Information Technology

Project
Prepared by :-
Laxmi
Lakhmani
Information Technology Project
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CRO 0!00"0
#atch $o% &0
'C($O)L*+,*-*$
T
Computers are an inherent part of the life today. Virtually, in every walk Computers are an inherent part of the life today. Virtually, in every walk
of life, a person is expected to be able to use computers. A working of life, a person is expected to be able to use computers. A working
knowledge of contemporary information technology is a basic bread & knowledge of contemporary information technology is a basic bread &
butter requirement of butter requirement of CHARTERED ACCOUNTING CHARTERED ACCOUNTING today. ence, the today. ence, the
knowledge acquired by the student through the study of the sub!ect knowledge acquired by the student through the study of the sub!ect
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY will be very helpful in the long run. will be very helpful in the long run.
"his is a pro!ect depicting my views the various computer concepts,
which have been taught to us as a part of #nformation "echnology
Course. # have opted for these topics, as these are some of those topics,
which help in extracting out our creativity and blending it with our
knowledge of accounts. $oreover, they are very interesting and provide
great ease of working in our day % to % day life. "he more # learnt about
them, more useful they seemed to me.
&irst of all, # would like express my immense gratitude towards
Mr. Shashank Saxena and Mr. Satish Bhatia our #"" instructors who
suggested us the relevant topics and took all the pains for us to make the
course comprehendible for us. "hereafter, # would like to thank my
parents and friends who spent their precious time helping me gather
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information on these topics and also guided me at places where # got
stuck.
# hope this effort of mine would come to #CA#'s expectations and make a
good impression on the examiner. All sorts of suggestions and advice for
the improvement of this pro!ect are most welcome.
Preface
As the part of #"" a pro!ect has been incorporated in the curriculum.
"he pro!ect is actually to develop software to automate a task or a set of
tasks. A student should select the task himself. "he pro!ect is included in
the curriculum to test and develop skills of students in actual work
situation.
(ur classroom teaching and textbooks gives us thorough theoretical
background of different functional areas, devoid of any practical
experience. "hese pro!ect assignments give us an opportunity to practical
knowledge, learn time management and develop a capability to
individually handle learning. #t makes us understand the application of
our classroom learning. "his pro!ect training will help us to develop
various aptness for problem analysis and decision%making.
The Institute ! Chartere" A##untants ! In"ia )ICAI* has provided
a +,, ours Compulsory #nformation "echnology "raining which has
been framed by modifying the old curriculum of "raining. #t is framed in
order to get the practical knowledge about its application in various areas
of professional knowledge.
"his -ro!ect is aimed at providing information about application software
relevant for Accounting and Auditing. #n this pro!ect # tried to give some
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important knowledge about these application software's such as
Fun"a$enta% O! C$&uter' MS Ex#e%' Ta%%( and MS )*er&int
In"ex
+. Fun"a$enta%s ! C$&uter ,
-. MS.Ex#e%% -,
/. Ta%%( 00
0. 1isua% Basi# 23
,. Data4ase 5/
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Laxmi Lakhmani
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Ta4%e ! Cntent
1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of Computer
3. Limitation of Computer
4. Generations of Computer
5. Classification of Computers
6. Elements of Computing Process
. Computer !oft"are
#. $rgani%ation of Computer
&. 'ata Processing
1(. Computer )iles
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INTRODUCTION
"oday we use computer virtually in every environment, even in
areas unconnected with number manipulation. Computer has entered into
practically every sphere of human life. #n now a days computers become
an integral part of our lives. $uch of the work that we do today involves
a computer in one way or the other. "he car that we drive involves a
computer%controlled ignition system. the traffic on the roads is controlled
by computer%based traffic lights and so on.
"he word /Computer0 comes from the word /compute0 which
means to calculate. #t is an electronic device capable to solving problem
or manipulating data by accepting data, performing prescribed operation
)mathematical and logical* on the data and supplying the result of these
operation as output
1efore starting any technical concept of computers we should first
discuss some historical concepts about computers. 2ince last 3, or 4,
years, we are living in the age known as /Computer age0. "here is any
hardly walk of life where this term not being used. 2o we can say that
computer has created a revolution. "his has changed the life of man as a
whole.
6HAT IS THE COM)UTER7
Computers are electronic devices which have the ability to
a* accept user supplied data
b* accept, store and execute programmed instructions
c* perform mathematical and logical operations and
d* display results as per the specified format.
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"he basic operations performed by a computer have
been listed below%
#nput
-rocessing
(utput
2torage
Accepting data that has been represented in a way
that the computer can use.
-erforming arithmetic or logical operations on the
represented data.
5isplaying results.
2toring results for later use.

