NW Functions

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 Network Functions

• Net Work made up of R,L,C & dependent sources, applied signal is x(t) and
response given as y(t) related by Linear differential equation (LDE)

𝑛 𝑚
𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑛
𝑏0 𝑦 ( 𝑡 )+ ∑ 𝑏𝑚 𝑚 𝑦 (𝑡 )  =𝑎 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) + ∑ 𝑎 𝑛 𝑛 𝑥 (𝑡 )
𝑚 =1 𝑑𝑡 0 𝑛=1 𝑑𝑡

𝑑 𝑑2 𝑑𝑛−1 𝑑𝑛 𝑑 𝑑2 𝑑𝑚−1 𝑑𝑚
𝑏0 𝑦 ( 𝑡 )+𝑏1 𝑦 ( 𝑡 )+ 𝑏2 2 𝑦 ( 𝑡 ) …….+𝑏𝑛−1 𝑛−1 𝑦 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑏𝑛 𝑛 𝑦 ( 𝑡 )=𝑎 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )+ 𝑎1 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑎2 2 𝑥 (𝑡 ) …….+𝑎𝑚−1 𝑚−1 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑎𝑚 𝑚 𝑥 (𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

• Coefficients, whose expressions depend on elements of network

• These coefficients are real & time independent

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 Network Functions

• For a NW of R,L,C & dependent sources, i/p & o/p relationship is given/related
by Linear differential equation (LDE)

𝑛 𝑚
𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑛
𝑏0 𝑦 ( 𝑡 )+ ∑ 𝑏𝑚 𝑚 𝑦 (𝑡 )  =𝑎 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) + ∑ 𝑎 𝑛 𝑛 𝑥 (𝑡 )
𝑚 =1 𝑑𝑡 0 𝑛=1 𝑑𝑡

𝑑 𝑑2 𝑑𝑛−1 𝑑𝑛 𝑑 𝑑2 𝑑𝑚−1 𝑑𝑚
𝑏0 𝑦 ( 𝑡 )+𝑏1 𝑦 ( 𝑡 )+ 𝑏2 2 𝑦 ( 𝑡 ) …….+𝑏𝑛−1 𝑛−1 𝑦 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑏𝑛 𝑛 𝑦 ( 𝑡 )=𝑎 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )+ 𝑎1 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑎2 2 𝑥 (𝑡 ) …….+𝑎𝑚−1 𝑚−1 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑎𝑚 𝑚 𝑥 (𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

• Coefficients, whose expressions depend on elements of network

• These coefficients are real & time independent

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 Network Functions

• Let the i/p signal be complex exponential type, then response will also be a
complex exponential i.e. 𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑡
𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) = 𝑋 𝑒 ∧ 𝑦 ( 𝑡 )= 𝑌 𝑒
y

𝑑 𝑑2 𝑑𝑛−1 𝑑𝑛 𝑑 𝑑2 𝑑𝑚−1 𝑑𝑚
𝑏0 𝑦 (𝑡 )+𝑏1 𝑦 ( 𝑡 )+ 𝑏2 2 𝑦 ( 𝑡 ) …….+𝑏𝑛−1 𝑛−1 𝑦 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑏𝑛 𝑛 𝑦 ( 𝑡 )= 𝑎 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )+ 𝑎1 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑎2 2 𝑥 (𝑡 ) …….+𝑎𝑚−1 𝑚−1 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑎𝑚 𝑚 𝑥 (𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
• Putting values of x(t) & y(t) in equation, taking & common from RHS & LHS, we
get

(𝑏 ¿ ¿ 0+𝑏1 𝑠+𝑏 2 𝑠2 +…..+𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑛 )𝑌 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 =(𝑎 ¿ ¿ 0+𝑎1 𝑠+𝑎2 𝑠 2 +…..+𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑚 ) 𝑋 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 ¿ ¿ 5

 Network Functions

(𝑏 ¿ ¿ 0+𝑏1 𝑠+𝑏 2 𝑠2 +…..+𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑛 )𝑌 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 =(𝑎 ¿ ¿ 0+𝑎1 𝑠+𝑎2 𝑠 2 +…..+𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑚 ) 𝑋 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 ¿ ¿

H(s)=

• H(s) is known as Network function i.e. a rational function of “S” because it is a ratio
of two polynomials with integer power of s
• Depending upon nature of x , y & port at which we apply input “x” & port at which
observe output “y”. The circuit defines different network functions e.g.
 H(s) is called transfer function when
 “y”-port is different from “x” port
 H(s) is called Gain function when
 “y & x”-ports have same physical dimensions
 H(s) is called driving point function when
 “y”-port is same as that of “x” port
 Driving point impedance, if x is current & y is voltage port
 Driving point admittance, if x is voltage & y is current port
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 Network Functions

(𝑏 ¿ ¿ 0+𝑏1 𝑠+𝑏 2 𝑠2 +…..+𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑛 )𝑌 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 =(𝑎 ¿ ¿ 0+𝑎1 𝑠+𝑎2 𝑠 2 +…..+𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑚 ) 𝑋 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 ¿ ¿

H(s)=

• If H(s) is known, phasor Y can be determined from phasor X (i.e. Y=H(s).X)

• Multiplying both sides by exponential function, we get Yest= H(s)Xest

• Hence y(t)=H(s).x(t), where H(s) is calculated at particular value of “s” appearing in
exponent of applied signal x(t)=Xest

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 Poles & Zeros

H(s)=

• N(s) & D(s) are polynomials in “s” with real co-efficients

• Factorizing N(s) & D(s) in terms of roots we get

• K is scaling factor because am & bn are real coefficients

• Z1, Z2……….Zm are “zeros” of H(s) & p1, p2, ………….pn are “poles” of H(s)
• Zeros & poles are called roots or critical frequencies

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 Poles & Zeros

• Critical freqs are special complex freqs that purely depend upon circuit, irrespective of
applied sigs or energy conditions of reactive elements
• In general critical freqs are complex quantities, but in most of the cases they are real.
• Since coefficients of N(s) & D(s) are real, so from polynomial theory whenever roots
are complex, they appear to be conjugate pair.
Case-I: if roots are given then polynomial term can be determined e.g.
i.e. roots are complex conjugate, then polynomial terms will be
=
=

Case-II: if polynomial term is given then roots can be determined e.g.

then roots are • Complex conjugate if
= • Real distinct & -ve if
• Real, -ve & same if

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 Zeros & Poles

Case-III: if polynomial term is of type e.g.

then roots are repeated at & power r is called multiplicity of that root

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 Example
• Determine and plot the poles & zeros of function given below

( 𝑠 +5 ) 2 ( 𝑠2 + 4 𝑠 +13 )
𝐻 ( 𝑠 ) =10.
𝑠 2 ( 𝑠+3 ) ( 𝑠 2+2 𝑠 +2 )

Poles are
Zeros are

then from Numerator then from denominator

=13 =2
Hence Hence

j j

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 NW Functions-Advantages

• Provide unified approach using simple algebraic equations instead of differential

equations.
• H(s) known as NW Function
 rational function of “s”, since is a ration of two polynomials having integer power of
“s”.
• Depending upon nature of “x-y” ports, where input is applied to observe output, circuit
defines different NW functions such as
 Transfer function
 Gain function
 Driving point function

• Used to predict
 Natural response
 Forced response
 Transient response
 Steady state response &
 Complete response in addition to frequency response as well

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