LECTURE II

STEADY STATE CONDUCTION ONE DIMENSION

2.1. THE PLANE WALL
( ) ( ) ( )
C
3 4
C
B
2 3
B
A
1 2
A
x
T T
A k
x
T T
A k
x
T T
A k q

A k
x
T T

A k
x
T T

A k
x
T T
q
C
C
3 4
B
B
2 3
A
A
1 2

th
overall
R
T
q
note:
2 1
A
A
T T
A k
x
q +
3 2
B
B
T T
A k
x
q +
4 3
C
C
T T
A k
x
q +
T
1
C!
q
T
4
q
T
2
T
3
A B C
"e
Al
A
1 2 3 4
ele#tr$#al
analo%&
note:
$ ' q
R'
( ' T
$ '
A k
x
A
A
q
R
A

T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
R
B

R
C

A k
x
B
B
A k
x
C
C
A k
x

A k
x

A k
x
T T
q
C
C
B
B
A
A
4 1
+ +

Co)*o+$te ,all :
Ele#tr$#al analo%&
Example 2-1 -!lt$la&er #on.!#t$on
An exter$or ,all o/ a ho!+e )a& 0e a**rox$)ate. 0& a 111 )) la&er o/ #o))on 0r$#k 2k '
1.3 W4)56 /ollo,e. 0& a 41 )) la&er o/ %$*+!) *la+ter 2k ' 1.47 W4)56. What th$#kne++ o/
loo+l& *a#ke. ro#k,ool $n+!lat$on 2k ' 1.1890W4)56 +ho!l. 0e a..e. to re.!#e the heat
lo++ 2or %a$n6 thro!%h the ,all 0& 71 *er#ent:
;ol!t$on:
The overall heat lo++ ,$ll 0e %$ven 0&:

th
R
T
q
Be#a!+e the heat lo++ ,$th the ro#k,oo. $n+!lat$on ,$ll 0e onl& 21 *er#ent 271 *er#ent
re.!#t$on6 o/ that 0e/ore $n+!lat$on
R
<
R
C
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
9
q
R
A
R
B
R
=
R
E
R
"
q
R
B
' :
A
B
C
=
E
"
<
q
111>
111 ))
q
41 ))
?
q
21> lo++

$n+!lat$on ,$th R
$n+!lat$n ,$tho!t R
$n+!lat$on ,$tho!t R
T
$n+!lt$on ,$th R
T
$n+!lat$on ,$tho!t q
$n+!lat$on ,$th q
th
th
th
th
1.2
111>
21>
$n+!lat$on ,$tho!t q
$n+!lat$on ,$th q
$n+!lat$on ,$th R
$n+!lat$n ,$tho!t R
th
th

We have /or the 0r$#k an. *la+ter?

0 0
0
A k
x
R
/or !n$t area
0 0 0
0
A k
x

A
R

"or #o))on 0r$#k :

54W ) 1.143
W4)5 1.3
) 1.1
k
x
R
2
0
0

"or *la+ter:
54W ) 1.173
W4)5 1.47
) 1.14
k
x
R
2
*
*

;o that the ther)al re+$+tan#e ,$tho!t $n+!lat$on $+
54W ) 1.228 54W ) 1.173 54W ) 1.143 $n+!lat$on ,$tho!t R
2 2 2
th
+

$n+!lat$on ,$th R
$n+!lat$on ,$tho!t R
2 . 1
th
th

1.2
$n+!lat$on ,$tho!t R
$n+!lat$on ,$th R
th
th

Then 54W ) 1.13
1.2
54W ) 1.228
$n+!lat$on ,$th R
2
2
th

An. th$+ re*re+ent+ the +!) o/ o!r *rev$o!+ val!e an. the re+$+ten#e /or the ro#k ,ool
ro#k ,ool R $n+!lat$on ,$tho!t R $n+!lat$on ,$th R
th th th
+
ro#k ,ool R 54W ) 1.228 54W ) 1.13
th
2
+
( )
W4)5 1.189
x
k
x
54W ) 1.@14 54W ) 1.228 1.13 ro#k ,ool R
r, r, 2 2
th
+o
that
) 1.1977
5 )
W
1.189
W
5 )
1.@14 x
2
r,

