MT TI LIU NGN GN

GII THIU v LATEX 2

hay LATEX 2 trong 140 pht

Bin son: Tobias Oetiker

Hubert Partl, Irene Hyna v Elisabeth Schlegl
Dch bi: Nguyn Tn Khoa
Phin bn 4.00, Ngy 09 thng 02 nm 2003

ii
Bn quyn 2000-2002 thuc v Oetiker v nhng ngi ng gp cho ti liu
LShort. All rights reserved.
y l mt ti liu min ph. Bn han ton c th phn phi n li cho nhng
ngi s dng khc hoc c th chnh sa cho ph hp nhng phi tun theo
nhng yu cu trong giy php bn quyn GNU (General Public License ca Free
Software Foundation; phin bn 2 hay cc phin bn khc).
Ti liu ny c pht hnh vi hy vng rng n s tr nn hu ch, nhng
n KHNG KM THEO BT K S BO M NO, ngay c nhng
m bo ngm hiu v vic thng mi ho hay phi ph hp vi mt ch c th
no (vn ny bn c th tham kho giy php GNU General Public License
bit thm chi tit).
Thng thng, bn s nhn c mt bn sao ca giy php GNU General
Public License km theo ti liu ny; nu cha c, bn c th vit th n a ch
sau Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
c mt bn giy php.

Cm n!
Phn ln ni dung ca ti liu ny c ly t bn gii thiu v LATEX 2.09
bng ting c ca:
Hubert Partl <partl@mail.boku.ac.at>
Zentraler Informatikdienst der Universit
at f
ur Bodenkultur Wien

Irene Hyna <Irene.Hyna@bmwf.ac.at>

Bundesministerium f
ur Wissenschaft und Forschung Wien

Elisabeth Schlegl <no email>

in Graz

Nu bn quan tm n ti liu bng ting c, bn c th ti v bn cp

nht ca Jorg Knappen ti CTAN:/tex-archive/info/lshort/german.

iv

Cm n!
Trong thi gian thc hin ti liu ny, ti tham vn kin ca mt s
ngi c chuyn mn v LATEX nhm tin comp.text.tex v nhn c
nhiu s hng ng v ng gp kin ca mi ngi. Chnh nh vo s
nhit tnh gip thng qua vic chnh sa cc li v ngh thm vo mt
s ni dung cho ti liu m ti mi c th hon tt ti liu ny. Ti thnh
tht cm n mi ngi. Tt c cc li trong ti liu ny l ca ti !!! (ti l
ngi son tho m). Nu bn tm thy mt t no vit sai li chnh t
th c l rng mt trong nhng ngi bn sau b xt n!
Rosemary Bailey, Marc Bevand, Friedemann Brauer, Jan Busa,
Markus Br
uhwiler, Pietro Braione, David Carlisle, Jos Carlos Santos,
Mike Chapman, Pierre Chardaire, Christopher Chin, Carl Cerecke,
Chris McCormack, Wim van Dam, Jan Dittberner, Michael John Downes,
Matthias Dreier, David Dureisseix, Elliot, Hans Ehrbar, Daniel Flipo,
David Frey, Hans Fugal, Robin Fairbairns, J
org Fischer, Erik Frisk,
Mic Milic Frederickx, Frank, Kasper B. Graversen, Arlo Griffiths,
Alexandre Guimond, Cyril Goutte, Greg Gamble, Neil Hammond,
Rasmus Borup Hansen, Joseph Hilferty, Bj
orn Hvittfeldt, Martien Hulsen,
Werner Icking, Jakob, Eric Jacoboni, Alan Jeffrey, Byron Jones, David Jones,
Johannes-Maria Kaltenbach, Michael Koundouros, Andrzej Kawalec, Alain Kessi,
Christian Kern, J
org Knappen, Kjetil Kjernsmo, Maik Lehradt, Rmi Letot,
Johan Lundberg, Alexander Mai, Martin Maechler, Aleksandar S Milosevic,
Henrik Mitsch, Claus Malten, Kevin Van Maren, Lenimar Nunes de Andrade,
Demerson Andre Polli, Maksym Polyakov Hubert Partl, John Refling,
Mike Ressler, Brian Ripley, Young U. Ryu, Bernd Rosenlecher, Chris Rowley,
Risto Saarelma, Hanspeter Schmid, Craig Schlenter, Baron Schwartz,
Christopher Sawtell, Geoffrey Swindale, Boris Tobotras, Josef Tkadlec,
Scott Veirs, Didier Verna, Fabian Wernli, Carl-Gustav Werner,
David Woodhouse, Chris York, Fritz Zaucker, Rick Zaccone, and Mikhail Zotov.

Li m u
LATEX [1] l mt h thng son tho rt ph hp vi vic to ra cc ti liu
khoa hc v ton hc vi cht lng bn in rt cao. ng thi, n cng rt
ph hp vi cc cng vic son tho cc ti liu khc t th t cho n nhng
cun sch hon chnh. LATEX s dng TEX [2] lm b my nh dng.
Ti liu ngn gn ny s gii thiu v LATEX 2 v n s gii thiu hu ht
cc ng dng ca LATEX. Bn c th tham kho thm [1, 3] bit thm chi
tit v h thng LATEX.
Ti liu ny c chia lm 6 chng (5 chng c dch t ti liu gc v
1 chng thm vo hng dn s dng LATEX son tho ti liu ting
Vit):
Chng 1 gii thiu v nhng cu trc c bn ca mt ti liu c son
tho bng LATEX 2 . Ngoi ra, chng ny cng gii thiu s lc v
lch s pht trin ca LATEX. Kt thc chng, bn s hiu c c ch
lm vic ca LATEX. y s l nn tng quan trng m t bn c
th kt hp vi cc kin thc cc chng sau c c mt ci nhn
su hn v LATEX.
Chng 2 i su vo vic son tho cc ti liu. Bn s c gii thiu v
nhng lnh c bn, thng dng ca LATEX cng vi nhng mi trng
nh dng ca n. Sau khi kt thc chng, bn s c th t son tho
mt s kiu ti liu c bn.
Chng 3 hng dn cch son tho cc cng thc vi LATEX. Chng ti s
cung cp cho cc bn rt nhiu v d minh ho cch s dng sc mnh
ny ca LATEX. Chng ny s c kt thc bng mt bng lit k tt
c cc k hiu ton hc c h tr trong LATEX.
Chng 4 ni v vic to ch mc, danh mc ti liu tham kho v vic
a vo cc hnh nh EPS. Chng ny cng ni v vic to mt ti

vi

Li m u
liu dng PDF vi pdfLATEX v gii thiu mt s gi m rng hu dng
nh XY-pic, pdfscreen, . . . .
Chng 5 ni v nhng nguy him tm n ca vic thay i nh dng
chun ca LATEX. Bn s bit c nhng thay i khng nn lm v
n s khin cho LATEX xut ra ti liu kt qu khng p.
Chng 6 hng dn ci t v s dng gi VnTeX son tho ti liu
bng ting Vit vi LATEX.
Bn nn c ti liu theo th t cc chng bi v ti liu ny khng qu
di. Hy tm hiu tht k cc v d bi l chng cha ng rt nhiu thng
tin v s c s dng xuyn sut trong ton b ti liu.
LATEX c th c s dng gn nh trn mi my tnh, mi h iu hnh,
t my PC, Mac n cc h thng my tnh ln nh UNIX v VMS. Ti
cc mng my tnh trong cc trng i hc, bn c th thy rng LATEX
c ci t sn. Thng tin truy cp v s dng bn ci t cc b ca
LATEX cng c cung cp trong phn Local Guide [4]. Nu bn gp vn
v vic s dng th hy lin h vi ngi a cho bn quyn sch ny!
Vic hng dn ci t v cu hnh LATEX khng thuc vo phm vi gii
thiu ngn gn ca ti liu. y, chng ti ch tp trung gii thiu nhng
kin thc c bn son tho ti liu bng LATEX.
Nu bn c nhu cu v cc vn lin quan n LATEX, hy tham kho thm
ti liu trang web ca Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (CTAN). Trang
ch c t ti http://www.ctan.org. Bn c th ti v tt c cc gi d
liu thng qua cc chng trnh FTP a ch ftp://www.ctan.org hay
rt nhiu a ch lin kt ph khc trn th gii nh ftp://ctan.tug.org
(US), ftp://ftp.dante.de (Germany), ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk (UK). Nu
bn khng cc nc trn th hy la chn a ch no gn bn nht.
Bn c th tm thy nhng phn cn tham kho thm CTAN trong sut
ti liu ny, c bit l cc tham chiu n phn mm v ti liu bn c th
ti v. Thay v phi vit ton b a ch URL, chng ti s ch vit CTAN:
sau l v tr bt k trong cy th mc CTAN.
Nu bn mun s dng LATEXtrn my tnh c nhn, hy xem qua nhng
thng tin a ch CTAN:/tex-archive/systems.
Nu bn thy rng ti liu ny cn c b sung, thay i th hy lin h
vi chng ti.

vii
Ti liu hin thi ang c a ch:
CTAN:/tex-archive/info/lshort

Mc lc
Cm n!

iii

Li m u

1 Nhng kin thc c bn v LATEX

1.1 Tn gi ca tr chi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1 TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.2 LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Nhng iu c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1 Tc gi, ngi trnh by sch v ngi sp ch
1.2.2 Trnh by bn in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.3 Nhng im mnh v im yu ca LATEX . .
1.3 Cc tp tin nhp liu ca LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.1 Khong trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.2 Mt s k t c bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.3 Mt s lnh ca LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.4 Cc li ch thch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 Cu trc ca tp tin nhp liu . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 Mt s lnh thng dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6 Cch trnh by mt ti liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.1 Cc lp ti liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.2 Cc gi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.3 Cc nh dng trang ca trang vn bn . . . .
1.7 Mt s dng tp tin thng gp . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.8 Cc ti liu ln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
5
5
5
6
7
7
8
10
10
11
14
14
16

2 Son tho vn bn
2.1 Cu trc vn bn v vn v ngn ng .
2.2 nh dng vic xung hng v sang trang
2.2.1 Canh l cc on vn . . . . . . . .
2.2.2 Ngt t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

18
18
20
20
21

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

MC LC
2.3
2.4

2.5

2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11

2.12
2.13

ix

Cc chui k t sn c trong LATEX . . . .

Cc k t c bit v cc k hiu . . . . . .
2.4.1 Du trch dn . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.2 Du gch v du ngt qung . . . .
2.4.3 Du ng () . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.4 K hiu v () . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.5 K hiu ng tin Euro (e) . . . .
2.4.6 Du ba chm (. . . ) . . . . . . . . .
2.4.7 Ch ghp, gch ni . . . . . . . . .
2.4.8 Du trng m v cc k t c bit
S h tr i vi cc ngn ng quc t . .
2.5.1 S h tr i vi ting B o Nha
2.5.2 S h tr i vi ting Php . . . .
2.5.3 S h tr i vi ting c . . . .
2.5.4 H tr i vi ting Hn Quc . . .
Khong cch gia cc t . . . . . . . . . .
Ta , cc chng v cc mc . . . . . .
Tham chiu cho . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ch thch cui trang . . . . . . . . . . .
Cc t c nhn mnh . . . . . . . . . .
Mi trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.11.1 Cc mi trng lit k . . . . . . .
2.11.2 Canh tri, canh phi, v canh gia
2.11.3 Cc trch dn v cc on th . . .
2.11.4 In n ng nguyn vn . . . . . . .
2.11.5 Mi trng bng . . . . . . . . . .
Tnh linh ng trong cch trnh by . . . .
Bo v cc lnh d v . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Son tho cc cng thc ton hc

3.1 Tng quan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Gp nhm cc cng thc . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Xy dng khi cc cng thc ton hc .
3.4 Cc khong trng trong cng thc ton .
3.5 Ging theo ct . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6 Cc khong trng thay cho phn vn bn
3.7 Kch thc ca cc font ch . . . . . . .
3.8 nh l, nh lut, . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9 Cc k hiu in m . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.10 Danh sch cc k hiu ton hc . . . . .

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

22
23
23
23
23
24
24
25
25
25
26
29
30
31
31
34
35
37
38
39
39
40
41
41
43
44
46
49

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

51
51
54
54
58
60
62
62
63
65
66

MC LC
4 Nhng tnh nng c trng ca LATEX
4.1 a nh EPS vo ti liu . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Ti liu tham kho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 To ch mc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 Trang tr u ca cc trang . . . . . . . . .
4.5 Mi trng h tr vic trch ng nguyn vn
4.6 Ti v v ci t cc gi ca LATEX . . . . . .
4.7 Lm vic vi pdfLATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7.1 Cc ti liu PDF dnh cho Web . . . .
4.7.2 Cc font ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7.3 S dng ho . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7.4 Cc siu lin kt . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7.5 Vn vi cc lin kt . . . . . . . . .
4.7.6 Cc vn vi Bookmark . . . . . . .
4.8 Trnh din vi gi pdfscreen . . . . . . . . . .
4.9 XY-pic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

75
75
78
80
81
83
83
85
86
86
88
89
91
92
93
96

5 Tu bin cc thnh phn ca LATEX

5.1 To lnh, gi lnh v mi trng mi . . . . . .
5.1.1 To lnh mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.2 To mi trng mi . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.3 To mt gi lnh mi . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Font ch v kch thc font ch . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1 Cc lnh thay i font ch . . . . . . . .
5.2.2 Lu khi s dng cc lnh thay i nh
5.2.3 Vi li khuyn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Cc khong trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.1 Khong cch gia cch hng . . . . . . .
5.3.2 nh dng on vn . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.3 Khong trng ngang . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.4 Khong trng dc . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 Trnh by trang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5 Cc vn khc vi vic nh dng chiu di . .
5.6 Cc hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7 ng k v thanh ngang . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
dng
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

100
. 100
. 101
. 102
. 103
. 104
. 104
. 107
. 107
. 108
. 108
. 108
. 109
. 110
. 111
. 113
. 114
. 116

6 Son tho ti liu ting Vit

6.1 H tr ting Vit . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.1 Gi VnTeX ca tc gi Hn Th
6.1.2 Gi BK . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.3 Gi GVS . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

. . . .
Thnh
. . . .
. . . .

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

118
118
118
119
119

MC LC
6.2

Ci t v s dng gi VnTeX . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.1 Ti cc gi cn thit v my tnh . . . . . .
6.2.2 Ci t gi VnTeX trn mi trng Windows
6.2.3 Ci t gi VnTeX trn mi trng Unix . .
6.2.4 Son tho ti liu bng ting Vit vi LATEX
6.2.5 Son tho ti liu vi TEX n thun . . . .
6.2.6 S dng vi texinfo . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.7 V d p dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xi
. .
. .
vi
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .

. . . . 119
. . . . 119
MikTeX119
. . . . 120
. . . . 123
. . . . 124
. . . . 125
. . . . 125

Ti liu tham kho

127

Ch mc

129

Danh sch hnh

1.1 Tp tin nhp liu c bn ca LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2 V d v mt cu trc ca mt ti liu c son tho bng LATEX.
4.1 V d v cch s dng gi fancyhdr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.2 V d v tp tin d liu vo s dng gi pdfscreen . . . . . . . 94
5.1 V d v mt gi lnh t to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.2 Cc tham s trong vic trnh by trang. . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Danh sch bng

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

Cc lp ti liu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cc tu chn cho lp ti liu. . . . . . . . . . .
Mt s gi c phn phi chng vi LATEX. . .
Cc kiu nh dng sn ca trang vn bn trong

. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
LATEX.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

11
12
13
14

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

Du trng m v cc k t c bit. . . .
Phn ta h tr ting B o Nha. .
Cc lnh c bit dnh cho ting Php. .
Mt s k hiu c bit trong ting c.
Cc v tr c php. . . . . . . . . . . .

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

26
29
30
31
47

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19

Cc du trng m trong ch son tho ton hc. . . . .

Cc ch ci Hy Lp vit thng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cc ch ci Hy Lp vit hoa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quan h hai ngi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cc ton t hai ngi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cc ton t ln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cc du mi tn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cc du ngoc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cc du ngoc ln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cc k hiu khc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cc k hiu thng thng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cc du ngoc theo AMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ch ci Hy Lp v Do Thi theo AMS. . . . . . . . . . . .
Quan h hai ngi theo AMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cc du mi tn theo AMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quan h ph nh hai ngi v cc du mi tn theo AMS.
Cc ton t nh phn theo AMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cc k hiu khc theo AMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cc kiu ch ci trong ton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

66
66
67
68
69
69
70
70
70
71
71
71
71
72
73
73
74
74
74

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

xiv

DANH SCH BNG

4.1 Tn ca cc kho theo gi graphicx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.2 C php ca vic to ch mc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5

Font ch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kch thc ca font ch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kch thc tnh theo im (pt) ca cc ti liu chun. .
Cc font ch son tho trong ch ton hc. . . .
Cc n v trong TEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

104
105
105
106
110

Chng 1
Nhng kin thc c bn v
LATEX
Phn u tin ca chng s gii thiu mt cch ngn gn v s ra i v lch
s pht trin ca LATEX 2 . Phn hai s tp trung vo nhng cu trc c bn ca
mt ti liu son tho bng LATEX. Sau khi kt thc chng ny, cc bn s c
c nhng kin thc cn bn v cch thc lm vic ca LATEX v iu ny s l
mt nn tng quan trng bn c th hiu k nhng chng sau.