"his definition is often referred as I)OS cycle.
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CLASSIFICATION OF
COM)UTER
Computer can be classified in following categories.
a* $icro
b* $ini
c* $ainframe
d* 2uper computer
+.MICR8COM)UTER9.
$icrocomputers are the smallest digital
computers and are commonly known as
-ersonal Computers )-C*. "hese computers
use microprocessors as their C-6. "hey can
be used on the network or as stand alone
systems. "hese computers have high
processing power and are slowly beginning to replace mini and
mainframe computers. "here are two models of microcomputers, the
desktop and the portable model.
-. MINI COM)UTER9.
"hey are more powerful than micro and they can support several users.
"hey have larger 7A$ and backing storage capacity and can process
data more quickly. $ini computers were basically developed for use in
process control system. -5-%8, -5-%++ and VA9 :4,, are its examples.
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/. MAIN FRAME9.
"hese are very large computers with a
very high capacity of main store. "hey
are able to accept any high level
language. &or they can process large
amount if data very quickly, they are
used by big companies, bank etc. "hey
can be linked into a network with
smaller departmental computer,
microcomputer or with each other.
"hey act as host of large national and
international communication
networks, handling hundred of users.
#1$3;8+, #C< ;= are its example.
0. SU)ER COM)UTER9.
"hey are the most powerful
computers. "hey use several
processors working simultaneously.
Complex scientific application like weather forecasting requires a large
amount data to be manipulated with in a very short time. C7A> 9$-%?3,
-A7A$%+,,,,,. -A7A$ can perform one hundred million calculations
in a second. #t can forecast of +4 days before whether in four minutes and
five second.
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ORGNI:ATION OF COM)UTER
All computer system performs the following five basic
operations@ #nput, controlling, -rocessing, output, storage. "he figure
drawn below provides a block diagram of the basic computer
organiAation.
1. INPUT UNIT. 5ata and instructions must enter the computer
system before computation. "he input unit performs this task.
5ata and instructions enter input units in various forms, depending
on the kind of device used.
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Program
. / +ata
Input
unit
Storage
unit
Result
Control
Unit
Arithmetic
Logic Unit
Central
Processing Unit
Output
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In&ut De;i#es% "here is several types of
#nput devices, as Beyboard, $ouse, and
(ptical 7eader etc.
a. <e(4ar"9 . Beyboard is an input device consisting of a set of
typewriter%like keys that enable you to enter data into computer."he keys
on Beyboard are Classified as follow @
Alphanumeric keys
2pecial keys
&unction keys
4. Muse9 . #t controls the movement of the cursor or
pointer. #t is a small box with a round ball on its
bottom and + to ; buttons on the top. #t is used for
selection purpose.
#. S#anners9 . 2canner is basically input device that
are capable of recogniAing marks or character. "hus
they are used for data entry into the computer
system.
". =(sti#k9 . Coy sticks are designed in the shape of
handles that swivel in ;D, acres. Enable their users to
control screen figures. #t is used mostly for computer
games.


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2. MEMORY UNIT
"here is a storage unit of a computer known as memory. "he
information is stored and can be retrieved when needed. #t stores the
instruction and data as long as required.

DATA STORAGE DE1ICE. "here are two types of storage units%@
>A?. )RIMARY STORAGE UNIT
#n this memory information is stored permanently or temporarily.
"here are two types of primary storage unit.
+. ROM
-. RAM
+. ROM >READ ONLY MEMORY?
Fhen the computer is switched on, there are certain functions
which should perform at that time. 7om retains the data even in the
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absence of power and so it is called G(G
VA<A"#<E $E$(7> also. "here are
various type of 7($ chips meet user
specification.
-. RAM >RANDOM ACCES MEMORY?
"his is the part of primary storage unit where information is stored
temporarily. 7A$ can be written into as well as read from. #nformation
is held on special 7A$ chip and it requires an electrical current to
maintain the information it has stored.
>B?. SECONDARY STORAGE UNIT
&or the computer memory is limited in siAe, it is insufficient for
storing vast amount of data. 1y using backing storage it is possible to
store vast amount of data on a removable storage medium. "here are
several types of secondary storage devices.
a. MAGNETIC TA)ES
"his type of storage medium is extensively used for high speed and large
volume of data transfer and storage purpose. "he tape is normally +.?4%
?., cm. Fide.
4. O)TICAL DIS<
#t is a silvery plastic disk. #t can store up to D,,$1 of data. "he
information stored in C5%7($ can be read only. #t can't be modified.
#. FLO))Y DIS<
"hese are also called &lexible disks or 5iskettes. "hey
are thin plastic disk on which data and programmes can
be stored. "hey are lightly coated with ferrite. "he
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flexible material cut into circular pieces )4 H0,
; I0 in diameter*.
". HARD DIS<
ard disks store the computer operating system and applications and
provide space for the user's data. "he storage capacity of the hard disk is
measured either in megabytes or gigabytes. "oday we have hard disks
that can store ?,, J1 of data.

3. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
#t is similar to our brain. #t consists of two units called the
arithmetic and logic unit and the control unit. "he control unit interprets
the instructions stored in the memory. #t controls and directs the other
unit of computer. "he A7#"$E"#C AG5 <(J#C 6G#" )A<6*
performs the calculations and logic comparisons.
4. OUTPUT UNIT
"his unit of computer which provides results to the user called the
output unit. An output can be an answer to a mathematical problem, a
graph, a printed report etc. "hus output unit serves as a communication
link between the computer and the user through output devices.
"here are several types of output devices@ %
a. 1ISUAL DIS)LAY UNIT9 . #t is most popular
device. #t contains a Cathode 7ay "ube )C7"*
which produces a beam of electron that displays the
characters on the screen.
4. )RINTER9 . #t is a device that prints text,
illustrations on paper and in many cases on
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transparencies and other media.#t allows a hard copy of the output which
can be stored for later use.
#. )LOTTER9 . #n many applications, a graphical output is very useful.
1esides printer special plotters which produce good quality drawing and
graphs.


