Chapter 9

914 An air-standard cycle with variable specific heats is executed in a closed system
and is composed of the following four processes:
1-2 Isentropic compression from 100 kPa and 27C to 800 kPa
2-3 v = constant heat addition to 1800 K
3-4 Isentropic expansion to 100 kPa
4-1 P =constant heat rejection to initial state
(a) Show the cycle on P-v and T-s diagrams.
(b) Calculate the net work output per unit mass.
(c) Determine the thermal efficiency.

9-14 The four processes of an air-standard cycle are described. The cycle is to be
shown on P-v and T-s diagrams, and the net work output and the thermal efficiency are
to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17.
Analysis (b) The properties of air at various states are

( )
( )
( ) kJ /kg 828.1 49.10 1310
kPa 2668
kPa 100
kPa 2668 kPa 800
K 539.8
K 1800
1310
kJ /kg 1487.2
K 1800
K 539.8
kJ /kg 389.22
088 . 11 1.386
kPa 100
kPa 800
386 . 1
kJ /kg 300.19
K 300
4
3
4
2
2
3
3
2
2 2
3
3 3
3
3
2
2
1
2
1
1
3 4
3
1 2
1
= = = =
= = = =
=
=
=
=
=
= = =
=
=
=
h P
P
P
P
P
T
T
P
T
P
T
P
P
u
T
T
u
P
P
P
P
P
h
T
r r
r
r r
r
v v

From energy balances,
kJ/kg 570.1 9 . 527 0 . 1098
kJ /kg 527.9 19 . 300 1 . 828
kJ /kg 1098.0 2 . 389 2 . 1487
out in out net,
1 4 out
2 3 in
= = =
= = =
= = =
q q w
h h q
u u q

(c) Then the thermal efficiency becomes
51.9% = = =
kJ /kg 1098.0
kJ /kg 570.1
in
out net,
th
q
w

v
P
1
2
4
3
q
in

q
out

s
T
1
2
4
3
q
in

q
out



922 Consider a Carnot cycle executed in a closed system with 0.003 kg of air. The
temperature limits of the cycle are 300 and 900 K, and the minimum and maximum
pressures that occur during the cycle are 20 and 2000 kPa. Assuming constant specific
heats, determine the net work output per cycle.
9-22 A Carnot cycle with the specified temperature limits is considered. The net work
output per cycle is to be determined.
Assumptions Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are c
p
= 1.005 kJ/kg.K, c
v
=
0.718 kJ/kgK, R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K, and k = 1.4 (Table A-2).
Analysis The minimum pressure in the cycle is P
3
and the maximum pressure is P
1
.
Then,
or,
( )
( )
( ) kPa 3 . 935
K 300
K 900
kPa 20
1.4/0.4 1 /
3
2
3 2
/ 1
3
2
3
2
=

k k
k k
T
T
P P
P
P
T
T

The heat input is determined from
Then,
( )
( ) ( )( )( )
( )( ) kJ 0.393 = = =
= = =
= = =
= = =
kJ 0.5889 0.667
.7% 66
K 900
K 300
1 1
kJ 0.5889 K kJ /kg 0.2181 K 900 kg 0.003
K kJ /kg 0.2181
kPa 2000
kPa 935.3
ln K kJ /kg 0.287 ln ln
in th out net,
th
1 2 in
1
2
0
1
2
1 2
Q W
T
T
s s mT Q
P
P
R
T
T
c s s
H
L
H
p

s
T
3
2
q
in

q
out

4
1
900
300


934 An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of the
compression process, air is at 95 kPa and 27C, and 750 kJ/kg of heat is transferred to
air during the constant-volume heat-addition process. Taking into account the variation
of specific heats with temperature, determine (a) the pressure and temperature at the
end of the heataddition process, (b) the net work output, (c) the thermal efficiency, and
(d) the mean effective pressure for the cycle. Answers: (a) 3898 kPa, 1539 K, (b) 392.4
kJ/kg, (c) 52.3 percent, (d ) 495 kPa
9-34 An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 8. The
pressure and temperature at the end of the heat addition process, the net work output,
the thermal efficiency, and the mean effective pressure for the cycle are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K. The properties of air are given
in Table A-17.
Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression.
621.2
kJ /kg 214.07
K 300
1
1
1
=
=
=
r
u
T
v

