Three-Phase Systems

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• Single Phase Systems
• Three Phase Systems
 Phase & Line voltages
• Transformations
 Δ -Y & Y- Δ

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 Single Phase Systems
• Powered by single source.
• Pulsating v& i tends to “0” twice in a cycle.
• For example: 60 Hz household voltage is applied to electric motor,
torque disappears 120 times in a second
• Jerky operation may result but due to mechanical inertia of motor it is
avoided
• Therefore more efficiency and less cost is possible if rotating
machinery is operated with uniform torque.
• That is achieved by balanced 3-Phase system
• Therefore to operate a machinery with uniform Torque 3-Phase power
system is used

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 What is a Three-Phase Circuit?
• A system produced by a generator consisting of three sources having the
same amplitude and frequency but out of phase with each other by 120°.

Three sources
with 120° out
of phase
Four wired
system

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 3-Phase Systems
• Advantages
• Power generator consists of 3-sources having same amplitude & freq but
different phases.
• Generator is connected to balanced resistive load
• 3-phase motors/generators experience uniform Torque & operate more
smoothly & efficiently
• 3-Phase offers more power capacity than single type.
• Sharing of conductors
 Txn of power requires few conductors than 3 separate single phase handling same amount
of power.
• Hence, electric power is generated, transmitted and consumed in 3-Phase
format

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 3-Phase Systems
• Indl power components are Pa, Pb and Pc
• Each component oscillates b/w 0v2/R and averages to 0.5V2/R
• Adding these components point by point, total instantaneous power would
be constant and equal to 3-times indl average.

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 3-Phase Sources
• 3-ɸ gen consists of stator with 3-wndgs & Rotor electromagnet driven at synch
speed by turbine/diesel engine.
• When Rotor rotates, electromagnet induces sinusoidal voltage in each wndg.
• 3- voltages are equal in freq, amplitude but differ in phase but are balanced set of
voltages
• To form a balanced 3-ɸ source, windings are interconnected either in Y/Δ
configuration

Three-phase generator Generated voltages

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 Δ/Y-Configuration
• To form a balanced 3-ɸ source, windings are interconnected either in Y/Δ
configuration

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 Y-Configuration

Phase voltages

source

(abc) +ve sequence

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(acb) -ve sequence
 Y-Configuration

Time domain representation of voltages

(abc) +ve sequence

Order of phase seq is important in parallel

connections, where ccts must share same seq
to be considered in parallel

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(acb) -ve sequence
 Example

Determine the phase sequence of set of voltages.

van  200 cos(t  10)
vbn  200 cos(t  230)
vcn  200 cos(t  110 )

Solution: Vbn

Voltages can be expressed in phasor form as Van

Van  20010 V 50+70=120

10+90+20=120

Vbn  200  230 V Vcn

Vcn  200  110  V

Van leads Vcn by 120° and Vcn in turn leads Vbn by 120°.
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Hence, we have an acb sequence i.e. (–ve sequence)
 Geometrical Phasor addition
• Phasors associated with balanced source always add up to zero.
• In time domain sum of instantaneous phase voltages is also zero
• Terminals of 3-ɸ are connected to load vide power lines, these terminals are called
as lines
 Terminal/line neutral are called phase voltages
 Terminal/line Terminal/line are line voltages

• Line voltages lead the respective ɸ voltage by 300 for +ve sequence

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 Geometrical Phasor
• a,b,c are vertices & n is centre
• Sides are line voltages
• Lines verticescentre are Phase voltages

Equilateral Triangle
(abc) +ve sequence

• To summarize Relationship b/w line & phase voltages of Y connected source are
 Amplitude of line voltage is times phase voltage
 Line voltages form balanced set
 In case of +ve sequence line voltage leads phase voltage by 30 o
 In case of -ve sequence line voltage lags phase voltage by 30 o

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 Δ-connected Source
• Line voltages can also be produced using phase voltages of Δ-connected Source
• Δ-connected Source does not have neutral
• However, its phasor shows that it can be regarded as Y-connected Source
• Whose phase voltages are from vertices centre of triangle

Phasor diagram

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 3-ɸ Loads
• 3-ɸ loads consists of 3-Z legs
• Based on connection are categorized as Y/Δ-connected loads
• There are two types of phase sequences (+/-)
• ɸ- voltages & currents for +ve sequence are described as
 In case of Y-connected loads
 VAN, VBN, VCN
 IAN, IBN, ICN
 In case of Δ-connected loads
 VAB, VBC, VCA
 IAB, IBC, ICA
• A load is said to be balanced, once its 3-impedances are identical
 for Y- connected loads ZY= ZAN = ZBN =ZCN &
 for Δ- connected loads ZΔ= ZAB = ZBC =ZCA

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 Transformations
Four possible connections
• Y-Y connection (Y-connected source with a Y-connected load)
• Y-Δ connection (Y-connected source with a Δ-connected load)
• Δ-Δ connection
• Δ-Y connection
Δ- connected Systems are seldomly used, so mostly Y-connected are used

• Why to convert ?
 Desirable to convert from one type to another
 For analysis of 3-ɸ systems
 For Δ &Y to be identical, they must exhibit same terminal behaviour

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 Δ-Y & Y- Δ Transformations
Δ-Y Transformations

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 Δ-Y & Y- Δ Transformations
Y-Δ Transformations

• Hence, if the loads are balanced, then these equations are simplified as
 for Y- connected loads ZAN = ZBN =ZCN =ZY=1/3Z Δ
 for Δ- connected loads ZAB = ZBC =ZCA = ZΔ =3ZY

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