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Laxmi Lakhmani
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*a+le of Content
1.Introduction
2.)eatures of ,!-E.cel
3.!tarting ,s-E.cel
4./or0ing "ith ,!-E.cel
5.Cell 1eferencing
6.Pi2ot *a+le
.!ample Pro+lem
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#ntroduction
$icrosoft Excel is a -rogram launch by $icrosoft
Corporation. "hey introduced it $2%(ffice suite. "his program is used to
present or manipulate the data in a tabular form.#t is an spreadsheet
program which allow users to work on a tabular pad consisting of
columns and rows where they can perform many mathematical, financial,
statistical and other calculations. "his calculations can be as simple as
totaling the values of a row or columns or as complex as figuring the rate
of return on an investment under varying circumstances, it also allow
you to make a graphical representation of all your data in the form of
graph or pie%charts.
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&EA"67E2 (& $#C7(2(&" E9CE<
S&ee"
#nstead of writing and calculating entries by hand, a user can use an
electronic spreadsheet program to make entries. 6sing spreadsheet
software, automates most of the tedious tasks, which were done
manually. "his saves a great amount of time and labour.
Aut$atin ! Re.#a%#u%atin@
(n paper, if any of the numbers in the column change, the total will have
to be re%calculated, the old number rubbed and new number written
again.
owever, in electronic spreadsheet, if the number changes later,
the electronic spreadsheet will automatically recalculate the formula and
enter the new numbers.
6hat.I! Ana%(sis
#f a user wants to know how an increase or decrease in one particular
entry might affect the result, the electronic spreadsheet allows the user to
pose various what%if questions.
Si$&%i!ies C$&%ex Mathe$ati#a% !r$u%as
Complex mathematical formulas are reduced to few formula commands.
All financial functions can easily be calculated.
Linkin@ ! Ce%%s a#rss S&rea"sheet
"he various cells, the rectangles formed by the grid lines can be linked so
the results of one calculation become an element in the formula
elsewhere.
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Creatin ! #harts
Charts or pictorial representation of data can very easily be created.
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2tarting $icrosoft Excel
Click on the Start button, point to )r@ra$s, following by Mi#rs!t
O!!i#e and click on Mi#rs!t O!!i#e Ex#e% as shown below,
#mmediately you will see this screen shown.
"hen the $icrosoft excel screen appears.
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Forking with $icrosoft%Excel ?,,:
hen we work on $icrosoft%excel, we use workbook. "he file
which we makes in ms%excel is known as workbook. Forkbook is
divided in different sheets which are known as worksheet. Forksheet is
an advanced computer%based spreadsheet, which is used to store data in
columns and rows which can then be organiAed andKor processed.
Findow of ms%excel is divided into different parts shown below @
F

1y default there is ; worksheets in a workbook. Each sheet contains
1048576 rows with columns till XFD. Each sheet is divided into cells.
5ata is entered in the cell for processing.
&6GC"#(G2
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Title Bar
Office
Menu
Bar Bar
Ribbon
Address
Bar
ormula
!croll
!heet
Cel
l
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&unctions are pre defined formulas that performs calculations by using
specifies values called arguments. Arguments can be numbers, text,
formula, logical values, formulas, other functions.
Stru#ture ! Fr$u%a
Excel provides us many functions in different fields. Fith
the help of those functions we can do so much complex calculations in
very easier ways.
Cell 7eferencing
Each cell of the worksheet can be referred to by its unique address, which
is the combination of Column and 7ows. Fhen you refer to a cell
address in a formula, its references identifies a cell or a range of cells in a
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"#ual to si$n %arantheses Comma after ar$ument
= FUNCTION NAME (ARGUMENT 1,ARGUMENT 2,
..)
"#ual to si$n %arantheses Comma after ar$ument
= FUNCTION NAME (ARGUMENT 1,ARGUMENT 2,
..)
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worksheet and tells Excel where to look for the values or data you want
to use in a formula. "here are three types of cell referencing@
+. 7elative 7eferencing
?. Absolute 7eferencing
;. Circular 7eferencing
+. Re%ati;e Re!eren#in@
#n a formula references to cells are usually based on their position
relative to the cell that contains the formula based on their positions
relative to the cell that contain the formula. #n the following example in
the cell 5? Excel finds the value two cells to the left of 5: and multiplies
this. "his is known as re%ati;e re!eren#e.

Formula with relative reference
Fhen the formula in cell 5? is copied to cell 5;@53, the relative
reference in the cells is changed. #t refers to cells that are two columns
left from the new formula as shown below@

-. A4s%ute Re!eren#e
Absolute cell reference doesn't automatically ad!ust reference while
copying formula. An absolute reference can be create by placing a dollar
sign )L* before the parts of the reference that you don't want to change.
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Chan$ed cell
reference
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&or example, to calculate discount at 4M on values you have to give
formula /N5?OLEL?0 on cell &?.
Fhen you will copy this formula to cell &; & &3, the reference of
cell 5? changed but E? will remain same.

Formula with absolute reference copie
/. Cir#u%ar Re!eren#e
Fhen you give the reference of the cell in a formula in which you
ebtered formula it is called cell reference.
-ivot "able
-ivot table can analyAe numeric relationships in a snap, and
produce reports and charts with !ust one click without going through all
steps to create a chart or report from scratch.
Creatin@ a )i;t Ta4%e
ere is a fictitious data from a company named A1C <td. to
explain the process of creation of pivot tables and charts.. "he data is for
the month of April ?,,: and it shows all the salary given to the
employees of different departments. >ou can show all the Employees of
different department in a table showing the salaries given to them more
effectively with the help of -ivot "able.
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+. "o create pivot table, go to !nsert"#ivot $able an click on #ivot
$able%

?. 2elect the range of cells which is to be converted into -ivot "able.
;. Gext step is to give the area to different items where you want to place
them. >ou can select and drop items to the /column labels,0 /row labels,0
and /report filter,0 and /values0.
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3. Gow, you have created a pivot table showing all the 2alaries of
employees working in different department. Also, the table shows the
total sales in each 5epartment.
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#n now%a%days excel is used very frequently in every type of
1usiness organiAations to perform some typical calculations. Every
organiAation can create program according to its needs. "he programs
made on excel with some functions and formulae works accurately and
fastly.
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2ample -roblem
9>P <td. #s an organiAations covered under Q"he -ayment of
1onus Act, +=D4' to pay bonus to his employees. #t creates a program on
$2%Excel to calculate the bonus payable to its employees as per the
provisions of act.
ere the procedure of making this program on excel is given with
calculation of bonus payable under to situations@
a. 6hen there is n A%%#a4%e Sur&%us>)r!it? r insu!!i#ient
&r!its.
4. 6hen there is su!!i#ient A%%#a4%e Sur&%us
a. Fhen there is n A%%#a4%e Sur&%us >)r!it? r insu!!i#ient &r!its
"he steps taken to make the program for calculating min. bonus
are as follows@
&irst off all the fields are created of which raw%data is required to
calculate the min. bonus. 7aw%data required to calculate the min. bonus is
Na$e !
E$&%(ee
A@e Lea;e
6rkin@
Da(s
Sa%ar(
)a(a4%e
"hen the formulae were created on different cells according to the
provisions of act which are following@
+. "he maximum salary payable for the purpose of calculating bonus
is 7s. ;4,, per month.
&ollowing validation is given on 2alary payable field so that
amount entered in this field doesn't exceeded the max, limit of 7s.
3?,,,);4,,O+?*.

