Professional Documents
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PREPARED BY
NAME STUDENT ID
NUR ALEA BINTI HARON 2022765277
NAMIERATUL AKMAR BINTI MOHD NASIR 2021849194
WAN MUHAMMAD ZULKIFLI BIN WAN SULAIMAN 2021480772
NUR ARIASHA FARHAYU BINTI NORHASIDAN 2021853948
DANIEL FITRI BIN ZAZALI 2022745223
CLASS
BA2354D
PREPARED FOR
MADAM LIATUL IZIAN BINTI ALI HUSIN
DUE DATE
26 MAY 2023
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful. First and foremost, all
praises and thanks to Allah, our God, for His abundant help, strength, and countless blessings that
He has given to us that we have successfully completed this group assignment. Special
appreciation goes to our HSM575 lecturer at University Teknologi Mara Selangor Campus Puncak
Alam Branch, Madam Liatul Izian binti Ali Husin, for her insightful comments, and practical
advice. Her priceless help of constructive comments and suggestions throughout the group project
works gives a huge impact to the success of this task. We are so grateful and glad that finally we
managed to complete this task before the deadline. Two weeks of intense sweat and tears
eventually paid off in the end.
Last of all and undeniably, the hugest appreciation we would like to dedicate to our own
team members for the great teamwork and brilliant ideas that have always helped tremendously in
doing this task. This task surely impossible to be complete without the effort and cooperation of
our team members.
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
3.1 The Impact of the Policy You Have Selected Towards Malaysia
Healthcare and Citizen.
3.2 Your View If MOH Does Not Include This Policy in Their Planning for
Malaysian Now.
3.3 Suggestions That May Be Much Better Theoretically to Replace This
Policy
3.4 How Do You Think the Policy Can Be Further Enhanced to Give a
Greater Impact to The Malaysia Healthcare?
3.5 Overall View of The Relationship of a Good Health Policy Towards the
Country’s Health Outcome.
1
1.3 The Importance of Policy to Support Health Planning
Health policy has the same purpose as health planning, which is to increase the
effectiveness of the health program. Both are closely related and will have a better impact
if practiced simultaneously. Since health policy includes various matters related to
healthcare, including cost, management, safety, and so on, it can have a huge impact on
the success of every program or project carried out by a health organization. For example,
a policy to protect the safety of workers was established, which is the occupational safety
and health (OSH) policy, which aims to guarantee the safety of workers in healthcare
who are exposed to various diseases and dangerous environments such as active
radioactivity and blood transmission diseases. By applying the OSH policy, every health-
related problem can be reduced immediately (Ztürk & Babacan, 2014).
Health planners can use these policies to build healthcare programs that prioritize
vulnerable populations regardless of their socioeconomic level, promoting fairness in the
healthcare industry. Everyone can then reach their full potential for health and well-
being. Health policies can be developed to involve communities in the planning of
healthcare services, assisting in making sure that the latter are available, appropriate, and
receptive to community needs. Additionally, a setting that supports the equity of
healthcare services can be enabled by health policy. policies that deal with social
determinants of health like poverty, gender inequality, and discrimination are part of the
deliberation process. For instance, in Malaysia, a Malaysian citizen only needs to pay
RM1 in order to receive treatment or a consultation at a government hospital, making
healthcare more accessible to all people, regardless of their socioeconomic status and
improving the general wellbeing of Malaysians.
In order to support effective health planning and guarantee equitable access to
healthcare services, health policy is essential. Fostering community involvement,
advancing health education, ensuring adequate funding, and fostering a supportive policy
environment all aid in this process. These actions are necessary to address population
health disparities and improve health outcomes.
