THREE PHASE

CIRCUIT
Objectives
Explain the differences between single-
phase, two-phase and three-phase.
Compute and define the Balanced Three-
Phase voltages.
Determine the phase and line
voltages/currents for Three-Phase
systems.
SINGLE PHASE TWO WIRE
| Z
p
V
SINGLE PHASE SYSTEM
A generator connected through a pair
of wire to a load Single Phase Two
Wire.
V
p
is the magnitude of the source
voltage, and | is the phase.
SINLGE PHASE THREE WIRE
| Z
p
V
| Z
p
V
SINGLE PHASE SYSTEM
Most common in practice: two
identical sources connected to two
loads by two outer wires and the
neutral: Single Phase Three Wire.
Terminal voltages have same
magnitude and the same phase.
POLYPHASE SYSTEM
Circuit or system in which AC
sources operate at the same
frequency but different phases
are known as polyphase.
TWO PHASE SYSTEM THREE WIRE
| Z
p
V
Z 90
p
V
POLYPHASE SYSTEM
Two Phase System:
A generator consists of two coils placed
perpendicular to each other
The voltage generated by one lags the
other by 90.
POLYPHASE SYSTEM
Three Phase System:
A generator consists of three coils placed
120 apart.
The voltage generated are equal in
magnitude but, out of phase by 120.
Three phase is the most economical
polyphase system.
THREE PHASE FOUR WIRE
IMPORTANCE OF THREE PHASE SYSTEM
All electric power is generated and
distributed in three phase.
One phase, two phase, or more than
three phase input can be taken from
three phase system rather than
generated independently.
Melting purposes need 48 phases
supply.
IMPORTANCE OF THREE PHASE SYSTEM
Uniform power transmission and less
vibration of three phase machines.
The instantaneous power in a 3| system
can be constant (not pulsating).
High power motors prefer a steady
torque especially one created by a
rotating magnetic field.
IMPORTANCE OF THREE PHASE SYSTEM
Three phase system is more
economical than the single phase.
The amount of wire required for a three
phase system is less than required for an
equivalent single phase system.
Conductor: Copper, Aluminum, etc
THREE PHASE GENERATION
FARADAYS LAW
Three things must be present in
order to produce electrical current:
a) Magnetic field
b) Conductor
c) Relative motion
Conductor cuts lines of magnetic
flux, a voltage is induced in the
conductor
Direction and Speed are important
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE
Motion is parallel to the flux.
No voltage is induced.
N
S
N
S
Motion is 45 to flux.
Induced voltage is 0.707 of maximum.
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE
x

N
S
Motion is perpendicular to flux.
Induced voltage is maximum.
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE
Motion is 45 to flux.
N
S
Induced voltage is 0.707 of maximum.
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE
N
S
Motion is parallel to flux.
No voltage is induced.
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE
N
S
Notice current in the
conductor has reversed.
Induced voltage is
0.707 of maximum.
Motion is 45 to flux.
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE
N
S
Motion is perpendicular to flux.
Induced voltage is maximum.
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE
N
S
Motion is 45 to flux.
Induced voltage is 0.707 of maximum.
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE
Motion is parallel to flux.
N
S
No voltage is induced.
Ready to produce another cycle.
THREE PHASE GENERATOR
GENERATOR WORK
The generator consists of a rotating
magnet (rotor) surrounded by a
stationary winding (stator).

Three separate windings or coils with
terminals a-a, b-b, and c-c are
physically placed 120 apart around
the stator.

As the rotor rotates, its magnetic field
cuts the flux from the three coils and
induces voltages in the coils.

