Speed mathematics 2

First rule of the mathematics:

The easier the method you use to solve a problem, the faster you will solve it with less
chance of making a mistakes.
Why mathematics is important?????
People euate mathematical ability with general intelligence.
!f you are good at maths, you are generally regarded as highly intelligent.
"igh achieving maths students are treated di#erently by their teachers and
colleagues.
$ental calculations improves concentration, develops memory, and enhances
the ability to retain several ideas at once
$athematical knowledge boosts your con%dence and self&esteem.
These methods will give you con%dence in your mental faculties, intelligence and
problem&solving abilities.
1. MULTIPLYING NUMBERS UP TO 10:
We will begin by learning how to multiply numbers up to '()'(
*.g. ' +,-.????
/olution& + ) - .
0 ) 1
2o to the %rst number +. "ow many more do you need to make '(? The answer
is 0.
2o to the ne)t number -. "ow many more do you need to make '(? The answer
is 1
Then subtract diagonally. Take either one of the number. 3 +&1 .4 -&0. 45
+ ) - .430 ) 153 put 4 on the left side and ne)t to tat 4 put the
multiplication of 0 and 15 and we get
+ ) - .46.
2. MULTIPLYING NUMBERS GREATER TAN 10. !MULTIPLYING "IT A
RE#EREN$E NUMBER%
7sing '(( as a reference number.
'(( 86 ) 8+ . 80(( 386&'((. &9, 8+&'((.&0,5, 38+&9. 80
3diagonally sub55
&9 &0 : '1 80)'((.80(( 3multiply with '((5, 3&9)&0.:'15
80'1 .; 80((:'1.80'1
/teps involved:
<ust take an e)ample of multiplying 86 , 8+
Take '(( as a reference number.
<ust subtract 86&'(( . &9 and 8+&'(( . &0
Then subtract diagonally and take either of the number, we will get 80 and it
was multiplied by '((.
=ou will get 80(( and &9 ,&0 gives you :'1. >dd this '1 with 80(( we will get
80'1.
&. MULTIPLYING NUMBERS ABO'E 100:
100 '(6 ) '(9 . ''((( 3'(6&'((. :6, '(9&'((.&9,5,
3'(6:9.''( 3diagonally add55
:6 :9 : 19 ''()'((.''((( 3multiply with '((5,
36)9.195
'',(19 .;''(((:19.''(19
!t?s similar to the previous techniue.
Take '(( as reference number, '(6&'(( . :6, '(9&'(( . 9.
This time @ust add diagonally. We will get ''( and it was multiplied by '((
we get ''(((.
Then multiply :6 and :9 we get 19 and it was added to ''(19.
(. $OMBINATIONAL METO):
100 81 ) 80 . -4((
10 &- &+ : 46
&1 &0 -446
/uppose on subtracting the given numbers with the reference number we
getting higher number, we need to do the same procedure for the number
3which we will get on subtracting the main number from the reference
number.
*. MULTIPLYING NUMBERS ABO'E AN) BELO" TE RE#EREN$E NUMBERS:
100 8- ) '04 . '00((
&1 :04 &+(
'010(
The same principle is to be followed.
"ere 8- is lower than '(( and '04 is more than '((.
<ust subtract the multiplying number with the reference number. We will
get &1 and :04.
Then @ust follow the previous techniue we will get '00((,
Then multiply &1 and :04 we get &+(.
Then @ust add '00((&+( we will get '010(.
+. MULTIPLI$ATION BY #A$TORS:
!t?s easy to multiply by 1(, as 1( are 1 times '(. >nd it is simple to
multiply by '( and by 1. This is called multiplication by factors, as '( and
1 are factors of 1(.
20 10 ) 0' . 6-( 310:''.0':0.09, 5
:0 :'' 00 309 ) 1(.; 09) '(.09(, 09() 1. 6-(5&;
multiplication by factors
+'0
<ust do the same procedure.
310:''.0':0.09, 5
309 ) 1(.; 09) '(.09(, 99() 1. 6-(5&; multiplication by factors
0A'' gives 00 and 6-(:00 gives you +'0 tats the answer.
,. MULTIPLYING BELO" 20
20 '8 ) '6 . 0(( 3'8&9.'6&'.'4,5
&' &9 (9 3'4,1,'(.0()'(.0(( 5&; multiplication by
factors
069
"ere the only di#erence we need to take 1( as reference number.