2
2.0 HEALTH POLICY
2.1 PRE-HOSPITAL CARE
Pre-hospital care refers to the treatment given by medical professionals, such as
emergency medical services personnel, it is for those who require immediate medical
attention outside of the hospital. This could involve in providing the patient with simple first
aid, advanced life support procedures, and transportation to a hospital. Pre-hospital care's
main objective is to give patients prompt, high-quality medical attention that will increase
their chances of survival and enhance their outcomes. Nonetheless, the emergency unit and
trauma department must have an ambulance service with a primary responder, ambulance
response services, and inter-facility transfer. Pre-hospital care is included in various medical
specialties. Major medical incidents, mass gatherings, and medical emergency coordination
centers are some of the most common ones. Pre-hospital care is an important component of
emergency medicine and trauma services policy, with the goal of ensuring that patients in
need of immediate medical assistance receive the best care available as soon as feasible. An
emergency physician must be directly involved in all aspects of pre-hospital services in order
to assist the emergency patient.
3
ambulance, can be quite poor (Maxwell et al., 2014). Prior to reaching the treatment unit,
the primary objective of emergency and trauma departments is to reduce the mortality
rate and assist patients with their recovery from severe wounds. Transfer of patients
within the same facility for any diagnostic procedure or transfer to another facility for
more advanced care, is going to be facilitated by intra- and inter-agency communication.
- Ambulance Services
Ambulance services for trauma and emergency department (ED) services involve
the transport of patients from where they were injured during an emergency situation to
the hospital for further medical treatment. In emergency situations, ambulance services
are frequently the initial point of communication for patients. Ambulance services are a
crucial component of the pre-hospital care system.
Trauma and emergency department ambulance services are typically staffed by
trained medical professionals, who can administer basic, stabilize patients, and transport
them to hospital emergency departments or trauma centers. These emergency medical
services may also help with the triage and transportation of critically injured patients to
specialized trauma hospitals. In the event of an emergency, the ambulance service must
keep the MECC informed of its movements. There is also an ambulance response service
that is responsible for updating its routine operating service scope to avoid any
misunderstandings. However, Ambulance services may be given orders to take action
outside the confines of their primary response when they are functioning under mutual
aid agreements specified by the central, or any state committee for pre-hospital services.
Ambulance services are an essential component of the emergency medical services
system and play a crucial role in ensuring that patients in need of immediate medical care
receive the care they require in a timely and effective manner.
4
events and meetings of a large number of people requires the provision of a variety of
medical services and resources to assure the attendees' health and safety.
5
The outpatient emergency registration is handled by the reception and registration
services. As we all know, every hospitality establishment has a waiting area with a digital
numbering system that requires us to wait until our number appears on the screen.
Primary triage in emergency services is performed outside of a hospital to prioritize
patients for immediate care and evacuation.
6
accommodated in this section. The place chosen for observation purposes must be either
inside the department or close by. Until a safe disposition decision can be made, the patient's
clinical development will be closely monitored, supported by laboratory findings and
imaging examinations as needed. Adults and pediatric patients will have access to ample
beds and observation space. All patients seen in this area are managed by well-trained staff
nurses using a full monitoring system and resuscitation trolley.
7
− Pre-hospital care
− Disaster management
− Observational medicine
− Clinical Toxicology
− Hyperbaric and environment emergency medicine
The MOH will evaluate the proposed service entity to ensure that it meets the required
standards and regulations. Additionally, the formation of the service entity should align with
the national healthcare goals and objectives. Moreover, the sub-specialty services should also
be integrated with the existing healthcare infrastructure to ensure seamless delivery of care.
It is important to establish a system for continuous quality improvement and evaluation to
monitor the effectiveness of the sub-specialty services and make necessary adjustments.
8
Klinik Rawatan Pesakit Selepas Waktu Pejabat (KRPSWP) di Jabatan Kecemasan, for
example).
9
do better. The goal of research in emergency medicine and trauma services policy is to
improve the standard of care given to patients and lower the rates of illness and death.
