UNIVERSIDADE GEDERAL DO PAR-CENTRO TECNOLGICO

DEPARTAMENTO DE ENGENHARIA ELTRICA E DE COMPUTAO

GRUPO DE TELECOMUNICAES
LABORATRIO DE COMUNICAES
Aulas No. 6 e No. 7 Modulao Analgica AM
1 Objetivos:
Neste ca!t"#$ est"%a&e'$s a e&($&'a)ce %e *+&,$s es-"e'as
%e '$%"#a./$-%e'$%"#a./$ a)a#01,ca ta)t$ )a &ese).a c$'$ )a
a"s2)c,a %e &"!%$ a%,t,*$3 Os es-"e'as s/$4 AM c$)*e)c,$)a#5
AM-DSB5 AM-SSB5 6M e PM3
2 Recusos necess!ios:
M,c&$c$'"ta%$&
Software MATLAB
Software P&$a7,s8Sa#e9,4
:::3;&$$7sc$#e3c$'<e)1,)ee&,)1<ee<;$$7:a&e39t'#
" #e$to:
=>?@3 G3 %oa&is e M3 Sa#e9,5 Ca3 A5 Analog Modulation.
=B?A'ostila4 C"&s$ %e MATLAB C3>4 I)t&$%"./$ D S$#"./$ %e
P&$;#e'as %e E)1e)9a&,a5 B
E
E%35 UER@<La; %e E)13 E#Ft&,ca5
P&$1&a'a REENGE<P&$%e)1e3
=A? A''endi$ (4 Quick Reference of the MATLAB5 E*a PG&t-
E)a)%e& e A)%e&s SHI;e&15 The MATLAB 5 Handbook5 A%%,s$)-
Jes#eK5 >LLL3
) *ntoduo #eica
Modulao e+ A+'litude

Ca%a "' %$s es-"e'as %e '$%"#a./$ F ca&acte&,Ma%$ $& c,)c$
&$&,e%a%es ;+s,cas4
Re&ese)ta./$ )$ %$'!),$ %$ te'$ %$ s,)a# '$%"#a%$
Re&ese)ta./$ )$ %$'!),$ %a (&e-N2)c,a %$ s,)a# '$%"#a%$
La&1"&a %e ;a)%a %$ s,)a# '$%"#a%$
C$)teO%$ %e $t2)c,a %$ s,)a# '$%"#a%$
Re#a./$ s,)a#-&"!%$ PSNRQ a0s %e'$%"#a./$
Modulao e+ A+'litude se+ 'otado ,AM-(./0
N$ es-"e'a %e '$%"#a./$ AM-DSB a a'#,t"%e %$ s,)a# '$%"#a%$5
( ) u t 5 F &$$&c,$)a# a$ s,)a# 'e)sa1e'3
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( ) cos(2 )
c c
c c
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u t A m t f t
c t A f t

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2
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( ) ( ) ( )
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c c
c c
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+ +
+ +
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teRt$Q3
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Mate'at,ca'e)te $ es-"e'a AM c$)*e)c,$)a# F se'e#9a)te a$ AM-
DSB3 Basta s";st,t",& a 'e)sa1e'
[ ]
( ) 1 ( )
n
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Modulao AM 3onvencional
[ ]
[ ]
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n
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u t am t c t ou
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+
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m t F $ s,)a# 'e)sa1e'
)$&'a#,Ma%$ ta# -"e
[ ]
1 ( ) 0
n
a m t + > 3
1s'ecto do sinal AM convencional
[ ] [ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
c c
c c c c
A A
U f f f aM f f f f aM f f + + + + +
La&1"&a %e ;a)%a %$ s,)a# AM F ,1"a# a %$ es-"e'a AM-DSB5
,st$ F5 2
T
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%ot4ncia do sinal AM convencional
( )
2
2
1
2
c
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A e5ici4ncia de +odulao 6 de5inida 'o
2
2
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1 1
2 2
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c c
c t A f t 3
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2 2
c c
c c
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u t m t f t m t f t
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( ) ( )cos(2 ) ( )sin(2 )
2 2
c c
c c
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u t m t f t m t f t +
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1

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t

F
1s'ectos de sinais AM-../
[ ]
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( )
0 ,
c c c
USSB
c
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U f
f f
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( )
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c c c
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c
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T
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2
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; 3!lculo anal:tico e .i+ula<es usando MA#8A/
P&$t0t,$ a&a s,)a# 'e)sa1e'4
1 , 0 3
( ) 2 , 3 2 3
0 ,
o
o o
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+

