Foundation

Physics 2
(PHY098)
CHAPTER 21
Alternating Current Circuit
21.4 RLC Series Circuit
21.5 Power in AC Circuit

Noor Arda Adrina binti Daud

noorarda2753@uitm.edu.my
 Lesson Outcome

At the end of the lesson, the students

should be able to:

• Sketch the phasor diagram of RLC Series Circuit

•Apply impedence, Z in RLC Series Circuit
•Apply power in an AC Circuit
 21.4 The RLC Series Circuit
The resistor, inductor,
and capacitor can be
combined in a circuit.

The current in the circuit is the same at all points, at any

instant and varies sinusoidally with time.

©Cengage
 The instantaneous voltage across the
resistor is in phase with the current.

The instantaneous voltage across the

inductor leads the current by 90o

The instantaneous voltage across the

capacitor lags the current by 90o

The net instantaneous voltage equals

the sum of the instantaneous voltages
across the separate elements.

©Cengage
 Phasor Diagrams
• To account for the different
phases of the voltage drops,
vector techniques are used.

• Represent the voltage across

each element as a rotating
vector, called a phasor. The
diagram is called a phasor
diagram.

• The phasor for the current lies along the positive x-axis when t=0

©Cengage
 Phasor Diagram for RLC Series Circuit

The voltage across the resistor is on the

+x axis since it is in phase with the
current.

The voltage across the inductor is on

the +y since it leads the current by 90°
I

The voltage across the capacitor is on

the –y axis since it lags behind the
current by 90°

©Cengage
 • The voltages are not in phase, so they cannot simply be
added to get the voltage across the combination of the
elements or the voltage source.

φ is the phase angle between the current

and the maximum voltage.
©Cengage
 • The impedance, Z, can also be represented in a
phasor diagram.

• Ohm’s Law can be applied to the impedance.

ΔVmax = Imax Z

©Cengage
©Cengage
©Cengage
 21.5 Power in an AC Circuit

• No power losses are associated with pure

capacitors and pure inductors in an AC circuit.
• The average power delivered by the generator is
converted to internal energy in the resistor.
• Pav = IrmsΔVR = IrmsΔVrms cos φ
• cos φ is called the power factor of the circuit

©Cengage
©Cengage
Foundation Physics
2 (PHY098)
CHAPTER 21.6

RESONANCE

Nur asyikin ahmad nazri

asyikin2750@uitm.edu.my
Lesson outcome
▪ Apply the resonance in AC circuit

Section 21.6
21.6 Resonance

In general, the rms current in series RLC circuit can be written as

If the frequency is varied, the current has its

maximum value when the impedance has its
minimum value, which occurs at XL=XC. The
impedance of the circuits reduces to Z=R. the
frequency at which this happens is called the
resonance frequency of the circuit.
Resonance in an AC Circuit

XL = X C

Then,

Section 21.6
 21-6 Resonance in Electrical Circuits

The rms voltages across the capacitor and inductor must

be the same; therefore, we can calculate the resonant
frequency.
Application of resonance: Metal
Detector
Resonant circuits are commonly used to pass or reject selected frequency
ranges. This is done by adjusting the value of one of the elements and hence
“tuning” the circuit to a particular resonant frequency. For example, in radios,
the receiver is tuned to the desired station by adjusting the resonant
frequency of its circuitry to match the frequency of the station. If the tuning
circuit has a high Q, it will have a small bandwidth, so signals from other
stations at frequencies even slightly different from the resonant frequency
encounter a high impedance and are not passed by the circuit. One of the most
common applications of capacitors is their use in ac-timing circuits, based on
attaining a resonant frequency. A metal detector also uses a shift in resonance
frequency in detecting metals (Figure 12.5.3).
Figure 12.5.3 When a metal
detector comes near a piece of
metal, the self-inductance of one
of its coils changes. This causes
a shift in the resonant frequency
of a circuit containing the coil.
That shift is detected by the
circuitry and transmitted to the
diver by means of the
headphones
Example 21.6
 Capacitors
Resistors
AC Circuit ΔVC,rms = Irms XC
ΔVR,rms = Irms R

Inductors
ΔVL,rms = Irms XL

RL Circuit XL = 2πƒL RC Circuit

Phase angle XL = X C Resonance

Average power