1.1
1.1.1

Tn gi ca tr chi
TEX

TEX l mt chng trnh c thit k bi Donald E. Knuth [2]. TEX c

thit k hng n vic son tho nhng cng thc ton hc. Knuth bt u
thit k cng c sp ch ca TEX vo nm 1977 khm ph tm lc ca
cc thit b in n in t khi m n bt u xm nhp vo cng ngh in n
lc by gi. ng hy vng rng s trnh c xu hng lm gim cht lng
bn in, iu m cc ti liu ca ng b nh hng. TEX nh chng ta thy
ngy nay c pht hnh vo nm 1982 vi mt s nng cp c thm vo
vo nm 1989 h tr tt hn cho cc k t 8-bit v a ngn ng. TEX
c ci tin tr nn cc k n nh, c th chy trn cc h thng my
tnh khc nhau v gn nh l khng c li. Cc phin bn ca TEX ang dn
tin n s v phin bn hin nay l 3.14159.
TEX c pht m l Tech, vi ch c pht m l Ach trong ting
c cn trong ting Scotland l Loch. Trong mi trng vn bn thng
thng, TEX c vit l TeX.

Nhng kin thc c bn v LATEX

1.1.2

LATEX

LATEX l mt gi cc tp lnh cho php tc gi c th son tho v in n ti

liu ca mnh vi cht lng bn in cao nht thng qua vic s dng mt
cch chuyn nghip cc kiu trnh by c nh trc. Ban u, LATEX
c thit k bi Leslie Lamport [1]. LATEX s dng cng c nh dng ca
TEX lm ht nhn c bn phc v cho vic nh dng ti liu. Ngy nay,
LATEX c duy tr v pht trin bi mt nhm nhng ngi yu thch v
nghin cu v TEX, ng u l Frank Mittlebach.
LATEX c pht m l Lay-tech hay l Lah-tech. LATEX trong mi
trng vn bn thng thng c vit l LaTeX. LATEX 2 c pht m l
Lay-tech two e v vit l LaTeX2e.

1.2
1.2.1

Nhng iu c bn
Tc gi, ngi trnh by sch v ngi sp ch

Trc khi mt tc phm c in n, tc gi s gi bn vit tay ca mnh

n nh xut bn. Sau , ngi trnh by sch s quyt nh vic trnh by
ti liu ( rng ca ct, font ch, khong cch gia cc tiu , . . . ). Ngi
trnh by sch s ghi li nhng ch dn nh dng ca mnh ln bn vit tay
v a cho ngi th sp ch, v ngi th ny s sp ch cho quyn sch
theo nhng nh dng c ch dn trn bn vit tay.
Ngi trnh by sch phi c gng tm hiu xem tc gi ngh g khi
vit bn vit tho c th quyt nh c nhng hnh thc nh dng ph
hp cho: tiu , trch dn, v d, cng thc, . . . . y l cng vic phi da
nhiu vo kinh nghim v ni dung ca bn tho.
Trong mi trng LATEX, LATEX ng vai tr l ngi trnh by sch v
s dng TEX nh l mt ngi th sp ch. Tuy nhin, LATEX ch l mt
chng trnh my tnh do n phi c hng dn bi ngi son tho.
Ngi son tho s cung cp nhng thng tin b sung m t cu trc
logic ca tc phm v thng tin ny s c vit vo vn bn di hnh thc
l cc lnh ca LATEX.
y chnh l mt trong nhng im khc bit ln i vi cc chng trnh
son tho WYSIWYG1 nh l: MS Word, hay Corel WordPerfect. Vi cc
chng trnh trn th ngi son vn bn s tng tc trc tip vi chng
trnh v h s thy ngay kt qu ca vic inh dng. Khi ny, vn bn trn
mn hnh s phn nh ng vi bn in.
1

What you see is what you get.

1.2 Nhng iu c bn
Khi s dng LATEX, bn khng th xem qua trc kt qu xut ra trong
khi nh vn bn. Tuy nhin, i vi kt qu xut ra cui cng th bn vn
c th xem trc v sa i trc khi thc hin thao tc in n.

1.2.2

Trnh by bn in

Vic thit k bn in l mt cng vic th cng. Nhng ngi son vn bn

khng c khiu trnh by thng mc phi mt s li nh dng nghim trng
v quan im: Nu mt ti liu trng sc so th n c thit k tt.
Tuy nhin cc ti liu c in n l c ch khng phi trng by
trong mt phng trin lm ngh thut. Do , tnh r rng, d c, d hiu
phi c t ln hng u. V d:

Kch thc ca font ch v vic nh s tiu phi c chn mt

cch hp l nhm lm cho cu trc ca cc chng, mc tr nn r
rng i vi ngi c.
Chiu di ca dng vn bn phi ngn khng lm mi mt ngi
c; ng thi, n phi di c th nm va vn trong trang giy.
iu ny mi nghe qua ta thy c v mu thun nhng y chnh l
mt yu t rt quan trng quyt nh n tnh r rng v p mt ca
ti liu.

Vi cc chng trnh WYSIWYG, tc gi thng to ra cc ti liu sc

so, trng p mt nhng li khng m bo c tnh thng nht trong
vic nh dng cc thnh phn ca ti liu. LATEX ngn chn nhng li nh
th bng cch yu cu ngi son tho phi nh ngha cu trc logic ca
ti liu. Sau , chnh LATEX s la chn cch trnh by tt nht.

1.2.3

Nhng im mnh v im yu ca LATEX

Khi nhng ngi s dng cc phm mm WYSIWYG v nhng ngi s

dng LATEX gp nhau, h thng tranh lun v nhng im mnh / im
yu ca LATEX i vi cc chng trnh son tho thng thng v ngc
li. Cch tt nht m bn nn lm l ng gia v lng nghe. Tuy nhin, i
lc bn s khng th no ng ngoi c!
Di y l mt s im mnh ca LATEX:

Cc m hnh trnh by bn in chuyn nghip c sn v iu ny s

gip cho ti liu do bn son tho trng tht chuyn nghip.

Nhng kin thc c bn v LATEX

Vic son tho cc cng thc ton hc, k thut c h tr n ti

a.
Ngi s dng ch cn hc mt s lnh d nh xc nh cu trc
logic ca ti liu. Ngi dng gn nh khng bao gi cn phi suy ngh
nhiu n vic trnh by bn in v cng c sp ch TEX lm vic
ny mt cch t ng.
Ngay c nhng cu trc phc tp nh ch thch, tham chiu, biu bng,
mc lc, . . . cng c to mt cch d dng.
Bn c th s dng rt nhiu gi thm vo min ph nhm b sung
nhng tnh nng m LATEX khng h tr mt cch trc tip. V d: cc
gi thm vo c th h tr vic a hnh nh PostScript hay h tr
vic lp nn cc danh mc sch tham kho theo ng chun. Bn c
th tham kho thm thng tin v cc gi cng thm trong ti liu The
LATEX Companion [3].
LATEX khuyn khch ngi son tho vit nhng ti liu c cu trc r
rng bi v y l c ch lm vic ca LATEX.
TEX, cng c nh dng ca LATEX 2 , c tnh kh chuyn rt cao v
hon ton min ph. Do , chng trnh ny s chy c trn hu
ht cc h thng phn cng, h iu hnh khc nhau.

LATEX cng c nhiu im cha thun li cho ngi s dng. Bn c th lit

k ra nhng im bt li ny khi bt u s dng LATEX. y, ti xin lit
k ra mt vi im nh sau:

LATEX dng khng ngon cho nhng k mt lng tri.

LATEX dng khng ngon cho nhng k mt lng tri

Mc d, i vi mt kiu trnh by vn bn nh sn, cc tham s c

th iu chnh c, vic thit k mt kiu trnh by mi hon ton l
rt kh khn v tn nhiu thi gian.
Bin son nhng ti liu khng c cu trc, hoc ln xn... rt kh
khn
Con chut ng ca bn, mc d c nhng bc u ng vin, s
khng bao gi hiu thu c khi nim nh du mt cch logic
(Logical Markup).

1.3 Cc tp tin nhp liu ca LATEX

1.3

Cc tp tin nhp liu ca LATEX

D liu a vo cho LATEX l vn bn thng thng c lu di dng k t

ASCII. Bn c th son tho tp tin ny bng mt chng trnh son tho
vn bn thng thng nh Notepad, . . . Tp tin ny s cha phn vn bn
cng nh cc lnh nh dng ca LATEX.

1.3.1

Khong trng

Cc k t: khong trng hay tab c xem nh nhau v c gi l k t

khong trng. Nhiu k t khong trng lin tip cng ch c xem l mt
khong trng. Cc khong trng v tr bt u mt hng th c b qua.
Ngoi ra k t xung hng n c xem l mt khong trng.
Mt hng trng gia hai hng vn bn s xc nh vic kt thc mt on
vn. Nhiu hng trng c xem l mt hng trng.
T y tr i, cc v d s c trnh by nh sau: bn tri s l phn d
liu c nhp vo v bn phi s l kt qu c xut ra tng ng (phn
kt qu c xut ra c ng khung).
y l mt v d cho thy
rng nhiu
khong
trng cng
ch c xem l
mt
khong trng.

ng thi mt hng trng

s bt u mt on mi.

1.3.2

y l mt v d cho thy rng nhiu khong

trng cng ch c xem l mt khong
trng.
ng thi mt hng trng s bt u mt
on mi.

Mt s k t c bit

Nhng k t sau l cc k t c dnh ring hay c mt ngha c bit

trong LATEX hoc l n khng c mt trong bt k b font ch no. Khi bn
nhp chng vo mt cch trc tip th thng thng chng s khng c
in ra v i khi n cng khin cho LATEX lm mt s vic m bn khng
nh trc hoc chng cng c th khin cho LATEX bo li.
# $ % ^ & _ { } ~ |
Bn s thy rng cc k t ny s c s dng rt nhiu trong ti liu.
s dng cc k hiu trn trong ti liu, bn cn phi thm vo mt tin t
pha trc l du gch cho (\).

Nhng kin thc c bn v LATEX

\# \$ \% \^{} \& \_ \{ \} \~{}

#$%&_{}

Cc k hiu khc c th c in ra trong cc cng thc ton hay cc du

trng m vi cc ch th lnh. Du gch cho (\) khng th c nhp vo
bng cch thm vo trc n mt du gch cho (\\) nh cc trng hp
trn. Khi bn nhp vo \\ th LATEX s hiu rng bn mun xung hng2 .

1.3.3

Mt s lnh ca LATEX

Cc lnh ca LATEX cn phi c nhp vo theo ng ch hoa v ch thng.

N c th c hai dng thc nh sau:

Chng c th bt u bng du \ v tip theo l tn lnh (ch gm cc

k t). Cc tn lnh thng c kt thc bng mt khong trng, mt
s hay mt k hiu.
Chng gm c mt du vch cho ngc (\) v ch ng mt k hiu.

LATEX b qua khong trng sau cc lnh. Nu bn mun c khong trng

sau cc lnh th bn nn nhp thm vo {}
Knuth phn loi ngi
s dng \TeX{} thnh
\TeX{}nicians
v \TeX
eperts.

Knuth phn loi ngi s dng TEX thnh

TEXnicians v TEXeperts.

R rng trong v d trn, khi s dng lnh \TeX m khng thm vo { }

th ch cc khong trng gia t experts v \TeX b b qua v do chng
c vit lin nhau thnh TEXexperts.
Mt s lnh cn c tham s. Cc tham s ny s c ghi gia du
ngoc { } pha sau tn lnh. Mt s lnh c yu cu tham s tuy nhin,
cc tham s ny l tu chn v c nhp vo trong du ngoc vung [ ].
Bn c th \textsl{da} vo ti!

Bn c th da vo ti!

Vui lng bt u mt
hng mi!\newline
Cm n!

Vui lng bt u mt hng mi!

Cm n!

Bn nn nhp vo $\backslash$. Ch th lnh ny s in ra du \.

1.4 Cu trc ca tp tin nhp liu

1.3.4

Cc li ch thch

Khi m LATEX gp mt k t % th n s b qua phn cn li ca hng ang

c x l. Ngoi ra, cc k t xung hng v cc khong trng u hng
tip theo s c b qua.
Bn c th s dng k t ny thc hin vic ghi ch vo tp tin son
tho m khng lo lng vic in chng ra cng vi bn in hon chnh.
N qu l % n gin
% tt hn <---mt v d khng in,
v ngha

N qu l mt v d khng in, v ngha

Ngoi ra, k t % cn c th c s dng chia cc hng d liu nhp

vo qu di khi m cc k t khong trng hay l xung hng khng c
php xut hin.
Vi cc li bnh di, bn c th s dng mi trng c cung cp bi
gi verbatim l comment. Gi ny c a vo s dng thng qua lnh sau:
\usepackage{verbatim}
y l mt v d khc
\begin{comment}
cng n gin nhng hu dng
\end{comment}
minh ho cch a li bnh
vo ti liu.

y l mt v d khc minh ho cch a li

bnh vo ti liu.

Bn cn ch rng mi trng ghi ch ny khng lm vic trong nhng

mi trng phc tp nh l cc mi trng cha cc cng thc ton hc.

1.4

Cu trc ca tp tin nhp liu

Khi m LATEX 2 x l mt tp tin d liu vo, n s i hi d liu vo phi

c mt cu trc nht nh. Mi tp tin d liu vo phi c bt u bi
lnh:
\documentclass{...}
Lnh ny s xc nh kiu ca ti liu m bn mun son tho. Tip n,
bn c th thm vo cc lnh khc nh dng cu trc ca ton b ti
liu. Ngoi ra, bn c th s dng cc gi khc thm vo cc tnh nng m
rng khng c sn trong LATEX. Cc gi lnh c th c a vo bng
cch s dng lnh

Nhng kin thc c bn v LATEX

\usepackage{...}
Khi vic khai bo nh dng ca ti liu hon tt3 , bn c th bt u
son phn thn ca ti liu vi lnh
\begin{document}
By gi th bn bt u son tho phn vn bn kt hp vi cc lnh
nh dng hu ch ca LATEX. Khi hon tt vic son tho, bn s thm vo
lnh
\end{document}
Lnh ny s yu cu LATEX kt thc phin lm vic. Nhng d liu t y
tr i s c b qua.
Hnh 1.1 minh ho cu trc c bn ca mt tp tin nhp liu c son
tho theo LATEX. Mt v d v tp tin nhp liu phc tp hn s c cung
cp hnh 1.2

1.5

Mt s lnh thng dng

Ti dm cc rng bn ang c gng th lm vic da trn on d liu

vo ngn gn trang 8. Di y l mt s hng dn: bn thn ca LATEX
khng phi l mt chng trnh c giao din thn thin vi ngi dng (GUI
- Graphic User Interfaces) vi cc nt nhn dng nh dng vn bn.
LATEX l mt phn mm x l tp tin d liu vo ca bn. Mt vi phin bn
ci t ca LATEX c giao din ha thn thin v bn c th nhn chut
bin dch. Tuy nhin, i vi dn chuyn nghip th ngh thut nm
cch m bn dng hng lnh dch mt tp tin d liu vo thng qua cc
hng lnh. Ch : chng ti gi s rng mt phin bn chy c ca LATEX
c trn my ca bn.
Vng d liu nm gia \documentclass v \begin{document} c gi l vng li
ta (ting Anh l preamble).
3

\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
Nh gn nhng c nhiu ngha
\end{document}

Hnh 1.1: Tp tin nhp liu c bn ca LATEX

1.5 Mt s lnh thng dng

1. Son tho tp tin d liu vo ca bn bng mt chng trnh son tho
n gin thng thng. Trn h thng my UNIX th cc phn mm
son tho thng thng u c kh nng thc hin thao tc ny. Trn
h thng Windows th bn c th s dng Notepad hay cc chng
trnh khc v xc nh dng lu tr l Plain text. Ngoi ra, bn cn
lu rng phn m rng ca tp tin l .tex.
2. Chy LATEX vi tp tin d liu vo ca bn. Nu chng trnh thc
hin thnh cng th n s xut ra mt tp tin c phn m rng l .dvi.
Trong mt s tnh hung, bn cn phi chy LATEX nhiu ln c th
c c bng mc lc v mt s tham chiu bn trong vn bn. Khi
m tp tin d liu vo ca bn c li th LATEX s bo cho bn bit v
ngng thao tc x l tp tin ny. Khi ny, hy nhn Ctrl-D tr v
dng lnh bnh thng.
latex thu01.tex

3. By gi bn c th xem tp tin DVI. C nhiu cch thc hin vic

\documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{article}
% Ta ca ti liu
\author{H.~Partl}
\title{Minimalism}
\begin{document}
% To ta
\maketitle
% To bng mc lc
\tableofcontents
\section{Vi iu th v}
Mt ti liu th v??!!
\section{Tm bit cc bn}
\ldots{} y l phn kt thc.
\end{document}

Hnh 1.2: V d v mt cu trc ca mt ti liu c son tho bng LATEX.

