AC Resonance

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 Overview
• Series Resonance
 Capacitive behaviour
 Inductive behaviour
 borderline behavior
 Unity power factor resonance
• Values of reactances (& ) in RLC series circuit


• Bandwidth & Q for Band Pass
 Bandwidth in RLC series is set by R & L
• Phasor Diagrams for RLC Series Circuit
• Resonance Voltage Rise
• Energy at Resonance

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 AC Resonance
• RLC ccts have ability to provide natural response of oscillatory type
Due to flow of energy back & forth between L & C
RLC circuits also provide ac behavior due to fact that L & C have dual x-ics
 Inductance reactance whereas
 Capacitive reactance is negative & is inversely proportional to
Depending upon freq
 XL & Xc may dominate/ these two reactances may cancel each other
 Making series LC combination act as short circuit &
 Paralle LC combination as open circuit
This cancellation effect provide basis for Resonance known as unity power factor
resonance. Therefore main features of RLC circuit are
 If series/ parallel combination of LC is embedded in resistive circuit, then at resonance all V
& I in circuit will be in phase with applied source giving unity power factor resonance
 Another feature of RLC resonant circuit is that it provides signal magnification known as
“resonance signal rise”
Resonant circuit consisting of R & C but not ‘L’. We find that Q<0.5. but
 Using Op Amp it is possible to provide controlled amount of feed back, hence is possible to
change Q to any value i.e.
 With the circuit provides sustained oscillations, while
 the circuit provides diverging oscillations
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 Series Resonance

Depending upon freq of applied source

Unity power factor resonance occurs at special freq

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Freq response of current in series RLC circuit
 Values of reactances (& ) in RLC series circuit

• Determine reactances of RLC series circuit, where quality factor is given as

X & divide by

We get

Series RLC circuit at resonance

X & divide by

We get

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 Current Response

𝑉
𝐼= , 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑍

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 Bandwidth of BandPass filter

Freq response of current in series RLC circuit

• 2nd order equations for w/w0 for Band Pass function

• Therefore, for series RLC circuit is set by LC, while

• BW is set by R & L
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 Phasors Diagrams for series RLC Circuit

𝜔 >𝜔 0

𝜔 <𝜔 0 𝜔=𝜔0

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Resonance Voltage Rise

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 Energy at Resonance

Quality factor “Q” based on energy considerations for RLC series circuit at resonance is
given as

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 Energy at Resonance

Instantaneous energy stored in inductance & capacitance

Total stored energy

The energy is maximum at resonance, so max stored energy is given as

Energy dissipated/cycle at resonance is

𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝜔 𝑅(𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒) = =
¿ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑓0

2
2 𝜋 𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠
⇒ .
𝜔0 𝑅

Hence Quality factor “Q” based on energy considerations for RLC series cct
at resonance is given as

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 Q for RLC series circuit

Q is defined/ expressed mathematically in 3-different ways

1. Based on energy considerations

2. Based on frequency response considerations

𝜔0
𝑄=
𝐵𝑊
3. Based on circuit configuration series/parallel i.e.
1
𝑄= or
𝑅
√ 𝑐
𝐿

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