10
this policy could bring is effective major medical incident and disaster management
(Wilson, 2021). In treating significant medical emergencies and disasters, EMTS is
essential. This entails coordinating with multiple agencies and organizations, setting up
incident command systems, triaging patients, and making sure resources are allocated
promptly and appropriately. In large-scale situations, EMTS is essential to the efficient
management and delivery of medical care, helping to reduce casualties and promptly
assist people who need it. Lastly, pre-hospital care can give impact on medical coverage
for mass gatherings and major events, EMTS offers medical coverage for large-scale
events like festivals, sporting competitions, and concerts. In order to do this, medical
stations must be put up, ambulances must be sent out, and medical staff must render on-
site treatment. By responding to any medical crises that might occur during such events,
EMTS ensures the security and wellbeing of guests.
The provision of medical coverage for large gatherings and significant events is
only one example of how these pre-hospital services in EMTS have reduced response
times, improved patient outcomes, effective emergency call handling, and efficient
management of big occurrences and disasters. These services help save lives, lower
morbidity, and mortality, and guarantee the prompt and proper delivery of medical care
in urgent situations.
- People or anyone who needs medical attention can have hospital-based services.
Another main impact from this policy is that people or anyone who needs medical
attention can have hospital-based services. There are several impactful outcomes which
are triage services, in emergency care, triage is a crucial process where patients are
evaluated and prioritized according to the seriousness of their conditions. The triage
services offered by EMTS assist in the effective allocation of scarce resources, ensuring
that patients with the most urgent requirements receive rapid attention. Reduced waiting
times for important patients, prompt interventions, and improved patient outcomes are
all effects of good triage. Next is emergency clinical care, patients with acute and life-
threatening disorders can receive emergency clinical care from EMTS in hospitals. This
care includes immediate and specialized medical interventions. This covers techniques
for providing advanced life support, resuscitation efforts, medicine administration, and
11
other crucial treatments. Improved patient survival rates, fewer complications, and better
overall outcomes are all results of effective emergency clinical treatment provided by
EMTS. Last but not least, observational medicine, observational medicine is the
monitoring and treatment of individuals who need additional testing or observation prior
to receiving a final diagnosis or recommendation. In order to provide this service, EMTS
continuously monitors patients throughout the observation time, does diagnostic tests,
and revaluates their health. Early diagnosis, appropriate treatment choices, and fewer
hospital hospitalizations for patients who can be safely discharged are all effects of
observational medicine.
In general, patient care and results are significantly impacted by the hospital-
based services offered by EMTS, such as triage services, emergency clinical care, and
observational medicine. They make sure that patients are swiftly evaluate ailment and
appropriate interventions based on the seriousness of their ailment and are closely
monitored as necessary. These services aid in enhancing patient outcomes, resource
allocation, and overall emergency healthcare delivery efficiency. (Duncan, 2022)
3.2 Your view if MOH does not include this policy in their planning for Malaysian now.
If Ministry of Health did not implement Emergency Medicine and Trauma Policy
for their planning by Malaysia. There would be several potential implications which are,
our healthcare could have a delayed emergency response, the response time to medical
emergencies may be greatly delayed in the absence of a well-structured EMTS protocol.
Critical patients may not receive prompt medical care as a result of this delay, potentially
worsening their condition and raising morbidity and fatality rates. Next, there also would
be inefficient resource allocation. An EMTS policy assists in the efficient allocation of
emergency medical resources, including ambulances and qualified people. Without a
strategy like this, resources might be allocated inconsistently or ineffectively, which would
result in differences in emergency response capacities between various regions. This might
lead to inefficient resource utilization, lower productivity, and potential coverage gaps for
emergency medical services.
12
Another potential that be pointed out is limited coordination and communication.