2.2. RADIAL SYSTEMCYLINDER
q
L
r
T
o
.r
r
$
r
o
T
$
The area /or heat /lo, $n the #&l$n.er +&+te) $+
L r A 2 A
r

;o that "o!r$erB+ la, $+ ,r$tten
.r
.T
A k q
r r

r
.r
.T
L A 2 k
.r
.T
L r A 2 k q
r

,$th the 0o!n.ar& #on.$t$on+
T ' T
$
at r ' r
$
T ' T
o
at r ' r
o
;ol!t$on:
( ) ( )
( )
L k A 2
4r r ln
T T

r
r
ln
T T
L A 2 k
r ln r ln
T T
L 2 k
r
.r
.T
L A 2 k q
$ o
o $
$
o
o $
$ o
$ o
r
r
T
T$
o
$
o

An. the ther)al re+$+tan#e $n th$+ #a+e $+

( )
L k A 2
4r r ln
R
$ o
th

O!e-"#me!$#%! &ea' (l%) '&*%+,& m+l'#ple -.l#!"*#-al $e-'#%!$
T
$
T
o
q
L k A 2
r
r
ln
R
$
o
th

T
4
q
r
4
C
r
1
r
2
r
3
A
B
T
3
T
2
T
1
( ) ( ) ( )
C
3 4
B
2 3
A
1 2
o $
k L A 2
4r r ln
k L A 2
4r r ln
k L A 2
4r r ln
T T
q
+ +

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
C
3 4
B
2 3
A
1 2
o $
k
4r r ln
k
4r r ln
k
4r r ln
T T 2
q
+ +

L
Example 2-2 -!lt$la&er #&l$n.r$#al +&+te)
A th$#k,alle. t!0e o/ +ta$nle++ +teel 217>Cr? 7> N$? k ' 1@ W4)56 ,$th 2 #) $nner
.$a)eter 2C=6 an. 4 #) o!ter .$a)eter 2D=6 $+ #overe. ,$th a 3 #) la&er o/ a+0e+to+
$n+!lat$on 2k ' 1.2 ,4) 56. C/ the $n+$.e ,all te)*erat!re o/ the *$*e $+ )a$nta$ne. at 811
1
C?
#al#!late the heat lo++ *er )eter o/ len%th.
R
#
R
A
R
0
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
( )
L k A 2
4r r ln
A
1 2
( )
L k A 2
4r r ln
B
1 2
( )
L k A 2
4r r ln
C
1 2
*
1
*
2
*
3
T
2
' 111
o
C
T
1
' 811
o
C
;ta$nle++ +teel
A+0e+to+
R
;
R
A T
1
T
2
( )
L k A 2
4r r ln
;
1 2
( )
L k A 2
4r r ln
A
2 3
note:
#) 1
2
#) 2

2
.
r
1
1

#) 2
2
#) 4

2
.
r
2
2

#) 9 #) 3 #) 2 #) 3 r r
2 3
+ +
( )
( ) ( )
A
2 3
;
1 2
2 1
k
4r r ln
k
4r r ln
T T 2
q
+

L
( )
( ) ( )
)
W
871
1.2
942 ln
1@
241 ln
111 811 2A

L
q

2.3. O/ERALL 0EAT TRANS1ER COE11ICIENT

Con+$.er the *lane ex*o+e. to a hot /l!$. on one +$.e an. #ooler /l!$. B on the other +$.e.
,here: E ' Dverall #oe//$#$ent
2.4. CRITICAL T0IC2NESS O1 INSULATION
q
T
A
Hot
T
1
T
2
h
1
h
2
q

T
B
Cool
1l+#" A
1l+#" B
note:
6 T 2T A h 6 2
x
A k
6 T 2T A h q
B 2 2 2 1 1 A 1
T T

