NETWORK SYNTHESIS

Dr.R.Subasri
Professor/EIE
Kongu Engineering College
Positive Real Function
The significance of positive real functions is that if the driving point immitance (i.e.
admittance or impedance) is a positive real function then only it is physically realizable
using passive R, L and C components. Hence immitance function must be checked for
positive realness before synthesizing.
For a function to be positive real function it has to satisfy the following basic properties,

• The given function F(s) is real for real s.

• The real part of F(s) is greater than or equal to zero, when the real part of s
is greater than or equal to zero.
Re[F(s)]  0 for Re[s]  0
• The function F(s) is rational function.
The positive real function is also called Brune function.
Procedure for Testing a Function for Positive Realness:
Let F(s) be the function to be tested for the positive realness, which is a ratio of
two polynomials N(s) and D(s). Remove all the common factors in the numerator and the
denominator before testing for the positive realness.

The testing procedure can be divided as,

1. Testing for necessary conditions

2. Testing for necessary and sufficient conditions
Inspection Test for Necessary Conditions:
By inspecting the given function, the following requirements are tested,

1. All the coefficients of different polynomials must be real and positive.

 E.g (i) s3+4s2+5s+1=0 Satisfied. (ii) s3- 4s2+j5s+1=0 - Not Satisfied
2. The degrees of numerator and denominator polynomials differ at most by 1.
𝑠 2 +𝑠+1 𝑠 3 +2𝑠 2 +𝑠+1
e.g (i) F(s) = Satisfied ; (ii)F(s) = Not Satisfied
𝑠+2 𝑠+2

3. There should be no missing terms in numerator and denominator unless all

even or all odd terms are missing.
𝑠 4 +𝑠 2 +1 𝑠 3 +𝑠+1
e.g (i) F(s) = Satisfied ; (ii) F(s) = Not Satisfied
𝑠 2 +2 𝑠+2

4. The poles and zeros of F(s) must be located in the left half of s-plane.
(𝑠+1)(𝑠+5)
F(s) =
𝑠(𝑠+7)

5. The imaginary axis poles and zeros of F(s) must be simple in nature. No multiple
pole or zero should lie on the imaginary axis including origin.

poles and zero locations- Satisfied

All poles and zero are simple and located in LHS

/imaginary axis
 poles and zero locations-Not Satisfied

Repeated poles at RHS

poles at origin

Repeated poles
at imaginary axis
zeros at RHS

6.The simple poles on jω axis should have real and positive residues.

B and C should be
real and positive

Test for Necessary and Sufficient Conditions:

The tests for necessary and sufficient conditions are,

1. The function F(s) must be real when s is real.

2. If F(s) = N(s)/D(s),then N(s) and D(s) must be Hurwitz.

3. Re [F(jω)] ≥ 0 for all ω.

The real part of F (jω) must be greater than equal to zero for all ω.
Thus the testing procedure for positive realness of a function can be summarized as,
1. Check all the necessary conditions by inspection.

2. For all the poles and zeros of F(s) to be in the left half of s-plane or on the imaginary
axis, N(s) and D(s) polynomials must be Hurwitz.

Use continued fraction expansion method. For D(s) to be Hurwitz, all the quotients
obtained by expressing it in continued fraction expansion must be positive. Also the
continued fraction expansion should not terminate abruptly.

Example:1

All the quotients are positive. Hence the polynomial is Hurwitz.

Example 2

3. If F(s) has poles on imaginary axis, the residues at the poles must be real and positive.

𝑠+2 𝐴 𝐵
𝑍(𝑠) = = +
𝑠2 + 5 𝑠 + 𝑗5 𝑠 − 𝑗5

𝑠+2 2−𝑗5
𝐴 = 𝑠−𝑗5| = −𝑗10
𝑠→−𝑗5

𝑠+2 2 + 𝑗5
𝐵= | =
𝑠 + 𝑗5 𝑠→𝑗5 𝑗10

Both the residues A and B are not real, hence Z(s) is not a positive real function

4. Finally test that

𝐴(𝑠 2 ) = 𝑚1 𝑚2 − 𝑛1 𝑛2 |𝑠=𝑗𝜔 ≥ 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝜔 ≥ 0
where m1, m2 are odd and even polynomial of numerator and n1 and n2 are odd and
even polynomial of denominator
Exercise.1
Check for positive real function