An EMTS policy establishes channels of communication and coordination between the
various emergency response participants, including dispatch centers, ambulance services,
hospitals, and healthcare professionals. Without this policy, there may be insufficient or
inconsistent coordination and communication between various entities. Confusion, delays
in patient transfers, and impaired continuity of care can result from this lack of
coordination. Next, by not implementing this policy could lead to reduced standardization
and quality assurance. EMTS policies establish standards and norms for emergency
medical care, guaranteeing consistency and quality assurance throughout the system. This
results in less standardization and higher levels of assurance. Lack of standardized training
for emergency medical staff, inconsistent patient care protocols, and insufficient service
quality monitoring may occur in the absence of such regulatory measures. The general
standard of emergency medical services and patient outcomes may suffer as a result. Lastly,
challenges in disaster and major incident management. Major incident and disaster
management presents a number of challenges. EMTS policies often include procedures for
handling these situations. Without a clear policy framework, it may be difficult to plan
ahead and respond to major catastrophes successfully. This may make it difficult to
mobilize resources, control patient influx, and coordinate emergency response activities,
thereby resulting in chaos and decreased disaster management effectiveness.
Overall, if the implement of EMTS policy strategy in Malaysia may result in a slow
emergency response time, ineffective resource management, poor coordination, a lack of
standardization, and difficulties managing significant crises and disasters. To provide
prompt and efficient emergency medical care, boost patient outcomes, and increase the
overall preparation and resilience of the healthcare system, it is essential to implement a
comprehensive EMTS policy.
3.3 Suggestions that may be much better theoretically to replace this policy.
There are several uncertain suggestions that might be taken into consideration as
prospective replacements if the existing Emergency Medical Transport System (EMTS)
policy in Malaysia is deemed insufficient or in need of change. Which consist of several
point such comprehensive EMTS policy framework. Develop a thorough EMTS policy
13
framework that covers all facets of emergency medical transport, including pre-hospital
care, hospital-based services, disaster management, and coverage for large-scale
gatherings. The policy should create norms and guidelines, clearly define roles and duties,
and ensure coordination and cooperation between parties. Next, enhanced pre-hospital
services, improved ambulance coverage and response times, particularly in remote and
underserved areas, to strengthen pre-hospital services. Invest in increasing the number of
ambulance fleets, outfitting them with the medical equipment and supplies they require,
and installing cutting-edge communication technologies for effective dispatch and
coordination. Moreover, another suggestion is standardized training and certification. All
healthcare workers participating in emergency medical care should get standardized
training, as well as certification criteria. EMTs, paramedics, and other pertinent staff should
be included in this to guarantee a uniform level of expertise, knowledge, and proficiency.
Next is quality assurance and monitoring, establishing strong quality assurance procedures
and ongoing monitoring programs will help us evaluate the effectiveness and performance
of the EMTS. Regular audits, data collecting and analysis, feedback channels, and
benchmarking against global best practices can all be a part of this. Continual quality
improvement programs should be put into place in light of the results and comments
received.
Another suggestion is by integrated communication and technology systems. EMS
providers, hospitals, dispatch centers, and other relevant institutions can exchange
information and communicate with one another easily thanks to an integrated
communication and technology system that is put in place. To promote efficient and
effective coordination, this can include a centralized electronic patient care reporting
system, real-time ambulance tracking, and interoperable communication technologies.
Next is by having community engagement and public education. Focus on community
participation and public education campaigns to raise public awareness of emergency
medical services, encourage prompt service use, and impart knowledge on fundamental
life support techniques. To enhance overall emergency response and bystander help, this
can involve campaigns, training initiatives, and collaborations with neighborhood
organizations. Lastly, another suggestion could be point out is by doing research and
evidence-based practices. To develop best practices, assess outcomes, and guide the
14
formulation of policies, promote and support research in the fields of emergency medicine
and trauma services. Encourage cooperation between academic institutions, medical
professionals, and policymakers to produce recommendations for ongoing improvement
that are based on evidence.
It is important to bear in mind that all of these suggestions are theoretical in nature
and should be carefully considered, modified, and put into practice taking into account the
unique context, resources, and healthcare system in Malaysia.
3.4 How do you think the policy can be further enhanced to give a greater impact to
the Malaysia Healthcare?
