LTE Guidelines in ICS Designer v1.3

GUIDELINES FOR A LTE
NETWORK DESIGN AND

OPTIMISATION WITH ICS
designer
ADVANCED
TOPOGRAPHIC
DEVELOPMENT
& IMAGES

SOFTWARE DESIGNERS: P & D MISSUD
LTE FEATURES ICS DESIGNER V2
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The following manual is copyright protected and remains the exclusive property of ATDI. No part of this manual, in whole or in
part, may be copied or reproduced in any way without prior written authorization of ATDI.
VERSIONS HISTORY
Version Date Writer
GUIDELINES FOR A
LTE NETWORK
DESIGN AND
OPTIMISATION WITH
ICS designer version
Remarks
1.3 21/01/2014 NEDHIF Sami 12.4.5
The present version of the
guideline covers the features
available in the release v.12.4.5.
This document will be upadted at
regulars intervals to ensure that it
considers the latest uptates of ICS
Designer.

Limited Warranty
This manual is subject to the limited warranty conditions as specified by the general operating
license of the whole package. ATDI reserves the right to modify this manual without prior warning.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Versions History....................................................................................................................................... 2
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... 3
1. SCOPE ........................................................................................................................................... 5
2. LTE GENERAL WORKFLOW .................................................................................................... 6
3. LTE FEATURES ........................................................................................................................... 7
3.1. RSRP ...................................................................................................................................... 7
3.2. RSRQ...................................................................................................................................... 9
3.3. SNIR calculations .................................................................................................................. 9
3.4. DL Peak throughput plots ................................................................................................... 10
3.5. UL peak throughput plots ................................................................................................... 15
3.6. Traffic analysis and LTE schedulers ................................................................................. 17
3.7. PCI planning......................................................................................................................... 18
3.8. RSI and PRACH planning .................................................................................................. 19
3.9. LTE Handover and neighbour list analysis (intra-inter system) ..................................... 20
3.10. LTE Monte Carlos simulators ......................................................................................... 25
3.11. Automatic search of site ................................................................................................. 32
3.12. Automatic frequency planning ....................................................................................... 32
3.13. Automatic site optimization............................................................................................. 33
3.14. Refarming frequency band and inter system coexistence ......................................... 33
3.15. LTE Field strength exposure (2D&3D) .......................................................................... 36
3.16. LTE Propagation models ................................................................................................ 38
4. OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHMS BASED ON LIVE MEASUREMENTS ............................. 40
4.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................... 40
4.2. Optimization dedicated to the automated configuration of Physical Cell ID ................. 41
4.3. Optimization dedicated to the RAT ANR configuration LTE SON features .............. 45
4.4. Optimization based on the KPIs measurement ............................................................... 46
4.5. Optimization of the PDCCH resources ............................................................................. 52
4.6. Optimization of the RSRQ and SNIR levels ..................................................................... 53
4.7. Optimization dedicated to the resource optimization of relays ...................................... 60
5. PRACTICAL CASE (SCOPE and INPUT DATA) .................................................................. 62
5.1. Scope of the study ............................................................................................................... 62
5.2. Cartographic layer ............................................................................................................... 63
5.3. Site and simulation parameters ......................................................................................... 64
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3.3.1 Physical configurations of the LTE sites ....................................................................... 64
3.3.2 SNIR requirements .......................................................................................................... 65
3.3.3 RSCP sensitivity .............................................................................................................. 66
3.3.4 PDSCH (traffic channel) sensitivity ............................................................................... 67
3.3.5 Path budget and power allocation ................................................................................. 67
3.3.6 Propagation models selection ........................................................................................ 68
6. PRACTICAL CASE (RESULTS) .............................................................................................. 70
6.1. PHASE 1: NETWORK DESIGN ........................................................................................ 70
4.1.1 Methodology..................................................................................................................... 70
4.1.2 Automatic search site result ........................................................................................... 70
4.1.3 RSRP and RSRQ results ............................................................................................... 72
4.1.4 DL and UL Peak Throughput results ............................................................................. 74
4.1.5 SNIR coverage results .................................................................................................... 75
6.2. PHASE 2: NEIGHBOUR AND PCI PLANNING .............................................................. 76
5.2.1 Methodology..................................................................................................................... 76
5.2.2 Results .............................................................................................................................. 76
7. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 80

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1. SCOPE

This document is intended to provide:
- A general understanding of LTE (Long Term Evolution) radio aspects;
- An overview of the main LTE features supported by ICS Designer ;
- A pratical case describing a LTE network design study considering the technical
recommendations that can be used to develop radio network planning processes. However, the
detailed specifications used on the practical case are outside the scope of this document.
These processes, LTE parameters and input data are typically customized to suit the specific
requirements of an operator.

The document is organized into the following sections:
Section 1 presents an general overview of the LTE functionalities implemented in ICS Designer
and and the steps to follows during a LTE network design.The figure points out the process and
options that can be used during a LTE planning with the tool.

Section 2 describes the general LTE aspects and requirements needed during a phase of
deployement and optimisation. This section also focuses on the planning tool options considering
the fundamental aspects of a LTE deployment such as, coverage and traffic analysis, throughput
performance, spectrum re-farming ,mobility (intra-system and inter-RAT) and neighbour planning.

Sections 3 et 4 focuses on a practical case describing a LTE network design in a urban area
located in Paris. This part illustrates a concret FDD LTE network scenario based on typical LTE
e-nodeB configurations, link budget and target throughput,...The goal of this practical case is to
present the methodolgy and capabilities of ICS Designer to assure a complet LTE network design
(from scratch). This study will describe in details how to find and determinate the minimum
number of LTE (macro cells, indoor solutions and microcells) sites via the ACP functions, how to
calculate the LTE throughputs based on SNIR vs.Throughput table, how to improve the expected
throughput and perform an automatic PCI planning This practcal case doesnt illustrate all the
features and approachs which can be used in ICS Designer but it provides a good illustration of
the flexibility and capability of the tool.

NOTES:
All the features and modules described in this document are available on the standard version of
ICS Designer (No additional costs for extra modules).
There is no limitation or restrictions of the bandwidth or frequency bands and multi technologies
can be supported in the same project (High flexibility of the tool).
Free cartographic maps over the world, including DTM, Clutter layers and map/aerial images
(until 20m resolution) are provided with the tool.

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2. LTE GENERAL WORKFLOW

DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL (.GEO) or INDOOR PLAN (.IDR)
BUILDINGS (.BLG)
CLUTTER (.SOL)
MAP IMAGE (.IMG + .PAL)
COVERAGE (.FLD)
NETWORK ELEMENTS (.EWF)
VECTORS (.VEC)
Set technical parameters
of the e-nodeB
Define or load the LTE
simulation parameter file
(.PRM)
Basic predictions:
-RSRP level
-RSRQ (dB)
-RSSI
-SNIR (control channels)
- SNIR (PUSCH)
- ACP (Automatic Cell
Planning)
-Import of LTE cells
-LTE cell configuration
(import by batch )
-Selection site based on
existing UMTS or GSM
- Propagation models
selection
-Characteristics of the UE
-Distance of calculation
(Km)
-Min RSRP sensitivity
(dBm)

- ICIC Enhancement
- % PDSCH and %
Overhead parameters can
be adjusted according to
the traffic scenario
- RSRP plot
- Best server RSRP,
- second server RSRP,
- Third server RSRP,
- RSRP probability,
- Max number of RSRP
channel
- RSRP overlapping area
2D or 3D coverage
analysis
Automatic frequency
assignment
Automatic or manual
neighbour cell allocation
Automatic or manual
Physical Cell Ids and RSI
allocation
Various histogramme
analysis :
- Over the whole projet
- Inside a cluster area
defined by a drawn
polygon
- Arround a predefined
vector path)
Field strenght exposure
analysis (in 2D or 3D
modes).
e-node B setu parameter in ICS designer:
- LTE mode (FDD or TDD)
- Bandwidth configuration (1.4; 3; 5;10; 15 or
20MHz) -
Site location, Antenna height , Cell ID , azimuts
, mecanical tilts
- Antenna mode (nb of Tx/Rx arrays):

-Max transmitted power, %RS power, %
PDSCH power, and % control channels power
-RBs traffic capacity
- RSRP min level
- PUSCH received power min (dBm)
- Min sensitivity (dBm) Noise Floor value
Potential interference
analysis between the LTE
stations and existing
DVB-T network (Low
channel band)
- Standard antenna
-SIMO, Tx Div
-MIMO spatial multiplexing
-Multi user MIMO spatial multiplexing
-AAS (Antenna Adaptive Switch)
Open an existing project
or create a new one
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3. LTE FEATURES
3.1. RSRP
RSRP is used to measure the coverage of the LTE cell on the DL. The UE will send RRC
measurements reports that include RSRP values in a binned format. The reporting range of RSRP is
defined from 140 to 40dBm with 1 dB resolution. The main purpose of RSRP is to determine the
best cell on the DL radio interface and select this cell as the serving cell for either initial random
access or intra-LTE handover. It is also important to check the non-

Figure 1: RSRP threshold and cell selection
ICS Designer allows to calculate easily RSRP coverage (pilot coverage) according to the technical
parameters set on e-nodeB. This step is fundamental to determinate the service area of the cells.
Advanced features are available to analyze and optimize (dominance, pollution, overshooting effects)
the RSRP coverage:

cov
Coverage/Network analysis/ This function computes the composite coverage of the RSRP (Reference

The following manual is copyright protecte
part, may be copied or reproduced in any
RSRP coverage
analysis/Composite
coverage
Coverage/Network analysis/
RSRP coverage analysis
/Best Server coverage (16 b)
R
S

A
N
A
L
Y
S
I
S

/Overlapping
/Simultaneous
/Simultaneous except best
server
/Coverage probability
Coverage/Network
analysis/ RSRP coverage
analysis /Servers

RSRP (Reference Symbol Received Power):
average over the power contributions (in [W]) of the resource elements that carry cell
reference signals within the cons

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tected and remains the exclusive property of ATDI. No part of th
any way without prior written authorization of ATDI.
Signal Received Power) in dBm based on the "% Ref Signal" defined in the
parameters of the e-nodeB station.