>nd follow the same procedure.
-. MULTIPLYING USING )OUBLE RE#EREN$E NUMBER:
- , 0+.????
3'( ) 95 - ) 0+ . 18(
&1 &0 6
&- 186
!n this problem we have two reference nos. , for -, the reference no is '(
and for 0+, the reference no is 9(.
!ts shows the reference no of - is four times the reference number of the
0+.
<ust subtract the no from its reference no. 3- & '(. &1, 0+& 9(. &05
Then multiply the %rst di#erence 315 by 9 3 the multiplies of the reference no
'(5 , &; &1 ) 9 . &-,
Then &-:0+ . 18 , and multiply by the main reference no '(., 18)'( . 18(.
Then &1 ) &0 . 6, 18(:6 . 186.
The answer is 186.
EASY MULTIPLI$ATION BY .
8,9-6 . ?
3'( ) 985 8 ) 9-6 . 90+(
&' &9 :9
&98 90+9
The reference no for 8 is '(, and for 9-6 is 98(,
>nd the second reference no is 98 times the %rst reference no.
<ust the subtract the respective no from their reference no.
We will get 8&'( . &', 9-6&98(. &9
$ultiply the di#erence of %rst reference no 3'(5 by the multiple of the
second reference no. .; &' ) 98 . &98.
/ubtract &98 from 9-6, .; 9-6&4(:' . 90+ and multiply by the %rst
reference no. we will get &90+(.
Then &' ) &9 we will get 9 and it was added to 90+( we will get 90+9...
That?s the answer.
SORT$UT #OR SUBTRA$TION
What is the easiest way to take 8( from a number?
Take '(( and give back '(
What is the easiest way to take -( from a number?
Take '(( and give back 1(
What is the easiest way to take +( from a number?
Take '(( and give back 0(
'(( 8-)'04 . '00((&+( . '010(
&1 04 0(
"ow do we take +( from '0,00(?
Take away '(( and give back 0(
$E$/ING TE ANS"ERS BY USING SUBSTITUTE NUMBER:
'0 ) '9 . '-1
The %rst number is '0. >dd its digits together to get the substitute 3':0.9: four
becomes our substitute for '05
The ne)t number we are working with is '9. The substitute is 3 ':9.45
Then multiply the substitute numbers 3 9 ) 4.1(: twenty is a two digit number so
we add its digits together to get our check answer : 1:(.15.
Bo the same principle in the C"/ /ide too 3 ':-:1.'', ':'. 15
/o both D"/ and C"/ are eual. "ence our answer is correct.
)OUBLING AN) AL'ING NUMBERS
To use 1( and 4( as reference numbers, we need to be able to double and halve
numbers easily.
To halve +-, +- . 3-(&15. and half of 3-(&15 is 9(&' . 08
To double +-, do it the reverse manner. 3-(&15. Bouble of 3-(&1 5 is '6(&9 .
'46
MULTIPLYING TE )E$IMALS:
'.0 , '.9 .?
!gnore the decimal point in the calculation.
'. '( '0 '9 . '+(
:0 :9 '1
'-1
!n order to put the decimal points, count the number of digits after the decimal
point in the given uestion.
"ere two digits after the decimal points. "ence place the decimal point after two
digits 3 '.-1 is the answer5
1. - ) 6- .?
Det take -.( ) 6- .?.
'(( -( ) 6- . 9-((
&1( &01 69(
499(
Det same principle for multiplying we got the answer 499(
Det count the no of digits, its '
Then answer is 499.(.
Dets try 8 ) -0 . , 8 ) 6+ .
$7DT!PD!E>T!FG H= ''
To multiply a two digit number by '', simply add the two digits together and
insert the result in between.
For e)ample, to multiply 310 ) ''5, add 31:0. 45, and insert the 4 in between 1
and 0, the answer is 104.
$7DT!PD=!G2 $7DT!PD*/ FF ''.
*2: 00( ) '1 . ?
00( . 0 ) '( ) '' 3 ignore the Iero now5
0 ) '' ) '1 . '' ) 06 . 086
Gow keep the Iero now. We will get 086(.
