Shell Construction MA1079

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TOPIC: SHELL CONSTRUCTION
Learning Objectives :
At the end of the lesson the student should be able to do the following:
10. Understand the stresses on shell-lating and its construction.
10.1 !riefl" e#lain the functions of the shell lating.
10.$ %ith the aid of a s&etch' e#lain the reasons for the (ariation of the
thic&ness of the shell lating.
10.) !riefl" e#lain the urose for ha(ing a shell e#ansion lan.
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**C+,-C $00) 1 SMA
Shell Construction MA1079
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SHELL PLATING
,he shell lating is the e#ternal s&in of a shi. .t consists of the botto/ shell lating
and the side shell lating.
,he shell lating has the following functions:
a0 .t acts as a watertight s&in.
b0 .t contributes significantl" to the longitudinal strength of the shi to resist
bending and shear stresses.
,he bottom pating refers to the lating fro/ the &eel to the turn of bilge. ,he
botto/ lating to the turn of bilges ha(e the greatest thic&ness because bending
stresses is greatest as the lates are located furthest fro/ the neutral a#is of the shi.
Shell lating consists of stra&es of lates arranged longitudinall".
A stra!e is a wide stri of longitudinal lating arallel to the &eel lating 1which itself
is called the !ee stra!e0 of unifor/ thic&ness at the arallel /iddle bod" region but
taering towards the ends of the (essel. ,he stra&e /a" be /ade u of se(eral lates
welded together' the di/ensions 1i.e. length and breadth0 of the lating deendent on
the si2es of lates that can be obtained fro/ the steel /ills. ,he shell lating is /ade
u of these stra&es.
,he stra&e of botto/ late ne#t to the &eel stra&e is &nown as the garboar" stra!e#
,he si"e s$e pating refers to the (ertical lating fro/ the uer turn of bilge to the
weather dec&. ,he uer stra&e of the lating ad3acent to the strength dec& is &nown
as the s$eer stra!e# As the sheer stra&e is located at a great distance fro/ the neutral
a#is it has a greater thic&ness than the other stra&es of side shell lating.
,he breadth 1b0 of the sheer stra&e as er classification societ" rules is gi(en b":
b 4 500 6 78 //' /a#i/u/ 1500 //.
Since the sheer late dec& connection is located at the highl" stressed region it is
necessar" to a(oid welding attach/ents to the sheer stra&e or introduce cutouts' which
would introduce stress raisers.
,here are two different wa"s to connect the sheer stra&e to the strength dec& lating
ad3acent to it 1the dec& lating there is &nown as the stringer late0.
1a0 !" fillet weld' with dec& late al/ost erendicular or slightl" inclined to the
sheer stra&e.
1b0 !" butt weld' using a rounded sheer stra&e' with a /ini/u/ radius of bending
of at least 17 ti/es the sheer late thic&ness.
,he region where the sheer stra&e /eets the dec& late is &nown as the g%n&ae#
,he shell lating has to be stiffened b" internal /e/bers to re(ent it fro/ being
defor/ed. ,he longitudinal welding 3oints between stra&es are &nown as seams and
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**C+,-C $00) $ SMA
Shell Construction MA1079
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the trans(erse 3oints within the stra&es are &nown as b%tts# ,he shell late constitutes
about $79 of the total hull weight.
,he thic&ness of botto/ shell lating deends /ainl" on the length' the deth' the
draft and the fra/e sacing of the shi.
Classification societ" re:uires thic&ness calculation of botto/ lates be based on
lateral ressure and longitudinal buc&ling strength of late. .t is generall"-unifor/ in
thic&ness along ;09 of its length forward and aft of /idshis and the thic&ness taers
towards the forward and aft ends of the shi e#cet in wa" of the areas forward
sub3ected to ounding and sla//ing where it could be thic&er.
*ea(" shell lating are fitted in wa" of attach/ents to stern fra/e for heel and boss
lates and in wa" of sectacle bossing as these areas are sub3ected to hea(" stresses.
*ea(" insert lates or doubler lates are fitted in wa" of the hawse ies.
<or large shis with high longitudinal bending /o/ents it is econo/ical' b"
/ini/i2ing of shi=s hull weight and thereb" /a#i/i2ing the (essel>s cargo
deadweight' to use higher tensile strength steel /ainl" on the botto/s' the sheer
stra&es and the strength dec& as these are sub3ected to the /a#i/u/ bending stresses.
Also found on the shell lates are /an" attach/ents such as the sea-chests' other
discharge oenings' bilge &eels' s&eg' echo sounder and other na(igational
e:ui/ents' etc.
S$e e'pansion an" n%mbering o( pates
A shell e#ansion drawing is /ade for e(er" shi so that each indi(idual stra&e of
shell lating can be identified and its indi(idual si2e and thic&ness i//ediatel"
identified. .t is constructed b" girthing the bod" lan and e#and it (erticall" in the
rofile (iew.
Starting fro/ the ?eel stra&e ?' the ne#t stra&e A is the @arboard stra&e' then !' C'
A' etc outwards towards the turn of the bilge and uwards to the highest stra&e on the
shiside. ,he nu/bering of each stra&e starts fro/ aft increasing towards the forward
end' e.g. : ?-1' ?-$' ?-)' etc fro/ the &eel stra&e.
Since the /idshi section is the broadest and the fullest' its girth length is also the
longest. ,he girth length taers towards the end of the shi. As the indi(idual stra&e
of late beco/es narrower and narrower' two stra&es /a" be co/bined into one to
for/ a steaer pate.
,he s$eer stra!e is the first stra&e fro/ the to of side shell.
An o'ter pate is a late ha(ing double cur(ature' i//ediatel" below the transo/
floor and running into the fore side of the stern ost. ,his late /a" often re:uire
shaing after furnace heating.
A co((in pate is the after late of the &eel which /a" dished to fit the stern fra/e
section.
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**C+,-C $00) ) SMA
Shell Construction MA1079
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**C+,-C $00) ; SMA
Shell Construction MA1079
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**C+,-C $00) 7 SMA
Shell Construction MA1079
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**C+,-C $00) B SMA
Shell Construction MA1079
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**C+,-C $00) 7 SMA
Shell Construction MA1079
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---,he Cnd of Chater---
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**C+,-C $00) 5 SMA