/Best Server coverage (16 b)
This function computes a best server map of the Reference Signal (RS).

This function computes the overlapping areas of the RS transmitted by the
whole LTE network in the project.

verage analysis
This function computes the percentage of the RS simultaneously received
transmitted from the whole LTE network in the project. For example, if for
a given pixel the result is equal to 30% it means that the receiver will be
able to receive a RS signal from 30% of the stations available in the project
/Simultaneous except best
This is a map of simultaneous servers - Gives for each pixel
servers with a RSRP less than the RSRP of the best server reduced by
delta (defined by the user) :
abs(FS_serving_sector-FS_other_sector)>=Delta


Calculates the probability of coverage based on RSRP threshold precision
corresponds to a pixel distance around the point being processed to
calculate the average of all these points, not the value exact on the current
point.

analysis/ RSRP coverage
Displays the first best RSRP server, the second

RSRP (Reference Symbol Received Power): It is determined for a considered cell as the linear
average over the power contributions (in [W]) of the resource elements that carry cell
reference signals within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth.
Figure 2: RSCP coverage prediction using
3GPP urban propagation model
of this manual, in whole or in
Signal Received Power) in dBm based on the "% Ref Signal" defined in the
map of the Reference Signal (RS).
This function computes the overlapping areas of the RS transmitted by the
This function computes the percentage of the RS simultaneously received
transmitted from the whole LTE network in the project. For example, if for
a given pixel the result is equal to 30% it means that the receiver will be
e to receive a RS signal from 30% of the stations available in the project
for each pixel the number of
server reduced by
P threshold precision
corresponds to a pixel distance around the point being processed to
calculate the average of all these points, not the value exact on the current
It is determined for a considered cell as the linear
average over the power contributions (in [W]) of the resource elements that carry cell-specific

: RSCP coverage prediction using

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3.2. RSRQ
The functions dedicated to the RSRQ allows to perform a complete analysis of the RS signal and to
check the impact of the serving and surrounding cells.

Below the list of the functions dedicated to the RSRQ:
- First server RSRQ
- Second server RSRQ
- Third server RSRQ
- Simultaneous servers

RSRQ (Reference Symbol Received Quality): Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) is
defined as the ratio NRSRP/(EUTRA carrier RSSI), where N is the number of RBs of the EUTRA
carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth. The measurements in the numerator and denominator shall be
made over the same set of resource blocks.

3.3. SNIR calculations
The Required SINR is the main performance indicator for LTE and the accurate knowledge required
SINR is central to the authenticity of the throughput and thus the process of dimensioning. Required
SINR depends up on the following factors:
- Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCS)
- Propagation Channel Mode
- Higher the MCS used, higher the required SINR and vice versa. This means that using QPSK
will have a lower required SINR than 16-QAM .

The SNIR (Signal to Interference plus Noise ratio) is express as follows:

S: Useful signal (received power)
I own: Own cell interference (close to zero due to the orthogonally of subcarriers)
I oth: Other cell interference
N: Noise power

In LTE the SNIR PDSCH required replaces the Eb/N0 required of the UMTS Rel.99. The required
SINR can be estimated by two different methods:
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o By using the Throughput vs. average SNIR tables. These tables are obtained as an
Output of link level simulations. For each type of propagation channel models and different
antenna configurations, different tables are needed (see table 1).
o By using the Alpha Shannon formula. Alpha-Shannon formula provides an approximation of
the link level results. Thus, in this case, no actual simulations are needed, but factors used
in Alpha-Shannon formula are needed for different scenarios

The 4G SNIR maps function allows to perform SNIR plot coverage for the PDSCH (traffic) and
control channels. The SNIR calculation can also take into account:
- The use of multi carriers on the same site (when more than one carrier is used per site)
- RSRQ constraints to assure the reliability of the RS signal quality.
- All the potential interferers (RSSI) from the LTE inter sites but also from the other network
systems (Digital broadcast network, UMTS, GSM)
- ICIC parameter activated to improve the SNIR performance (ICIC scheduler is used to reduce
risks of collision between PRBs from inter sites).

Note that SNIR calculation are also used to analyses the radio link failure performance and the other
physical channels PDCCH/ PCIFCH, PCH, PBCH, (as described in 3GPP TS 36.101)
For example, PDCCHs performance is important not only because it delivers the scheduling
information to the UEs but also because when a UE first tries to access the network, PDCCH failure
can result in delayed access or access failure. During handover, PDCCH failure will cause handover
failure since downlink messages (response from the eNodeB) cannot be successfully delivered to the
UE.

3.4. DL Peak throughput plots
Per definition Peak throughput represents a theoretical upper bound on what can be achieved on the
channel in terms of throughput or capacity. It is an ideal case since it assumes no frame erasures and
should not be thought of as a sustainable throughput (refer to Section 5.5 for a definition of maximum
sustainable throughput).
The peak throughput depend on:
Bandwith configuration (1.4; 3; 5..20MHz)
SNIR conditions (depends on the path loss attenuations, transmitted power...)
MCS (Modulation Coding Sheme) achieved
nPRB allocated to PDSCH channels

The Peak throughput calculation requires a table of correspondence (between SNIR vs. Throughput)
dedicated to the LTE configuration (Channel models, antenna system, traffic load). Usually this table
is provided by the vendor equipment. In ICS Designer, the table of SNIR vs. Throughput used for the
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peak throughput calculation can be selected from an internal table implemented in the tool (using
standards values as shown below) or from external tables (with the specific vendors
recommendations):

SNIR vs. Throughput table by default in ICS Designer:
In ICS Designer, the tables of SNIR vs. Throughput from the recommendations based on
vendor recommendations are implemented by default. Those tables can be used for the
following LTE configurations:

Bandwidth 5 MHz
NPRB 25
Channel models EPA 5 Hz
DL Transmission mode SIMO 1x2, TX diversity 2x2, Open loop Spatial Multiplexing MIMO
2x2
UL Transmission mode SIMO

The Throughput (kbps) values in those table are defined as the date rate per resource block for
a given SINR.
The peak throughput result calculated on each pixel will be performed according to this table but
also the cell load (number of RB used for the traffic allocation) specified in the e-nodeB setup
tab of the station (as shown in the figure 2).

Figure 3: E-nodeB traffic parameters with load traffic: 50%

Figure 4: SNIR vs. Throughput table by default in ICS Designer

Import of external SNIR vs. Throughput table in ICS Designer:

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A external table can be requested in an excel sheet via the Import format 2 options with
columns SNIR (dB), Throughput in kbps per RB for SIMO antenna , Throughput in kbps
per RB for TxDiv antenna , Throughput in kbps per RB for MIMO antenna, Throughput in
kbps per RB for UL STD.

The procedure of import of external throughput tables can be described with the following
typical case:

- Step 1: The user must to choose the % cell load used for the simulation (standard value: 50%)
- Step 2: The % cell load must be set in the traffic parameter of the e-nodeBs (%RS signal,
%PDSCH channels, %control channels)
- Step 3: Select the column describing the SNIR vs. throughput value for the wanted % load
traffic (figure 4)
- Step 4: Then, the user must to create a .CSV file with the values specified in the vendor table
and with the format 2 specified in ICS Designer (see figure 3). Note that, the throughputs values
specified in the .CSV must be the throughput only per RB and not for all the RB allocated

Note that the peak throughput calculation in ICS Designer may takes into account multi criterions as
the RSRQ reliability and the transmission modes used by the e-nodeBs (fixed transmission mode or
AAS Adaptive mode switch antenna are supported):

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Figure 5: Peak throughput calculation with AAS mode
Those options allows to analyze, improve the throughput performance of the network and also
determinate the most appropriate transmission mode in the cell edge or cell center. Below, an
illustration of the throughput performances with different transmission mode configurations:

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Figure 6: Peak throughput plots with LTE network using single antenna

Figure 7: Peak throughput plots with LTE network using 2X2MIMO configuration (SU-SD)

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Figure 8: Peak throughput plots with LTE network using AAS configuration

3.5. UL peak throughput plots
The UL Peak throughput calculation is performed via the function 4G Uplink SNIR available in the
menu Statistics -> coverage -> 4G Uplink SNIR

The UL SNIR calculation is done as follows:
First the best DL RSRP is calculated for all the activated stations.
Then UL SNIR PUSCH can be calculated with 2 modes:
If 1 sub / enodeB (random) is checked, the function will select only one sub/station (stronger
sub interferer from the random selection).
If 1 sub / enodeB (random) is unchecked; power sum is applied (this power sum is based on
the subscribers selected during the random selection).

Note 1: Only the parented subscribers are taken into account by this function.
Note 2: The parented sub doesnt interfere his wanted station.
Note 3: The Noise rise calculated with the mode Subscriber distribution method (Monte-Carlo) is the
average noise rise per station for the whole passes.
Note 4: If the subscribers are declared as mobile, their coordinates will be changed after each pass.