Emergency Medicine and Trauma Services Policy has developed rapidly in line
with the needs of the population in Malaysia, especially the highly growing population. This
policy is really important to ensure that emergency treatment in Malaysia can be given to
patients in a fast time. Therefore, we will give and explain several ways for Emergency
Medicine and Trauma Service Policy can be further enhanced to give a greater impact on the
Malaysia healthcare system.
- Increased funding
Emergency medicine and trauma services are often underfunded, which can lead to
delays in care, overcrowding in emergency departments, and a lack of access to specialized
care. So, one of the best ways to improve emergency and trauma services is to increase funds
for the service. Increased funding would allow for more resources to be allocated to these
services, which would improve the quality and timeliness of care for patients. Increased
funding also can be allocated to the development and improvement of infrastructure for
emergency services. Improving emergency trauma facilities may increase survival rates (O.
Kyokong et. al, 2008). This includes the construction and renovation of emergency
departments, trauma centres, and ambulance stations. There should be an emphasis on
emergency trauma care in the pre-hospital setting (A. Chandrasekharan et. al 2016).
Upgrading facilities with modern equipment, advanced imaging technologies, and
specialized units like resuscitation bays and trauma resuscitation rooms can enhance the
15
capacity and effectiveness of emergency care. In other views, increased funds can recruit
and retain qualified healthcare professionals specialized in emergency medicine and trauma
care. This includes emergency physicians, trauma surgeons, nurses, paramedics, and other
healthcare staff. Emergency physicians are well-placed to play a leading role in the
development and implementation of trauma systems (T. Rainer et al. 2003). Offering
competitive salaries, professional development opportunities, and incentives can help attract
and retain skilled professionals. Furthermore, additional funding can support research and
innovation in emergency medicine and trauma care. Investing in research grants and
collaborations with academic institutions encourages the development of new treatment
protocols, techniques, and technologies that can improve patient outcomes and optimize
resource utilization. Increased funding also can facilitate collaboration and partnerships with
other stakeholders, such as government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the
private sector. These collaborations can leverage additional resources, expertise, and
innovative solutions to enhance emergency services in Malaysia. In addition, funding can
support initiatives for continuous quality improvement and patient safety in emergency
services. This includes establishing systems for monitoring and evaluating performance
indicators, conducting regular audits, and implementing evidence-based practices. Funding
can also be allocated to establish patient safety programs, incident reporting systems, and
patient feedback mechanisms to identify areas for improvement and enhance the overall
quality of care.
16
develop a standardized curriculum for trauma training that encompasses both theory
knowledge and practical skills. The curriculum should be aligned with international best
practices in trauma care. It should cover topics such as trauma assessment, resuscitation,
emergency procedures, surgical techniques, critical care management, and communication
skills. Third, establish designated training centres across the country where trauma training
can be conducted. These centres should have appropriate infrastructure, simulation facilities,
and experienced staff members to deliver high-quality training. We strongly encourage
regionalization of trauma care and education of paramedics, emergency medical technicians,
and physicians in the rapid triage of high-risk patients to a major trauma centre (K. M.
Gilmore et. al, 1981). Collaborating with existing healthcare institutions, trauma centres, and
academic organizations also can leverage the expertise and resources. Fourth, create
simulation-based training in the trauma training program. Utilize high technology simulators,
task trainers, and virtual reality technology to create realistic scenarios for trauma
assessment, resuscitation, and procedural skills. The doctor in the Accident and Emergency
Department must be skilled in basic trauma care (O. Afuwape et. al, 2007). Simulation-based
training allows participants to practice skills, develop decision-making abilities, and enhance
teamwork in a controlled environment.