( )
( ) ( ) kPa 1705 kPa 95
K 300
K 673.1
8
kJ /kg 491.2
K 673.1
65 . 77 2 . 621
8
1 1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1 1
2
2 2
2
2
1
2
1 1 2
=

= = =
=
=
= = = =
P
T
T
P
T
P
T
P
u
T
r
r r r
v
v v v
v v
v
v
v

Process 2-3: v = constant heat addition.

588 . 6

kJ /kg 241.2 1 750 2 . 491
3
3
in 23, 2 3 2 3 in 23,
=
=
= + = + = =
r
T
q u u u u q
v
K 1539

( ) kPa 3898 kPa 1705
K 673.1
K 1539
2
2
3
3
2
2 2
3
3 3
=

= = = P
T
T
P
T
P
T
P v v

(b) Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.
( )( )
kJ /kg 571.69
K 774.5
70 . 52 588 . 6 8
4
4
2
1
3 3 4
=
=
= = = =
u
T
r
r r r
v v
v
v
v
Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.
q u u
out
571.69 214.07 357.62kJ /kg = = =
4 1

kJ/kg 392.4 = = = 62 . 357 750
out in out net,
q q w
v
P
4
1
3
2
750 kJ /kg
(c) 52.3% = = =
kJ /kg 750
kJ /kg 392.4
in
out net,
th
q
w

(d)
( )( )
( )( )
kPa 495.0
kJ
m kPa
1/8 1 /kg m 0.906
kJ /kg 392.4
) / 1 1 (
MEP
/kg m 0.906
kPa 95
K 300 K /kg m kPa 0.287
3
3
1
out net,
2 1
out net,
max
2 min
max
3
3
1
1
1
=

=
= =
= =

= =
r
w w
r
P
RT
v v v
v
v v
v v


947 An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 16 and a cutoff ratio of 2.
At the beginning of the compression process, air is at 95 kPa and 27C. Accounting for
the variation of specific heats with temperature, determine (a) the temperature after the
heat-addition process, (b) the thermal efficiency, and (c) the mean effective pressure.
Answers: (a) 1724.8 K, (b) 56.3 percent, (c) 675.9 kPa
9-47 An air-standard Diesel cycle with a compression ratio of 16 and a cutoff ratio of 2
is considered. The temperature after the heat addition process, the thermal efficiency,
and the mean effective pressure are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The gas constant of air is R =
0.287 kJ/kg.K. The properties of air are given
in Table A-17.
Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression.

2 . 621
kJ /kg 214.07
K 300
1
1
1
=
=
=
r
u
T
v

( )
kJ /kg 90.9 8
K 862.4
825 . 38 2 . 621
16
1 1
2
2
1
2
1 1 2
=
=
= = = =
h
T
r
r r r
v v
v
v
v
Process 2-3: P = constant heat addition.
( )( )
546 . 4
kJ /kg 1910.6
K 862.4 2 2
3
3
2 2
2
3
3
2
2 2
3
3 3
=
=
= = = = =
r
h
T T T
T
P
T
P
v
v
v v v
K 1724.8
(b) kJ /kg 019.7 1 9 . 890 6 . 1910
2 3 in
= = = h h q
Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.
( ) kJ /kg 659.7 37 . 36 546 . 4
2
16
2 2
4
2
4
3
4
3 3 3 4
= = = = = = u
r
r r r r
v v
v
v
v
v
v
v
Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.
v
P
4
1
2 3
q
in

q
out


56.3% = = =
= = =
kJ /kg 1019.7
kJ /kg 445.63
1 1
kJ /kg 445.63 07 . 214 7 . 659
in
out
th
1 4 out
q
q
u u q