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?. "he minimum bonus payable to the employees shall be equal to the
5.//A ! his sa%ar( &a(a4%e r Rs.+88 whichever is higher if his
a@e is nt %ess than !i!teen.
;. (therwise its 5.//A ! sa%ar( &a(a4%e r Rs. 28 whichever is
higher.
&or the above two conditions, formula given in cell F+8 is
/N#&)1+,RN+4,+,,,D,*0, in cell G+8 BE+,O8.;;K+,,0and in cell H+8
BN#&)J+,S&+,,&+,,J+,*0is given.
3. #f an employee receives the fixed bonus of 7s. +,, or 7s. D,,a
deduction shall be made in the bonus proportionate to his leave to total
working days.
&or the given condition following formula is given cell I+8.

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4. &inally the net min. bonus payable is calculated by giving following
formula

D. "hus amount of bonus payable to &mit 'umar have been calculated
accurately. "hen for calculating the bonus payable to all the employees
all the formulae have been dragged up to the last name of employee using
cell referencing.
:. "hen total of bonus payable is calculated by using /sum0 function.
8. "hen amt. Allocable surplus)C4* and net bonus payable)C?3* were
paste linked at C?D & C?: respectively to calculate the amount of
deficiency carried forward to next year.

#f amount is changed in C4 and C?3 it will also changed automatically.
#n other sheet a program is created to calculate the bonus payable
in the year when Allocable 2urplus are sufficient.
4. 6hen there is su!!i#ient A%%#a4%e Sur&%us
"he steps taken to make the program for calculating bonus are as
follows@
+. &irst of all the amount available for giving bonus is calculated as
32aila+le !urplus.
?. "hen raw%data required to calculate bonus payable is given.


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;. Available 2urplus is divided amongst all the employees in the
proportion of their wages for calculating gross bonus payable to
employee by giving following formula /N1+;KL1L?:OLCL80 in cell
C+;(where )*7 is $otal +a,es #a-able . /8 is &llocable 0urplus1
and dragging them up to the name of last employee using 3+solute
1eferencing.
3. $aximum 1onus payable to employee is ?,M of the wages payable
to employee.
ence the formula given on the field of max. bonus payable is
/N1+;O,.?0 .
4. Employer can deduct the any bonus which he has been given to the
employee in the mid of the year.
D. "he formula given on the cell to calculate the net bonus payable is
/N7(6G5 >#&)C+;SN5+;,C+;%E+;,5+;%E+;*,,?0 sub!ect to the
limit of maximum bonus payable.
:. &inally the 2urplus or deficiency carried forward to next year is
calculated.
ence a program is made to calculate the amount of bonus payable
on the excel.