10

Nhng kin thc c bn v LATEX

ny. Bn c th xem trn mn hnh vi lnh
xdvi thu01.dvi &

Lu : lnh trn ch lm vic trn nn tng Unix vi X11. Nu bn

s dng Windows th hy th s dng chng trnh yap (yet another
previewer).
Ngoi ra, bn cn c th chuyn t tp tin dng DVI sang tp tin dng
PostScript in n hay xem vi chng trnh Ghostscript.
dvips -Pcmz thu01.dvi -o thu01.ps

Nu h thng LATEX trn my bn c lun phn mm dvipdf th bn

c th chuyn tp tin t dng DVI sang dng PDF.
dvipdf thu01.dvi

1.6

Cch trnh by mt ti liu

1.6.1

Cc lp ti liu

Thng tin u tin m LATEX cn bit khi x l mt tp tin d liu vo l

kiu ti liu m ngi son tho mun to ra. Kiu ti liu s c xc nh
vi lnh
\documentclass[tu chn]{lp}

y, lp xc nh vi cc kiu ti liu c to. Bng 1.1 lit k cc lp

ti liu. Cc phin bn LATEX c phn phi n ngi dng thng cung
cp mt s lp thm vo h tr cho vic to ra cc kiu ti liu khc, bao
gm cc kiu nh dng nh: th t, cc trang trnh din, . . . . Tham s tu
chn s tu bin cc nh dng c cc lp ti liu. Cc tu chn phi c
cch nhau bi du phy. Cc tham s tu chn cho cc lp vn bn thng
dng c lit k bng 1.2.
V d: mt tp tin ngun ca LATEX c th c bt u vi
\documentclass[11pt,twoside,a4paper]{article}
Lnh ny s bo cho LATEX bit rng bn cn to mt ti liu dng article
vi c ch l 11 im, c in hai mt trn kh giy A4.

1.6 Cch trnh by mt ti liu

1.6.2

Cc gi

Trong qu trnh son tho ti liu, bn nhn thy rng c mt s cng vic
m LATEX khng th gii quyt c. V d, ch vi LATEX th bn khng th
kt hp cc hnh nh vo ti liu c, hay n gin hn l bn khng th
a mu sc vo ti liu. Khi ny, c th m rng kh nng ca LATEX,
bn s cn thm vo mt s cng c b sung (chng c gi l cc gi ).
s dng cc gi b sung ny, ta cn phi s dng lnh:

\usepackage[tu chn]{tn gi}

tu chn l mt danh sch cc t kho nhm kch hot cc tnh nng ca

gi. Vi cc phin bn LATEX chun, bn c th tm thy rt nhiu cc gi
c bn. Ngoi ra, bn c th tm thy cc gi khc c phn phi ring l.
Cc thng tin chi tit v cc gi c th c tm thy v ci t theo hng
dn trn cc trang web. Bn c th tm hiu thm thng tin chi tit v m
ngun, cch thit k trong quyn The LATEX Companion [3].

Bng 1.1: Cc lp ti liu.

article dnh cho cc bi bo trong cc tp ch khoa hc, cc vn bn
trnh din, cc bo co ngn, ti liu v cc chng trnh hot ng,
th mi, . . .
report dnh cho cc bo co gm nhiu chng, cc quyn sch nh,
lun vn,. . .
book dnh cho cc quyn sch thc s.
slides dng thit k cc trang trnh din. Lp ny s dng cc k t
sans serif c ln. Bn c th s dng mt lp khc l FoilTEXa .
a

CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/supported/foiltex

11

12

Nhng kin thc c bn v LATEX

Bng 1.2: Cc tu chn cho lp ti liu.

10pt, 11pt, 12pt Chnh kch thc font ch trong c ti liu. Nu
khng c tu chn no c thit lp th c ch mc inh c
chn l 10pt.
a4paper, letterpaper, . . .
Xc nh c giy. C giy mc inh l
letterpaper. Ngoi ra, cn c cc kiu giy khc nh: a5paper,
b5paper, executivepaper v legalpaper.
fleqn

cc cng thc c hin th bn tri thay v chnh gia.

leqno

nh s cc cng thc bn tri thay v bn phi.

titlepage, notitlepage xc nh vic to mt trang trng ngay

sau ta ca ti liu hay khng. Theo mc nh, lp article
khng bt u mt trang trng ngay sau phn ta . Ngc li,
i vi lp report v book th ngc li.
onecolumn, twocolumn

Ti liu c chia lm 1 hay 2 ct.

twoside, oneside
Xc nh xem ti liu s c xut ra dng hai hay mt mt. Lp
article v report c thit lp l cc ti liu mt mt. Ngc
li, lp book l dng ti liu hai mt. Nhng tu chn ny ch
nhm xc nh dng thc ca ti liu m thi. Tu chn twoside
s khng thc hin vic in ti liu ra dng hai mt.
landscape Thay i cch trnh by t kiu trang dc sang trang
ngang.
openright, openany Cc chng s bt u cc trang bn tay
phi hay trang trng k tip. Tu chn ny khng lm vic i
vi lp article bi v i vi lp ny th khng c khi nim v
chng. Theo mc nh, lp report s bt u cc chng trong
k tip v lp book bt u cc chng trang pha tay phi.

1.6 Cch trnh by mt ti liu

Bng 1.3: Mt s gi c phn phi chng vi LATEX.

doc Cung cp ti liu v cc chng trnh ca LATEX. Chng
c m t trong tp tin doc.dtxa
exscale Cung cp cc phin bn c th thay i kch thc
ca cc font ch v ton.
Thng tin c m t trong tp tin ltexscale.dtx.
fontenc Xc nh cch m ho font ch m LATEX nn dng.
Thng tin c m t trong tp tin ltoutenc.dtx.
ifthen Cung cp cc lnh thao tc trn cc biu mu
if . . . then do. . . hay l do. . . .
Thng tin c m t trong tp tin ifthen.dtx v The
LATEX Companion [3].
latexsym truy cp n cc k hiu trong cc font ch ca
LATEX. Bn nn s dng gi latexsym. Thng tin c
m t trong tp tin latexsym.dtx v trong The LATEX
Companion [3].
makeidx Cung cp cc lnh to ch mc. Thng tin c
m t trong mc 4.3 v trong The LATEX Companion [3].
syntonly Dch ti liu m khng tin hnh sp ch. Gi ny
cho php kim tra li c php khi son tho m khng
bin dch cho nn kt qu l vic kim tra din ra rt
nhanh.
inputenc H tr cc dng m ho ca d liu vo nh cc bng
m ASCII, ISO Latin-1, ISO Latin-2, 437/850 IBM, Apple Macintosh, Next, ANSI-Windows hay do ngi dng
nh ngha.
Thng tin c m t trong inputenc.dtx.
tp tin ny c trn my ca bn v bn c th dch n sang dng
DVI vo mt th mc bt k bng cch nh lnh latex doc.dtx Vi
cc tp tin c cp khc bn cng c th thao tc tng t.
a

13

14

Nhng kin thc c bn v LATEX

1.6.3

Cc nh dng trang ca trang vn bn

LATEX h tr 3 dng nh dng sn cho phn tiu / phn chn ca cc

trang vn bn. Cu lnh iu khin l:
\pagestyle{kiu}

Tham s kiu s xc nh kiu nh dng c s dng. Bng 1.4 lit k tt

c cc kiu nh dng sn ca trang vn bn.
Bng 1.4: Cc kiu nh dng sn ca trang vn bn trong LATEX.
plain xut s trang vn bn cui trang, gia phn chn vn
bn. N l kiu nh dng mc inh.
headings xut chng hin ti v s th t ca trang vn bn
vng tiu ca trang; ng thi, phn chn ca trang c
trng.
empty t c phn tiu v phn chn ca trang l rng.

Bn cng c th t nh dng cho ring tng trang vi lnh sau:

\thispagestyle{style}

Bn c th tham kho thm chi tit v vic trnh by tiu v phn

chn ca trang vn bn theo ring trong ti liu The LATEX Companion [3]
hay trong mc 4.4 trang 81.

1.7

Mt s dng tp tin thng gp

Khi lm vic vi LATEX, c i lc bn s cm thy mnh b lc gia mt m

cung cc tp tin vi cc phn ui m rng khc nhau. Di y l danh
sch lit k cc kiu tp tin m bn c th gp phi khi lm vic vi TEX.
Lu rng y ch l mt bng tm tt cc dng tp tin thng dng m
bn c th gp phi trong khi lm vic.
.tex Tp tin nhp liu ca LATEX hay TEX. N c th c bin dch vi
lnh: latex.

1.7 Mt s dng tp tin thng gp

.sty Gi lnh thm vo cho LATEX. N l mt tp tin ring l v bn c
th kt hp n vo tp tin ti liu ca bn bng cch s dng lnh:
\usepackage.
.dtx Ti liu v TEX. Tp tin ny l dng c cung cp vi cc tp tin
nh dng. Nu bn dch mt tp tin .DTX th bn s c c ti liu
v cc tp lnh trong gi cha trong tp tin .DTX.
.ins Cc tp tin ci t i km vi cc tp tin c phn m rng l .DTX.
Nu bn ti v mt gi cng thm ca LATEX t trn mng, thng
thng th bn s c c mt tp tin .dtx v mt tp tin .ins. Chy
LATEX i vi tp tin .ins c c tp tin .dtx.
.cls Tp tin lu cc lp nh ngha vic nh dng ti liu ca bn. Chng
c s dng bi lnh: \documentclass.
.fd Tp tin cung cp thng tin cho LATEX v cc font ch.
Di y l mt s tp tin c to ra khi bn s dng LATEX dch
tp tin d liu vo:
.dvi Tp tin ny m t d liu c lp vi thit b. N cha ng kt qu
chnh ca qu trnh bin dch ca LATEX. Bn c th xem ni dung ca
n bng cc chng trnh xem tp tin DVI nh YAP, dvips, . . . .
.log Lu cc thng tin chi tit v qu trnh bin dch cui cng.
.toc Lu tiu ca tt c cc mc. N s c c trong ln bin dch
tip theo v c s dng to bng mc lc.
.lof Tng t nh tp tin .toc nhng n lu thng tin v danh sch cc
hnh nh.
.lot Tng t nh hai tp tin trn nhng n lu thng tin v cc bng
trong ti liu.
.aux Tp tin ny chuyn cc thng tin bin dch t tp tin ny n tp tin
khc. Cc tp tin .aux ny s c dng lu thng tin v cc tham
chiu cho.
.idx Nu ti liu ca bn c trang v ch mc th tp tin ny s lu tt
c cc t kho. Bn c th bin dch tp tin ny vi lnh: makeindex.
Tham kho thm chng 4.3 trang 80 bit thm chi tit.

15

16

Nhng kin thc c bn v LATEX

.ind Cha thng tin c dch t tp tin .idx. Bn c th nh km tp
tin ny vo ti liu ca bn cho ln bin dch tip theo.
.ilg Tp tin ny lu tr thng tin v nhng g m lnh makeindex tin
hnh..

1.8

Cc ti liu ln

Thng thng, khi lm vic vi cc ti liu ln, ta thng chia ti liu ra

lm nhiu phn nh hn vic qun l ti liu c thun tin, d dng
hn. LATEX cung cp cho bn hai lnh h tr cho vic ny.
\include{filename}

Bn c th s dng lnh ny trong phn thn ca ti liu chn vo ni

dung ca mt tp tin khc c tn l filename.tex. Lu rng LATEX s khng
bt u mt trang mi trc khi x l cc d liu trong tp tin d liu vo
nhp t tp tin filename.tex
Lnh th hai c th s dng trong phn ta . N cho php bn hng
dn LATEX ch a vo mt s tp tin.
\includeonly{filename,filename,. . . }

Sau khi lnh ny c thc thi phn ta ca ti liu, th ch c

cc lnh \include ng vi cc tp tin trong danh sch tham s ca lnh
\includeonly mi c tc dng. Lu rng khng c khong trng gia tn
cc tp tin trong phn danh sch tham s v cc tp tin phi c cch ra
bi du phy.
Lnh \include tin hnh sp ch d liu t nhp tin mt trang mi.
Vic s dng lnh \includeonly l rt hu ch bi v cc ch th kt thc
trang s khng b di chuyn ngay c khi mt s tp tin a vo b b qua.
Nu khng thch vic sp ch ny th bn c th chn tp tin vo trc tip
thng qua lnh:
\input{filename}

Lnh ny ch n thun l km tp tin c ch inh vo ti liu hin thi

ca bn m khng km theo iu kin g c.
Nhm gip cho LATEX c th kim tra ti liu ca bn mt cch nhanh
chng hn, bn c th s dng gi syntonly. Gi ny cho php LATEX lt qua

1.8 Cc ti liu ln
ti liu ca bn v ch kim tra mt s c php v cc lnh nhng khng
xut ra kt qu (tp tin DVI). Khi s dng gi ny, LATEX s chy rt nhanh
v bn s tit kim c rt nhiu thi gian. Cch s dng gi ny rt n
gin:
\usepackage{syntonly}
\syntaxonly
Khi m bn mun to ra cc trang kt qu tht s, bn ch vic loi b
gi syntonly ra khi ti liu.

17

Chng 2
Son tho vn bn
Sau khi c xong chng va qua, bn c nhng kin thc c bn v cu
trc ca mt chng trnh c son tho vi LATEX 2 . Trong chng ny, bn
s c cung cp thm cc thng tin khc c th son tho nhng ti liu
thc s bng LATEX.

2.1

Cu trc vn bn v vn v ngn ng

iu quan trng khi son tho mt ti liu (tr cc ti liu hin i DAAC 1 )
l kh nng truyn t nhng tng, thng tin, kin thc thng qua ti
liu . Ngi c s d tip thu hn khi ni dung c son tho v trnh
by mt cch c h thng. Ngoi ra, iu ny cn c phn nh thng qua
ngh thut in n bi v bn in s phn nh cu trc logic ca tng v
ngha ca cc thnh phn bn trong.
LATEX khc vi cc h son tho vn bn khc im bn ch cn cung
cp cho n cu trc logic v ngha ca cc thnh phn ca vn bn. Sau
, m hnh ca bn in s c thit k mt cch t ng sao cho ph hp
vi cc yu cu nh dng trong phn tu chn u ti liu hay trong cc
tp tin km theo.
n v quan trng nht trong LATEX (cng nh trong in n) l on vn.
Chng ta gi l cc vn bn n v bi v mt on vn bn s phn
nh nhng ngh lin lc hay mt tng c th. Nhng mc sau s gip
cho bn bit c cc cch thc thc hin cc cng vic nh: yu cu
LATEX xung hng vi lnh \\, hay ngt on bng cch nhp vo mt hng
trng. Vic quyt nh khi no kt thc mt on vn l rt quan trng bi
v cc on vn s c nhim v chuyn ti nhng tng, ngh. Khi m
1

Different At All Cost, mt bn dch ca Swiss UVA (Ums Verrecken Anders).

2.1 Cu trc vn bn v vn v ngn ng

mt ngh vn cn tip tc m ta li vit n mt on vn khc th s
khng hp l. Ngc li, ta nn bt u mt on vn mi khi ta bt u
mt dng suy ngh mi.
Trn thc t, khi son tho ti liu th hu ht mi ngi cha nh gi
ng mc vai tr ca vic t cc du cch on mt cch hp l. Hn na,
nhiu ngi cn khng bit c ngha ca vic cch on cc on vn;
hay c bit l ni v vic ngt on trong LATEX m khng hiu r v n.
Bn cnh , vic son tho cc cng thc Ton hc nm trn cng mt hng
vi phn vn bn cng d dn n mt s li rt thng dng. y l mt s
v d: bn hy t kim tra xem ti sao c lc th cc hng trng (ngt on)
c s dng trc v sau mt phng trnh v i lc li khng. (ng lo
nu bn khng hiu ht cc lnh trong cc v d di y! Cc lnh ny s
c gii thch chi tit trong chng pha sau.)
% Th d 1
\ldots khi m Albert Einstein gii thiu phng trnh:
\begin{equation}
e = m \cdot c^2 \; ,
\end{equation}
th vo thi im , n l phng trnh c bit n nhiu nht
v ng thi cng t ngi hiu c n nht.
% Th d 2
\ldots theo lut Kirchoff v cng dng in th:
\begin{equation}
\sum_{k=1}^{n} I_k = 0 \; .
\end{equation}
Hiu in th theo lut Kirchoff c cng thc l \ldots
% Th d 3
\ldots c nhiu li im.
\begin{equation}
I_D = I_F - I_R
\end{equation}
l ht nhn ca rt nhiu mu transistor khc nhau. \ldots
n v nh hn ca vn bn l cu. Trong vn bn ting Anh, sau du
chm cu s l mt khong trng ln. Khong trng ny s ln hn khong
trng i sau mt ch vit tt. LATEX s c gng on xem bn mun t

19

20

Son tho vn bn
khong trng ln hay nh trong cu. Nu LATEX khng lm ng, bn cn
phi hng dn cho n. iu ny s c cp n phn tip theo.
Cu trc ca mt vn bn cn c th chia nh thnh cc phn ca cu.
Hu ht cc ngn ng u c quy tc ng php phc tp ring. Bn cn
tham kho thm ti liu v cu trc ng php ca ting Vit c th t
du cho ng.
Cui cng, bn cnh vic sp xp cc on vn mt cch hp l, bn cn
phi sp xp chng theo cp bc c th t nh: phn, chng, mc, mc
con, . . . .