Better SNIR at the
cell edge
with TxDiv mode
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Figure 9: UL SNIR map
Once SNIR plot coverage is displayed, the user needs just to import the UL SNIR vs. Throughput
table.

Figure 10: UL peak throughput plots

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3.6. Traffic analysis and LTE schedulers
The throughput an individual user may experience depends both on the MCS allocated (a function of
the users characteristics and channel conditions especially RSCP, RSRQ and SNIR) and on the
demands of other users sharing the channel resource. The sharing of the resources over the users is
arbitrated by the scheduler. ICS Designer can simulate the behavior of the traffic for giving population
of users according to various type of scheduler. ICS designer have introduce a traffic method of
calculation based on the LTE schedulers which allows to determinate what is the best algorithm to
apply according to a given traffic scenario.
The LTE schedulers are the following:
Max SNIR:
The Priority is given to the current user has the greatest signal to noise ratio (SNR). MaxSNIR
method allocates the radio resource constantly to the user who has the best spectral efficiency
and therefore that will provide the best throughput on each EU. However, a negative effect of
this allocation is that users close to the e-nodeB always have a disproportionate priority on users
further away. When the network is congested, it is also common for mobile located on the cell
edge that they dont access at all to the radio resource. With Max SNR it is impossible to
guarantee quality of service even minimal since it is exclusively or almost exclusively dependent
on the relative position of the mobile. In addition, the Max SNR has another disadvantage: it
does not take into account users' needs when assigning priorities.

RR:
This method (called Rodin Robin) involves allocating the same amount of RB users. However,
the rate actually received will depend on the radio conditions (C / N + I, priority bearers).This
method does not take into account the needs of users in terms of desired flow or maximum
delay of packets. Users are then assigned a rate that is unrelated to their needs. Round Robin
does not take into account the position, capabilities and needs of each user. It allocates the
same amount of blindness resource units for all mobile without any possibility of
differentiating services and thus ensure any quality of service.

PF:
This algorithm (called Proportional Fair) is considered as the most appropriate in terms of
simplicity and performance. It consists in allocating RB iteratively so that the overall throughput
provided to each user increases gradually in the same way. When a user has received that
application flow, no more RB is assigned and the execution of the algorithm occurs with other
users. The algorithm stops when all users are satisfied or all RB were distributed. UE get equal
flow rates. In the end, the users with low demand are always advantaged because their desired
flow is almost always provided; they are often fully satisfied In contrast with the other users who
require more resources (note that in the case where all users have the same needs, scheduler
"Robin Rodin" equivalent to the Max-Min Fair).

Figure 11: Parenting LTE module in ICS designer
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The user needs to define the profile of the UE (max transmitted power, antenna height, transmission
mode supported, traffic demand) and generate the population of UE (per density per km or over a
polygon or per site) then the LTE parenting function will calculate UE by UE the effective traffic
received based on the selected algorithm. Note that during this parenting, DL and UL radio conditions
are checked (RSCP, RSRQ and PUSCH). The ICIC enhancement option can be checked to reduce
the risk of collision between RB transmitted by inter-cells as well the MIMO adaptive switch modes
(AAS).

- Dynamic LTE traffic analysis based on parenting method: RB allocation and throughput
calculation based on UEs population (can be generated manually or imported via a .CSV file).
The final result is a gglobal LTE Traffic QoS report by subscriber, station or for the entire
network. Throughput and RB allocation distribution will depends on:
Profile and location of the UE
Channels setting of the cells and RB capacity dedicated to the traffic channel.
Transmission mode used: AAS (Antenna Adaptive Switch) mode or fixed mode
(Single antenna port SISO or SIMO, Tx Div/MISO, Spatial multiplexing MIMO, Multi
user MIMO).
Scheduler method (Max SNIR, RR, PF)
Pre-defined SNIR vs. Throughput/RB table

- LTE prospective planning: Automatic search of site to connect the orphan UE (when the UE
is not connected to the e-nodeB) due to a weak level of coverage or traffic congestion.

3.7. PCI planning
The menu Coverage/Network planning/Physical layer cell identities... allows to plan the PCI
(Physical Layer Cell Identities) and the PHY Group ID (Physical Layer Cell Identity Group) in order to
avoid any risk of collision between the neighbor cells.

There are 504 unique physical-layer cell identities. The physical-layer cell identities are grouped into
168 unique physical-layer cell-identity groups, each group containing three unique identities. The
Connectivity between e-node B and UEs (Min RSCP, Min RSRQ received by the UE and in
PUSCH received by the e-nodeB) are checked then the e-nodeB is allocating the RBs
according to the scheduler method used for the simulation. Once the e-nodeB RBs are
allocated for the UEs, the throughput offer is calculated according to a SNIR us Throughput
(per RB) table map for the dedicated transmission mode used by the UE.
If the AAS mode is selected, ICS designer will choose the best transmission mode for a
given UE giving the best SNIR performances. Typically TxDiv transmission mode when the
SNIR is poor (at the cell edge) or MIMO mode when the SNIR measured is high (typically
when the mobile is close to the station). Of course, the choice of the transmission mode
(when the AAS mode is selected) in ICS designer is also depending of the characteristics of
the UE (EPA05, EPA70)
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grouping is such that each physical-layer cell identity is part of one and only one physical-layer cell-
identity group. A physical-layer cell identity NID cell = 3NID(1) +NID(2) is thus uniquely defined by a
number NID (1) in the range of 0 to 167, representing the physical layer cell identity group, and a
number NID(2) in the range of 0 to 2, representing the physical layer identity within the physical-layer
cell identity group (see 3GPP TS 36.211 recommendations).

Note that the LTE neighbour list must be previously generated before to launch the PCI planning (refer
to the section 2.9 LTE Handover and neighbour list analysis)

3.8. RSI and PRACH planning
The first step in the random-access procedure is the transmission of a random-access preamble. The
main purpose of the preamble transmission is to indicate to the base station the presence of a random
access attempt and to allow the base station to estimate the delay between the eNodeB and the
terminal. The delay estimate will be used in the second step to adjust the uplink timing. The time
frequency resource on which the random-access preamble is transmitted is known as the Physical
Random-Access Channel (PRACH). The e-nodeB broadcasts information to all terminals in which
timefrequency resource random-access preamble transmission is allowed. As part of the first step of
the random-access procedure, the terminal selects one preamble to transmit on the PRACH.
In each cell, there are 64 preamble sequences available. Two subsets of the 64 sequences are
defined as illustrated in Figure 14.9, where the set of sequences in each subset is signaled as part of
the system information. As long as no other terminal is performing a random-access attempt using the
same sequence at the same time instant, no collisions will occur and the attempt will, with a high
likelihood, be detected by the eNodeB.

ICS Designer the function Coverage/Network/planning/Root Sequence Index Allocation allows to
perform and optimize the RSI (Root sequence index) allocation of the LTE sites depending of the
neighbor relations between the cells.
Note that new advanced allocation methods has been implemented (PRACH ZC sequence parameter
for 3GPP, coverage range, extended radius) in the last release.

Figure 12: RSI allocation window in ICS Designer

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The number of root sequence index can be generated by several
methods:
- By the user
- From max coverage range
- From extended radius
or
- From PRACH table (0-15)
- From extended radius (site tab of the station)
- From access radius (km

Object properties (F5): Add of Root Sequence Index (RSI)

3.9. LTE Handover and neighbour list analysis (intra-inter system)
The handover procedures for E-UTRAN systems are described in the 3GPP TS 36.331.
E-UTRAN supports two types of handover:
- Intra Radio Access Technology handovers divided into two categories:
HO intra system with intra-frequency neighbours
HO intra system with intra-frequency neighbours
When an LTE UE is powered on, it scans all E-UTRA Radio Frequency (RF) bands and starts to listen
to the broadcast channels for synchronization. This is done to find a suitable cell for initial camping
with the best radio conditions according to cell RSRP measurements. After cell selection, the UE
registers to the network and starts to measure intra-frequency neighbours as candidates for cell
reselection according to cell ranking criteria. Usually this means that reselection is performed if the
radio conditions, according to RSRP measurements, are better than a configured threshold above that
of the serving cell and if the RSRQ threshold is enough. The UE also measures the inter-frequency
cells according to the neighbouring cell list. The prioritization between the intra and inter frequency
layers depends of the strategy used by the operator but usually the intra frequency HO are often the
first priority.
- Inter Radio Access Technology handovers:
HO between E-UTRAN (LTE) and UTRAN (3G) neighbours
HO between E-UTRAN (LTE) and GSM neighbours
HO between E-UTRAN (LTE) and Wi-Fi neighbours (3GPP release 12)
When the UE is not able to use intra or inter frequency neighbours with acceptable RSRP threshold,
the core network will LTE UE is able to switch to UTRAN or GSM system.

The advanced HO features on ICS Designer support all the types of HO supported by the E-UTRAN:
Inter/Intra technology handovers.

Page 21 of 80

The different options available in this function are the following:
- Handovers for intra-eNodeB and inter eNodeB (LTE-LTE) :
As shown in the figure 13, The HO algorithm used during the calculation is based on the
event A3 (better cell HO) and A5 (handover threshold based on RSRP).
The quality of the RS signal (RSRQ) can be checked during the HO calculation. In this
case, the degradation due to the RSRQ will be takes into account during the HO
procedure.
The Intra and inter frequency HO can be simulated separately.
The HO map can be calculated according to a predefined list of neighboor cells.