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Laxmi Lakhmani
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*a+le of Content
1. Introduction
2. 3d2antages
3. Getting !tarted "ith *all4
4. /or0ing /ith *all4
5. ,asters
6. 5ouchers
. 6ac0up 7 1estore
#. !ample Pro+lem
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#ntroduction
"ally is the ultimate business solution, designed to meet the
growing needs of your business. Fhen you use "ally, you will see clear
business benefits accrue right from the start. #t is a versatile accounting
package and is based on the windowing interface.
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Advantages
&ollowing are the powerful advantages that you can en!oy with this
versatile and robust solution@
Ex&an" (ur 4usiness . with the concurrent multi%lingual capability and
multi%currency features that allow you to transact beyond geographical
boundaries, without language barriers
N nee" t hire s&e#ia%iCe" resur#es D since "ally is very simple to
learn and the easy interface enables you to navigate the software without
difficulty
B%aCin@ S&ee" . provides you with the information you want very fast.
Un$at#he" S#a%a4i%it( D "ally adapts to the current and future needs of
your business, irrespective of its siAe or style
Sheer )*er D "ally has the ability to handle huge volumes of
transactions without compromising on speed or efficiency
Rea%.ti$e a##ess t in!r$atin D enables quick decision through fast
and easy sharing of data from "ally
Better #ash !%* an" sa;in@s n interest . by using the Qreceivables and
payables' management feature, to help you ensure on%time collections
and generate reminder letters
A$aCin@ A##ura#( D "ally provides user%definable templates for fast,
accurate data entry
Faster an" errr.!ree in;i#in@ an" "ata entr( D using the multiple
price levels feature to pre%define item rates for specific categories of
customers
I"enti!( &r"u#ts *ith hi@h r %* $ar@ins . with the profitability
analysis feature, that provides you with product%wise and invoice%wise
profitability
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A;i" st#kin@ ex#ess ite$s an" ensure that (u "nEt run ut !
essentia% st#k . by using the reorder feature, to set reorder levels for any
given period
Better &%annin@ an" "ra$ati# i$&r;e$ent in #.r"inatin ! (ur
&eratins *ith re"u#e" &a&er*rk D as a result of using the
integration across functions feature
Re"u#e #sts an" in#rease &r"u#ti;it( D using features such as
inventory management, receivables and payables management etc.
A##urate in!r$atin tra#kin@' Fui#ker "ata entr( an" retrie;a% .
thanks to the integrated system that ensures real%time linking of accounts
and inventory
Get a 4etter un"erstan"in@ an" ana%(sis ! &er!r$an#e %e;e%s !r
;arius &eri"s an" "i;isins . with the advanced $#2 feature EnG(
4etter &%annin@ an" !re#astin@ D using sophisticated analytical tools
that help you forecast and examine possible scenarios, and give you the
ability to view provisional reports "ally maintains all 1ooks of accounts
starting from records of vouchers, ledgers etc. "ally handles different
types of vouchers like -ayment, receipt, ad!ustment entries like Cournals,
5ebit notes, Credit notes, 2ales, -urchases, 7eceipt notes, 5elivery notes
etc. "ally follows the double entry system of accounting and hence will
eliminate any possible errors.
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2tarting of "ally :.?
As you open the "ally :.? screen shown below is appears
"his is known as Gate*a( ! Ta%%(. Jateway of tally screen
contains : ma!or areas.
-roduct info
oriAontal button bar
Current work
"ally menu
Vertical button bar
"ally calculatorKcommand line
Current screen bar.
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Forking with "ally
Creatin@ a C$&an(%&or working in "ally you have to work in a
company of "ally. ere from company it doesn't mean that it's a formal
entity. Company is created by using Create Company option in Company
#nfo."his option brings you to the screen given below@
#n this screen you have to give following details
Fie%" ReFuire$ent
Na$e $andatory
Mai%in@ na$e'
a""ress
(ptional
E.$ai% a""ress (ptional
IT n. 'ST n. (ptional
Curren#( s($4% $andatory
Maintain> a##un
ts n%(H in;entr(
n%(H4th?
$andatory
Finan#ia% (ear $andatory
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Bks 4e@innin@
!r$
$andatory
Ta%%( ;au%t
&ass*r"
(ptional
Se#urit( #ntr% (ptional
Base #urren#(
in!r$atin
$andatory
A##e&tHreGe#t $andatory
>ou can modified the details through confi,uration or selecting
&lter (ption from Jateway of "ally.
Gow a company is ready in "ally for doing work. >ou can see
Gate*a( ! Ta%%( of your company.
Jateway of "ally
Masters
Creatin@ @ru&s I Le"@er% Gext step is creating ledger in appropriate
groups. 1y default there are /0 @ru&s and - %e"@ers >)r!it I%ss an"
Cash? in "ally :.? .&or creating new group go under A##unts In! .J
Gru&s .J Create. >ou can choose 2ingle Jroup or multiple groups
according to your need. #t will show this screen@
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#f you want to create group under any present group give the name of
parent group under the option Un"er9.
&or creating ledger, at Account <edger $enu, select Create to get
the Account <edger creation screen. ere also you can #reate sin@%e
ledger or $u%ti&%e %e"@ers in a single group. &or ex. &or creating ledgers
of debtors you can use multiple ledger creation.
Creating 2tock Jroups, #tems and 6nits of measure% #n case of
maintaining accounts with inventory one has to create create stock
Jroups, 2tock #tems and units of $easure in which inventory records can
be maintain. #n this case also you can use use single creation or multiple
creation.
&or making unit of measure under Jateway of "ally select
In;entr( In!. .J Units ! Measures .J Create and give the details

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Creation of 6nit of measure
&or making 2tock Jroups, under Jateway of "ally select
In;entr( In!. .J St#ks Gru&s .J Create and give the details.

2imilary 2tock #tem can be made under already present group or as a
primary with opening value if any in following way@
In;entr( In!. .J St#ks Ite$s.J Create

Creation of 2tock #tem
A%teratin' Dis&%a(. >ou can alter the details given in any type of thing
which you made in tally by selecting A%ter option of that thing and can
delete by pressing Ctr% K D. And can see it by using "is&%a( option.
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Vouchers
A voucher is a primary document for recording the financial
transactions.it is the evidence of transactions."ally provides +D different
voucher formats."hey pertains to both acccounting & inventory.
A##unt 1u#hers D #n "ally :.? as you enter the transaction in voucher
it will automatially ad!ust the all accounts relating to that transaction
including 1alance%2heet and -rofit & loss AKc.
&or creating accounts voucher select A##ntin@ 1u#her from the
Jateway of "ally."his screen will be shown@
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2elect the voucher type in according to the nature of transaction.
&or selecting the voucher type click on the type of voucher on the right%
side of the screen.
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Voucher type 6se
Cntra &or the transactions between cash & bank
)a($ent &or cash or bank payment
Re#ei&t &or cash or bank receipt
=urna% &or the transactions between ledgers.
Sa%es &or credit sales
Cre"it ntes &or sales return
)ur#hase &or credit purchases
De4it Nte &or purchase return
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>ou can customiAe the voucher entry screen using Cust$ise
option.this will give you following options@

>ou can also customise its features using !eatures option.
In;entr( 1u#hers. inventory vouchers are used to record the vouchers
regarding the inventories."hese voucher doesn't affect the balance%sheet
or profit & loss AKc. &ollowing types of vouchers are available in it@

&or ex. #f you receives the sales order of 4 laptop due after 4 days,
you can enter it in following way@
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2elect In;entr( 1u#hers .J Sa%es Or"er and enter the details@
As you enter the -arty's name this form will appears and asked the
details of 1uyer, order and receipt.order and receipt details are optional.