(c)
( )( )
( )
( )( )
kPa 675.9
kJ
m kPa
1/16 1 /kg m 0.906
kJ /kg 574.07
/ 1 1
MEP
/kg m 0.906
kPa 95
K 300 K /kg m kPa 0.287
kJ /kg 574.07 63 . 445 7 . 1019
3
3
1
out net,
2 1
out net,
max
2 min
max
3
3
1
1
1
out in out net,
=

=
= =
= =

= =
= = =
r
w w
r
P
RT
q q w
v v v
v
v v
v v



984 A gas-turbine power plant operates on the simple Brayton cycle between the
pressure limits of 100 and 1200 kPa. The working fluid is air, which enters the
compressor at 30C at a rate of 150 m3/min and leaves the turbine at 500C. Using
variable specific heats for air and assuming a compressor isentropic efficiency of 82
percent and a turbine isentropic efficiency of 88 percent, determine (a) the net power
output, (b) the back work ratio, and (c) the thermal efficiency. Answers: (a) 659 kW, (b)
0.625, (c) 0.319
9-84 A gas-turbine plant operates on the simple Brayton cycle. The net power output,
the back work ratio, and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kgK (Table A-1).
Analysis (a) For this problem, we use
the properties from EES software.
Remember that for an ideal gas,
enthalpy is a function of temperature
only whereas entropy is functions of
both temperature and pressure.
Process 1-2: Compression

K kJ /kg 7159 . 5
kPa 100
C 30
kJ /kg 60 . 303 C 30
1
1
1
1 1
=

=
=
= =
s
P
T
h T

kJ /kg 37 . 617
kJ /kg.K 7159 . 5
kPa 1200
2
1 2
2
=

= =
=
s
h
s s
P

1
Combustion
chamber
Turbin
2
3
4
Compress.
100 kPa
30C
500C

1.2
kJ /kg 24 . 686
60 . 303
60 . 303 37 . 617
82 . 0
2
2 1 2
1 2
C
=

= h
h h h
h h
s

Process 3-4: Expansion
kJ /kg 62 . 792 C 500
4 4
= = h T
s s
h h
h
h h
h h
4 3
3
4 3
4 3
T
62 . 792
88 . 0

=
We cannot find the enthalpy at state 3 directly. However, using the following lines in
EES together with the isentropic efficiency relation, we find h
3
= 1404.7 kJ/kg, T
3
=
1034C, s
3
= 6.5699 kJ/kg.K. The solution by hand would require a trial-error approach.
h_3=enthalpy(Air, T=T_3)
s_3=entropy(Air, T=T_3, P=P_2)
h_4s=enthalpy(Air, P=P_1, s=s_3)
The mass flow rate is determined from

( )( )
kg/s 875 . 2
K 273 30 K /kg m kPa 0.287
) s / m 0 kPa)(150/6 100 (
3
3
1
1 1
=
+
= =
RT
P
m
V
&
&
The net power output is
kW 1100 )kJ /kg 60 . 303 24 kg/s)(686. 875 . 2 ( ) (
1 2 in C,
= = = h h m W &
&

kW 1759 )kJ /kg 62 . 792 .7 kg/s)(1404 875 . 2 ( ) (
4 3 out T,
= = = h h m W &
&

kW 659 = = = 1100 1759
in C, out T, net
W W W
& & &

(b) The back work ratio is
0.625 = = =
kW 1759
kW 1100
out T,
in C,
bw
W
W
r
&
&

(c) The rate of heat input and the thermal efficiency are
kW 2065 )kJ /kg 24 . 686 .7 kg/s)(1404 875 . 2 ( ) (
2 3 in
= = = h h m Q &
&

0.319 = = =
kW 2065
kW 659
in
net
Q
W
th
&
&