17
emergency and trauma services can run excellently. Therefore, there are several steps that
can be taken to empower OSCC including ensuring sufficient funding is allocated to OSCC
to support their operations, infrastructure, staffing, and essential resources. Adequate funding
enables OSCC to provide comprehensive and high-quality care to individuals who
experience trauma. We have demonstrated a direct relationship between emergency
department visit counts for trauma with future trauma occurrence risk (Choi Yoonhae et. al,
2009). Next, develop and implement standardized protocols and guidelines for OSCC to
ensure consistent and evidence-based care. These protocols should cover many aspects,
including patient triage, assessment, resuscitation, trauma management, and psychosocial
support. Furthermore, foster community engagement and collaboration to raise awareness
about OSCC and its services. Conduct educational campaigns to educate the public on the
importance of seeking care at OSCC during emergencies and traumatic events. Engage
community leaders, local organizations, and non-governmental organizations to support
OSCC and promote community resilience. Last but not least, establish mechanisms for
continuous evaluation and feedback from patients and healthcare providers regarding OSCC
services. Regularly assess patient satisfaction, clinical outcomes, and adherence to protocols.
Use feedback to identify areas for improvement and implement necessary changes.
3.5 Overall view of the relationship of a good health policy towards the country’s health
outcome
There is a strong relationship between a good health policy and the country's health
outcome. Of course, there are other factors that can also affect a country's health outcome,
such as environmental situation, economic development, and social conditions. However, a
good health policy can play an important role in improving a country's health outcomes. It
encompasses a range of strategies, initiatives, and regulations aimed at improving and
maintaining the health of the population. Countries with good health policies tend to have
better health outcomes, as measured by indicators such as life expectancy, infant mortality,
and disease prevalence.
A well-designed health policy ensures that healthcare services are accessible to all
citizens, regardless of their socioeconomic status. It aims to reduce barriers to healthcare,
18
such as affordability, geographical distance, and availability of healthcare facilities. When
healthcare is easily accessible, people are more likely to seek timely medical attention,
leading to better health outcomes. Health policies often emphasize preventive measures,
including vaccinations, health screenings, and health education programs. By focusing on
prevention, countries can reduce the incidence of diseases and promote healthier lifestyles
among their populations. This approach helps in avoiding costly treatments and managing
chronic diseases effectively.
Health policies also provide guidelines for managing various diseases and
conditions. They promote evidence-based practices, treatment protocols, and standards of
care. Effective disease management strategies ensure early diagnosis of diseases, appropriate
treatment, and ongoing monitoring, leading to improved health outcomes and reduced
complications for the patients. Furthermore, a good health policy includes initiatives to
promote health and educate the population about healthy behaviors. These efforts can range
from public health campaigns to targeting people for specific health issues. By raising
awareness and providing knowledge, health policies can empower individuals to make
informed decisions and adopt healthier lifestyles, resulting in better health outcomes.
Health policies also address the need for robust health infrastructure, including
hospitals, clinics, and medical equipment. They also focused on developing a skilled
healthcare workforce, ensuring an adequate number of healthcare professionals and their
continuous training. A strong health infrastructure and skilled workforce are essential for
providing quality care, which positively impacts health outcomes. Health policies aim to
reduce health disparities and achieve health equity among different population groups. They
address social determinants of health, such as income, education, and access to resources,
that influence health outcomes. By prioritizing health equity, policies strive to ensure that
everyone has an equal opportunity to attain good health, regardless of their background. Last
but not least, health policies include mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating the
effectiveness of implemented interventions. This allows policymakers to assess the impact
of policies on health outcomes, identify areas for improvement, and make evidence-based
adjustments as needed. Regular monitoring and evaluation help in refining policies and
optimizing their impact on population health.
19
In summary, a good health policy is essential for ensuring that everyone has access
to quality, affordable healthcare. A good health policy covers various elements, including
healthcare access, disease management, health promotion, infrastructure development,
monitoring, and evaluation. By addressing these aspects, health policies contribute
significantly to improving a country's health outcomes and the overall well-being of its
population. Good health policy is an investment in the future of our society. It can help to
improve our health, our productivity, and our overall well-being.
20
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