2.2
2.2.1

nh dng vic xung hng v sang trang

Canh l cc on vn

Sch v, ti liu, . . . thng c sp ch vi cc hng c di bng nhau.

Do , LATEX s t ng chn vo mt cch ti u cc khong trng v k
t xung hng cho c on vn. Khi cn, LATEX cng s ngt cc t qu di,
khng nm gn trn mt hng. Ngoi ra, vic inh dng cc on vn vn
cn ph thuc vo kiu ti liu m ta mun to. Thng thng th hng u
tin ca on vn s thc vo v s khng c thm khong trng gia cc
on vn. Tham kho thm mc 5.3.2 bit thm chi tit.
Trong mt s tnh hung c bit, bn cn phi yu cu LATEX thc hin
vic xung hng ngay bng lnh sau:
\\ hay \newline

Lnh sau s bt u mt hng mi ch khng phi bt u mt on mi:

\\*

Lnh sau s cho php ngt trang sau khi xung hng:
\newpage

Cc lnh sau:
\linebreak[n], \nolinebreak[n], \pagebreak[n] v \nopagebreak[n]

s thc hin theo th t tng ng cc cng vic nh: xung hng, khng
xung hng, sang trang, khng sang trang. Ngoi ra, chng cn cho php

2.2 nh dng vic xung hng v sang trang

ngi son tho tc ng n vic xung hng v sang trang vi tham s
km theo. S n y c th ly cc gi tr t 1 n 4. Khi n = 4 th LATEX
s t ng b qua lnh ny nu kt qu khng p mt. Lu : bn khng
nn nhm ln gia vic ngt trang vi vic to mi mt trang. Ngay c
khi bn s dng lnh ngt hng hay ngt trang th LATEX vn c gng
thc hin vic cn bng bin phi v chiu di ca trang. Nu bn thc s
mun chuyn sang mt hng mi th hy s dng lnh tng ng (hy on
xem nn dng lnh no trong cc lnh trn).
LATEX lun c gng thc hin vic xung hng mt cch hp l. Nu n
khng th tm thy cch tt nht ngt hng theo chun th n s gi
nguyn phn vn bn (do , phn vn bn ny s nm ln sang l phi).
Khi ny, LATEX s thng bo khi bin dch l c phn vn bn nm ln ra
bin (overfull box).2 Bn c th hng dn LATEX gim bt chun ca n
xung thng qua lnh \sloppy. Lnh ny ngn cn vic to ra cc dng qu
di bng cch tng khong cch gia cc t ngay c khi m n lm cho kt
qu xut ra khng my p mt. Khi ny, cnh bo li (underfull hbox) s
xut hin. Trong a s cc tnh hung th kt qu trng s khng my p
mt. Bn c th tr li vi kt qu ban u bng lnh \fussy.

2.2.2

Ngt t

LATEX s t ng ngt t khi cn thit. Nu LATEX thc hin vic ny khng

c nh ca bn th bn c th s dng lnh sau yu cu LATEX gii
quyt trng hp c bit .
\hyphenation{danh sch cc t}

Lnh ny s lm cho cc t trong danh sch tham s b ngt qung ti cc

im c nh du bi -. Tham s ca lnh ny ch nn cha cc k t
thng thng hay cc du c LATEX xem nh k t thng thng. Cc gi
hng dn cho vic ngt qung cc t i vi cc ngn ng khc nhau s c
lu li khi lnh ny c thc hin. iu ny c ngha l nu bn t lnh
ny vo phn ta th ti liu ca bn s b nh hng bi cch ngt qung
t ca ting Anh. Nu bn s dng lnh ny sau phn \begin{document};
ng thi, bn s mt gi h tr ngn ng ca bn nh l babel th cc hng
dn v vic ngt qung t s c kch hot thng qua gi babel.
Mc d LATEX a ra thng bo li nhng bn kh c th nhn thy c phn d ra
ny. Nu bn s dng tu chn l draft trong lnh \documentclass th cc hng ny s
c nh du bi mt hng en bin phi.
2

21

22

Son tho vn bn
V d di y s ngt qung t hyphenation cng nh l t Hyphenation; ng thi, n s ngn khng cho t FORTRAN, Fortran v fortran
b ngt qung. Lu rng khng c mt k t c bit no c php c
mt trong danh sch tham s.
V d:
\hyphenation{FORTRAN Hy-phen-a-tion}
Lnh \- t mt cch tu du cch vo mt t. y cng chnh l im
ngt qung duy nht ca t. Lnh ny c bit hu dng i vi nhng t
c k t c bit (v d nh cc k t v du trng m) bi v LATEX khng
t ng ngt qung cc t c k hiu c bit.

I think this is: su\-per\-cal\-%

i\-frag\-i\-lis\-tic\-ex\-pi\-%
al\-i\-do\-cious

I think this is: supercalifragilisticexpialidocious

Nhiu t c th c gi trn cng mt hng vi lnh:

\mbox{on vn bn}

Lnh ny cho php cc tham s lun c gi trn cng mt hng.

S in thoi ca ti s thay i
trong thi gian ngn sp n. S
mi s l: \mbox{(08 8561144)}.
Tham s \mbox{\emph{tn tp tin}}
dng lu tn ca tp tin.

S in thoi ca ti s thay i trong thi gian ngn sp n. S mi s l: (08 8561144).

Tham s tn tp tin dng lu tn ca tp
tin.

Lnh \fbox c tnh nng tng t nh lnh \mbox nhng c thm c

im l c mt hp v xung quanh phn vn bn.

2.3

Cc chui k t sn c trong LATEX

Trong mt s v d cc trang trc, bn lm quen vi mt vi lnh c

bn ca LATEX phc v cho vic son tho nhng chui c bit.
Tn lnh
\today
\TeX
\LaTeX
\LaTeXe

V d
12. Juli 2008
TEX
LATEX
LATEX 2

M t
Ngy thng hin thi
Tn ca b my sp ch yu thch ca bn!!!
Tn ca tr chi
Phin bn hin ti ca LATEX

2.4 Cc k t c bit v cc k hiu

2.4
2.4.1

23

Cc k t c bit v cc k hiu
Du trch dn

Bn khng nn s dng " lm du trch dn . Trong in n, c hai du m

ngoc v ng ngoc c bit. Trong LATEX, bn nn s dng hai du (du
huyn) lm du m ngoc v hai du (du lc) lm du ng ngoc. i
vi ngoc n th s dng mi du ch mt k t.
Vui lng nhn phm x
kt thc.

2.4.2

Vui lng nhn phm x kt thc.

Du gch v du ngt qung

LATEX cung cp bn kiu du gch. Bn c th s dng ba trong s vi

s cc du gch lin tip khc nhau. Du gch th t khng phi l mt du
gch bnh thng. N l du tr trong ton hc .
daughter-in-law, X-rated\\
pages 13--67\\ yes---or no?
\\ $0$, $1$
v $-1$

daughter-in-law, X-rated
pages 1367
yesor no?
0, 1 v 1

Tn ca cc du gch ny l: - hyphen, en-dash, em-dash v

du tr.

2.4.3

Du ng ()

K t ny thng c thy trn cc a ch web. to ra k t ny trong

LATEX, ban c th s dng lnh \~ tuy nhin kt qu khng hon ton l
iu ta mun. Bn nn son tho nh sau:
http://www.rich.edu/\~{}bush \\
http://www.clever.edu/$\sim$demo

http://www.rich.edu/bush
http://www.clever.edu/demo

24

Son tho vn bn

2.4.4

K hiu v ()

V d di y minh ho cho vic in ra mt k hiu v trong LATEX:

Nhit hin nay l $-30\,
^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$. Ti sp
b ng
bng y.

2.4.5

Nhit hin nay l 30 C. Ti sp b ng

bng y.

K hiu ng tin Euro (e)

Ngy nay, khi son tho ti liu c lin quan n tin t, bn s cn s dng
n k hiu ca ng Euro. Hin nay, c nhiu font ch c k hiu ny. Bn
c th s dng gi textcomp a vo k hiu ca ng Euro nh sau:
\usepackage{textcomp}

dng lnh sau:

\texteuro

in ra k hiu ny.
Nu font ch ca bn khng h tr k hiu ny hay bn khng thch k
hiu Euro ca font ch trn, bn c th s dng mt trong cch sau:
Cch 1: dng gi eurosym. Gi ny cung cp k hiu chnh thc ca ng
euro.
\usepackage[official]{eurosym}

Nu bn mun k hiu ng Euro ph hp vi font ch ca bn th bn

c th thay th tu chn l gen thay cho tu chn official
Cch 2: dng gi marvosym. Gi ny cung cp nhiu k hiu khc nhau
trong c k hiu ng Euro
\EUR

Cc lnh: \texteuro{}, \euro{}

v \euro{1000} trng khc nhau.

Cc lnh: , e v e1000 trng khc nhau.

2.4 Cc k t c bit v cc k hiu

2.4.6

25

Du ba chm (. . . )

Trn cc my nh ch, du phy hay du chm c cng mt kch thc vi

cc k t khc. Trong in n sch, cc k t ny ch chim mt khong nh
v c t rt st k t trc n. Do , bn khng th nhp vo du ba
chm bng cch nhp 3 du chm. Thay vo , ta c mt lnh thc hin
vic ny:
\ldots

Khng phi nhp nh th ny ...

m nn nhp nh th ny:\\
New York, Tokyo, Budapest, \ldots

2.4.7

Khng phi nhp nh th ny ... m nn

nhp nh th ny:
New York, Tokyo, Budapest, . . .

Ch ghp, gch ni

Mt s cc t hp cc k t c sp ch khng ch bng cch ln lt a

vo tng k t m phi s dng cc k t c bit.

ff fi fl ffi. . . thay v

ff fi fl ffi . . .

Cc t hp k t ny c gi l ch ghp v c th ngn chn bng cch

chn vo \mbox{} gia hai k t cn x l. iu ny c th cn thit i vi
cc t c xy dng t hai t khc.
\Large Not shelfful\\
but shelf\mbox{}ful

2.4.8

Not shelfful
but shelfful

Du trng m v cc k t c bit

LATEX h tr vic s dng du trng m v cc k t c bit ca cc ngn

ng khc nhau. Bng 2.1 lit k tt c cc du trng m c p dng i
vi ch o. Tng t, bn cng c th p dng cc du trng m ny vi cc
k t khc.
t mt du trng m pha trn ch i hay j, du chm pha trn
ca n phi c b i. iu ny c thc hin bng lnh \i v \j.

26

Son tho vn bn

H\^otel, na\"\i ve, \el\eve,\\

sm\o rrebr\o d, !Se\~norita!,\\
Sch\"onbrunner Schlo\ss{}
Stra\ss e

Htel, nave, lve,

smrrebrd, !Se
norita!,
Schonbrunner Schlo Strae

Bng 2.1: Du trng m v cc k t c bit.

2.5

\o
\=o

\o
\.o

\^o
\"o

\~o
\c c

\u o
\d o

\v o
\b o

o
oo


\H o
\t oo

\c o

\oe
\aa

o
o

\OE
\AA

\ae

\AE

\o
\i

\O
\j

l
!

\l
!

L
?

\L
?

S h tr i vi cc ngn ng quc t

Khi bn son tho mt ti liu bng mt ngn ng khc vi Ting Anh, bn

cn phi cu hnh li LATEX cho ph hp:
1. Cc chui c to mt cch t ng3 phi c chuyn sang ngn
ng chn. i vi mt s ngn ng, nhng s thay i ny c th
c thc hin thng qua vic s dng gi babel thit k bi Johannes
Braams.
2. LATEX cn bit cc qui lut v ngt qung t i vi mt ngn ng mi.
Vic a cc lut ny vo LATEX l tng i phc tp. N i hi phi
xy dng li tp tin inh dng vi cc mu ngt qung t ng sn c.
Bn c th tham kho thm Local Guide [4] bit thm chi tit.
3. c trng v cch thit k bn in ca tng ngn ng. V d, trong
ting Php, trc cc du hai chm (:) thng c khong trng.
3

Mc lc, Danh sch cc hnh minh ha, . . .

2.5 S h tr i vi cc ngn ng quc t

Nu h thng ca bn c cu hnh ph hp, bn c th kch hot
gi babel bng cch thm vo lnh:
\usepackage[ngn ng ]{babel}

sau lnh \documentclass. Mt danh sch cc ngn ng c xy dng cho

h thng LATEX ca bn s c lit k mi khi trnh bin dch chy. Babel
s t ng kch hot cc quy lut ngt qung t tng ng. Nu nh dng
LATEX ca bn khng h tr vic ngt qung t ng, babel vn hot ng
nhng tt ch ngt t i. iu ny s dn n nhng nh hng xu n
kt qu xut ra ca ti liu.
Babel cng xc nh mt s lnh mi cho mt s ngn ng n gin
ho vic nhp cc k t c bit. V d nh trong ting c c nhiu hin
tng bin m nh (aou
) nn ta s c cc lnh tng ng xut ra cc k
t ny. Vi babel, bn c th nhp vo o bng cch nh "o thay v \"o.
Nu bn gi babel vi nhiu ngn ng
\usepackage[ngn ng A,ngn ng B]{babel}

bn phi s dng lnh

\selectlanguage{ngn ngA}

chn c th mt ngn ng.

Hu ht cc my tnh hin i u cho php bn nhp vo cc k t
c bit t bn phm. LATEX c th iu khin cc k t ny thng qua gi
inputenc:
\usepackage[bng m ]{inputenc}

Khi s dng gi ny, bn nn quan tm n kh nng ngi khc khng

th xem c nhng tp tin ca bn trn my ca h do s khc bit v cch
m ho. V d nh trong ting c th hin tng bin m a c m ho
l 132 trong h iu hnh OS/2 nhng trn cc h thng Unix s dng bng
m ISO-LATIN 1 l 228; do , bn nn s dng tnh nng ny mt cch
hn ch. Cc bn m sau c th c s dng tu thuc vo cc h thng
m bn lm vic:

27

28

Son tho vn bn
H iu hnh
Mac
Unix
Windows
DOS, OS/2

Bng m
applemac
latin1
ansinew
cp850

Vic m ho cc font ch l mt vn khc. N nh ngha v tr ca

tng k t trong bng m. Cc font ch mi ca TEX (Computer Modern
Font) cha 128 k t ASCII 7-bit. Khi cn n cc k t c du, TEX s to
ra chng bng cch kt hp k t thng vi cc k t du. Mc d cch thc
hin ny cho kt qu tng i tt nhng n lm cho tnh nng ngt qung
t ng khng thc hin c i vi cc t c cc k t c du.
Cc phin bn TEX hin nay u cha mt bn sao ca cc font EC. Cc
font ch ny trng ging nh cc font Computer Modern v cn cha thm
cc k t c bit i vi hu ht cc k t c du c s dng trong h
thng ngn ng Chu u. Bng cch s dng cc font ch ny, bn c th
tn dng tnh nng ngt t trong cc ti liu khng c son tho bng
ting Anh. Cc font ch EC c kch hot bng cc km gi fontenc vo
phn ta ca ti liu.

\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}

Hin nay, chng ta c cc phin bn dng PostScript c cht lng cao

nhng khng min ph ca cc font ch EC.4 Bn nn tham kho thm v
gi aeguill, vit tt ca Almost European Computer Modern with Guillemets.
Gi ny s s dng cc k t nguyn mu t cc font ch Computer Modern
nhng sp xp chng ti theo th t ca font EC; do , n c th s dng
nh dng p ca font ch CM dng Type1 trn cc h thng. Ngoi ra, gi
ae cng c tnh nng ny nhng li khng cung cp y vic xut ra cc
du trch dn trong ting Php, nh l guillemet (xem thm phn ny trong
ti liu mc v pdfLATEX trang 85).
Vladimir Volovich to ra cc gi font cm-super cha y cc font ch EC/TC,
EC Concrete, EC Bright v cc font ch LH. Bn c th ti gi ny v ti a ch
CTAN:/fonts/ps-type1/cm-super. Gi ny c a vo bn TEXLive7 v MikTEX.
Tuy nhin cc font ch ny li khng c cng cht lng in n nh cc font ch Type1
(cc font bnh thng) c dch t cc font CM
4

2.5 S h tr i vi cc ngn ng quc t

Bng 2.2: Phn ta h tr ting B o Nha.