>ou have to give the details of order subsequently in this form%

#f you are maintening bill%wise record you have to give proper order no.
After giving all the details screen is shown as below@
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<ike wise you can enter other inventory voucher.
1ackup & 7estore
"hese options are available in the C$&an( In!. $enu. 1ackup
is used to secure your records. 1y using this option data can be store in
any other place i.e. hard disk,floppy disk, pen%drive, c.d. etc. &or making
backup of company select Ba#ku& under Company #nfo.. "his screen
will appears@
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2orce path in 2ource and destination path in destination where the
data will be stored,has to be given.2elect the companies of which data
has to be stored.
7estore is used to get back the data of which you create backup.
2ample -roblem
-.C. stores starts trading in laptop and computer hardware
components like keybord, mouse etc since +
st
April ?,,4. #t sold the
goods with ;M C.2.". )Central 2ales "ax* to the firms who has "#G Go.
and with 3 M C.2.". to the firms who doesn't have "#G Go. -reviously
accounts of this firm was maintained manually. #n manual accounts
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owner of firm faces many problems relating to the proper records and
timely information about inventory, amount of sales tax to be given,
receiving and dispatching of goods within due date etc. "hen he gave
instructions to maintain the accounts in "ally since starting to avoid these
problems.
&ollowing are the some transactions entered in the books of -.C.
2tores for the month of April,?,,4 which are then entered in "ally.
2tock Jroup created T -.C.
6nit of $easures created % set, pcs
2tock #tem created T Beyboard,$ouse,$oniter under the group -.C. and
<aptop under primary group.
2ales ledger T 2ale ;M & 2ale 3M
5utiees & "axes T C.2.". ;M and C.2.". 3M
(n +.3.,4
+. capital employed of 7s. +,,,,, by cash and 7s. ?,,,,, by
bank)2.1.#.*.
Entry is done through receipt voucher.
?. -urchase &urniture 7s. +,,,,)bank*
3. Amount "ransferred to -etty Cash 1ook T 7s. ?,,,.
3. 2tationary -urchased
4. Cash -urchases 4 <aptop U7s. +8,,,K% each )dis. ;M*
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>ou don't have any need to calculate the amount of discount
seperataly. Cust give the 5iscount 7eceived account after the order and
rate of discount 7ate and discount will automaticlly ad!usted in cash
price.
Credit -urchases T 4 $ouse U 7s. +4, K% each)from2an!ay "iwari**
4 $onitor U 7s. 4,,,K% each )from 2an!ay "iwari*
(n ?.3.,4
D. Cash sales ? <aptop U ?,,,,K%each
Credit 2ale%; $ouse U 7s.?,,K% each to Akash Computers)C.2.".
;M*
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"his entry is done in Q2ale ;M' sales ledger.As you give the rate
and press enter the amt will be calculated and ad!usted in debtors aKc.
; $oniterU 7s. 43,,K% each to 7ishabh Ent. )C.2.". 3M*
"his entry was done in same way as abve in Qsale 3M' sales ledger
at C2.". 3M.
(n 3.3.,4
:. -urchase (rder given to $r. $ohit Jupta by order no. ,,+
4 <aptop U 7s. +84,,K% each
3 $oniter U 7s. 4,,,K% each
8. Cash -urchases% +, Beyboard U 7s. 4,, each
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+, $ouse U 7s. +4,K% each
5iscount 7eceived% +M
=. 2ecurity 5eposit of "elephone T ?,,,K%
+,. -ostage Exp. -aid T ;,, )&rom -etty C.1.*
++. 2ales (rder 7eceived from Verma Computers
4 Beyboard U 7s. D,,K%each
4 $ouse U 7s. ?,,K%each
(n 8.3.,4
+?. -urchase (rder given to 2an!ay "iwari )(rder Go. ,,?*
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3 <aptop U 7s. +8,,,K%each
3 Beyboard U 44,K% each
>ou can see your purchase order summery by selecting Dis&%a( .J
State$ent ! In;entr( .J )ur#hase Or"er Su$$er( and sales order
summery by selecting Sa%es r"er su$$er( in place of -urchase order
summery.
(n +,.3.,4
+;. -urchase the stock from $r. $ohit Jupta of order no. ,,+
>ou have to give the refernce of order no. ,,+ while doing the
purchase entry of that order.


(n +?.3.,4
+3. -ayment to $r. $ohit Jupta T +,,,,, )through 1ank*
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Reference of order no(
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+4. -ayment received by 7ishabh Enterprises% 7s. +D?,,)1ank*
+D. 2ale of order received by Verma Computers
(n +4.3.,4
+:. -ayment 7eceivrd by Verma T 7s. 3,,, Cash
+8. Exp. of 2taff Felfare T 7s. 4,, )through -etty C.1.*
(n ;,.3.,4
Electricity charges paid% 4,,
"elephone charges paid% D,,
2alary paid % ;,,,
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*a+le of Content
1. Introduction
2. Getting !tarted "ith 5isual 6asic 6.(
3. /or0ing "ith 5isual 6asic
4. Creating an 3pplication in 5isual 6asic
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#ntroduction
Visual 1asic is an event%driven programming language. "his is
called so because programming is done in a graphical environment unlike
the previous version 1A2#C where programming is done in a text only
environment and executed sequentially in order to control the user
interface. Visual 1asic enables the user to design the user interface
quickly by drawing and arranging the user elements. 5ue to this spent
time is saved for the repetitive task.
V#26A< 1A2#C is a V#26A< and events T driven -rogramming
<anguage. "hese are the main divergence from the old 1A2#C. #n
1A2#C, programming is done in a text%only environment and the
program is executed sequentially. #n V#26A< 1A2#C, programming is
done in a graphical environment. 1ecause user may click on any ob!ect
has to be programmed independently to be able to respond to those
actions )events*. "herefore, a V#26A< 1A2#C -rogram is made up of
many subprograms, each has its own program codes, and each can be
executed independently and at the same time, each can be linked with
others in one way or another.
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Jetting 2tarted with Visual basic D.,
Ste& +. Click on the start button.
Ste& -. 2elect the option Q&r@ra$s'
Ste& /% 2elect the option QMi#rs!t 1isua% Stu"i 2.8' from the options
displayed.
Ste& 0% click on the option QMi#rs!t 1isua% Basi# 2.8E from those
displayed as shown below%