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Este s,)a# '$%"#a "'a $&ta%$&a
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c c o
c t f t f Hz e t s
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A3 Ass"'a -"e $ s,)a# F e&,0%,c$ c$' e&!$%$
o o
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-"e a &e#a./$ s,)a#-&"!%$ F ,1"a# a >V %B5 -"a# a $t2)c,a
%$ &"!%$W
1$ecuta o 'oga+a (sb1.
Neste ca':tulo os 'oga+as 5onte so designados 'elas siglas
dos es2ue+as de +odulao.
C0%,1$ %$ &$1&a'a ($)te Ds;>4
( ) m t
1
2
t
o
t
3
o
t
% dsb1.m
% Matlab demonstration script for DSB-AM modulation. The message signal
% is +1 for 0 < t < t0/3, -2 for t0/3 < t < 2t0/3 and zero otherwise.
echo on
t0=.15; % signal duration
ts=0.001; % sampling interval
fc=250; % carrier frequency
snr=20; % SNR in dB (logarithmic)
fs=1/ts; % sampling frequency
df=0.3; % desired freq. resolution
t=[0:ts:t0]; % time vector
snr_lin=10^(snr/10); % linear SNR
% message signal
m=[ones(1,t0/(3*ts)),-2*ones(1,t0/(3*ts)),zeros(1,t0/(3*ts)+1)];
c=cos(2*pi*fc.*t); % carrier signal
u=m.*c; % modulated signal
[M,m,df1]=fftseq(m,ts,df); % Fourier transform
M=M/fs; % scaling
[U,u,df1]=fftseq(u,ts,df); % Fourier transform
U=U/fs; % scaling
[C,c,df1]=fftseq(c,ts,df); % Fourier transform
f=[0:df1:df1*(length(m)-1)]-fs/2; % freq. vector
signal_power=spower(u(1:length(t))); % power in modulated signal
noise_power=signal_power/snr_lin; % compute noise power
noise_std=sqrt(noise_power); % compute noise standard deviation
noise=noise_std*randn(1,length(u)); % generate noise
r=u+noise; % add noise to the modulated
signal
[R,r,df1]=fftseq(r,ts,df); % spectrum of the signal+noise
R=R/fs; % scaling
pause % Press a key to show the modulated signal power
signal_power
pause % Press any key to see a plot of the message
clf
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(t,m(1:length(t)))
xlabel('Time')
title('The message signal')
pause % Press any key to see a plot of the carrier
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(t,c(1:length(t)))
xlabel('Time')
title('The carrier')
pause % Press any key to see a plot of the modulated signal
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(t,u(1:length(t)))
xlabel('Time')
title('The modulated signal')
pause % Press any key to see a plots of the magnitude of the message
and the
% modulated signal in the frequency domain.
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(f,abs(fftshift(M)))
xlabel('Frequency')
title('Spectrum of the message signal')
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(f,abs(fftshift(U)))
title('Spectrum of the modulated signal')
xlabel('Frequency')
pause % Press a key to see a noise sample
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t,noise(1:length(t)))
title('noise sample')
xlabel('Time')
pause % Press a key to see the modulated signal and noise
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(t,r(1:length(t)))
title('Signal and noise')
xlabel('Time')
pause % Press a key to see the modulated signal and noise in freq.
domain
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(f,abs(fftshift(U)))
title('Signal spectrum')
xlabel('Frequency')
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(f,abs(fftshift(R)))
title('Signal and noise spectrum')
xlabel('Frequency')
Desc&,./$ %$ &$1&a'a (sb14
Este &$1&a'a c$&&es$)%e a$ illustrative problem 3.1 P3
XU-XS %$ #,*&$ teRt$Q3 P&,'e,&a'e)te este &$1&a'a e',te $
*a#$& %a $t2)c,a %$ s,)a# '$%"#a%$3 S/$ e)t/$ '$st&a%$s
$s se1",)tes 1&+(,c$s4
Me)sa1e'3
P$&ta%$&a3
S,)a# '$%"#a%$3
Esect&$ %a 'e)sa1e'3
Esect&$ %$ s,)a# '$%"#a%$3
R"!%$3
S,)a# '$%"#a%$ 'a,s &"!%$3
Esect&$s c$';,)a%$s %$s s,)a,s '$%"#a%$s c$' e se' &"!%$3
1studa o 'oble+a ".2
O &$1&a'a c$&&es$)%e)te P(sb2Q eRec"ta as 'es'as ta&e(as %$
&$;#e'a A3>5 e)t&eta)t$5 a s,)a# 'e)sa1e' F "'a (")./$ s,)c
t&")ca%a5 'a,s esec,(,ca'e)te5
( ) sin (100 ) 0.1
2
o
o
t
m t c t com t s
t
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as 'es'as ta&e(as %$ P&$;#e'a A3> eRcet$ -"e $ es-"e'a a-", F
$ AM c$)*e)c,$)a#3 Os %eta#9es %este &$;#e'as est/$ )as +-
1,)as LA-LX %$ #,*&$ teRt$3