EFGJ*CT!FG FF K!DF2C>$/ !GTF PF7GB/:
BF7HD* T"* G7$H*C, $7DT!PD= H= '', >GB B!J!B* H= T*G TF >EEF7GT FFC
T"* B*E!$>D PD>E*. 3 TF EFGJ*CT K2 TF PF7GB/ =F7 $7DT!PD= H= 1.15
'. -( K2 TF PF7GB/ . ?
-( kg . 3-( ) 1.15 . '6() ''L'( . '+6 pounds.
$7DT!PD=!G2 D>C2*C G7$H*C/ H= '':
1. '1094 , '' . ?
Write Iero in front of the number we are multiplying. 3 ('1094 ) '' 5
Heginning with the units digit, add each digit to the digit on its immediate right. !n
this case add 4 to the digit on its right. There is no digit on its right, so add
nothing
4:(.4, 3write 4 as the last digit of your answer5
('1094 ) ''
4
Gow go to the 9. Five is the digit on the right of the 9: 39:4 .8 5
('1094 ) '', 3 continue the same procedure5
84
0:9 .+
1:0.4
':1.0
(:'.'
The answer is '04+84
E"*EK!G2 =F7C >G/W*C/:
'. ('1094 ) ''
' 0 4 + 8 4
Write a cross under every second digit of the answer, beginning from the
right hand end of the number. The calculation will now look like
('1094 ) ''
' 0 4 + 8 4
, , ,
Gow add the digits with the cross under them 3 ':4:8 . '45
>dd the digits without the cross 3 0:+:4 . '45
We are getting both the answers are eual hence our answer is
correct.
1. (1'+9+4 ) ''
1 0 8 1 1 1 4
, , ,
>dd the digits in the cross3 0:1:1 . +5
>dd the digits in the without cross 3 1:8:1:4 . '-5
The di#erence between two answers is ''.
!f the di#erence is (,'',11,00,99,44,66 etc., then the answer is
correct.
$7DT!PD!E>T!FG H= 8 :
There is an easy shortcut for multiplication by '' because '' is one more than '(,
so there is an easy shortcut for multiplication by 8 because 8 is one less than '(.
!nstead of adding each digit to the digit on the right, we subtract each digit from
the digit on the right.
Hecause subtraction involves borrowing and carrying, we can make the following
short cut..
We subtract the units digit from '(, then subtract each successive digit from 8
and add the neighbor. We subtract ' from the %rst digit of the number for the %rst
digit of the answer.
A))ITION
The 0asic 123e 451 me6ta3 additi56:
T5 add .7 add 10 a6d s20t1act 1: t5 add -7 add 10 a6d s20t1act 28 t5 add , add
10 a6d s20t1act &7 a6d s5 56.
!f you wanted to add 9+, you would add 4( and subtract 0,
To add '86, add 1(( and subtract 9.
To add 0- to a number, add 9( and subtract 1,
T"O )IGIT MENTAL A))ITIONS:
!f the units digit is high, round o# to the ne)t ten and then subtract the di#erence. !f the
units? digit is low, add the tens then the units.
With two digit mental addition you add the tens digit of each number %rst, then
the units. !f the unit?s digit is high, round o# the number upwards and then
subtract the di#erence. !f you are adding9+, add 4(, and then subtract 0.
To add 04, 6+, and 90 together you would begin with 09, add +( to get '(4,
subtract 0 to get '(1, add '( to get '91 then the 0 to get your answer of '94.
A))ING TREE )IGIT NUMBERS:
044:+41:689 .?
044:+(( . '(44
'(44:4(:1 . ''(+
''(+:+((&6 . '-(+&6 . '-('
FC
=ou may prefer to add from left to rightM adding the hundreds %rst, then the
tens and then the units.
A))ITING LARGER NUMBERS:
-96'
:46+-
We begin with the thousands column.-:4 . '0, since we are dealing with
thousands, our answer is '0 thousand.
Fbserve that the numbers in the hundreds column conveniently add to '(,
so that gives us another thousand. Then answer is '9(((.
Then add 6' to '9(((, we getting '9(6'.
>dd -( to and subtract 1. To add -( add '(( and subtract 1(, 3'9(6':'((&
1(&15 . '9'6'&1(&1.'9'9'&1.'9'08 is the answer.
>n easy rule is: when adding a column of numbers add pairs of digits to
make tens %rst, then add the other digits.