Figure 13: LTE<-> LTE handover process in ICS Designer

- Handovers for eNodeB and NodeB (LTE-3G) : :
RSRP serving cell for the e-nodeB and Ec/I0 plus RSCP thresholds for the nodeB
The quality of the RS signal (RSRQ) can be also checked during the HO calculation. In
this case, the degradation due to the RSRQ will be takes into account during the HO
procedure.

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Figure 14: LTE<-> 3G handover process in ICS Designer

- Handovers for eNodeB and BTS (LTE-2G) : :
RSRP serving cell for the e-nodeB and RSSI for the BTS
The quality of the RS signal (RSRQ) can be also checked during the HO calculation. In
this case, the degradation due to the RSRQ will be takes into account during the HO
procedure.
Page 23 of 80


Figure 15: LTE<->2G handover process in ICS Designer

The advanced Neighbour calculation function in ICS Designer allows to perform the intra and
Inter- frequency neighbour list required to plan the PCI allocations and avoid risk of collision between
the PCIs. The functions includes also the possibility to generate the inter system neighbour list
(between LTE and 3G, LTE and Wi-Fi) according to multi hysteresis criterions.

Page 24 of 80


In the end of the calculation, a .CSV report giving the neighbour list by station is generated and the
neighbour cells are automatically updated on the neighbour list box of the e-nodeB setup tab of the
LTE station.


3.10. LTE Monte Carlos simulators
LTE Monte Carlo analysis functions in ICS Designer comprises downlink and uplink Best Server,
Interference and Traffic analysis. ICS Designer performs several rand
random distribution to spread the UE over the map for each trial. The outputs of the analysis are
quality and traffic reports. The Monte Carlo approach is very useful and efficient to validate or enhance
the LTE network parameters in order to achieve the coverage and interference objectives for a given
population of UE. Typically, the LTE Monte Carlo simulators can be used to validate the following
criterions:

For downlink:
RSCP Levels
RSRQ levels
SNIR Levels
For uplink:
PUSCH levels
Once the e-nodeB network is configured (antenna height, bandwidth, transmitted power...) a
population of UE can be generated (with one or several profiles) can be generated and randomly
distributed on the project by different ways: Per density of km
population is generated, the tool will calculate the average and the distribution of the coverage KPIs
(RSCP, RSRQ, SNIR PDSCH and PUSCH).
Page 25 of 80

LTE Monte Carlos simulators
Interference and Traffic analysis. ICS Designer performs several random trials, using a pseudo
in order to achieve the coverage and interference objectives for a given
nodeB network is configured (antenna height, bandwidth, transmitted power...) a
distributed on the project by different ways: Per density of km, over configured cells. Once the
(RSCP, RSRQ, SNIR PDSCH and PUSCH).
om trials, using a pseudo-
in order to achieve the coverage and interference objectives for a given
nodeB network is configured (antenna height, bandwidth, transmitted power...) a
, over configured cells. Once the

Figure

Figure 17
Page 26 of 80
Figure 16: LTE Monte Carlo Simulator in ICS Designer
17: RSRQ (dB) simulation with Monte Carlo simulator

Figure 18

Figure 19
Page 27 of 80
18: RSRQ (dB) distribution with Monte Carlo simulator

19: RSCP (dBm) simulation with Monte Carlo simulator


Figure 20: PUSCH (dBm) simulation with Monte Carlo simulator
Page 28 of 80
: PUSCH (dBm) simulation with Monte Carlo simulator

Figure 21: SNIR (PDSCH) simulation with Monte Carlo simulator
The Monte carlo simulator can also be used to
the coverage and interference KPI s parameters. The Monte carlo simulator is able to calculate the
KPI distribution over the UE population with taking into account the variability of the e
parameters especially the folowing:
Azimuth(),
Electrical tilt()
Antenna height (m)
Percentage of transmit power dedicated to the RS signal
Percentage of transmit power dedicated to the PDSCH
signal
Percentage of transmit power dedicated to the control
channels
Antenna type (transmission mode: Standard, MIMO SM, Tx Div
, MISO, single antenna, SISO, SIMO, MU

For example, It is easy to check the impact in term of RSRQ(dB) and SNIR(PDSCH) when the
electrical tilt applied for the e

Page 29 of 80
: SNIR (PDSCH) simulation with Monte Carlo simulator

The Monte carlo simulator can also be used to optimize the e-nodeb configuration in order to improve
KPI distribution over the UE population with taking into account the variability of the e
rameters especially the folowing:
Percentage of transmit power dedicated to the RS signal
tenna, SISO, SIMO, MU-MIMO)
electrical tilt applied for the e-nodeBs are between -4and -8


nodeb configuration in order to improve
KPI distribution over the UE population with taking into account the variability of the e-nodeB

Page 30 of 80


Figure 22: RSRQ distribution simulation with Monte Carlo simulator (Electrical Downtilt = -2)

Figure 23: RSRQ distribution simulation with Monte Carlo simulator (Electrical Downtilt between -4 and -8)

Figure 24: SNIR (PDSCH) distribution simulation with Monte Carlo simulator (Electrical Downtilt = -2)

Figure 25: SNIR (PDSCH) distribution simulation w
In this example SNIR (PDSCH), RSCP and RSRQ KPIs are degraded when the electrical downtilt
applied to the Tx antennas is too high. The aerial configuration using
most adapted for the dimensioning network. In the real LTE network, SNIR(PDSCH) level can be
improved by the usage of AAS antennas as shown below with the new Monte Carlo
AAS mode. Note that AAS mode and MIMO antennas doesnt affect RS
doesnt depend on the number of transmit antennas
transmitted by one antenna at a time.
resource element. The UE measures th
reference signal but then takes an average of them
Figure 26: SNIR (PDSCH) distribution simulation with Monte Carlo simulator
(Electrical
Page 31 of 80

: SNIR (PDSCH) distribution simulation with Monte Carlo simulator (Electrical Downtilt between
PDSCH), RSCP and RSRQ KPIs are degraded when the electrical downtilt
applied to the Tx antennas is too high. The aerial configuration using -2 downtilt seems to be th
improved by the usage of AAS antennas as shown below with the new Monte Carlo
AAS mode. Note that AAS mode and MIMO antennas doesnt affect RSRP or RSRQ levels:
number of transmit antennas, as it is measured always from resource elements
transmitted by one antenna at a time. The 3GPP has defined RSRP as the average power of a single
resource element. The UE measures the power of multiple resource elements used to transfer the
reference signal but then takes an average of them rather than summing them.
: SNIR (PDSCH) distribution simulation with Monte Carlo simulator
(Electrical Down tilt = -2 and AAS mode activated)

ith Monte Carlo simulator (Electrical Downtilt between-4 and -8)
PDSCH), RSCP and RSRQ KPIs are degraded when the electrical downtilt
2 downtilt seems to be the
improved by the usage of AAS antennas as shown below with the new Monte Carlo simulation using
RP or RSRQ levels: RSRP
, as it is measured always from resource elements
The 3GPP has defined RSRP as the average power of a single
multiple resource elements used to transfer the

: SNIR (PDSCH) distribution simulation with Monte Carlo simulator
Page 32 of 80

3.11. Automatic search of site
Several automatic search site features to increase coverage & capacity are available in ICS Designer.
Below a description of the main functions:
Feature name Menu Rules
Prospective planning Coverage/Network
planning/Prospective
planning
This function allows to find the
best locations for new sites in
case of greeneld and
densication scenarios. This
function is based on coverage
target assumption.
Parenting LTE Subscriber/Parenting/ 4G
parenting LTE
This function is based on a
population of LTE users
(profiles and traffic demands
must be defined). It allows to
resolve the problems of the
traffic network congestion (or
low traffic QoS performance)
by adding new sites in the hot
spot area. This function takes
into account DL/UL coverage
criterions and traffic
assumption.

3.12. Automatic frequency planning
The advanced Automatic frequency planning function in ICS Designer allows to perform a full and
fractional automatic frequency planning for a LTE network.

Page 33 of 80

3.13. Automatic site optimization
Several automatic optimization features of network parameters to increase coverage & capacity are
available in ICS Designer.
Below a description of the main ACP features:
Feature name Menu Rules
Station according to target
coverage
Coverage/Station
candidates/Station according to
target coverage
Allows to select (for all the
activated stations) the sites
required to achieve the
coverage target (by clutter
types). Allows to help the
user in order to reduce the
number of sites required at
the minimum.
Select station according to
surface covered by station
Coverage/Station candidates/ Select
station according to surface covered
by station
Allows to select (for all the
activated stations) the sites
for a coverage target (surface
per km) required by station.
Route planning Coverage/Network planning/Route
planning
Function dedicated to roads,
highway, railway
environments and it used to
determinate automatically the
best sites and configuration
(azimuths, tilts) in order to
cover of optimize the clutters
defined as a vector.
Prospective planning Coverage/Network
planning/Prospective planning
This function allows to find
the best locations for new
sites in case of greeneld and
densication scenarios. This
function is based on coverage
target assumption.
Station optimizing Coverage/Network planning/ Station
optimizing

This function allows to
optimize a set of parameters
(tilt, Antenna height,
azimuth) in order to
improve the station coverage

Other LTE optimising features can be used to:
- Compare and to find for each cell the best equipment configuration (according to a pre-defined
list of vendor configuration) in order to improve the target coverage.
- Simulate and compare the prediction results with the use of AAS (Adaptive Antenna Switch)
- The user is also able to activate additional parameters such as ICIC parameter or power
boosting (applied to the RS, PDSCH or PDCCH channels) to improve weak coverage.