1$ecute o 'oga+a A+.
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C$)s"#te as +1,)as >VV->VU %$ #,*&$ teRt$3
1$ecute o 'oga+a 8ssb3 C$'a&e $s &es"#ta%$s c$' $s %e'a,s
es-"e'as5 ,st$ F5 c$' AM-DSB e AM c$)*e)c,$)a#3
(e+odulao de .inais AM-(./
A %e'$%"#a./$ %e s,)a# AM-DSB &e-"e& $ ;at,'e)t$ c$' "'a $&-
ta%$&a #$ca#5 $" seHa
( ) ( )cos(2 )cos(2 ) ( ) ( )cos(4 )
2 2
c c
c c c c
A A
y t A m t f t f t m t m t f t +
Este F $ s,)a# )a sa!%a %$ ',st"&a%$&3 Se" esect&$ F
[ ]
( ) ( ) ( 2 ) ( 2 )
2 4
c c
c c
A A
Y f M f M f f M f f + + +
A 'e)sa1e' F &ec"e&a%a $& "' (,#t&$ assa ;a,Ra3
1$ecute o 'oga+a (sb=de+ a&a *e&,(,ca& as %,*e&sas etaas
%e '$%"#a./$ e %e'$%"#a./$ %$ s,ste'a AM-DSB3 O;se&*e -"e $
s,)a# &ec"e&a%$ a&ese)ta $)%"#a.Tes e' *,&t"%e %a (,#t&a-
1e'5 *,st$ -"e a 'e)sa1e' $&,1,)a# F t,$ ;a)%a #a&1a5 ,st$
F5 a&ese)ta t&a)s,.Tes a;&"tas c"Has c$'$)e)tes %e
(&e-N2)c,as s/$ ;#$-"ea%as e#$ (,#t&$3
Este &$1&a'a c$&&es$)%e a$ illustative 'oble+ ".; >(./-AM
de+odulation? P3>VC->>V %$ #,*&$ teRt$Q3
(e+odulao de .inais AM-../
A %e'$%"#a./$ %e s,)a,s SSB ta';F' &e-"e& ;at,'e)t$ c$' $&-
ta%$&a #$ca# ta# -"e a0s ;at,'e)t$5 te'$s
[ ]
( ) ( ) ( )cos(2 ) ( )sin(2 )
2 4
c c
c c
A A
y t m t m t f t m t f t + m
1$ecute o 'oga+a 8ssb=de+ a&a *e&,(,ca& as %,*e&sas etaas
%e '$%"#a./$ e %e'$%"#a./$ %$ s,ste'a AM-LSSB3 O;se&*e $ ;#$-
-"e,$ %a ;a)%a #ate&a# s"e&,$& %$s esect&$s )as %,*e&sas
etaas %e &$cessa'e)t$ %$ s,ste'a3
Este &$1&a'a c$&&es$)%e a$ illustative 'oble+ ".7 >8../-
AM e$a+'le? P3>>B->>S %$ #,*&$ teRt$Q3
(e+odulao de AM 3onvencional
Pa&a c$'e)sa& a ;a,Ra e(,c,2)c,a %$ s,ste'a AM c$)*e)c,$)a#5
a %etec./$ "s"a# F (e,ta $& "' s,'#es %etect$& %e e)*$#t0-
&,a c$'$ '$st&a%$ )a (,1"&a a se1",&
6,13 A3Y Detect$& %e e)*$#t0&,a a&a %e'$%"#a./$ %e s,)a# AM3
Mate'at,ca'e)te $ %etect$& %e e)*e#$e 1e&a $ e)*e#$e %$ AM
c$)*e)c,$)a#5 $" seHa5
( ) 1 ( )
1 ( ) 0
( ) 1 ( )
n
n
n
t am t
mas am t
t am t
+
+
+
P$&ta)t$5 a&a &ec"e&a& a 'e)sa1e' ;asta ;#$-"ea& a c$'$-
)e)te %c3
*llustative 'oble+ ".@ >1nvelo'e detection? Este &$;#e'a
a&ese)ta $s 1&+(,c$s %as se1",)tes (").Tes4
Me)sa1e' P&$t0t,$Q
AM c$)*e)c,$)a#
E)*e#$e
R
S,)a# %e'$%"#a%$
S,)a# %e'$%"#a%$ )a &ese).a %e &"!%$
ERec"te $ &$1&a'a A+=de+ a&a *e&,(,ca& $s 1&+(,c$s a;a,R$3
6,13 A3S S,)a# 'e)sa1e' e s,)a# %e'$%"#a%$ )a &ese).a %e
&"!%$3
UNIVERSIDADE GEDERAL DO PAR-CENTRO TECNOLGICO
DEPARTAMENTO DE ENGENHARIA ELTRICA E DE COMPUTAO
GRUPO DE TELECOMUNICAES
LABORATRIO DE COMUNICAES
Aula No. A Modulao Analgica BM
M$%"#a./$ $& Z)1"#$ ,)c#", '$%"#a./$ 6M e PM as -"a,s s/$
%a%as $&
( )
( )
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( )
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( )
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c c p m
c c f m
A f t f t PM
u t
A f t f t #M