\usepackage[portuges]{babel}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}

2.5.1

S h tr i vi ting B o Nha

kch hot tnh nng ngt qung t nhng v thay i cc chui gc sang
ting B o Nha, vi lnh:

\usepackage[portuguese]{babel}

Nu nh bn ang Brazil, bn c th thay th ngn ng bng brazilian.

Trong ting B o Nha, c rt nhiu du trng m nn bn cn thm
vo gi sau

\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}

c th nhp liu

\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}

v lnh trn tnh nng ngt qung t c thc hin ng.

Xem bng 2.2 bit thm chi tit v nhng g cn thm vo phn ta
ca ti liu s dng tnh nng h tr cho Ting B o Nha. Lu
rng chng ta s s dng vic m ho d liu vo dng latin1. Do , n s
khng lm vic trn nn tng Mac hay DOS. s dng tnh nng ny, bn
ch cn s dng cch m ho ph hp vi h thng ca bn.

29

30

Son tho vn bn

2.5.2

S h tr i vi ting Php

c th s dng c tnh nng h tr ting Php trong LATEX, bn c th

s dng lnh sau:
\usepackage[frenchb]{babel}

Lu rng, v l do pht trin, tn ca gi babel dnh cho ting Php l

frenchb hay francais ch khng phi l french.
Tnh nng ny kch hot tnh nng ngt qung t trong ting Php khi
bn cu hnh ng cho h thng LATEX. N cng s t ng thay i cc
chui t ng thnh ting Php (nh l: Mc lc, Ti liu tham kho, . . . ).
ng thi, mt tp hp cc lnh mi cng s c hiu lc nhm h tr cho
vic son tho cc ti liu bng ting Php. Tham kho thm mc 2.3
bit thm chi tit .

Bng 2.3: Cc lnh c bit dnh cho ting Php.

\og guillemets \fg{}

guillemets

M\up{me}, D\up{r}

Mme , Dr

1\ier{}, 1\iere{}, 1\ieres{}

1er , 1re , 1res

2\ieme{} 4\iemes{}

2e 4es

\No 1, \no 2

No 1, no 2

20~\degres C, 45\degres

20 C, 45

\bsc{M. Durand}

M. Durand

\nombre{1234,56789}

1 234,567 89

Ngoi ra, bn s thy rng cch trnh by cc danh sch s thay i khi
ta chuyn sang ting Php. bit thm chi tit v cch lm vic ca tu
chn frenchb ca gi babel c th tu bin tnh nng ca n, bn c th
chy chng trnh dch ca LATEX dch tp tin frenchb.dtx v c tp
tin kt qu frenchb.dvi.

2.5 S h tr i vi cc ngn ng quc t

2.5.3

31

S h tr i vi ting c

c th s dng tnh nng h tr ny, bn c th s dng lnh sau:

\usepackage[german]{babel}

Lnh trn s kch hot tnh nng ngt qung t i vi ting c sau khi
bn cu hnh h thng LATEX mt cch hp l. Ngoi ra, n cng t ng
thay i cc chui t ng sang ting c. Bn cnh , tp hp cc lnh
h tr cho vic son tho vn bn bng ting c cng s c kch hot.
Hy tham kho thm 2.4 bit thm chi tit. i vi gi inputenc, tt c
cc tnh nng ny s b tt i nhng vn bn ca bn vn c nh vi mt
bng m c th.
Bng 2.4: Mt s k hiu c bit trong ting c.
"a
"
"< or \flqq

\flq

<

\dq

"

"s

"

"> or \frqq

\frq

>

Trong cc ti liu bng ting c, bn thng gp cc k hiu trch dn

trong ting Php (y l mt v d). Khi sp ch cho mt ti liu bng
ting c, i lc ta thy rng khng c s thng nht v vic ny. i khi
du trch dn trng nh: v d. Nhng i vi nhng ngi Switzerland
ni ting c th du trch dn trng ging nh trong ting Php: trch dn
.
Mt vn ln xut pht t vic s dng lnh \flq: nu bn s dng
cc font ch OT1 (theo mc nh) th du trch dn s trng ging nh k
hiu ton  v n s gy ra mt s vn . Do , s dng du trch
dn nh trn th bn nn thm vo lnh sau: \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}.

2.5.4

H tr i vi ting Hn quc5

Phn ny c a vo do c rt nhiu cu hi xung quanh vic son tho bng ting

Hn Quc trong LATEX. Mc ny c son tho bi Karnes KIM thay mt cho nhm
5

32

Son tho vn bn
s dng tnh nng ny, bn cn gii quyt 3 vn sau:
1. Bn phi c kh nng son tho tp tin d liu vo bng ting Hn. V
tp tin d liu ny phi n thun l mt tp tin vn bn. Tuy nhin bi
v ting Hn s dng cc k t ring khng c trong bng m US-ASCII
cho nn cc k t s trng rt l i vi cc chng trnh son tho vi
bng m ASCII thng thng. Hai bng m c s dng rng ri nht
trong vic son tho ting Hn l EUC-KR v phn m rng ca n
tng thch vi bng m s dng bi MS-Windows bng ting Hn l
CP949/Windows-949/UHC. Vi cc bng m ny th cc k t trong
bng m US-ASCII s i din cho k t ASCII thng thng tng t
nh cc bng m tng thch khc nh ISO-8859-x, EUC-JP, Shift_JIS
v Big5. Mt khc, cc m tit Hangul, Hanjas (Cc k t Trung Quc
s dng trong ting Hn), Hangul Jamos, Hirakanas, Katakanas, cc
k hiu hy lp kirin v cc k hiu, k t khc trong KS X 1001 s c
i din bi hai qung tm lin tip. Phn u tin lu tp MSB ca
n. n gia nhng nm 1990, ngi ta mt rt nhiu cng sc
trong vic xy dng mt mi trng h tr ting Hn i vi cc h
iu hnh khng phi bng ting Hn. Bn c th xem thm a ch
http://jshin.net/faq lt qua cc thng tin v lm th no
s dng ting Hn trong cc h iu hnh khng phi bng ting Hn
trong nhng nm 1990. Ngy nay, c ba h iu hnh chnh (Mac OS,
Unix, Windows) u h tr tng i tt cho cc ngn ng khc nhau
trn th gii. Do , vic son tho mt ti liu bng ting Hn khng
cn qu kh khn ngay c khi trn mt my tnh khng chy h iu
hnh ting Hn.
2. TEX v LATEX c thit kt cho cc h thng ch vit khng vt qu
256 k t trong bng ch ci. Do , chng c th lm vic vi cc
ngn ng c nhiu k t hn nh ting Hn Quc6 , ting Trung Quc.
dch ti liu ny sang ting Hn. Ngoi ra, n cng c dch sang ting Anh bi SHIN
Jungshik v tm tt li bi Tobi Oetiker
6
Korean Hangul l mt bng ch ci vi 14 ph m v 10 nguyn m c bn (Jamos).
Khng ging nh h thng ch vit Latin hay Cyrillic, cc k t ring l phi c sp
xp trong cc hnh ch nht cng kch thc nh cc k t ting Trung Quc, mi s
i in cho mt m tit. Mt tp hp v hn cc m tit c th c to t tp hu
hn cc m tit v ph m ny. Chun chnh t mi trong ting Hn (c Nam ln Bc
Hn) t ra mt s gii hn v vic lp nn cc nhm ny. Do ch c mt s hu
hn cc m tit ng ng php l tn ti. Bng m ting Hn nh ngha m cho tng
m tit ny (KS X 1001:1998 v KS X 1002:1998). Do , bng ch ci ting Hn s
c x l nh trong ting Nht v Trung Quc vi h thng ch vit gm hng vn
cc k t tng hnh v k t tc k. ISO 10466/Unicode ngh c hai cch ca vic
hin th ting Hn dng cho ting Hn hin i bng cch dng bng m Conjoining

2.5 S h tr i vi cc ngn ng quc t

Do , mt c ch mi c xy dng. N chia cc font ch CJK
vi hng ngn hay hng vn cc t hp thnh cc font ch nh hn
vi 256 k t. i vi ting Hn, c 3 gi ang c s dng rng ri
l: HLATEX vit bi UN Koaunghi, hLATEXp vit bi CHA-Jaechoon v
CJK package vit bi Werner Lemberg.7 HLATEXv hLATEXp h tr ti
a cho ting Hn. C hai u c th x l cc tp tin c son tho
vi bng m EUC-KR. HLATEX c th x l lun c tp tin d liu vo
vi bng m CP949/Windows-949/UHC. Bn cng c th dng n
son tho cc ti liu a ngn ng (c bit l ting Trung Quc, Nht
v Hn Quc).
Gi CJK c th x l d liu c son tho bng bng m UTF-8
cng nh mt s bng m khc nh EUC-KR v CP949/Windows949/UHC. Bn cng c th dng n son tho cc ti liu a ngn
ng (c bit l ting Trung Quc, Nht v Hn Quc). Tuy nhin, gi
CJK ny khng i km vi bt k font ch Hn no.

3. Mc ch cui cng ca vic s dng cc chng trnh son tho nh

TEX v LATEX l c c mt ti liu c thm m. Do , vic
c nhng font ch p l mt yu t rt quan trng. HLATEX cung cp
nhng font UHC PostScript vi 10 h font khc nhau v cc font ch
Minhwabu8 (TrueType) vi 5 h font khc nhau. Gi CJK lm vic vi
mt tp hp font ch c s dng bi phin bn c hn ca HLATEX
v c th s dng cc font TrueType ca Bitstream.

Hangul Jamos (bng ch ci c ti http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1100.pdf)

bit thm v m rng cho tt c cc m tit ng chnh t trong ting hang hin i
(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UAC00.pdf). Mt trong nhng vn lm nn
lng nht khi son tho mt vn bn bng ting Hn vi LATEX hay cc h son tho khc
l vic h tr Middle Korean v ting Hn trong tng laicc m tit c th c biu
din bng cch kt hp Jamos trong unicode. Ngi ta hy vng rng trong tng lai, b
my nh dng TEX nh v s gii quyt c c vn ny cc nh ngn ng
hc v lch s hc s ri b vic s dng MS Word (hin nay MS Word h tr kh tt cho
Middle Korean).
7
Bn c th download cc gi trn a ch
CTAN:/tex-archive/language/korean/HLaTeX/
CTAN://tex-archive/language/korean/CJK/ v http://knot.kaist.ac.kr/htex/
8
B Vn Ho Hn Quc

33

34

Son tho vn bn
s dng gi HLATEX, bn hy khai bo nh sau trong phn ta ca
ti liu:
\usepackage{hangul}

Lnh ny s kch hot tnh nng son tho ting Hn. Cc tiu ca
chng, mc, mc con, mc lc, . . . s c dch sang ting Hn v nh dng
ca ti liu cng s thay i theo quy c mu ti liu bng ting Hn.
Cc gi trn cng cung cp tnh nng la chn mt mu nh. Trong
ting Hn, c rt nhiu cp tin t tng ng v mt ng php nhng khc
nhau v hnh thc. Cp tin t no ng s tu thuc vo m tit ng trc
kt thc bi mt nguyn m hay ph m. (iu ny phc tp hn nhng ta
c th ni nm na nh th cho d hiu.) Ngi dn Hn Quc s khng gp
kh khn trong vic la chn cp tin t no cho thch hp nhng TEX s
khng xc nh c vic s dng cp no s dng lm tham chiu v
cc chui mc nh s thay i trong khi son tho. HLATEX gii phng
c ngi dng khi vn ny bng mt c ch lm vic hot ng kh
tt (nhng vn c li).
Khi bn khng cn mt s tnh nng c bit ca son tho ting Hn,
n gin ho, bn c th dng lnh sau kch hot tnh nng son tho
bng ting Hn:
\usepackage{hfont}

bit thm chi tit v vic son tho ting Hn vi HLATEX, bn c th

tham kho thm HLATEX Guide. Hy tham kho thm thng tin trang
web ngi Hn Quc dng TeX ti a ch http://www.ktug.or.kr/. ng
thi bn cng c th tm thy ti liu ny bng ting Hn.

2.6

Khong cch gia cc t

bin phi ca mt ti liu c cng thng hng, LATEX s chn vo nhng

s lng khc nhau cc khong trng gia cc t. LATEX s chn nhiu khong
trng hn vo cui cu, v iu ny s lm cho vn bn d c hn. LATEX
qui nh rng mt cu s kt thc vi du chm cu, du hi hay du chm
cm. Nu mt du chm cu theo sau mt ch vit ho th n khng c
xem l kt thc ca mt cu bi v cc du chm ng sau cc ch vit hoa
thng xut hin cc t vit tt.
Tt c cc trng hp ngoi l i vi qui tt ny phi c xc nh c
th bi ngi son tho. Mt du gch cho ng trc mt khong trng

2.7 Ta , cc chng v cc mc

35

s to ra mt khong trng n rng. Mt du ~ s to ra mt khong trng

khng th n rng v ngn khng cho xung hng. Lnh \@ ng trc mt
du chm cu s xc nh rng du chm ny kt thc mt cu ngay c khi
n theo sau mt ch ci vit hoa.
Mr.~Smith was happy to see
her\\ cf.~Fig.~5\\
I like NEWWORLD\@.
What about you?

Mr. Smith was happy to see her

cf. Fig. 5
I like NEWWORLD. What about you?

Khong trng thm vo sau du chm cu c th b b qua vi lnh sau:

\frenchspacing

n s khin cho LATEX khng chn thm khong trng vo sau du chm.
iu ny rt ph bin trong cc ngn ng khc vi ting Anh, tr phn ti
liu tham kho. Nu bn s dng lnh \frenchspacing th khng cn thit
s dng lnh \@.

2.7

Ta , cc chng v cc mc

Nhm gip cho ngi c d dng tm ra nhng phn cn thit trong ti liu
ca bn, bn nn chia n thnh cc chng, mc v mc nh. LATEX h tr
cc lnh c bit xem ta ca cc mc lm i s. Vic s dng chng
theo th t nh th no s tu thuc vo bn.
Cc lnh sau sn c dnh cho lp ti liu dng article:
\section{...}
\subsection{...}
\subsubsection{...}
\paragraph{...}
\subparagraph{...}

Nu bn mun chia ti liu ca mnh thnh cc phn m khng nh

hng n vic nh s chng, mc bn c th s dng lnh sau:
\part{...}

Khi lm vic vi lp ti liu report hay book, bn c thm mt lnh chia

36

Son tho vn bn
on cao nht l:
\chapter{...}

Trong lp ti liu dng article khng c khi nim v chng. bn c

th xem cc ti liu dng article nh cc chng ca mt quyn sch.
Khong cch gia cc on, vic nh s v kch thc font ch ca tiu
ca cc on s c LATEX quyt nh mt cch t ng.
Hai lnh chia on sau tng i c bit:

Lnh \part khng nh hng n vic nh s th t cc chng.

Lnh \appendix khng c tham s. Lnh ny ch thay i vic nh
s chng t s sang ch.9

LATEX s to ra bng mc lc bng cch trc ly phn ta ca cc mc

v v tr trang ca chng thng qua ln bin dch cui cng ca ti liu. Lnh

\tableofcontents

s hin th ni dung ca bng mc lc ti v tr n c chn vo. Mt ti

liu cn phi c bin dch hai ln LATEX c th xy dng c bng
mc lc. i khi LATEX s yu cu bn ln th ba c c mt bng mc
lc tht chnh xc.
Tt c cc lnh chia on c lit k trn cng c th c vit di
dng c du * pha sau. Khi ny, ta ca cc mc s khng c hin
th v khng c a vo bng mc lc. V d nh khi bn khng mun
hin th ta ca mc \section{Tr gip} vo bng mc lc, bn c th
chia on vi lnh \section*{Tr gip}.
Thng thng ta ca cc mc s c a vo bng mc lc. i
khi iu ny khng thc hin c do ta qu di. Khi ny, ta c th yu
cu LATEX a vo phn mc lc mt ta thay th ngn hn.
\chapter[Ta cho bng mc lc]{y l mt ta
di v chn ngt, khng th v cht no}
9

i vi lp ti liu dng report th n thay i cch nh s cc mc.