3.14. Refarming frequency band and inter system coexistence
At WRC-07 (World Radiocommunication Conference), this resulted in different allocations to mobile
services in the digital dividend bands in different regions: 800 MHz in Europe, Africa and Middle East
and 700 MHz in Americas and Asia Pacific. WRC-12 corrected this imbalance by also allocating the
Page 34 of 80

700 MHz band to the mobile service in Europe, Africa and Middle East, subject to confirmation by
WRC-15. This delay permitted the necessary studies to achieve harmonization of the frequency plans
using a combination of both the 700 MHz and 800 MHz bands throughout the world. Very good
progress has been made in this regard.
The interference module used in ICS Designer is able to perform multi-technology technical
coexistence studies in order to:
Quantify the impact of each technology over the other,
Analyze the affected population and services
Perform scenario analysis to quantify the impact of various tradeoffs: spectrum allocation,
interference impact, costs, etc

The interference between LTE and the other existing systems (like Digital broadcast network) but also
the cases of refarming frequency band between the existing mobile network systems (for example
between 3G and GSM in the 900 MHz band) can be easily performed . The NDF matrix (standards
protection ratios) for all the interferences combination (4G vs. DVB-T, 2G vs. 2G, 2G vs. 3G, 3G vs.
2G, 3G Vs. 3G) are implemented in the tool. The flexibility of the tool allows to the user to support in
the same project unlimited stations using different technologies.
Page 35 of 80


Figure 27: Scenario describing the case 3G vs. 2G network when the 2G band [935MHz, 940MHz]
is migrated to the 3G system

Page 36 of 80


Figure 28: LTE stations interference calculation on DVB-T network in ICS Design
(interfered areas are marked with pink color)

3.15. LTE Field strength exposure (2D&3D)
The potential health risk of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMFs) emitted by cellular
network are currently of considerable public interest. A very important issue is the requirement for
coexistence between wireless equipment and people leaving around those type of transmitters.
Existing national standards on electromagnetic radiation safety are based on the result of extensive
research and consideration of any possible health risks. The recommendation about the maximum
exposure level (V/m) are depending on the countries and can be a subject of disputes between
lobbies and operators.
The 3D coverage feature in ICS Designer allows to calculate in 3D the field strength level in visibility
only (LOS) or taking also into account the diffraction (LOS/NLOS). The dynamic 3D display engine has
been implemented in order to be able to display the coverage in the faade and inside de the building.
This feature allows to check easily and clearly the field strength level (dBV/m or in V/m) generated by
transmitters (2G/3G/LTE) and help the RF planner to find the best transmitter configuration in order to
reduce the potential risk.

Figure 29: Dynamic 3D display engine in ICS Designer
Page 37 of 80


Figure 30: 3D FS exposure result in the facades

Note that, in the work of the Copic (committee piloted by the French national regulator
composed of the national French mobile network operators and various public actors), ATDI
has been kindly asked (since 2009 until 2013) to study the population exposure to
electromagnetic waves emitted by the antennas of mobile networks, ATDI was responsible
to perform the following studies:
Modeling of coverage (2G, 3G voice and HSDPA) different mobile networks in the
current state ("State of Play");
Impact on the coverage of the various networks of power reduction of certain issuers
located in the experimental area;
Reconfiguration of these networks following a power reduction by adding
complementary sites to find or get as close as possible to cover the "state of play",
ensuring that these new sites will not generate exposure levels exceeding the target
threshold (0.6V / m or 1V / m).
Modeling of coverage (2G, 3G voice and HSDPA) different mobile networks in the
current state ("State of Play");
Impact on the coverage of the various networks of power reduction of certain issuers
located in the experimental area;
Reconfiguration of these networks following a power reduction by adding
complementary sites to find or get as close as possible to cover the "state of play",
ensuring that these new sites will not generate exposure levels exceeding the target
threshold (0.6V / m or 1V / m).

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3.16. LTE Propagation models
Good propagation modeling is crucial for exact network planning and dimensioning
Various LTE propagation models are supported in ICS Designer:
Usual empirical models such as Okumura-Hata, Hata extended, COST 231 models,
LTE 3GPP models (based on 3GPP TR 36.942 V8.3.0 recommendations)
Geometrical models used for free space attenuation, diffraction loss and the subpath loss
calculation. ATDIs experience in using practically geometrical models (comparisons with
measurements and customer remarks) allows providing acceptable prediction (compare to
empirical models) even without any calibration of the propagation models. Those last models are
very flexible because it allows to support any kind of LTE scenarios (from Network mobile
operator or TETRA operator point of view) especially when the LTE receiver is a mobile UE,
airplane or helicopter (for police, emergency or military operations). The geometrical models
allows also to support inter technology analysis between LTE and UMTS, GSM and digital
broadcast network for potential additional coexistence studies.

Empirical models
Okumura-Hata Hata extended COST 231
Frequency Range
150 MHz to 1.0 GHz
1.5 to 2.0 GHz
30 MHz to 2.0 GHz

1500 MHz to 2.0 GHz

eNodeB
Antenna Height
30 to 200 m
above roof-top
use effective height
30 to 200 m
above roof-top
30 to 200 m
above roof-top
UE Antenna Height 1 to 10 m 1 to 10 m 1 to 10 m
Range 1 to 20 km 1 to 100 km 1 to 20 km
Table 1: Applicability of the Okumura-Hata, Hata extd and Cost 231 propagation models

3GPP LTE Empirical models (TR 36.942 V8.3.0)
3GPP RURAL 3GPP URBAN
Frequency Range
150 MHz to 1.0 GHz
1.5 to 2.0 GHz
800 MHz to 2.0 GHz
eNodeB
Antenna Height
30 to 200 m
above roof-top
4 to 50 m
above roof-top
UE Antenna Height 1 to 10 m 1 to 3m
Range 1 to 20 km 30 m to 6 km
Table 2: Applicability of the 3GPP propagation models

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Geometrical models
ITU-R 525
(Free space model)
Deygout 1994
(Diffraction model)
Standard/Coarse
Integration/Fine Integration
(Subpath models)
Frequency Range
From 30 MHz to
450Ghz
From 30 MHz
to 450Ghz
From 30 MHz to
450Ghz
eNodeB
Antenna Height

Any value

Any value

Any value
UE Antenna
Height

Any value

Any value

Any value
Range

Any value

Any value

Any value
Table 3: Applicability of deterministic propagation models
The propagation model should be adjusted to the environment in which the sites will be built up. This
means that propagation measurements and tuning of the model are recommended for real network
deployment. The best results found without tuning are geometrical models.

Deterministic propagations models implemented means:
Ddeterministic models can be used even without calibration or tuning (very useful
during the nominal plan phase).
Can be optimize via an automatic calibration when the site are deployed.
More flexibility in term of time of calculations.
E-UTRAN FDD/TDD, UMTS FDD/TDD, TETRA and all the frequency bands are fully
supported in the same project.
Page 40 of 80

4. OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHMS BASED ON LIVE MEASUREMENTS
4.1. Introduction
Today the LTE network optimization strategy and solutions are more complex and advanced compare
to the UMTS technology. The LTE SON concept (developed by NGMN and standardized by 3GPP) is
to increase the network performance and quality and, at the same time, decrease maintenance costs
including reduction in human interaction.In practice, the use of the SON features requires a validation
via RF optimization tools with extra capabilities allowing to take into account as well the network with a
predefined scenario as in real situation (live traffic, configuration, KPIs).In addition of the existing
ACPs (Automatic Cell Planning) features, the SON check and SON optimization features has been
developed in ICS designer to validate and improve the live Self-configuring and self-optimising
computed by the LTE SON (Self optimization Network) features. The idea behind those features is
to increase the capability to integrate various types of live measurement data (eNBs parameters,
configurations, KPI field measurements, etc.) check, validate and optimize the Self-configuring and
self-optimising proposals according to the target KPIs defined by the operator. The LTE ACPs features
in ICS designer enables network reconfiguration through four mechanisms:
SON check features: Automatic checking of the SON configuration
inconstancies such as:
The automated Configuration of Physical Cell ID
The automated RAT ANR (Allocation Neighbor relation)
PRACH configuration
Etc.

SON Parameter reconfiguration (to improve network quality): antenna
azimuths, tilts, Tx powers, RRM parameters
Reconfiguration to reduce RSRP resurgence and improve SNIR
performance.
Reconfiguration to improve existing RSRP coverage.
Reconfiguration to improve PDCCH capacity.
LTE Network reconfiguration via the use of Micro, Wi-Fi and
Femtocell (coverage or traffic assumptions can be used).

Performing site and sectors selections based on:
Selecting which sites and/or sectors to suppress among existing
sites.
Selecting which sites to use among many candidates of sites.

Performing the LTE reconfiguration network via the use of new Micro or
Femtocell based on:
Indoor coverage criterions (low RSRP or SNIR, RSRQ).
Traffic congestion.
Field strength exposures constraints.