The induced voltage have equal
magnitude but out of phase by 120.
GENERATION OF THREE-PHASE AC
N
x x
S
THREE-PHASE WAVEFORM
Phase 2 lags phase 1 by 120. Phase 2 leads phase 3 by 120.
Phase 3 lags phase 1 by 240. Phase 1 leads phase 3 by 240.
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
120 120 120
240
120 120 120
240
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
GENERATION OF 3| VOLTAGES
Phase 1 is ready to go positive.
Phase 2 is going more negative.
Phase 3 is going less positive.
N
x x
S
THREE PHASE QUANTITIES
BALANCED 3| VOLTAGES
( )
( )
( ) ( ) + = =
=
=
120 cos 240 cos ) (
120 cos ) (
cos ) (
t V t V t v
t V t v
t V t v
M M cn
M bn
M an
e e
e
e
Balanced three phase voltages:
same magnitude (V
M
)
120 phase shift
BALANCED 3| CURRENTS
Balanced three phase currents:
same magnitude (I
M
)
120 phase shift
( )
( )
( ) =
=
=
240 cos ) (
120 cos ) (
cos ) (
u e
u e
u e
t I t i
t I t i
t I t i
M c
M b
M a
PHASE SEQUENCE
( )
( ) + =
=
=
120 cos ) (
120 cos ) (
cos ) (
t V t v
t V t v
t V t v
M cn
M bn
M an
e
e
e
+ Z =
Z =
Z =
120
120
0
M cn
M bn
M an
V V
V V
V V
Z =
+ Z =
Z =
120
120
0
M cn
M bn
M an
V V
V V
V V
POSITIVE
SEQUENCE
NEGATIVE
SEQUENCE
PHASE SEQUENCE
EXAMPLE # 1
Determine the phase sequence of
the set voltages:
( )
( )
( ) =
=
+ =
110 cos 200
230 cos 200
10 cos 200
t v
t v
t v
cn
bn
an
e
e
e
BALANCED VOLTAGE AND LOAD
Balanced Phase Voltage: all phase
voltages are equal in magnitude and
are out of phase with each other by
120.
Balanced Load: the phase
impedances are equal in magnitude
and in phase.
POWER
The instantaneous power is constant
( )
) cos( 3
cos
2
3
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
u
u
rms rms
M M
c b a
I V
I V
t p t p t p t p
=
=
+ + =
Three Phase Power,
|
S S S S S 3 = + + =
C B A T
THREE PHASE QUANTITIES
QUANTITY SYMBOL
Phase current I
|

Line current I
L
Phase voltage V
|
Line voltage V
L
PHASE VOLTAGES and LINE VOLTAGES
Phase voltage is measured between
the neutral and any line: line to
neutral voltage
Line voltage is measured between any
two of the three lines: line to line
voltage.
PHASE CURRENTS and LINE CURRENTS
Line current (I
L
) is the current in
each line of the source or load.

Phase current (I
|
) is the current in
each phase of the source or load.
THREE PHASE CONNECTION
SOURCE-LOAD CONNECTION
SOURCE LOAD CONNECTION
Wye Wye Y-Y
Wye Delta Y-A
Delta Delta A- A
Delta Wye A-Y
SOURCE-LOAD CONNECTION
Common connection of source: WYE
Delta connected sources: the
circulating current may result in the
delta mesh if the three phase voltages
are slightly unbalanced.
Common connection of load: DELTA
Wye connected load: neutral line may
not be accessible, load can not be
added or removed easily.
WYE CONNECTION
WYE CONNECTED GENERATOR
n
a
b
c
V
ab
V
bc
V
ca
V
bn
V
cn
V
an
I
a
I
b
I
c
Z
Y
Z
Y
Z
Y
a
c
b
n
Load
Z
Y
Z
Y
Z
Y
a
b
c
Load
n
OR
BALANCED Y-Y CONNECTION
PHASE CURRENTS AND LINE CURRENTS
In Y-Y system:
L
I I =
PHASE VOLTAGES, V
|

Phase voltage is
measured between
the neutral and any
line: line to neutral
voltage

n
a
b
c
V
ab
V
bc
V
ca
V
bn
V
cn
V
an
I
a
I
b
I
c
V
an

V
bn

V
cn

PHASE VOLTAGES, V
|

an M
bn M
cn M
V V 0 volt
V V 120 volt
V V 120 volt
= Z
= Z
= Z
LINE VOLTAGES, V
L

Line voltage is
measured between
any two of the three
lines: line to line
voltage.
n
a
b
c
V
ab
V
bc
V
ca
V
bn
V
cn
V
an
I
a
I
b
I
c
V
ab