Forking with Visual 1asic D.,
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As you open the visual basic this screen appears

"his dialogue is seen every time visual basic is invoked. #t can be used to
start a new application or open an existing application.
"he Stan"ar" ELE option is selected by default.
Ste& ,% Click on the QO&en' button to opens a new pro!ect.
A pro!ect manages all the different files that make up an
application. A new pro!ect always provides a form. A form is a window in
a Visual 1asic application.
"his figure shows a new pro!ect%
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$enu bar

The T% Bx
"he tool box gives you access to the controls that you use on a
form. A control is an ob!ect such as button, label or grid. Each control
appears as a button in the tool box.

The !r$ Desi@ner 6in"*
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Title Tool bar %ro)ect
ex'lorer
Tool box
*nitial
form
%ro'ertie
s +indo+
orm
la,out
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"his window is where you design the forms that make up your user
interface.

The )r&erties 6in"*
A form, and each control on it, has a set of properties which
control its characteristics such as siAe, position and colour.

Creatin@ an a&&%i#atin in 1isua% Basi#
ere a form is created for Q Computation of "ax' for the
Assessment >ear ?,,8%,=.
"here are three main steps in creating an application in Visual 1asic@
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+. 5esign the interface.
?. 2et initial -roperty Values for the forms and controls
;. Frite code.
+. Desi@n the Inter!a#e. 5esigning or the interface takes place
according to the needs of form. (ne can design the interface using the
different control option of tool box."he form has 8 text box, D labels,
;command buttons & + combo box.
a* THE LABEL."he label is very useful control for Visual 1asic, as
it is not only used to provide instructions and guides to the users, it
can also be used to display outputs. (ne of its most important
properties is Caption. #t can display text and numeric data. "o create a
label click on label control button on tool box and drag it on the form.
b* The Text Bx."he text box is the standard control that is used to
receive input from the user as well as to display the output. #t can
handle string and numeric data but not images or pictures. 2tring in a
text box can be converted to a numeric data by using the function Val
)text*. #n the form 8 text box are used.
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c* The C$4 Bx. Combo button is used for creating alist for the
selection of the status of assessee.
d* The C$$an" Buttn."he command button is a very important
control as it is used to execute commands. #t displays an illusion
that the button is pressed when the user click on it ere ;
command buttons are used to perform different task.

?. Set initia% )r&ert( 1a%ues !r the !r$s an" #ntr%s% (nce the
control is positioned correctly on the form, customiAation of the
properties of the controls takes place according to the requirement..
)i* <ist on the combo%box is given using list property of the combo%
box.
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)ii* Caption property of labels has been changed according to the
need of the form.
)###* &or the text box of the QGame of the Assessee' , no text value is
given and for the other text box it is given as Q,'.
)iv* Caption of the command buttons changed to the Q2ubmit' ,
Q7efresh' & QExit'.
After doing all the property settings form looks like this%
;. 6rite C"e. Gow the last and most important work is coding of
the form. Coding is given to the command buttons according to their
task. Fhen command button is clicked the program run according to
the code."here are three command buttons in the form and different
coding is given to them.
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a? Su4$it. "he coding given to this command button is for calculate
the "ax 5ue or "ax to be 7efundable to those assessee whose details
is filled in the form which is following@
#. &irst of all the variable name is given which is used in the
coding using Di$ statement.
Di$ $' !' s#' a' 4' #' "' e' @'a"; As Du4%e
Di$ s As Strin@
Di$ i As Du4%e
##. "hen coding is given to calculate the net income in variable i
by adding income from all the sources and deducting the
deductions specified under section 8,C to 8,6.
a M 1a%>IFS.Text?
4 M 1a%>IFH).Text?
# M 1a%>)GB).Text?
" M 1a%>CG.Text?
e M 1a%>IFOS.Text?
@ M 1a%>"e".Text?
i M a K 4 K # K " K e D @
In#$e.Ca&tin M i
###. Variable s is given to the status which is selected in the combo
box.
s M C$4+.List>C$4+.ListIn"ex?
#V. Coding for calculating tax on the income of male is given on
the variable $ by using se%e#t function.
Se%e#t Case i
Case Is NM +88888
$ M 8
Case Is NM +,8888
$ M >i . +88888? O 8.+
Case Is NM -,8888
$ M 0888 K >i . +,8888? O 8.-
Case E%se
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$ M -0888 K >i . -,8888? O 8./
En" Se%e#t
<ike%wise coding for calculating tax on the income of
female & senior citiAen is given on the variables ! & s respectively.
V. Caption of G"A9 label shows the Net Tax n In#$e
according to the status of the assessee by this coding.
I! s M PMa%eP Then
NTAL.Ca&tin M $
E%se
I! s M PFe$a%eP Then
NTAL.Ca&tin M !
E%se
NTAL.Ca&tin M s#
En" I!
En" I!
V#. Coding for calculating sur#har@e is given on the caption of
label surcharge. 2urcharge is +,M of the tax if income is more
than 7s.+,,,,,,.
I! i J +888888 Then
sur#har@e.Ca&tin M 1a%>NTAL.Ca&tin? O 8.+
En" I!
V##. Coding for #ess is given which is -A ! tax an" sur#har@e.
#ess.Ca&tin M >1a%>NTAL.Ca&tin? K
1a%>sur#har@e.Ca&tin?? O .8-
V###. Coding for Get "ax <iability is given .
NTL.Ca&tin M 1a%>NTAL.Ca&tin? K 1a%>sur#har@e.Ca&tin? K
1a%>#ess.Ca&tin?
#9. <ast coding is given for ad!ustment of any advance tax or "52.
a"; M TDS.Text
DUE.Ca&tin M 1a%>NTL.Ca&tin? . a";
4? Re!resh% Coding on 7efresh is given to set the form for giving new
values by clearing the values of text box and labels
TDS.Text M 8
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NTAL.Ca&tin M PP
NTL.Ca&tin M PP
sur#har@e.Ca&tin M PP
#ess.Ca&tin M PP
TDS.Text M PP
NTAL.Ca&tin M PP
NTL.Ca&tin M PP
sur#har@e.Ca&tin M PP
#ess.Ca&tin M PP
Text+.Text M PP
#? Exit. Coding on this command button is given for closing the form
which is
Un%a" Me
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Exa$&%e
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Ta4%e ! Cntent
1. 'ata+ase
2. 'ata+ase !4stem
3. Introduction to ,! 8 3ccess 2((
4. Creating a 'ata+ase
5. 3ction 9uer4
6. !elect 9uer4
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5atabase
A database is a collection of related and ordered
information, organiAed in such a way that information can be accessed
quickly and easily. ence an organiAed, logical group of related file
would constitute a database. #n a database, data are integrated and
related sop that software programs provide access to all the data.$2%
Access is very popular relational 5atabase $anagement 2ystem. 51$2
is a collection of programs that enables you to store, modify, and extract
information from a database.
5atabase 2ystem% "he database system represents a change in the
way end user data are store accessed and managed.
Chara#terHNu$4erHS&e#ia% Chara#ter
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Data
In!r$atinHC%u$nHFri%"HAttri4ute
Re#r"HR*sHTa4%es
Data4ase>C%%e#tin ! Ta4%es
Data4ase Mana@e$ent S(ste$
Re%atina% Data4ase Mana@e$ent S(ste$
<n*%e"@e Data4ase Mana@e$ent S(ste$
O4Ge#t Oriente" Data4ase Mana@e$ent S(ste$
#ntroduction to $2%Access
$icrosoft Access for windows is a database management
system, which helps us, to manage data stored in a computer database.
"he latest version of Access provides new features designed to help us in
using the internet and developing Forld Fide Feb applications. "he data
stored in ms%access can be viewed, stored, manipulated, retrieved and
printed in various ways.
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Creating database
Click on the Start .J )r@ra$ .J Mi#rs!t A##ess. "hen you will see
the window of $2%Access as shown below@
2elect the B%ank Data4ase option to open a new database and you
will see that this screen appears in right side. Jive the name to the
database and click on Create

