a diameter:
2
3
mr
2
5