V
bc

V
ca

LINE VOLTAGES, V
L

an cn ca
cn bn bc
bn an ab
V V V
V V V
V V V
=
=
=
Z =
Z =
Z =
150 V 3 V
90 V 3 V
30 V 3 V
M ca
M bc
M ab
ab M
bc M
ca M
V 3 V 30 volt
V 3 V 90 volt
V 3 V 150 volt
= Z
= Z
= Z
an M
bn M
cn M
V V 0 volt
V V 120 volt
V V 120 volt
= Z
= Z
= Z
PHASE
VOLTAGE (V
|
)
LINE
VOLTAGE
(V
L
)
L |





30
120
V
ca
V
ab
V
bc
V
bn
V
an
V
cn
-V
bn
PROPERTIES OF PHASE VOLTAGE
All phase voltages have the same
magnitude,



Out of phase with each other by 120
an bn cn
V V V V
|
= + +
= =
PROPERTIES OF LINE VOLTAGE
All line voltages have the same
magnitude,



Out of phase with each other by 120
ab bc ca
V V V V
L
= + +
= =
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN V
|
and V
L
1. Magnitude


2. Phase
- V
L
LEAD their corresponding V
|
by 30
L
V 3 V
|
=
+ Z = Z 30 V V
L |
EXAMPLE 1
Calculate the line currents
DELTA CONNECTION
DELTA CONNECTED SOURCES

OR
BALANCED A- A CONNECTION
PHASE VOLTAGE AND LINE VOLTAGE
In A-A system, line voltages equal to
phase voltages:
L
V V =
PHASE VOLTAGE, V
|

Phase voltages are equal to the
voltages across the load impedances.
- -
-
PHASE CURRENTS, I
|
The phase currents are obtained:

CA
CA

BC
BC

AB
AB
Z
V
I ,
Z
V
I ,
Z
V
I = = =
LINE CURRENTS, I
L

The line currents are obtained from the
phase currents by applying KCL at
nodes A,B, and C.
- -
-
LINE CURRENTS, I
L

BC CA c
AB BC b
CA AB a
I I I
I I I
I I I
=
=
=
+ Z =
Z =
Z =
120 I I
120 I I
30 I 3 I
a c
a b
AB a
PHASE
CURRENTS (I
|
)
LINE CURRENTS (I
L
)

CA
CA

BC
BC

AB
AB
Z
V
I
Z
V
I
Z
V
I
=
=
=
+ Z =
Z =
Z =
120 I I
120 I I
30 I 3 I
a c
a b
AB a
L |





PROPERTIES OF PHASE CURRENT
All phase currents have the same
magnitude,




Out of phase with each other by 120

CA BC AB
Z
V
I I I I = = = =
PROPERTIES OF LINE CURRENT
All line currents have the same
magnitude,



Out of phase with each other by 120
c b a L
I I I I = = =
1. Magnitude


2. Phase
- I
L
LAG their corresponding I
|
by 30
|
I I
L
3 =
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN I
|
and I
L
Z = Z 30 I I
L |
EXAMPLE
A balanced delta connected load having
an impedance 20-j15 O is connected to
a delta connected, positive sequence
generator having V
ab
= 330Z0 V.
Calculate the phase currents of the load
and the line currents.
Given Quantities
Z =
Z = O =
0 330 V
87 . 36 25 j15 20 Z
ab

Phase Currents
A 87 . 156 13.2 120 I I
A 13 . 83 - 13.2 120 I I
A 36.87 13.2
36.87 25
0 330
Z
V
I
AB CA
AB BC

AB
AB
Z = + Z =
Z = Z =
Z =
Z
Z
= =
( )( )
A 87 . 126 86 . 22 120 I I
A 13 . 3 11 - 86 . 22 120 I I
87 . 6 86 . 22
A 30 3 36.87 13.2
30 3 I I
a c
a b
AB a
Z = + Z =
Z = Z =
Z =
Z Z =
Z =
Line Currents
BALANCED WYE-DELTASYSTEM
EXAMPLE 2
A balanced positive sequence Y-
connected source with V
an
=100Z10 V
is connected to a A-connected
balanced load (8+j4)O per phase.
Calculate the phase and line currents.
EXAMPLE 3
Determine the total power (P), reactive
power (Q), and complex power (S) at the
source and at the load
EXAMPLE #4
A three phase motor can be
regarded as a balanced Y-load. A
three phase motor draws 5.6 kW
when the line voltage is 220 V and
the line current is 18.2 A. Determine
the power factor of the motor