𝑠+3
𝑍(𝑠) =
𝑠+1
Solution:
• Zero and pole are real : -3, -1.
• No ploes and zeros on RHS
Hence Positive real function

Exercise 2:
Check for Hurwitz:
S4+4s3+3s+2 - Missing term – Not Hurwitz
S5+7s4+5s3+s2+2s - Missing term -Not Hurwitz
S4+2s2+4 - Even polynomial- Hurwitz
S6+5s5+4s3-8s2+9s+10 - -ve coefficient. Not Hurwitz

Network Synthesis
➢ Realising the network from the given transfer function(either
impedance/admittance)
➢ The function should be of positive real function
➢ Non unique – different networks can be realised from a single transfer function
➢ Number of elements in the network will be same and equals to highest power of s
in the transfer function

➢ Cauer –I & II – Ladder network Canonical form (has minimum

number of network elements)
➢ Foster – I & II – Not a ladder network

➢ Three types : LC , RC and RL network

Element Z(s) Y(s)

R R 1/R
L Ls 1/Ls
C 1/Cs Cs
 RC Networks
Conditions:
▪ The poles and zeros should be real and negative
▪ The poles and zeros should be interlaced (alternate)
▪ RC Impedance network – The pole (denominator root) should
be nearer to origin
E.g: Check the nature of the function
(𝑠 + 2)(𝑠 + 4)
𝑍(𝑠) =
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 3)(𝑠 + 5)

▪ poles and zeros are real and negative

▪ The poles and zeros are interlaced (alternate)
▪ The Denominator root (Pole) is nearer to origin, hence RC
network can be realised
RL Networks
Conditions:
▪ The poles and zeros should be real and negative
▪ The poles and zeros should be interlaced (alternate)
▪ RL - Impedance network – The zero (Numerator root) should
be nearer to origin

E.g: Check whether the function is RL Network

𝑠(𝑠 + 2)(𝑠 + 4)
𝑍(𝑠) =
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 3)
 ▪ poles and zeros are real and negative
▪ The poles and zeros are interlaced (alternate)
▪ The Numerator root (zero) is at origin, hence RL network can
be realised

Cauer Form –I:

• Removing pole / zero at infinity
If Degree of Nr > degree of Dr, then removal of pole at infinity,
else removal of zero at infinity.
• Arrange the polynomial in descending order of s power.

Continued fraction expansion (CFE)

• The first Cauer form is generated by the continued fraction

expansion of a reactance function about the point at infinity. In a ladder
network the series arms are impedances while the shunt arms are
admittances.
Example 1:

(𝑠 + 2)(𝑠 + 4)
𝑍(𝑠) =
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 3)
RC network.

Cauer form 1:
Cauer Form –II:
• Removing pole / zero at origin
• Arrange the polynomial in ascending order of s power

Z(s) is not realisable .

Hence Invert and Use Y(s)
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 3)
𝑌(𝑠) =
(𝑠 + 2)(𝑠 + 4)

RC admittance Y(s) function

Example 2:

𝑠 3 +12𝑠 2 +32𝑠 𝑠(𝑠+4)(𝑠+8)

𝑍(𝑠) = =
𝑠 2 +7𝑠+6 (𝑠+1)(𝑠+6)

RL network.

Cauer form 1:

Cauer form-II

Z(s) is not realisable .

 Hence Invert and Use Y(s)
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 6)
𝑌(𝑠) =
𝑠(𝑠 + 4)(𝑠 + 8)

RL admittance Y(s) function

The value of L and R is comparatively higher in Cauer II than in Cauer -I

 LC Networks
Conditions:
▪ Ratio of odd to even (or) even to odd polynomial
▪ The poles and zeros should be conjugate imaginary
▪ The poles and zeros should be interlaced (alternate)

Foster Form : Partial Fraction Expansion

Foster Form –I: Always consider Z(s)

LC network :

Foster Form –II: Always consider Y(s)

LC network :
 Foster Form -LC circuit

LC circuit Li Ci K∞ K0 Remarks
Foster-I 2
2Ki/i 1/2Ki L = K∞ C=1/ K0 For pole at origin - K0 (C) exist
Z(s)
Nr degree > Dr degree - K∞ (L)
exist