Page 41 of 80


4.2. Optimization dedicated to the automated configuration of Physical Cell ID
Scope of the PCI SON check feature: Check and optimize the Physical cell IDs inconstancies
generated by the auto self-configuration.
Parameter SON feature (Release 9) Optimization feature in ICS designer
phyCellId

Automated configuration of
Physical Cell ID
- Import of the Automated configuration list of
Physical cell ID list (from OSS) in ICS Designer
- Automatic Check of the PCI collision and
confusion via the PCI checking function
- Automatic Optimization of the PCI via a new
planning allocation of the wrong PCIs

The Physical cell IDs Optimization process in ICS designer is the following:
o Import of the Automated PCI list in ICS Designer :
The first stage consists to import the PCI list (from the OSS or NetAct if NSN
equipment) in ICS designer. Various types of formats (ASCII, Excel, ACCESS ) can
be used for the import. The function Change PCI codes allows to update
automatically the PCIs of the eNBs in ICS designer.
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Then, the function SON check PCIs can be used to check the PCIs inconstancies:
o Considerations during the automatic PCIs inconstancies analysis:
Check of the Confusion-free: Assure that all the neighboring cells need to
have different PCI values.
Check of the Collision-free: Assure that no two cells must be received with
same PCI.
In the end of the calculation, the PCI collusion and confusion between the
eNBs are displayed and generated in a CSV report.

o Considerations during the PCIs optimization:

Page 43 of 80

The rules used during the new PCI allocations are based on the followings criterions:
Avoid Confusion/Collision-free
Neighbors neighbor have different PCIs
Optional:
o Cells under one eNB shall have PCIs from the same PCI group(s)
o Neighbor cells shall avoid same PCI modulo 30
o Neighbor cells shall use odd and even PCI groups evenly
(approximation of a modulo 6 rule)

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Advantages and flexibility of the Automatic PCI algorithm:
The user is able to define different modulo in order to:

1. Avoid assigning the same PCI to neighbour cells
2. Avoid assigning mod 3 PCI to neighbour cells
o Since the PCI is also used to calculate the PCFICH offset, the Automatic PCI
planning tool can also takes into account DL PRBs of the eNBs
A term of the calculation is: 'pyhCellId modulo {2 * (number of PRBs in DL)}
PCI of neighbour cells should have different PCI modulo {2 * (number of
PRBs in DL)} to avoid the same frequency (location) of the PCFICH
Page 45 of 80


4.3. Optimization dedicated to the RAT ANR configuration LTE SON features
Scope: Optimize the self-RAT ANR (allocation neighbor Relation) generated by SON
The Optimization methodology used in ICS designer to optimize the RAT ANR (Allocation Neighbor
relation) is the following:
o Import of the RAT ANR list in ICS Designer :
The function Change neighbors allows to import easily the ANR list in ICS designer
Page 46 of 80


The neighbors list of each eNB are automatically updated and stored in e-nodeB setup tab
parameter of the eNBs

The assumptions used during the RAT ANR optimization calculation are described in the section 3.9

4.4. Optimization based on the KPIs measurement
This section describes how the KPIs measurements can be imported and used during the optimization
process in ICS designer:
Parameters Action
RSRP (dBm)
measurements
RSRP KPIs can be imported and used in ICS designer to:
- Display the RSRP measurement on the map
- Compute a detailed report of the RSRP measurement results via
the Map filter tool. This tool allows to generate statistical analysis
(histograms, min/max value, percentage of surface covered) in order
to identify the low levels of KPIs and the problematic areas. The Map
filter tool can be also used to filter and display all the weak KPIs values
on the map. The user is also able to transform the weak area (low
RSRP level) by a specific clutter code. Those clutters can be then
used as a priority area during the optimization phase.
- The RSRP measurements can be also used to calibrate the
Page 47 of 80

propagation model via the automatic propagation model tuning
available in ICS designer. If the propagation model is well calibrated, this
KPI measurements can be also used to check the potential
inconstancies of the eNBs (wrong coordinates, azimuths, tilts) or
equipment failures. In some cases low correlation with prediction results
can be due to wrong eNB parameters.
The menu Measure in ICS designer allows to import and performs analyses and correlation based
on the KPIs measurements (RSRP, RSRQ, SNIR, etc.)

Page 48 of 80

The external tool Test drive test database can be launch from ICS designer to store, display and
analyze a great amount of KPI's measurements (via Tems, R&S or standards formats):

The correlation feature in ICS designer can be used to correlate the RSRP measurement and
predictions in ICS designer in order to check the potential inconstancies parameters of the eNB
(wrong azimuth, coordinates, etc.). The RSRP measurement can be also used for the auto tuning
model in ICS designer (as shows bellow):

Correlation function settings
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Correlation results before propagation model tuning
Correlation before model tuning:
- correlation factor is 0.70,
- standard deviation is 4.07%,
- 78.39% values* < 6 dB (* - delta between measurement and prediction in each point)

Correlation results after clutter and subpath tuning
Correlation after automatic clutter and subpath tuning:
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- correlation factor is 0.77,
- standard deviation is 3.56%,
- 93.97% values* < 6 dB (* - delta between measurement and prediction in each point)
More details about the auto tuning model and correlation analysis features in ICS designer are
available in the document Propagation model tuning in ICS designer.
Parameters Action
RSRQ (dB) Can be used to:
- Display the RSRQ measurement on the map
- Compute a detailed report of the RSRQ measurement results via the
Map filter tool. This tool allows to generate statistical analysis
to identify the low levels of RSRQ and the high interference areas. The
Map filter tool can be also used to filter and display all the weak KPIs
values on the map. The user is also able to transform the weak area
(low KPI value) by a specific clutter code. Those clutters can be then
used as a priority area during the optimization phase.

Parameters Action
SNIR(PDSCH)
(dB)
Can be used to:
- Display the SNIR(PDSCH) measurement on the map
- Compute a detailed report of the SNIR (PDSCH) measurement results
via the Map filter tool. This tool allows to generate statistical analysis
to identify the low levels of SNIR (PDSCH) and the high interference
areas. The Map filter tool can be also used to filter and display all the
weak KPIs values on the map. The user is also able to transform the
weak area (low throughput, SNIR value) by a specific clutter code.
Those clutters can be then used as a priority area during the
optimization phase.

Parameters Action
SNIR(PDCCH) (dB) Can be used to:
- Display the SNIR(PDCCH) measurement on the map
- Compute a detailed report of the SNIR (PDSCH) measurement results via the
Map filter tool. This tool allows to generate statistical analysis (histograms,
min/max value, percentage of surface covered) in order to identify the low
levels of SNIR (PDSCH) and the high interference areas. The Map filter tool
can be also used to filter and display all the weak KPIs values on the map. The
user is also able to transform the weak area (low throughput, SNIR value) by a
specific clutter code. Those clutters can be then used as a priority area during
the optimization phase in order to check the following requirements:
o to make a signaling (PDCCH) robust enough for poor UEs (low
SINR, e.g. at the cell-edge)
o Transmission with low ECR (Effective Coding Rate) leads to
increased resource utilization which reduces the number of scheduled
UEs; thus good UEs should occupy less PDCCH resources and
operate with lower number of CCEs (higher ECR)

Page 51 of 80

Parameters Action
%Overhead
except %RS
Allows to update the %Overhead of the e-nodeB

Parameters Action
Available
PBRs
Allows to update the %PDSCH of the e-nodeB and usable RB.

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Parameters Action
Transmission
mode
Allows to update the transmission mode of the e-nodeB

Parameters Action
Mechanical tilt Allows to update the Mechanical tilt of the e-nodeB antenna

4.5. Optimization of the PDCCH resources
Scope: Optimize the resources reserved for PDCCH if not enough PDCCH capacity avoiding traffic
degradation of the network
Parameter SON feature Optimization feature in ICS designer
phyCellId

Automated configuration of
Physical Cell ID
- Import of the Automated configuration list of
Physical cell ID list (from OSS) in ICS Designer
- Automatic Check of the PCI collision and
confusion via the PCI checking function
- Automatic Optimization of the PCI via a new
planning allocation of the wrong PCIs

Considerations when planning the parameter value:
Max. number of simultaneous UL and DL grants to be scheduled per TTI
Desired aggregation level for users at cell edge:
if not enough PDCCH capacity available scheduling will be blocked
Additional DL overhead introduced by increasing the number of PDCCH
symbols and its impact on the max achievable user throughputs
PDCCH optimization process in ICS designer:
The %overhead tool in ICS designer allows to update automatically the resources of the
physical channels according to the new PDCCH reconfiguration and the current eNB
configuration (FDD/TDD modes, bandwidth, and transmission mode). The user is then
able to compare SNIR performance of the traffic channels and PDCCH before and
after the new PDCCH configuration and check the any risk of SNIR degradation.
Page 53 of 80


4.6. Optimization of the RSRQ and SNIR levels
Scope: Reduce the inter site interference by reducing the RSRP pollution effects
The goal of this function is to optimize the RRSP coverage by reducing the resurgences of RSRP
signals (best server coming from a far eNB and likely to create interference) and at the same time
avoid RSRP degradation (or at least acceptable degradation) of the RSRP service area of the eNBs.
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In the end of the calculation the ACP function will compute the best eNBs configuration (Antenna type
and/or Azimuth and/or tilt and/or Height and/or transmitted Power).