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0 0.05 0.1 0.15

-2
-1
0
1
2
Time
The message signal
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
Time
The demodulated signal in the presence of noise
a-", Ps,)a# se)$,%a#Q %e(,),'$s $s :ndices de +odulao c$'$
p p f f m
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A lagua de banda e5etiva

Pa -"a# c$)tF' %e LX[ a LL[ %a $t2)c,aQ %$ s,)a# '$%"#a%$ F
%a%a e#a &e1&a %e 3ason5 a sa;e&
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2
2
c
u
A
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Relao sinal-u:do se+ '6-4n5aseDde4n5ase
2
2
3
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n
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P PM
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3
1
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*llustative 'oble+a ".1E >Be2uence +odulation?
Neste &$;#e'a $ %es*,$ %e (&e-N2)c,a F &$$&c,$)a# a$ s,)a#
'e)sa1e' %$ &$t0t,$ c"Ha *a&,a./$ %e (ase c$&&es$)%e)te
te' "'a e*$#"./$ #,)ea& $& a&tes )$ te'$ P6,13 A3BA %$
#,*&$Q3 Os a&Z'et&$s "t,#,Ma%$s s/$ 200 , 50.
c f
f Hz !
O &$1&a'a c$&&es$)%e)te F %es,1)a%$ $& B+13
C$'$ &es"#ta%$ s/$ '$st&a%$s $s 1&+(,c$s c$&&es$)%e)tes a$4
S,)a# 'e)sa1e' P&$t0t,$Q3
S,)a# 6M3
Esect&$ %$ s,)a# 'e)sa1e'3
Esect&$ %$ s,)a# '$%"#a%$3
O;se&*e -"e5 %,(e&e)te'e)te %a '$%"#a./$ AM5 $ esect&$ %$
s,)a# 6M )/$ te' -"a#-"e& se'e#9a).a c$' $ esect&$ %$ s,)a#
'e)sa1e'3
*llustative 'oble+a ".11 >Be2uence +odulation?
Neste &$;#e'a $ %es*,$ %e (&e-N2)c,a F &$$&c,$)a# a$ s,)a#
S,)c t&")ca%a e' 0.1
o
t t s t t 5 'a,s esec,(,ca'e)te5
( ) ( ) sin 100
2 0.1
t
m t c t
_

,
Os $"t&$s a&Z'et&$s s/$ 250 , 100.
c f
f Hz !
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*llustative 'oble+a ".$$ >Be2uence +odulation?
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a%ata./$ %$ &$;#e'a A3>>5 $&F'5 a&a "'a 'e)sa1e' t,$
se)0,%e t&")ca%a5 'a,s esec,(,ca'e)te
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Neste &$1&a'a $%e'$s a#te&a& a (&e-N2)c,a %a $&ta%$&a5 %"-
&a)te eRec"./$ %$ &$1&a'a5 *,a tec#a%$3
Pa&a ta)t$ eRec"te $ &$1&a'a B+"$ e $;se&*e $ e(e,t$ %a
(&e-N2)c,a %a $&ta%$&a s$;&e $ esect&$ %$ s,)a# '$%"#a%$3