Foster-II 1/2Ki 2Ki/i2 C = K∞ L=1/ K0 For pole at origin - K0 (L) exist

Y(s)
Nr degree > Dr degree - K∞ (C)
exist

(𝑠2 +2𝑖 )
Ki = Z(s)𝑠2 → −2
2𝑠 𝑖
K0 = s Z(s)  s→ 0
𝑍(𝑠)
K∞ = |
𝑠 s→ ∞
Realise using Foster form -I

(𝑠 2 + 1)(𝑠 2 + 3)
𝑍(𝑠) =
𝑠(𝑠 2 + 2)

Poles and zeros on the imaginary axis, hence LC function

Condition:
If Numerator degree is greater than denominator degree, divide once
and then proceed with partial fraction.

𝑠 3 + 2𝑠)𝑠 4 + 4𝑠 2 + 3(𝑠
𝑠 4 + 2𝑠 2
_____________________
2𝑠 2 + 3
2𝑠 2 + 3
𝑍(𝑠) = 𝑠 + 3
𝑠 + 2𝑠

Use partial fraction:

𝑘0 2𝑘1 𝑠
𝑍(𝑠) = 𝑠 + + 2
𝑠 (𝑠 + 2)

𝑠 4 +4𝑠 2 +3 3
𝑘0 = 𝑠𝑍(𝑠)|𝑠→0 = 𝑠 =
𝑠 3 +2𝑠 2

(𝑠 2 + 2) (𝑠 2 + 2) 𝑠 4 + 4𝑠 2 + 3 4 − 8 + 3 1
𝑘1 = 𝑍(𝑠)| = 2 + 2)
= =
2𝑠 2
𝑠 →−2
2𝑠 𝑠(𝑠 2(−2) 4
 3 1
𝑠
2
𝑍(𝑠) = 𝑠 + + 22
𝑠 (𝑠 + 2)

LC circuit Li Ci K∞ K0
Foster-I Z(s) 2Ki/i2 1/2Ki L∞ = K∞ C0=1/ K0

L∞ = K∞ = 1H

1 2
C0 = = 𝐹
𝑘0 3

1 1
C1 = = = 2𝐹
2𝑘1 1/2

2𝑘1 1/2 1
L1 = = = 𝐻
𝜔12 2 4

Foster form -II

𝑠(𝑠2 +2)
𝑌 (𝑠) = (𝑠2
+1)(𝑠2 +3)

Numerator degree is lesser than denominator degree.

2𝑘1 𝑠 2𝑘2 𝑠
Y(𝑠) = +
(𝑠 2 +1) (𝑠 2 +3)

(𝑠 2 + 1) (𝑠 2 + 1) 𝑠(𝑠2 + 2) 1 1
𝑘1 = 𝑌(𝑠)| = = =
2𝑠 𝑠 2 →−1
2𝑠 (𝑠2 + 1)(𝑠2 + 3) 2(2) 4

(𝑠 2 + 3) (𝑠 2 + 3) 𝑠(𝑠2 + 2) −1 1
𝑘2 = 𝑌(𝑠)| = = =
2𝑠 𝑠 2 →−3
2𝑠 (𝑠2 + 1)(𝑠2 + 3) 2(−2) 4
 1 1
𝑠 𝑠
𝑌(𝑠) = 22 + 2
(𝑠 + 1) (𝑠 2 + 3)

LC circuit Li Ci K∞ K0
2
Foster-II Y(s) 1/2Ki 2Ki/i C∞ = K∞ L0=1/ K0
C∞ and L0 does not exist
1 1
L1 = = = 2𝐻
2𝑘1 1/2

2𝑘1 1/2 1
C1 = = = 𝐹
𝜔12 1 2
1 1
L2 = = = 2𝐻
2𝑘2 1/2

2𝑘2 1/2 1
C2 = = = 𝐹
𝜔22 3 6

Number of elements in Foster form or Cauer form of network are the same and equal to
the sum of (number of poles and zeros) degrees of s in numerator and denominator
polynomial of the function Z(s) or Y(s)

The Foster and Cauer form give the minimum number of elements for a specified
immittance LC function and the realisation is knowns as Canonical form