The goal of this function is to optimize the RRSP coverage by reducing the resurgences of RSRP
signals (best server coming from a far eNB and likely to create interference) and at the same time
avoid RSRP degradation (or at least acceptable degradation) of the RSRP service area of the eNBs.
In the end of the calculation the ACP function will compute the best eNBs configuration (Antenna type
and/or Azimuth and/or tilt and/or Height and/or transmitted Power).
Algorithm used by this function:
The user must to define for each eNB the maximum cell coverage distance. This distance is used to
evaluate the limit cell edge of the eNB and to determinate the coverage range to do not exceed (limit
of the wanted RSRP best server area). A circle or polygon around each eNB is generated with the
following assumptions
- The wanted best server areas of the eNB (in other words, all the service area of the eNB
except the resurgence area). The RSRP coverage inside this area must be not degraded.
- The not desired RSRP best server area (or unwanted best server) considered as a far signal
and as a resurgence area. This unwanted coverage will be the best server coverage outside the
limit distance of the eNB.
Different optimization distance assumptions can be chosen by the user:

User distance limit (Km)
Distance limit <= Max neighbor distance
Distance limit <= Min neighbor distance
The tool will compute the best configuration (Antenna type and/or Azimuth and/or tilt and/or Height
and/or transmitted Power) in order to reduce the not desired best server area and avoiding a
degradation of the wanted best server area. In final, this optimization process will allow to reduce the
RSRP pollution effects and increase the global SNIR performance of the network without degradation
of the existing RSRP KPI. The optimization function takes into account a Tolerance % criterion in
order to define the maximum degradation to do not exceed inside the "optim distance".
Practical case:
In order to reduce the RSRP resurgence, the user must to define the max allowed distance for the
RSRP best server. In the following case, the max distance assumption is based on the maximum
neighbor distance. A polygon describing the limit area is automatically generated by the user:
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Circular limit area based on the max neighbor distance
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In the following example, the optimization tool will determinate the best mechanical down tilt to apply
in order to keep just the wanted RSRP best server area and remove the unwanted RSRP best server
coverage.

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SNIR PDSCH >= -5dB before optimization
SNIR PDSCH >= -5dB after optimization
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RSRP server before optimization tilt
RSRP server after optimization tilt
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Simultaneous RSRP server after optimization tilt

Simultaneous RSRP server before optimization
Page 60 of 80

4.7. Optimization dedicated to the resource optimization of relays
ICS Designer has introduced new advanced features (based on 3GPP specifications and deterministic
approach) in order to help the operators to improve their network via the use of FETMOCELL. Those
features allows to improve the LTE network design by the use of various types of relays especially the
HNBs. The features dedicated to the FEMTOCELL allow to:
- Import of the HNB database via a .CSV file
- HNB Indoor coverage simulation
- HNB <->HNB and HNB <->eNodeB interferences (Ec/I0 and Eb/N0)
- 3G voice and HSDPA throughput coverage plot
- Automatic frequency plan
- Etc.

ADVANTAGES OF THE FETMOCELL:
- Increased revenue (with new potential subscribers)
- Reduced cost of the network
- Increased capacity
- Improved indoor coverage

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New LTE configuration with the use of FETMOCELLs

SNIR PDSCH calculation with the use of eNBs and HNBs

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5. PRACTICAL CASE (SCOPE AND INPUT DATA)

5.1. Scope of the study
The scope of this study is to describe a practical case of an LTE network planning study using ICS
Designer in a dense urban area located in Paris (France). The coverage requirements for the design
are the following:
- Assure DL throughput 768 kb/s and transmits 256 kb/s UL (assuming DL MCS6 and
UL MCS5)
- Cell edge coverage probability: 95%
- Service area to cover : Urban area composed of streets/Roads/parks/ Buildings (8.6975 km and
population: 80 000)

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Technical assumptions:
- Frequency bands: [2515MHz ; 2535MHz] for Micro sites and [800MHz ; 850MHz] for macro
sites;
- LTE Macro, Micro and indoor stations can be used during the network design.

5.2. Cartographic layer
Different cartographic layers used in this study have been provided by ATDI:
- A digital terrain model (DTM) with a resolution of 4m providing the altitude of the ground over
the whole area;
- Image servers;
- A building layer
- A ground occupancy layer containing 8 classes describing the nature of the ground for the
following areas: open, buildings, vegetation, water and roads

Table 4: Clutters parameters used during the simulation

Figure 31: Cartographic layers used in ICS Designer

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5.3. Site and simulation parameters
This section describes:
- Physical configuration of the LTE sites
- SNIR Requirement
- Link budget calculation/Power allocation of the site
- Sensitivities (RSRP/Trafic channel)
- Propagation model

3.3.1 Physical configurations of the LTE sites
Macro e-nodeB configuration:
General parameters:
E-nodeB equipment: Flexi RF module (60w)
Channel Bandwidth: 5MHz
Total Number of PRBs: 25
Mode: FDD
Tx Antenna Gain : 18dBi
Transmission mode: MIMO 2*2 (2Tx/2Rx)
Feeder losses : 0.4dB
Cyclic Prefix : Normal
Number of OFDM Symbols per Subframe: 14

System overhead:
Number of PDCCH Symbols per Subframe: 3
Reference Signal: 9.52%
Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS): 0.17%
Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS): 0.17%
PBCH / PRACH: 0.31%
PDCCH (incl. PCFICH, PHICH) / PUCCH: 19.05%
Total System Overhead: 29.23%

Figure 32: Antenna diagram (H/V) used during the simulations

Page 65 of 80

UE configuration:
General parameters:
UE Power Class: 3 (0.2 W)
Transmission mode: 1TX/2RX
Tx Antenna gain: 0dBi
Channel mode: Enhanced Pedestrian A 5 Hz

3.3.2 SNIR requirements
We assume for this study a cell load (average resource utilization) equal to 50% that means the use of
50 RB over 100 for each LTE station. The table of correspondence SNIR (PDSCH) vs. Throughput
used for the study is the following (vendor recommendations):

Downlink
(Kbps)
Uplink
(Kbps)
SINR EPA5 / 2x2MIMO EPA5 / SIMO
-5 525.72 474.48
-4 648.48 578.76
-3 788.16 700.32
-2 946.56 840.84
-1 1125.24 1001.52
0 1325.76 1183.68
1 1549.56 1388.04
2 1798.32 1614.96
3 2073.24 1864.2
4 2375.76 2135.04
5 2706.6 2426.16
6 3066.84 2735.28
7 3456.84 3059.76
8 3876.84 3395.76
9 4326.48 3739.32
10 4805.4 4085.4
11 5312.4 4428.48
12 5845.92 4762.8
13 6404.16 5082.24
14 6984.48 5380.56
15 7583.76 5651.88
16 8198.64 5890.44
17 8825.04 6090.96
18 9458.52 6249.00
19 10094.04 6360.96
20 10726.68 6424.2
21 11350.56 6438.72
22 11960.16 6438.72
23 12549.48 6438.72
24 13112.64 6438.72
25 13643.76 6438.72
26 14137.08 6438.72

Downlink (Kbps) Uplink (Kbps)
-5 43.81 39.54
-4 54.04 48.23
-3 65.68 58.36
-2 78.88 70.07
-1 93.77 83.46
0 110.48 98.64
1 129.13 115.67
2 149.86 134.58
3 172.77 155.35
4 197.98 177.92
5 225.55 202.18
6 255.57 227.94
7 288.07 254.98
8 323.07 282.98
9 360.54 311.61
10 400.45 340.45
11 442.7 369.04
12 487.16 396.9
13 533.68 423.52
14 582.04 448.38
15 631.98 470.99
16 683.22 490.87
17 735.42 507.58
18 788.21 520.75
19 841.17 530.08
20 893.89 535.35
21 945.88 536.56
22 996.68 536.56
23 1045.79 536.56
24 1092.72 536.56
25 1136.98 536.56
26 1178.09 536.56

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As shown in the table 7, the minimum SNIR required to achieve 768 Kbps in DL is -3dB:

As shown in the table 8, the minimum SNIR required to achieve 256 Kbps in UL is -5dB:

3.3.3 RSCP sensitivity
The RSCP sensitivity required can be deduced as follows:
Downlink
SNIR required for the RS Signal (dB) -16
Noise figure (dB) 5
KTB (dBm) -101.4
KTBF (dBm) -96.4
Slow Fading Margin (dB) Cell Edge Probability: 95% 13.2
Sensitivity on RS channels (dBm) -99.2
Table 7: RSCP sensitivity calculation
Notes:

Downlink
(Kbps)
Uplink
(Kbps)
27 14587.08 6438.72
28 14988.84 6438.72
29 15337.56 6438.72
30 15629.16 6438.72
31 15860.16 6438.72
32 16027.8 6438.72
33 16129.92 6438.72
34 16165.44 6438.72
35 16165.44 6438.72
36 16165.44 6438.72
Table 6:
DL SNIR vs. Throughput (with 50% load traffic)
(Channel models: EPA 5 Hz and Open loop Spatial
Multiplexing MIMO 2x2, BLER: 10%)
Downlink (Kbps) Uplink (Kbps)
27 1215.59 536.56
28 1249.07 536.56
29 1278.13 536.56
30 1302.43 536.56
31 1321.68 536.56
32 1335.65 536.56
33 1344.16 536.56
34 1347.12 536.56
35 1347.12 536.56
36 1347.12 536.56
Table 5:
DL SNIR vs. Throughput (per RB)
(Channel models: EPA 5 Hz and Open loop Spatial
Multiplexing MIMO 2x2, BLER: 10%)

Page 67 of 80

KTB DL = -174dBm/Hz + 10 * log (15KHz*12* RB) = -174dBm/Hz + 10 * log (15KHz*12* 25)
= -107.4dBm
In DL OFDM receiver looks at the whole bandwidth, thus all available Resources Blocks should be considered.
KTB UL = -174dBm/Hz + 10 * log (15KHz*12* RB) = -174dBm/Hz + 10 * log (15KHz*12* 12) = -110.6dBm
In SC-FDMA receiver looks only at the allocated bandwidth, thus not all but only assigned Resources Blocks are assumed in
sensitivity formula.