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Gow the datasheet view presents@

2uppose that a 1.$. college wants to create the database of
their students. "hen it required for them to maintain the records of
R%%N' Na$e' FatherNa$e'A""ress'Cit('C%ass of the students by the
way of table.
Creatin@ a Ta4%e.
&ollowing steps are taken to create the table
+. 2elect Ta4%e Desi@n from the ribbon of Create "ab and create the
design of the table,
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?. -ut the primary key on the field R%%N so the duplicacy of roll no.
doesn't takes place. Click on )ri$ar( <e( on 5esign "ab.
;. 2ave the table with the name Q5etails' and fill the data in the table.
ence your database of the students of #st year is created.
Vuery
"here are many situations where we require information relating to
a specific condition, or we need to change the selected data in various
ways. Vueries are used for this purpose. (ne of the main advantages of
using a database management system is the ability to perform queries
thereby managing large amount of related data.
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#n Access we can create many types of queries in which
action queries are discussed below.
Action Vuery
#n Access four types of queries are collectively known as Action
Vuery%
+. 6pdate Vuery
?. Append Vuery
;. 5elete Vuery
3. $ake "able Vueries
+. 6pdate Vuery%6pdate query is used to change records or groups of
records very quickly.
#n the above example of 1.$. College, college has created another
table of the marks of the students of 1.Com # with the table name
Q$arks'.

"hey wanted to update the total and result of the students. 2o an
update query is created in following manner@
+. 2elect Quer( Desi@n from the Create "ab and select the "able name
from the 5ialog box that appears subsequently in which updation has to
takes place and then select the fields.
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2ave the query with Q6pdate0 name and then open the 2V<
View of query and give following command
U&"ate Marks set Tta% MA##unts K Statisti#s K E#n$i#s R
As query runs the table $arks updated automatically and shows
the total as shown on next page%

A&&en" Quer(. "his query is used to insert the record in the table.
College wants to insert the record of Varun Gigam whose 7oll Go is
?,3+; then he create an Append query by giving following Command%
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INSERT int Detai%s ;a%ues > -80+/' S1arun Ni@a$S' SAshk Ni@a$S'
S0T' Cantt.S' S<an&urS' SB.A. IS ? R
As you run the query this record will be added in the 5etails "able
De%ete Quer(. 5elete query is used to delete the record from the table.
College wanted to delete the results from the table $arks whose marks
are below +4,.
&ollowing command is given for this%
DELETE !r$ Marks *here Tta%N+,8 R
Fhen you run the query only those records are remains in the table
whose total marks is not less than +4,.
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2elect Vuery
"his query is used to select the necessary fields from a table based
on certain criteria and to display the results in a datasheet view. "he user
can also use this query to group records, calculate totals, count the
recrod, calculate averages, and so on. "he select query can also be used
to query records from more than a single table.
#n the aforesaid case college wants the information about students
7oll Go., Game., & Class. 2elect query is used in following way%
+. 2elect QQuer( Desi@n' from Create tab.
?. 2elect the both tables and drag the fields as shown on next page.

;. 2ave the query with Q2electVuery' name.
3. 7un the query.>ou will found this table showing the information.
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Laxmi Lakhmani
CRO 0290010