SUBTRA$TION:
To subtract mentally, try and round o# the number you are subtracting and then correct
the answer.
To subtract 8, take '( and add ': to subtract -, take '( and add 1M to subtract +, take '(
and add 0,
'. *g: 46&8 .
&'
3To take 8 from 46 in your head, the easiest and fastest method is to subtract '(, 3965
and add' we get 9+.5
1. 49&0- . '6
:1
99&9(, plus 1 makes '6

0. 906&-+ .
:'0
Take '(( to get 006. >dd '0 and we will get 098 easy.
SUBTRA$TING ONE NUMBER BELO" A UN)RE)S 'ALUE #ROM
ANOTER "I$ IS 9UST ABO'E TE SAME UN)RE)S NUMBERS.
TREE )IGIT SUBTRA$TIONS:
'. 96' &1+4 .
14
'6':14 . '6(:1(:4:' . '-6
1. -09 N 1-6 .
'9
409:'9 . 40(:'(:9:9 . 49(:- . 49-
SUBTRA$TION METO) ONE:
'. +149&0-8+ .
6 ' 9
+ 1 4 9
0 0 8 +
0 0 4 +
/ubtract + from 9. We can?t, so we borrow ' from the tens column.
Eross out the 4 and write 9.
Bon?t say + from '9, we have to say + from '( and add 9 we getting
0:9 . + 3 the %rst digit of the answer5
Gine from 9 won?t go, so borrow again. Gine from '( is ', plus 9, the
ne)t digit answer.
*ight from ' won?t go, so borrow again. *ight from '( is 1, plus ' is 0,
three from 6 is 0, the %nal digit of the answer.
SUBTRA$TION METO) T"O:
+ 1 4 9
0 - 8 +
0 0 4 +
/ubtract + from 9. We can?t, so we borrow ' from the tens column. Put a ' in
front of the 9 to make '9 and write a small ' alongside the 8 in the tens
column. Bon?t say + from '9, but + from '(, add 9 on top gives +, the %rst
digit of the number.
Ten 3 8:'5 from 4 won?t go so borrow again in a similar fashion. Ten from '4
is 4 or '( is Iero, plus 4 is 4.
Gine from 1 won?t go, so borrow again. Gine from '( is ' plus 1 is 0.
Four from + is 0. =ou have your answer.
SUBTRA$TION #ROM A PO"ER O# 10:
The rule is : /7HTC>ET T"* 7G!T/ B!2!T FCF$ '(, T"*G *>E" /7EE*//!J* B!2!T FCF$
8, T"*G /7HTC>ET ' FCF$ T"* B!2!T FG T"* D*FT.
'. '(((
&4+9
'(&9.6,
8 & + . 1,
8 & 4 . 9,
' & ' . (
The answer is (916
SUBTRA$TING SMALLER NUMBERS:
!f the number we are subtracting has fewer digits than the one you are subtracting
from, then add Ieros before the number 3at least, mentally5 to make the calculation:
For instance:
10 ((( N 96 .
10 (((
( (96
11 849
7se the same principle as subtraction method 1.
S:UARING TE NUMBERS:
'. /uaring the numbers ending with 4.
04
1
.
/eparate the 4 from the digits in front. in this case there is only a 0
in front of the 4. >dd ' to 0 get 9 30:'. 95
$ultiply these numbers together: 0 ) 9 . '1
Write the suare of 4 3145 after '1. We will get '114.
'04
1
. ??
Take '0, add ' to it we will get '9.
Then '0 ) '9 . '-1
>dd the suare of 4 ne)t to it. We will get '-114.
S:UARING TE NUMBERS NEAR TO *0:
'. 96
1
.
Forty si) suared means 96 ) 96. Counding upwards, 4( ) 4( . 14((.
Take 4( and 14(( as our reference points.
4( 96
1

& 9
96 . 4(&9, so 9 is a minus number.
/o we take 9 from the 14 hundreds.
314&95 ) '((. 1'((
To get the rest of the answer, we suare the number in the minus. 3 9
1
. '65
>dd 1'(( and '6 we will get 1''6 is the answer.
46
1
.
Fifty si) suared means 46 ) 46. Counding upwards, 4( ) 4( . 14((.
Take 4( and 14(( as our reference points.