3.3.4 PDSCH (traffic channel) sensitivity
The traffic channel sensitivity required can be deduced as follows:
Downlink
Minimum throughput required (kb/s) 768
SNIR required (dB) -3
Noise figure (dB) 5
KTB (dBm) -101.4
KTBF (dBm) -96.4
Slow Fading Margin (dB) Cell Edge Probability: 95% 13.2
Sensitivity on PDSCH channels (dBm) -86.2
Table 8: PDSCH channel sensitivity calculation
Notes:
The SNIR (dB) required for the DL/UL target throughput are defined in the vendor table of recommendation

KTB DL = -174dBm/Hz + 10 * log (15KHz*12* RB) = -174dBm/Hz + 10 * log (15KHz*12* 25)
= -107.4dBm
In DL OFDM receiver looks at the whole bandwidth, thus all available Resources Blocks should be considered.
KTB UL = -174dBm/Hz + 10 * log (15KHz*12* RB) = -174dBm/Hz + 10 * log (15KHz*12* 12) = -110.6dBm
In SC-FDMA receiver looks only at the allocated bandwidth, thus not all but only assigned Resources Blocks are assumed in
sensitivity formula.

3.3.5 Path budget and power allocation
One of the aim of the LTE link budget is to assure that the E-UTRAN air interface is able to support a
balanced (DL/UL) connection in any location of the cell with acceptable radio conditions (in correlation
with the wanted throughput targets in the cell edge). The BS and UE equipment configuration as well
as the coverage threshold required (RS and traffic) validation is crucial for the reliability of the RF
design network.
The below table describes the methodology to follow to establish and validate a standard link budget:
Page 68 of 80


Table 9: Path budget and power allocation

When UE transmit power is less than eNodeB transmit power, UEs in idle mode may receive the
eNodeB signals and successfully register in cells. However, the eNodeB cannot receive uplink signals
because of limited power when UEs perform random access or upload data. In this situation, the
uplink coverage distance is less than the downlink coverage distance. Imbalance between uplink and
downlink involves limited uplink or downlink coverage. In order to use a balanced link budget, the
radiated power used on the traffic channels for the base stations will be 34.2dBm. So for a traffic load
of 50%, the nominal power is reduced to 37.3dBm.

3.3.6 Propagation models selection

The recommended propagations models for the LTE study are the following deterministic models:
Propagation model: ITU-R 525
Diffraction model: Deygout 94 Method
Subpath model : Standard

Figure 33: Deterministic propagation model selection for LTE simulation ICS Designer

Page 69 of 80
: Deterministic propagation model selection for LTE simulation ICS Designer

: Deterministic propagation model selection for LTE simulation ICS Designer
Page 70 of 80

6. PRACTICAL CASE (RESULTS)

6.1. PHASE 1: NETWORK DESIGN

4.1.1 Methodology
In this section we will discuss the process for creating an LTE network design in ICS Designer based on
the previous assumptions described before. A step by step process is provided.
1. STEP1: Once the empty project which contains the cartographic data (digital terrain model,
clutter, building and Bing, Rim, Google, Geoportail images) is loaded, the first stage of the study
will consist to create and configurate the macro and micro LTE sites with the technical
parameters described in the section 3.3.1. All the parameters specific to this configuration will be
saved into a .TRX file. This file may be used (by batch mode) to update a group of stations or
used by the automatic search of site function. Typically a .TRX file can be created for each
vendor (Ericsson, NSN, Huawei) and equipment type (macro, micro, indoor or fetmocell)
and it can be used to update the configuration of one or several stations together.

2. STEP2: The second step is to determinate the number of sites and site locations required to
achieve the target coverage and throughput. In practice, during a LTE deployment scenario
most of the sites candidates are selected from a list of friendly sites (2G or 3G existing sites) and
the rule of the RF planner will consist to find the best candidates and densify the network with
the add of new Macro or Micro/Indoor sites. Use the Automatic search site function to generate
automatically the LTE network design taking into consideration the required criteria based on the
RSRP threshold. During this first step we assume the following assumptions and targets:
a. Only LTE Macro sites (using the 800MHz band) will be used during this phase
b. The main target is to achieve at least 80% of the Indoor/Outdoor coverage
c. All the geographical sites are located in building supports
d. E-nodeB antenna heights: 4 meters above the roof top.
e. An another pass will be applied in the second stage with Micro and Indoor sites (using
2.6GHz band) in order to reduce the cost and the number of Macro Site.

3. STEP3: Once the RSRP coverage target is achieved, launch the automatic frequency
assignment in order to reduce the inter site interference and increase the global SNIR of the
network.
4. STEP4: Check the RSRP overlapping area in order to detect the RSRP pollution area and then
increase the downtilt of the interferer station.
5. STEP5: Once the RSRP target is achieved, launch the automatic frequency assignment in order
to reduce the inter site interference and increase the global SNIR of the network.
6. STEP6: Check the RSRP overlapping area in order to detect the RSRP pollution area and then
increase the downtilt of the interferer station.
7. STEP7: Launch the DL Peak throughput plot coverage based on the DL SNIR (PDSCH) taking
into account the RSRQ requirement (Higher or equal to -16dB).
8. Check if the target throughput over the area is achieved. If not return to the step 1
9. Launch the DL Peak throughput plot coverage based on the UL SNIR (PDUCH)
10. Merge the two results DL/UL Peak throughput plot coverage

4.1.2 Automatic search site result
The result of the automatic network design calculation gives 20 MACRO sites and 3 MICRO sites:
Page 71 of 80


Figure 34: Green colour= MACRO SITES; Blue colour: MICRO SITE

Figure 35: The shortcut Shift +Z allows to display the inter site distance between the new sites

Page 72 of 80

4.1.3 RSRP and RSRQ results

Figure 36: RSRP coverage
As shown in the figure 37, the result is quite good: Continuous coverage is ensured (more than 96%
with cell edge probability: 95%).

Figure 37: RSRP best server coverage

Page 73 of 80


Figure 38: Number of simultaneous RS signals (except from the best signal)
The simultaneous RS signal plot allows to analyse the potential risks of RS pollution. In an area
without a dominant cell, the receive level of the serving cell is similar to the receive levels of its
neighboring cells and the receive levels of downlink signals between different cells are close to cell
reselection thresholds. Receive levels in an area without a dominant cell are also unsatisfactory. The
SINR of the serving cell becomes unstable and receive quality (RSRQ) becomes unsatisfactory. In this
situation, a dominant cell is frequently reselected and changed in idle mode. As a result, frequent
handovers or service drops occur on UEs in connected mode because of poor signal quality. An area
without a dominant cell can also be regarded as a weak coverage area (see figure 40).

The resolving problems with Lack of a Dominant Cell can be performed as follows: Determine cells
covering an area without a dominant cell during network planning, and adjust antenna tilts and
azimuths to increase coverage by a cell with strong signals and decrease coverage of other cells with
weak signals. The optimisation features described in the sections 3.11 - 3.12 and 3.13 can be used to
improve the RSRQ threshold and reduce the lack of dominant cell.

Risk of RSRP pollution
Page 74 of 80


Figure 39: RSRQ coverage plot
4.1.4 DL and UL Peak Throughput results

Figure 40: DL Peak Throughput prediction plot

Page 75 of 80


Figure 41: UL Peak Throughput with Noise rise=7dB

4.1.5 SNIR coverage results

Figure 42: DL/UL SNIR coverage

Page 76 of 80

6.2. PHASE 2: NEIGHBOUR AND PCI PLANNING

5.2.1 Methodology

PHASE 2: NEIGHBOOR AND PCI PLANNING
Step 1: Select the automatic neighboor list function and activate all the LTE sites.
Step 2: Launch an automatic PCI planning based on the previous neighboor list
Step 3: Display the LTE HO map taking into:
The intra and inter frequency sites
The various hysteresis criterions (RSRQ/RSRP)
The previous list of intra and inter neighbors cells.
Step 4: Launch the PRACH planning

5.2.2 Results

Figure 43: Automatic neighbour list calculation
Once the neighbour list is generated the user can perform the automatic PCI planning:
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Figure 44: PCI planning report result
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Figure 45: PCI allocation in the e-nodeB

Figure 46: Figure 42: Physical-layer cell-identity group allocation in the e-nodeB

Page 79 of 80

The RSI allocation can be performed as follows:

Figure 47: RSI allocation report
Page 80 of 80


Figure 48: RSI allocation planning result

7. REFERENCES
1. 3GPP TS 36.300 v8.0.0, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (EUTRAN);

2. 3GPP TR 36.942 V10.2.0, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);

3. 3GPP TS 36.104, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);

4. 3GPP TS 36.101, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);

5. Automatic Configuration of Random Access Channel Parameters in LTE Systems
KCA (Korea Communications Agency) (KCA-2011-08913-04003), and in part by the National Research
Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST)

6. Neighbor Cell Relation List and Physical Cell Identity Self-Organization in LTE
Mehdi Amirijoo, Pl Frenger, Fredrik Gunnarsson, Harald Kallin, Johan Moe, Kristina Zetterberg
(Wireless Access Networks, Ericsson Research, Ericsson AB, Sweden).

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GUIDELINES FOR A LTE

NETWORK DESIGN AND

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