2.8 Tham chiu cho

37

Ta ca ti liu s c to ra bi lnh
\maketitle

Phn ta ca ti liu phi c xc nh bi mt trong s cc lnh sau:

\title{...}, \author{...} v c th thm v tu chn v ngy thng vi lnh \date{...}

trc khi gi lnh \maketitle. Tham s \author c th c cung cp vi

nhiu tn cch nhau bi lnh \and.
Bn c th tham kho thm v d v cc lnh trn hnh 1.2 trang 9.
Mt phn ca lnh chia on c gii thch nh trn, LATEX 2
cng gii thiu thm 3 lnh s dng vi ti liu dng book. Chng s rt
hu ch cho vic chia on ti liu cn in n ca bn. Cc lnh ny dng
thay i ta ca cc chng v vic nh s trang s lm vic theo yu
cu ca bn:
\frontmatter phi l lnh u tin ngay sau lnh \begin{document}. N
chuyn vic nh s trang sang kiu La M. Thng thng, bn nn s
dng lnh chia on vi du * pha sau (nh l \chapter*{Li ta})
i vi li ta nhm khin cho LATEX khng lit k chng.
\mainmatter nm ngay pha trc chng u tin ca quyn sch. N
chuyn sang ch nh s kiu rp v khi ng li b m s
trang.
\appendix nh du vic bt u cc chng thm vo ca ti liu. Sau khi
lnh ny c gi, cc chng s c nh s bng cc k t.
\backmatter xut hin ngay trc phn cui cng ca ti liu nh mc ti
liu tham kho v bng ch mc. Trong cc ti liu chun, bn s khng
thy c tc dng ca n mt cch c th.

2.8

Tham chiu cho

Trong cc quyn sch, bng bo co, bi bo, ta thng thy rt nhiu tham
chiu cho n cc hnh nh, biu bng v cc on vn bn c bit. LATEX
cung cp cc lnh sau h tr cho vic tham chiu cho:
\label{tn nhn}, \ref{tn nhn} v \pageref{tn nhn}

vi marker l mt tn gi c ch nh bi ngi son tho. LATEX thay th

38

Son tho vn bn
\ref bi s th t ca cc mc, mc nh, hnh, biu bng hay cc nh l
tng ng vi lnh \label. Lnh \pageref s in ra s th t ca trang xut
hin lnh \label tng ng.10 i vi cc mc th s th t ca chng s
c dng lm tham chiu.

Mt tham chiu n mc con

\label{sec:con} trng nh: xem
mc~\ref{sec:con}
trang~\pageref{sec:con}.

2.9

Mt tham chiu n mc con trng nh:

xem mc 2.8 trang 38.

Ch thch cui trang

Vic ch thch cui trang c thc hin vi lnh:

\footnote{ni dung cn ch thch}

khi ny, mt li ch thch s c in ra cui trang. Nhng li ch thch

phi c t trong11 sau mt t hay mt cu m chng tham chiu n.
Cc li ch thch i vi mt cu hay mt on ca cu nn c t sau
du chm hay du phy.12

Ngi dng LATEX rt hay s dng ch thcha

Ngi dng \LaTeX{} rt hay s dng ch thch\footnote{y l mt ch thch}
a

y l mt ch thch

Cc lnh ny khng bit n i tng chng tham chiu n. Lnh \label ch lu

li s hiu ca vic nh s cui cng.
11
t l mt trong nhng t thng dng trong ting Vit.
12
Lu rng nhng li ghi ch cui trang s khn cho ngi c mt i s ch i
vi phn vn bn ang c. Hn na, mi ngi thng hay t m c phn ch thch
pha di. Do , i khi ta c th thm vo nhng thng tin cc phn ch thch cui
trang v iu ny rt hiu qu!13
13
Thng tin khng cn phi nm ngay nhng v tr m n hng n!!!.
10

2.10 Cc t c nhn mnh

2.10

39

Cc t c nhn mnh

Nu mt vn bn c nh bng my nh ch th cc t quan trng

s c nhn mnh bng cch gch di chng.
\underline{ni dung}

Cn trong cc ti liu c in n th cc t s c nhn mnh bng cch

thay i nh dng ca chng thnh in nghing. LATEX h tr vic ny bng
cch cung cp lnh sau:
\emph{ni dung}

nhn mnh phn ni dung. Lnh ny s tc ng n tham s nh th

no l tu thuc vo ng cnh:
\emph{ nhn mnh mt t
trong mt on vn bn
c nhn mnh th \LaTeX{}
s s dng font ch
\emph{bnh thng}
nhn mnh t y.}

nhn mnh mt t trong mt on vn

bn c nhn mnh th LATEX s s dng
font ch bnh thng nhn mnh t y.

bn cn thy c s khc bit ca vic yu cu LATEX nhn mnh mt

t v vic yu cu LATEX s dng mt font khc i vi t :
\textit{Bn cng c th
\emph{nhn mnh} vn bn
khi m n c chnh l
in nghing,}
\textsf{trong font ch dng
\emph{sans-serif},}
\texttt{hay kiu
\emph{nh my}.}

2.11

Bn cng c th nhn mnh vn bn khi m

n c chnh l in nghing, trong font
ch dng sans-serif, hay kiu nh my.

Mi trng

thun tin cho vic nh dng phn vn bn, LATEX nh ngha sn

mt s mi trng h tr cho ta. s dng, bn cn phi nhp vo nh

40

Son tho vn bn
sau:
\begin{environment} vn bn

\end{environment}

Vi environment l tn ca mi trng. Mi trng c th an xen vo nhau

khi m th t an xen hp l cn c duy tr.
\begin{aaa}...\begin{bbb}...\end{bbb}...\end{aaa}
Trong phn ny, bn s c gii thch v tt cc cc mi trng quan trng
trong LATEX.

2.11.1

Cc mi trng lit k

Vi LATEX, ta c cc mi trng lit k sau:

Mi trng itemize ph hp vi vic lit k nhng danh sch n gin.

Mi trng enumerate c dng lit k cc danh sch (cc mc
c nh s mt cch t ng).
Mi trng description c dng khi cn m t cc mc trong danh
sch.

\flushleft
\begin{enumerate}
\item Bn c th kt
hp mi trng cc danh
sch theo mnh:
\begin{itemize}
\item Nhng i khi n
trng
khng p.
\item[-] Vi mt du gch.
\end{itemize}
\item Do , hy nh rng:
\begin{description}
\item[Nhng iu ng ngn] s tr
nn hay khi chng nm trong mt
danh sch
\item[Nhng iu hay] c th c
trnh by mt cch p
mt thng qua cc danh sch.
\end{description}
\end{enumerate}

1. Bn c th kt hp mi trng cc
danh sch theo mnh:
Nhng i khi n trng khng
p.

- Vi mt du gch.
2. Do , hy nh rng:
Nhng iu ng ngn s tr nn
hay khi chng nm trong mt
danh sch
Nhng iu hay c th c trnh
by mt cch p mt thng
qua cc danh sch.

2.11 Mi trng

2.11.2

41

Canh tri, canh phi, v canh gia

Mi trng flushleft v flushright canh tri hay canh phi on vn.Ngoi

ra, mi trng center s canh gia cho on vn bn trong bn c canh
gia. Nu bn khng a ra cc k hiu xung hng (\\) th LATEX s t ng
lm iu cho bn.

\begin{flushleft}
on vn bn ny c\\
canh tri. \LaTeX{} s khng
c gng lm
cho cc hng c cng chiu di.
\end{flushleft}

\begin{flushright}
on vn bn ny c\\
canh phi. \LaTeX{} s khng
c gng lm
cho cc hng c cng chiu di.
\end{flushright}

on vn bn ny c
canh tri. LATEX s khng c gng lm cho
cc hng c cng chiu di.

canh phi.

\begin{center}
Nm tm \\ca tri t.
\end{center}

2.11.3

on vn bn ny c
EX s khng c gng lm cho
cc hng c cng chiu di.

LAT

Nm tm
ca tri t.

Cc trch dn v cc on th

Mi trng quote rt hu dng khi son tho cc li trch dn, cc cu quan

trng hay cc v d.

42

Son tho vn bn

Mt quy lut quan trng

kim sot chiu di
ca mt hng l:
\begin{quote}
Bnh qun th mi hng
c khng qu 66 k t.
\end{quote}
y chnh l l do v sao
m cc gi ca \LaTeX{} c
cc bin ln
theo mc nh v y cng
l l do ti sao cc bo
li s dng
cch in lm nhiu ct.

Mt quy lut quan trng kim sot chiu

di ca mt hng l:
Bnh qun th mi hng c
khng qu 66 k t.
y chnh l l do v sao m cc gi ca
LATEX c cc bin ln theo mc nh v y
cng l l do ti sao cc bo li s dng cch
in lm nhiu ct.

C hai mi trng khc c tnh nng tng t l: quotation v verse.

Mi trng quotation rt hu ch i vi cc trch dn di khong vi on
vn bi v n s canh l hng u tin ca cc on. Ngoi ra, mi trng
verse thch hp vi vic son cc bi th khi m vic xung hng ng mt
vai tr quan trng. Vic xung hng s c thc hin vi lnh \\ cui
hng v mt hng trng cui cc on th.

2.11 Mi trng
Lng l
\begin{flushleft}
\begin{verse}
Em m thi gian tri mi\\
Sao ngy c di bt tn\\
Sao m c mi
mong lung\\
em lc mt\\
Mt anh tht ri.\\
Tnh gic\\
Tri bng sng bn em\\
C n, lng l\\
Em li m
thi gian tri mi\\
Bao cuc tnh n ri i\\
Nh cn gi\\
Nhng c bao gi em khc c u\\
Phi chng nc mt chn
su tnh c\\
Phi chng trong lng\\
Em ch khc v anh? \ldots
\end{verse}
\end{flushleft}
\begin{flushright}
on Th Ngc H
\end{flushright}

2.11.4

43

Lng l
Em m thi gian tri mi
Sao ngy c di bt tn
Sao m c mi mong lung
em lc mt
Mt anh tht ri.
Tnh gic
Tri bng sng bn em
C n, lng l
Em li m thi gian tri mi
Bao cuc tnh n ri i
Nh cn gi
Nhng c bao gi em khc
c u
Phi chng nc mt chn
su tnh c
Phi chng trong lng
Em ch khc v anh? . . .
on Th Ngc H

In n ng nguyn vn

Cc vn bn c son tho trong cp lnh \begin{verbatim} v \end{verbatim}

s c in n trc tip ra my in ging nh nhng g bn nhp vo (bao
gm c vic xung hng, khong trng m khng thng qua qu trnh nh
dng ca LATEX).
thc hin iu ny bn trong mt on vn th ta s dng lnh sau:
\verb+ni dung+

Lnh + l mt v d v k t gii hn. Bn c th s dng cc k t bt k

tr cc ch ci, du * hay khong trng. C rt nhiu v d ca LATEX trong
sch ny c son vi lnh ny.

44

Son tho vn bn

Lnh \verb|\ldots| \ldots

\begin{verbatim}
10 PRINT "HELLO WORLD ";
20 GOTO 10
\end{verbatim}

Lnh \ldots . . .
10 PRINT "HELLO WORLD ";
20 GOTO 10

\begin{verbatim*}
phin bn c du *
pha sau ca mi trng
\ei{verbatim} nhn
mnh khong trng gia
cc t trong vn bn.
\end{verbatim*}

phinbncdu*
phasaucamitrng
\ei{verbatim}nhn
mnhkhongtrnggia
ccttrongvnbn.

Lnh \verb cng c th c s dng tng t nh trn

\verb*|nh th

ny

:-) |

nhthny:-)

Mi trng verbatim v lnh \verb khng c s dng bn trong cc

tham s ca cc lnh khc.

2.11.5

Mi trng bng

Mi trng tabular c th c s dng son tho cc bng p mt vi

s tu bin vi cc ng k ng v ng k dc. LATEX s xc nh chiu
rng ca cc ct mt cch t ng.
Tham s table spec ca lnh
\begin{tabular}[pos]{table spec}

xc nh nh dng ca bng. Nhp vo l i vi ct c canh l bn

tri, r i vi ct c canh l bn phi v c i vi ct cn canh gia;
p{ rng } i vi ct cha vn bn c cn l c hai bn vi cc k t
xung hng vo rng ca ct c xc nh trc; k hiu | c tc dng
m t cc ng k thng ng.
Tham s pos xc nh v tr ca bng theo chiu dc da vo ng k
bao quanh phn vn bn. Bn c th nhp vo cc gi tr t, b v c xc
nh vic sp xp bng trn, cui hay gia trang.

2.11 Mi trng

45

Trong mi trng tabular, lnh & c dng ngn cch cc ct, lnh
\\ bt u mt hng mi v lnh \hline dng v mt hng ngang. Bn
c th thm vo cc ng k nh bng cc lnh nh \cline{j -i } vi i v j
l s ct m ng k i qua.
\begin{tabular}{|r|l|}
\hline 7C0 & c s 16 \\
3700 & c s 8 \\
\cline{2-2} 11111000000
& c s 2
\\ \hline \hline
1984 & s thp phn \\ \hline
\end{tabular}

7C0
3700
11111000000
1984

\begin{tabular}{|p{4.7cm}|}
\hline
on vn ny s c
ng khung li. Hy vng
rng bn s
thch tnh nng ny.
\\ \hline
\end{tabular}

on vn ny s c ng
khung li. Hy vng rng bn
s thch tnh nng ny.

c s 16
c s 8
c s 2
s thp phn

K t phn cch ct c th c xc nh vi lnh @{...} . Lnh ny s

xo khong cch ni gia cc ct v thay vo l k t gia du ngoc do
bn ch nh. Di y l mt ng dng ph bin ca lnh ny trong vic
sp thng hng cc s nguyn. Mt ng dng khc ca lnh ny l dng
k phn u ca bng vi k t @{} .
\begin{tabular}{@{} l @{}}
\hline
khng c khong cch trn u
\\ \hline
\end{tabular}

\begin{tabular}{l}
\hline
c khong trng hai u\\
\hline
\end{tabular}

khng c khong cch trn u

c khong trng hai u

46

Son tho vn bn
Hin nay, ta khng c cng c no sn c h tr cho vic sp thng hng
cc ct lu cc s thp phn,14 nhng chng ta vn c th sp thng hng
bng cch dng 2 ct: mt ct c canh l bn phi gm cc s nguyn v
mt ct c canh l bn tri cha s thp phn. Lnh \@{.} s c dng
thay i du phn cch gia cc ct thnh du .. ng qun thay th cc
du chm thp phn trong s liu ca bn thnh k hiu cch ct (&). Bn c
th dng thm mt ct xut ta bng cch s dng lnh\multicolumn.

\begin{tabular}{c r @{.} l}
Cc biu thc i vi s
$\pi$ & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Value}
\\ \hline $\pi$ & 3&1416
\\ $\pi^{\pi}$
& 36&46
\\
$(\pi^{\pi})^{\pi}$
& 80662&7
\\
\end{tabular}

Cc biu thc i vi s

( )

\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
\hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}
{Nguyn} \\
\hline Tn & Khoa! \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

Nguyn
Tn Khoa!

Value
3.1416
36.46
80662.7

Ni dung son tho vi mi trng tabular lun nm trn mt trang

vn bn. Nu bn mun son tho cc bng di, bn c th tham kho thm
cc mi trng nh supertabular v longtabular.

2.12

Tnh linh ng trong cch trnh by

Ngy nay, a s n phm u cha rt nhiu hnh nh v biu bng. y l

cc thnh phn cn c s x l c bit bi v chng khng c php b ct
ngang gia. Mt trong nhng bin php khc phc l bt u mt trang
mi mi khi gp phi hnh minh ho hay biu bng qu ln c th trnh
by gn trong mt trang. Gii php ny s lm cho ti liu c nhiu trang
c nhiu khong trng.
nu cc gi cng c c ci t trn my ca bn th hy tham kho thm gi
dcolumn.
14

2.12 Tnh linh ng trong cch trnh by

Bng 2.5: Cc v tr c php.

K hiu
h
t
b
p
!

V tr t ni dung . . .
ngay ti v tr m biu bng hay hnh minh ho c
son tho. Tu chn ny ph hp vi cc font ch nh.
u ca mt trang
cui ca mt trang
trn mt trang c bit ch cha cc d liu linh ng
nh vy.
khng quan tm n cc tham s bn tronga , nh hng
n vic sp xp n.

Lu rng pt v em l hai n v ca TEX. Bn c th c thm bng 5.5

trang 110 bit thm chi tit.
a

nh l s biu bng hay hnh minh ha linh ng c php c trn mt trang.