4( 46
1

:6
46 . 4(:9, so 6 is a positive number.
/o we add 6 to 14 hundreds.
314:65 ) '((. 0'((
To get the rest of the answer, we suare the number in the minus. 3 6
1
.
065
>dd 0'(( and 06 we will get 0'06 is the answer.
S:UARING NUMBERS NEAR TO *00:
This is similar to our strategy for suaring numbers near 4(.
Five hundred times 4(( is 14((((, we take 4(( and 14(((( as our reference
number.
'. 4(6
1
.
4(( 4(6
1

:6
4((
1
. 14((((
Five hundred and si) is greater than 4((,
/uare of 4(( is 14((((
The number 6 is added to the thousands
314(:65 )'((( . 146(((
/uare 6 is 06.
146(((:06 .146(06 is the answer.
S;2a1e the 62m0e1 e6ds <ith 1:
'. 0'
1
.
First, subtract ' from the number. The number now ends in Iero and
should be easy to suare. 30(
1
. 0 ) 0 ) '( ) '(5 . 8((
>dd 0( and its ne)t number 0' 30(:0'5. We will get 6'5
>dd 38(( : 6'5 . 86'.
1. 04'
1
.?
04(
1
. '114((
04( :04' . +('
'114(( :+(' . '101('
"E $AN ALSO USE TE METO) #OR S:UARING NUMBERS EN)ING IN 1 #OR
TOSE EN)ING IN +.
0. -6
1
.
-4
1
.+114
-4:-6 . '+'
+114:'+' . +086
/uaring numbers ending with 8
'. 18
1
.
>dd ' to the number. The number now ends in Iero and is easy to suare.
0(
1
. 8((
Gow add 0( with given number18 30(:18 .485
Then s20 38(( & 48 . -9'5
1. 098
1
.
04(
1
. '114((
04(:098 . 688
/ub 3'114(( & 688 . '1'-('5
MULTIPLYING NUMBERS "EN TE UNITS )IGITS A)) TO 10 AN) TE TENS
)IGITS )I##ER BY 1.
TERE IS RULE IN MATEMATI$S TAT I# YOU MULTIPLY T"O NUMBERS TAT
)I##ER ABO'E AN) BELO" A S:UARE BY TE SAME AMOUNT7 TE ANS"ER
"ILL BE TAT NUMBER S:UARE) LESS TE )I##EREN$E S:UARE).
'. 6+ ) +0 .
6+ . +( & 0
+0 . +( : 0
6+ ) +0 . +(
1
N 0
1
. 98(( N 8 . 9-8'
MULTIPLYING NUMBERS NEAR *0
'. 49 ) 4- .
4( 49 ) 4-
9 -
>dd 9 : - . '1
"alve the answer '1L1 . 6
>dd that answer to 14 , we will get 14:6 . 0' 30' hundreds5
$ultiply 3 9 ) - . 015
>dd 30'(( : 01 . 0'015
1. 96 ) 9- .
4( 96 ) 9-
&9 &1
>dd 3&9 &1 . &65
"alve the answer 3&6L1 . &05
/ubtract 3 14 N 0 . 115 3 11 hundreds 5
9 ) 1 . -
>dd 3 11(( : - . 11(-5
TEMPERATURE $ON'ERSION:
To change Fahrenheit to Eelsius, subtract 0( degree and then halve.
To change Eelsius to Fahrenheit, double and then add 0(.
Then answer you will get using this formula will not be e)act, but its
close enough for practical purposes.
!f you are told the temperature will be -
o
E, double it and add 0(. We
will get 96
o
F. but the actual temperature would be 96.9
o
F
*asy temperature conversion formulas : 3
o
E ) 15 :0( .
o
F, 3
o
F

&0(5 L 1
.
o
E,
*)act temperature conversion formulas : 3
o
E ) 8L45 :01 .
o
F, 3
o
F

&015 )
4L8 .
o
E,
TIME AN) )ISTAN$ES:
'. > common ruler is 0( cm. thirty divided by '1 gives appro)imately 1 O. 3 1.4 cm
is eual to ' inch5
1. '(( km . 6( miles.
PF7GB/ TF K!DF2C>$/
'. ' K2 . 1.1 PF7GB/
64 kg . 64 ) '' ) 1L'(
.'90 pounds
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