A h
1

A k
x

A h
1
T T
q
2 1
B A
+ +

h
1

k
x

h
1
T A
q
2 1
overall
+ +

Dverall
T A E q
A k
x
T
A
T
1
T
2
T
B
q
A h
1
1
A h
1
2

h
1

k
x

h
1
1
E
2 1
+ +

T
F
*
#
*
%
&
3
Cn+!lat$on
T
1
T
F
( )
L k A 2
4r r ln
$ o
Lh r A 2
1
note:
L ' len%th o/ *$*e4$n+!lat$on

h L r 2A
1

k L A 2
6 4r 2r ln
T T
q
2 o
$ o
$
+

( )

h r
1

k
6 4r 2r ln
T T L A 2
q
2 o
$ o
$
+

( )
( )
1
o
$ o
o $
h r
1

k
4r r ln
T T L A 2 q

1
]
1

+
"or #on+tant val!e o/ r
$
an. heat /lo, rate a+ /!n#t$on r
o
that $+ q ' q2r
o
6. No, let !+
)an$*!late th$+ ex*re++$on to .eter)$ne the o!ter ra.$!+ o/ $n+!lat$on r
o
,h$#h ,$ll )ax$)$Ge
the heat tran+/er. -athe)at$#all& req!$re)ent $+ :
1
.r
.q
q
o
H

( )
( )

,
_

1
]
1

h r
1

k r
1
h r
1

k
4r r ln
T T L A 2
.r
.q
2
o o
2
o
$ o
o $
o
( )
2
o
1 o
2
o o
o $
h r
1

k
6 4r 2r ln
h r
1

k r
1
T T L A 2
1
1
]
1

,
_

( )

,
_

h r
1

k r
1
T T L A 2 1
2
o o
o $
h r
1

k r
1
1
2
o o

h r
1

k r
1

2
o o

k r h r
o
2
o

k h r
o

h
k
r
o

C/ the o!ter ra.$!+ $+ le++ than the val!e %$ven 0& th$+ eq!at$on? then the heat tran+/er
,$ll 0e increased 0& a..$n% )ore $n+!lat$on
"or o!ter ra.$$ %reater that the #r$t$#al val!e an $n#rea+e $n $n+!lat$on th$#kne++ ,$ll
#a!+e a .e#rea+e $n heat tran+/er.
Example 2-23 Cr$t$#al $n+!lat$on th$#kne++
Cal#!late the #r$t$#al ra.$!+ o/ $n+!lat$on /or a+0e+to+ 2k ' 1.13 W4)56 +!rro!n.$n% a *$*e
an. ex*o+e. to roo) a$r at 21
o
C ,$th h ' 3.1 W4)
2
5. Cal#!late the heat lo++ /or) a 211
o
C?
9.1 #) .$a)eter *$*e ,hen #overe. ,$th the #r$t$#al ra.$!+ o/ $n+!lat$on an. ,$tho!t
$n+!lat$on.
Cr$t$#al ra.$!+ $n+!lat$on
:
( )
o $
T T L A 2
;ol!t$on:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
)
W
3 . 19 1
1 . 3 1983 . 1
1
1.13
9.8342.9 ln
21 211 2A

h r
1

k
4r r ln
T T A 2

L
q
o
$ o
$

W$tho!t $n+!lat$on the #onve#t$on /ro) the o!ter +!r/a#e o/ the *$*e $+
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
)
W
7 . 74 21 211 129 . 1 2 1 . 3 T T 2A h
L
q
o $

;o? the a..$t$on o/ 3.13 #) 2' 9.83 #) I 2.9 #)6 o/ $n+!lat$on a#t!all& increase the heat
tran+/er 0& 29 *er#ent.
)
W
21.@
)
W
74.7
)
W
119.3 q 29> 111> x
74.7
21.@

. ' 9 #)
*
#
*
%
T
F
' 21
o
C
T
$
' 211
o
C
q
A+0e+to+
P$*e
Cr$t$#al ra.$!+ o/ $n+!lat$on:
) 1983 1.
C )
W
3
C )
W
1.13

h
k
r
o 2
o
o

#) 9.83 r
o

The $n+$.e ra.$!+ o/ the $n+!lat$on:
) 1.129 #) 2.9
2
#) 9

2
.
r
$

Thank &o!