Mt gii php khc cho vn ny l cho php hnh minh ho hay biu
bng khng nm gn trong trang hin ti m n c th nm trong trang k
tip trong khi phn ni dung ca trang k tip s tip tc c trnh by
trong trang hin ti. LATEX cung cp hai mi trng thc hin vic ny,
mt dnh cho cc hnh minh ho v mt dnh cho cc biu bng. c th
s dng tt hai mi trng trn, bn cn hiu c c ch lm vic bn trong
ca LATEX. Nu bn khng nm vng iu ny th i khi LATEX s lm bn
tht vng v n khng t biu bng hay hnh minh ho ng v tr m bn
mong mun.
Trc tin, ta hy xem qua cc lnh c LATEX h tr thc hin cng
vic ny:
Tt c cc d liu trong mi trng figure hay table u c xem l
d liu linh ng. C hai mi trng ny u h tr mt s tu chn v v
tr sp t chng trong ti liu
\begin{figure}[v-tr ] hay \begin{table}[v-tr ]

Tham s v-tr bo cho LATEX bit v tr c th trnh by biu bng. Tham

s ny c thit lp bng cch xy dng mt chui nh dng t cc lnh
c sn. Xem bng 2.5 bit thm chi tit.
Mt biu bng c th bt u vi hng lnh sau:
\begin{table}[!hbp]

47

48

Son tho vn bn
Tham s placement specifier [!hbp] cho php LATEX t biu bng ngay ti
v tr hin thi (h) hay trn mt trang c bit ch dnh cho cc d liu linh
ng nh biu bng ny (p) hay cui trang (b) thm ch trong trng hp
n trng khng p mt (!). Vic b tr theo mc nh s l [tbp].
LATEX s t cc biu bng hay hnh minh ho m n gp theo cc tham
s lnh do ta cung cp. Khi m biu bng hay hnh minh ha khng th c
hin th ngay, n s c a vo hng i15 . Khi mt trang mi bt u,
LATEX kim tra hng i v c gng a biu bng hay hnh minh ho ph
hp nht vo. Nu LATEX khng thc hin c th biu bng hay hnh minh
ho trong hng i y s c xem nh va mi xut hin trong vn bn16
(c ngha l n s b a xung cui hng i ch i c x l.) LATEX
s c gng gi ng th t xut hin ca cc biu bng v hnh minh ha.
y l l do m ti sao mt hnh minh ho hay biu bng b y xung n
cui ti liu. Do :
Nu LATEX khng t cc biu bng hay hnh minh ha ng v
tr bn mong mun th li gy ra l do mt biu bng hay hnh
minh ho no gy nghn hng i.
LATEX cho php vic nh v tr ch vi mt tham s nhng iu ny s
gy ra cc vn bi v nu LATEX khng th t n ti v tr nh yu cu th
n s gy nghn hng i, nh hng n cc thnh phn khc trong hng
i ny. C th, bn khng nn s dng tham s [h]tham s ny hot ng
khng tt v do , trong cc phin bn gn y ca LATEX, n b i thnh
[ht].
Chng ti gii thch cho cc bn v mt s nhng kh khn hay gp; tuy
nhin, vn cn mt s iu cn lu khi s dng hai mi trng ny.
Lnh
\caption{tiu }

cho php bn nh tiu cho biu bng hay hnh minh ho. Vic nh s
th t vo chui Figure hay Table s c LATEX t ng thc hin.
Hai lnh sau
\listoffigures v \listoftables

lm vic tng t nh lnh \tableofcontents. Lnh ny cho php xut ra

danh sch cc hnh nh minh ho hay biu bng. Cc danh sch ny s hin
15
16

y l hng i dng FIFOfirst in first out

tr trng hp ta s dng tham s l h v tham s ny s khng thc hin c

2.13 Bo v cc lnh d v
th c phn ta . Do , nu bn t cc ta qu di th bn nn cung
cp thm mt ta tu chn ngn hn LATEX c th thay th n vo
trong danh sch. lm iu ny, bn ch cn a thm ta c thu
gn vo trong du ngoc vung.
\caption[Ngn gn]{y l mt ta di i l di, di ...}
Vi cc lnh nh \label v \ref, bn c th tham chiu n mt biu
bng hay mt hnh minh ho.
Di y l mt v d v vic v mt hnh vung v chn vo mt ti
liu. Bn c th s dng n nu dnh khong trng cho cc hnh nh v
bn s dn vo khi ti liu hon tt..
Hnh~\ref{white} l mt v d v nh.
\begin{figure}[!hbp]
\makebox[\textwidth]{\framebox[5cm]{\rule{0pt}{5cm}}}
\caption{Hnh c kch thc 5x5~cm.} \label{white}
\end{figure}
Trong v d trn, LATEX s c gng t mt hnh ngay ti v tr ny17 . Nu
LATEX khng thc hin thnh cng th n s c gng t hnh ny cui
trang. Nu LATEX vn khng thc hin c th n s c gng t hnh ny
mt trang no ph hp. Nu trang ny khng tho cc vic dt hnh ny,
LATEX s bt u mt trang mi v li tin hnh li cc thao tc trn.
Trong mt s tnh hung th bn cn phi s dng lnh sau
\clearpage hay l lnh \cleardoublepage

nhm yu cu LATEX phi xut ra ngay tt c cc biu bng hay hnh minh
ho trong hng i v bt u mt trang mi. Lnh \cleardoublepage s
i n mt trang bn phi.
Bn s hc cch a cc hnh nh PostScript v ti liu trong cc
chng sau.

2.13

Bo v cc lnh d v

Vn bn cung cp cc tham s cho cc lnh nh \caption hay \section c

th xut hin nhiu ln trong ti liu (e.g trong phn mc lc cng nh trong
phn ni dung vn bn). Mt s lnh s khng thc hin c khi c s
dng lm tham s cho cc lnh nh \section. Cc lnh ny gi l cc lnh
17

gi s nh hng i ang rng

49

50

Son tho vn bn
d vv d nh lnh \footnote hay \phantom. Cc lnh d v ny cn
phi c bo v. Bn c th bo v chng bng cch t lnh \protect
trc cc lnh ny.
Lnh \protect ch c hiu lc vi lnh ngay bn phi ca n. Cc lnh
\protect tha ra cng khng gy nh hng g.
\section{Ti l mt ngi n cn
\protect\footnote{v bo v phn ch thch cui trang}}

Chng 3
Son tho cc cng thc ton
hc
By gi bn sn sng! Bn c nhng kin thc c bn v cc thnh phn
trong mt ti liu v cch son tho mt ti liu c bn vi LATEX. Trong chng
ny, chng ta s tim hiu v tnh nng mnh nht ca LATEX: son tho cc
cng thc ton hc. Tuy nhin, chng ny ch cung cp cho bn nhng kin
thc c bn nht. i vi mt s ngi dng th nhng kin thc y s khng
son tho cc cng thc ton phc tp nhng ng nn ch bi v bn c
th tham kho thm ti liu v AMS-LATEX1 .

3.1

Tng quan

Trong LATEX c mt ch c bit son tho cc cng thc ton hc.

Cc cng thc ton ny c th c a vo ngay trong mi trng vn
bn hay ta c th tch ri chng khi cc on vn. Cc vn bn lin quan
n ton hc c th c son tho gia du \( v \) hay $ v $, hay
\begin{math} v \end{math}.
Cng $a$ bnh phng
vi $b$ bnh phng
c $c$ bnh phng. Ta
c th vit di dng
cng thc l: $c^{2} = a^{2}+b^{2}$

Cng a bnh phng vi b bnh phng c

c bnh phng. Ta c th vit di dng cng
thc l: c2 = a2 + b2

The American Mathematical Society a ra nhng phn m rng rt mnh cho

LATEX. Rt nhiu v d trong phn ny s dng n cc phn m rng . Tt c cc phn
m rng ny u c cung cp km vi cc phin bn TEX. Nu bn cha c th c th
ti v a CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/amslatex.
1

52

Son tho cc cng thc ton hc

\TeX{} c pht m l
\(\tau\epsilon\chi\).\\[6pt]
100~m$^{3}$ nc.\\[6pt]
Tnh yu xut pht t
\begin{math}
\heartsuit
\end{math}.

TEX c pht m l .
100 m3 nc.
Tnh yu xut pht t .

i vi cc phng trnh hay cng thc ln, c th bn mun t n

tch ri khi on vn. Tuy nhin, ngi ta thng hin th n ngay trong
on vn thay v tch on vn ra. thc hin c iu ny, bn c
th t chng gia hai du \[ v \] hay gia \begin{displaymath} v
\end{displaymath}.
Cng $a$ bnh phng vi
$b$ bnh phng c $c$
bnh phng. Ta
c th vit li di dng
cng thc l:
\begin{displaymath}
c^{2}=a^{2}+b^{2}
\end{displaymath}
Hay ta c th vit: \[c=a+b\]

Cng a bnh phng vi b bnh phng c

c bnh phng. Ta c th vit li di dng
cng thc l:
c2 = a2 + b2
Hay ta c th vit:
c=a+b

Mi trng equation s gip bn lit k cc phng trnh. Ngoi ra,

nh s cc phng trnh c th t tham chiu n phng trnh vi
lnh \ref hay \eqref, bn c th s dng lnh \label.
\begin{equation} \label{eq:eps}
\epsilon > 0
\end{equation}
T bt phng trnh (\ref{eq:eps}),
chng ta c th suy ra rng
\ldots ng thi t
\eqref{eq:eps}
chng ta suy ra \ldots

>0

(3.1)

T bt phng trnh (3.1), chng ta c th

suy ra rng . . . ng thi t (3.1) chng ta
suy ra . . .

Bn cn phi ch n s khc nhau v kt qu xut ra mn hnh ca

mt cng thc trong ch son tho ton v mt cng thc trong ch
hin th (displaymath) .

3.1 Tng quan

$\lim_{n \to \infty}
\sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{k^2}
= \frac{\pi^2}{6}$
\begin{displaymath}
\lim_{n \to \infty}
\sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{k^2}
= \frac{\pi^2}{6}
\end{displaymath}

53

limn

Pn

1
k=1 k 2

2
6

n
X
1
2
lim
=
n
k2
6
k=1

Bn s thy rng c nhiu s khc bit gia ch son tho ton hc

v ch son tho vn bn. Di y l mt s thuc tnh c bn ca mi
trng ton hc:
1. Cc khong trng v k t xung hng khng c ngha quan trng:
hu ht cc khong trng u bt ngun t logic ca biu thc ton
hc hay c xc nh t cc lnh nh: \, , \quad hay \qquad.
2. Khng c php c cc hng trng. Mi cng thc s nm trn mt
on.
3. Mi k t u c xem l tn ca bin. Nu bn mun son tho bn
thng thng bn trong mt cng thc, bn phi s dng lnh sau
\textrm{...} (xem thm phn 3.7 trang 62).
\begin{equation}
\forall x \in \mathbf{R}:
\qquad x^{2} \geq 0
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
x^{2} \geq 0\qquad
\textrm{vi mi }x\in\mathbf{R}
\end{equation}

x R :

x2 0

x2 0

vi mi x R

Cc nh ton hc thng i hi nghim ngt v vic dng ng cc k

hiu. Do , vic s dng quy c v vic in m, thng qua vic s dng
\mathbb t gi amsfonts hay amssymb.
\begin{displaymath}
x^{2} \geq 0\qquad \textrm{vi mi }
x\in\mathbb{R}
\end{displaymath}

x2 0

vi mi x R

(3.2)

(3.3)

54

Son tho cc cng thc ton hc

3.2

Gp nhm cc cng thc

Hu ht cc lnh son tho cng thc ton ch c tc dng i vi k t k

tip do trong trng hp bn mun n c tc dng i vi nhiu k t,
bn c th nhm chng trong du ngoc: {...}.
\begin{equation}
a^x+y \neq a^{x+y}
\end{equation}

3.3

ax + y 6= ax+y

(3.4)

Xy dng khi cc cng thc ton hc

Mc ny s gii thiu cc cng thc quan trng c s dng trong son

tho cc cng thc ton. Hy tham kho thm mc 3.10 trang 66 bit
thm chi tit v danh mc cc lnh h tr son tho cng thc ton hc.
Cc ch ci Hy lp thng c nhp vo nh sau: \alpha, \beta,
\gamma, . . . , cn cc ch ci vit hoa th c nhp nh sau: \Gamma, \Delta,
...2
$\lambda,\xi,\pi,\mu,\Phi,\Omega$

, , , , ,

S m v ch s c nhp vo bng cch s dng cc k t sau: ^ v _.

$a_{1}$ \qquad $x^{2}$ \qquad
$e^{-\alpha t}$ \qquad
$a^{3}_{ij}$\\
$e^{x^2} \neq {e^x}^2$

a1
x2
2
ex 6= ex2

et

a3ij

Du cn bc hai c nhp vo thng qua lnh \sqrt. i vi du cn

bc n th ta c th nhp vo nh sau: \sqrt[n]. Kch thc ca du cn s
c xc nh bi LATEX. Trong trng hp bn ch mun hin th k hiu
khai cn (khng c ng k trn u), bn c th s dng lnh: \surd.
$\sqrt{x}$ \qquad
$\sqrt{ x^{2}+\sqrt{y} }$
\qquad $\sqrt[3]{2}$\\[3pt]
$\surd[x^2 + y^2]$

x
[x2

x2 +

y2 ]

Khng c k hiu Alpha vit hoa trong LATEX 2 bi v n trng ging nh ch A

dng font roman. Khi vic nh ngha cc k kiu mi hon tt th mi vic s thay i.
2

3.3 Xy dng khi cc cng thc ton hc

55

Lnh \overline v \underline s trc tip to ra cc hng ngang pha

trn hay pha di cng thc.
$\overline{a+b}$

a+b

Lnh \overbrace v \underbrace s to ra nhng du ngoc di nm

di hay nm trn biu thc ton hc.
$\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26}$

|a + b +{z + z}
26

thm vo cc du m vo trong cng thc ton nh du mi tn nh

hay du ng, bn cn s dng cc lnh trong bng 3.1 trang 66. thc
hin vic a vo cc du m trn nhiu k t, bn c th s dng lnh sau:
\widetilde v \widehat. Du s xut ra du phy pha trn.
\begin{displaymath}
y=x^{2}\qquad y=2x\qquad y=2
\end{displaymath}

y = x2

y 0 = 2x

y 00 = 2

Cc vectors c th c son tho bng cch t thm mt du mi tn

nh pha trn ca bin. Lnh \vec s m nhim vic ny. Ngoi ra, lnh
\overrightarrow v \overleftarrow s h tr bn son tho cc vector t
mt im A n im B.
\begin{displaymath}
\vec a\quad\overrightarrow{AB}
\end{displaymath}

~a

AB

Thng thng th bn s khng son tho mt cch trc tip du chm

thay cho du nhn. Tuy nhin, i khi ta cng nn vit vo trnh lm ri
mt ngi c. Khi ny, bn nn s dng lnh \cdot.
\begin{displaymath}
v = {\sigma}_1 \cdot {\sigma}_2
{\tau}_1 \cdot {\tau}_2
\end{displaymath}

v = 1 2 1 2

Tn ca cc hm nh hm log thng c son tho dng font thng

ng ch khng phi dng in nghing nh nh dng ca cc bin. LATEX
cung cp mt s lnh son tho cc hm ph bin nh:

56

Son tho cc cng thc ton hc

\arccos
\arcsin
\arctan
\arg
\sinh

\cos
\cosh
\cot
\coth
\sup

\csc
\deg
\det
\dim
\tan

\exp
\gcd
\hom
\inf
\tanh

\ker
\lg
\lim
\liminf

\[\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}
\frac{\sin x}{x}=1\]

\limsup
\ln
\log
\max

\min
\Pr
\sec
\sin

sin x
=1
x0 x
lim

son tho hm ng d, ta c th s dng hai lnh sau: \bmod i vi

ton t nh phn nh a mod b v \pmod i vi cc biu thc nh x a
(mod b).
$a\bmod b$\\
$x\equiv a \pmod{b}$

a mod b
x a (mod b)

son tho phn s, ta s dng lnh sau: \frac{...}{...}.

Thng thng th ngi ta thch nhp vo dng 1/2 bi v n s trng
p hn i vi ti liu ch c mt t phn s.
$1\frac{1}{2}$~ting
\begin{displaymath}
\frac{ x^{2} }{ k+1 }\qquad
x^{ \frac{2}{k+1} }\qquad
x^{ 1/2 }
\end{displaymath}

1 12 ting
x2
k+1

x1/2

x k+1

son tho cc h s ca nh thc hay cc cu trc tng t, bn c

th s dng lnh \binom t gi amsmath.
\begin{displaymath}
\binom{n}{k}\qquad\mathrm{C}_n^k
\end{displaymath}

 
n
k

Ckn

i vi cc quan h nh phn th vic s dng cc k hiu chng ln nhau

t ra rt hiu qu. Lnh \stackrel t k hiu cho trc vit ln pha trn
k hiu th hai.

3.3 Xy dng khi cc cng thc ton hc

57

\begin{displaymath}
\int f_N(x) \stackrel{!}{=} 1
\end{displaymath}

K hiu
Tch phn
Tng
Tch

fN (x) = 1

Lnh
\int
\sum
\prod

Cc cn di v cn trn c son tho vi lnh ^ v _ ging nh vic

son tho cc ch s.3
\begin{displaymath}
\sum_{i=1}^{n} \qquad
\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \qquad
\prod_\epsilon
\end{displaymath}

n
X
i=1

Gi amsmath cng cung cp hai cng c tng kh nng iu khin vic

nhp cc biu thc c h thng ch s phc tp l \substack v mi trng
subarray.
\begin{displaymath}
\sum_{\substack{0<i<n \\ 1<j<m}}
P(i,j) =
\sum_{\begin{subarray}{l} i\in I\\
1<j<m
\end{subarray}} Q(i,j)
\end{displaymath}

P (i, j) =

Q(i, j)

iI
1<j<m

0<i<n
1<j<m

Ngoi ra, TEX cn cung cp cc dng k hiu khc cho du ngoc v cc

k hiu gii hn khc nh l: [ h k l).
Du ngoc trn hay ngoc vung c th c nhp vo vi cc phm thch
hp. i vi du ngoc mc ({), ta s dng lnh \{. Cn cc k hiu gii hn
khc u phi s dng lnh (nh l \updownarrow). Hy tham kho thm
bng 3.8 trang 70 bit thm v danh sch cc k hiu gii hn c sn.
\begin{displaymath}
{a,b,c}\neq\{a,b,c\}
\end{displaymath}
3

a, b, c 6= {a, b, c}

i vi AMS-LATEX, ta c th son tho cc ch s di nhiu dng.

58

Son tho cc cng thc ton hc

Lnh \left v \right s t ng xc nh kch thc ca du ngoc
sao cho ph hp vi kch thc ca biu thc. Lu rng cc lnh \left
v \right phi i thnh tng cp (c ngha l sau khi m ngoc th bn
phi ng ngoc cho ph hp). Trong tnh hung bn khng mun du ng
ngoc pha bn phi th bn c th dng lnh \right. ng ngoc nhng
khng hin th k hiu ng ngoc.

\begin{displaymath}
1 + \left( \frac{1}{ 1-x^{2} }
\right) ^3
\end{displaymath}

1+

1
1 x2

3

Tuy nhin, trong mt s tnh hung son tho, bn s cn phi t xc

nh kch thc ca cc du ngoc. iu ny c thc hin bi cc lnh
\big, \Big, \bigg v \Bigg nh l mt tin t ca cc lnh son tho du
ngoc.4
$\Big( (x+1) (x-1) \Big) ^{2}$\\
$\big(\Big(\bigg(\Bigg($\quad
$\big\}\Big\}\bigg\}\Bigg\}$\quad
$\big\|\Big\|\bigg\|\Bigg\|$


2
(x + 1)(x 1)

)



o

thm du ba chm vo mt cng thc, bn c th s dng nhiu

lnh khc nhau. Trong , lnh \ldots s xut ra cc du chm nm st pha
di ca hng; lnh \cdots s xut chng ra gia hng; lnh \vdots s
xut chng theo chiu dc v lnh \ddots s xut chng theo hng ng
cho.. Hy tham kho thm cc v d trong mc 3.5 bit thm chi tit.
\begin{displaymath}
x_{1},\ldots,x_{n} \qquad
x_{1}+\cdots+x_{n}
\end{displaymath}

3.4

x1 , . . . , xn

x1 + + xn

Cc khong trng trong cng thc ton

Nu vic t ng sp xp cc khong trng trong cng thc ca TEX khng

p ng ng yu cu nh dng ca bn, bn c th thay i chng bng
Cc lnh ny c th hot ng khng nh d inh khi m cc lnh thay i kch thc
khc nh 11pt hay 12pt c gi. Trong tnh hung ny, bn c th s dng gi lnh
exscale hay amsmath khc phc.
4

3.4 Cc khong trng trong cng thc ton

59

cch thm vo cc lnh x l khong trng c bit. Bng di y lit k

thng tin v cc lnh qui nh khong trng trong cng thc ton.
Lnh
\,

Kch thc

\:

\;
\
\qquad
\quad

Kch thc s tng ng vi ch

M trong font ch hin ti

Lnh \! s to ra khong trng rt ph hp trc du - i vi cc s

m.
\newcommand{\ud}{\mathrm{d}}
\begin{displaymath}
\int\!\!\!\int_{D} g(x,y)
\, \ud x\, \ud y
\end{displaymath}
thay v
\begin{displaymath}
\int\int_{D} g(x,y)\ud x \ud y
\end{displaymath}

ZZ
thay v

g(x, y) dx dy
D

Z Z

g(x, y)dxdy

Lu rng k t d trong cng thc lin quan n o hm th c nh

dng kiu roman.
AMS-LATEX cn cung cp thm mt phng php khc tinh chnh cc
khong cch gia cc k hiu tch phn l \iint, \iiint v \idotsint. Khi
bn s dng gi amsmath th bn c th son tho nh sau:
\newcommand{\ud}{\mathrm{d}}
\begin{displaymath}
\iint_{D} \, \ud x \, \ud y
\end{displaymath}

ZZ

dx dy

Bn c th tham kho thm ti liu testmath.tex (c cung cp chng

vi gi amsmath do AMS-LATEX cung cp) hay chng 8 trong The LATEX
Companion [3] bit thm chi tit.

60

Son tho cc cng thc ton hc

3.5

Ging theo ct

Mi trng array s cung cp cho bn kh nng son tho cc mng. Mi

trng ny lm vic tng t nh mi trng bng. Lnh \\ c dng
ngt hng.
\begin{displaymath}
\mathbf{X} =
\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
x_{11} & x_{12} & \ldots \\
x_{21} & x_{22} & \ldots \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots
\end{array} \right)
\end{displaymath}

x11 x12 . . .

X = x21 x22 . . .
..
..
..
.
.
.

Mi trng ny cng c th c dng son tho cc biu thc ch

gm mt du ngoc ln bn tri, khng c du ng ngoc bn phi nh vo
lnh \right. .
\begin{displaymath}
y = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll}
a & \textrm{nu $d>c$}\\
b+x & \textrm{nu i chi vo
bui sng}\\
l & \textrm{c ngy}
\end{array} \right.
\end{displaymath}

nu d > c
a
y=
b + x nu i chi vo bui sng

l
c ngy

Cc lnh v hng ngang, hng dc trong mi trng tabular cng c s

dng trong mi trng ny.
\begin{displaymath}
\left(\begin{array}{c|c}
1 & 2 \\
\hline
3 & 4
\end{array}\right)
\end{displaymath}

1 2
3 4

i vi cc cng thc nhiu hng (nh l h phng trnh), bn c th

s dng mi trng eqarray v eqnarray* thay cho mi trng equation.
Trong mi trng eqarray th mi hng (tng ng l mt phng trnh)

3.5 Ging theo ct

61

u c nh s. Tuy nhin, mi trng eqarray* s khng nh s cc

phng trnh.
Mi trng eqnarray v eqnarray* hot ng tng t nh mt bng
gm 3 ct vi nh dng l {rcl}, trong , ct gia c th c dng
xut du bng =. Lnh \\ c tc dng xung hng.
\begin{eqnarray}
f(x) & = & \cos x
\\
f(x) & = & -\sin x
\\
\int_{0}^{x} f(y)dy &
= & \sin x
\end{eqnarray}

f (x) = cos x
0

f (x) = sin x
f (y)dy = sin x

(3.5)
(3.6)
(3.7)

Nu ch bn s thy rng khong cch gia hai v vi du = l kh ln.

Ta c th gim khong cch ny xung vi lnh \setlength\arraycolsep{2pt}.
Cc phng trnh di s khng c t ng chia ra lm cc on
nh. Ngi son tho phi xc nh v tr xung hng v chng phi c
tht vo bao nhiu. Di y l hai phng php thc hin iu ny:
{\setlength\arraycolsep{2pt}
\begin{eqnarray}
\sin x & = & x -\frac{x^{3}}{3!}
+ \frac{x^{5}}{5!}-{}
\nonumber \\
& & {}-\frac{x^{7}}{7!}+{}\cdots
\end{eqnarray}}

\begin{eqnarray}
\lefteqn{ \cos x = 1
-\frac{x^{2}}{2!} +{} }
\nonumber\\
& & {}+\frac{x^{4}}{4!}
-\frac{x^{6}}{6!}+{}\cdots
\end{eqnarray}

x3 x5
+

3!
5!
x7

+
7!

sin x = x

x2
+
2!
x4 x6
+

+
4!
6!

cos x = 1

Lnh \nonumber yu cu LATEX khng nh s phng trnh.

Vi cc phng php ny, ta c th son tho cc phng trnh c
ging theo ct. Ngoi ra, gi amsmath cng cung cp mt tp cc lnh hiu
qu thc hin vic ny5 .
5

(3.8)

Hy xem thm thng tin chi tit v cc mi trng align, flalign, gather, multiline v

(3.9)

62

Son tho cc cng thc ton hc

3.6

Cc khong trng thay cho phn vn bn

Chng ta khng th thy cc on vn bn c nh dng l phantom tuy

nhin chng vn tn ti trong tng tng i vi ngi c. Chng ta c
th da vo y c c mt s th thut son tho rt th v.
Khi chng ta son tho cc ch s trn v di vi cc lnh nh ^ v _,
chng ta c c kt qu rt p mt nhng i khi chng ta mun b
sung thm mt t c c kt qu tt nht. Lnh \phantom l mt lnh
rt hiu qu trong vic ci thin kt qu trnh by ca cc cng thc. Lnh
ny c chc nng l dnh ra mt s khong trng theo yu cu.
\begin{displaymath}
{}^{12}_{\phantom{1}6}\textrm{C}
\qquad \textrm{so vi} \qquad
{}^{12}_{6}\textrm{C}
\end{displaymath}

12
6C

so vi

12
6 C

\begin{displaymath}
\Gamma_{ij}^{\phantom{ij}k} \qquad
\textrm{so vi} \qquad
\Gamma_{ij}^{k}
\end{displaymath}

ij k

so vi

kij

3.7

Kch thc ca cc font ch h tr son

tho ti liu Ton hc

Trong ch son tho cng thc ton hc, TEX s t ng chn kch thc
ca font ch tu thuc vo ng cnh. V d nh i vi cc ch s trn hay
ch s di th LATEX s t ng son tho vi kiu ch nh hn. Khi bn
mun son tho mt phng trnh kiu ch roman th bn khng nn dng
lnh \textrm bi v lnh ny s lm cho c ch thay i kch thc font ch
mt cch t ng cho ph hp vi ng cnh ca LATEX khng lm vic bi
v lnh textrm s tm thi chuyn mi trng ton hc hin ti sang mi
trng son tho vn bn. Bn cn lu rng lnh \mathrm s ch lm vic
tt vi nhng phn vn bn ngn. Lnh \mathrm s khng c tc dng i
vi cc khong trng v cc k t c du.6
split
6
Gi amsmath ca AMS-LATEX cho php lnh \textrm lm vic vi vn bn c
thay i kch thc.

3.8 nh l, nh lut, . . .

63

\begin{equation} 2^{\textrm{nd}}
\quad 2^{\mathrm{nd}}
\end{equation}

2nd

2nd

(3.10)

i khi bn cn yu cu LATEX thay i kch thc font ch cho ph hp.

Trong ch son tho ti liu Ton hc, bn c th s dng 4 lnh sau:
\displaystyle (123), \textstyle (123), \scriptstyle (123) and
\scriptscriptstyle (123).
Vic thay i kiu nh dng cng s nh hng n cch hin th ca
cc lm gii hn.
\begin{displaymath}
\mathop{\mathrm{corr}}(X,Y)=
\frac{\displaystyle
\sum_{i=1}^n(x_i-\overline x)
(y_i-\overline y)}
{\displaystyle\biggl[
\sum_{i=1}^n(x_i-\overline x)^2
\sum_{i=1}^n(y_i-\overline y)^2
\biggr]^{1/2}}
\end{displaymath}

corr(X, Y ) =  n
X
i=1

n
X
(xi x)(yi y)
i=1

1/2
n
X
2
(yi y)
(xi x)
2

i=1

y l mt trong cc v d cn phi s dng cc du ngoc ln thay cho cc

du ngoc bnh thng vi lnh \left[\right].

3.8

nh l, nh lut, . . .

Khi son tho cc ti liu Ton hc, bn s cn phi son tho cc b ,

nh ngha, tin v cc cu trc tng ng. LATEX s h tr bn vi
lnh sau:
\newtheorem{name}[counter ]{text}[section]

Tham s name l mt t kho ngn xc nh nh l. Tham s text

s cho php ta xc nh tn gi ca nh l (y l tn ca nh l trong
bn in).
Cc tham s trong du ngoc vung l tu chn. Chng c s dng
xc nh vic nh s cho nh l. Tham s counter s gip xc nh tham
s name ca nh l c khai bo. Khi ny nh l mi s c nh

64

Son tho cc cng thc ton hc

s theo cng mt chui. Tham s section cho php bn xc nh cc xem
mt nh l thuc vo mc no ca ti liu.
Sau khi gi lnh \newtheorem trong phn ta ca ti liu, bn c th
gi tip cc lnh sau trong phn thn ca ti liu:
\begin{name}[text]
y l mt nh l rt th v
\end{name}
Phn ny chnh l phn chi tit ca nh l. Di y l mt v d c th,
n s gip bn hiu c r hn v mi trng nh l ny.

% definitions for the document

% preamble
\newtheorem{law}{Law}
\newtheorem{jury}[law]{Jury}
%in the document
\begin{law} \label{law:box}
Xin cho cc bn!!!
\end{law}
\begin{jury}[Th 12]
C l ti gp bn. Hy tham
kho thm
phn~\ref{law:box}\end{jury}
\begin{law}
ng, ng, ng
\end{law}

Law 1. Xin cho cc bn!!!

Jury 2 (Th 12). C l ti gp bn. Hy
tham kho thm phn 1
Law 3. ng, ng, ng

nh l Jury s dng chung b m nh nh l Law. Do , nh l

ny s c nh s theo nh chui nh s ca nh l trong h thng cc
nh l nh Law.
\flushleft
\newtheorem{mur}{Murphy}[section]
\begin{mur}
Nu c hai hay nhiu
cch hn lm mt
iu g v hn na mt
trong cc cch ny c
th gy ra cc thm ho
th s c mt ngi
no sn lng lm n.
\end{mur}

Murphy 3.8.1. Nu c hai hay nhiu cch

hn lm mt iu g v hn na mt
trong cc cch ny c th gy ra cc thm
ho th s c mt ngi no sn lng lm
n.

3.9 Cc k hiu in m

65

Trong v d trn, nh l Murphy s c nh s theo mc hin ti.

Ngoi cch chn tham s l section nh trn, ta c th chn cc tham s
khc nh chapter hay subsection.

3.9

Cc k hiu in m

Trong LATEX, vic son tho cc k hiu in m l tng i kh khn; c l

iu ny l mt trong nhng ch ca LATEX bi v nhng ngi son tho
nghip d rt d lm vo tnh trng lm dng chc nng ny. Lnh thay i
font ch nh \mathbf s xut ra cc k t m; tuy nhin lnh ny s i
kiu font ch sang dng roman (ng) trong khi cc k hiu ton hc thng
c vit nghing. Ngoi ra, ta cn c lnh \boldmath nhng lnh ny ch
c tc dng bn ngoi mi trng ton hc. N cng c tc dng vi cc k
hiu.
\begin{displaymath}
\mu, M \qquad \mathbf{M} \qquad
\mbox{\boldmath $\mu, M$}
\end{displaymath}

, M

, M

Nu ch bn s thy rng du phy li tr nn qu m.

Gi amsbsy (c trong gi amsmath) cng nh gi bm trong b cng c s
h tr vic nh dng ny vi lnh \boldsymbol.
\begin{displaymath}
\mu, M \qquad
\boldsymbol{\mu}, \boldsymbol{M}
\end{displaymath}

, M

, M

66

Son tho cc cng thc ton hc

3.10

Danh sch cc k hiu ton hc

Cc bng sau y trnh by tt c cc k hiu thng thng c th truy cp

c trong ch son tho ton hc. s dng cc k hiu c lit k
bng 3.123.167 , th bn cn phi a gi amssymb vo ti liu phn ta
ca ti liu v cc font ch AMS dnh cho ton hc phi c ci sn
trn my. Nu gi AMS v cc font ch cha c ci t th bn c th ti
v a ch CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/amslatex. Bn
cng c th ti v mt danh sch chi tit hn v cc k hiu ti a ch
CTAN:info/symbols/comprehensive.
Bng 3.1: Cc du trng m trong ch son tho ton hc.
a
a`
a

\hat{a}
\grave{a}
\bar{a}

a
~a

\check{a}
\dot{a}
\vec{a}

a
\tilde{a}
a
\ddot{a}
b \widehat{A}
A

a
\acute{a}
a
\breve{a}
e \widetilde{A}
A

Bng 3.2: Cc ch ci Hy Lp vit thng.

\alpha
\beta
\gamma
\delta
\epsilon
\varepsilon
\zeta
\eta

\theta
\vartheta
\iota
\kappa
\lambda
\mu
\nu
\xi

o
\pi
\varpi
\rho
\varrho
\sigma
\varsigma
\tau

\upsilon
\phi
\varphi
\chi
\psi
\omega

cc bng sau c trch t symbols.tex c son bi David Carlisle v sau c

thay i nhiu theo s gi ca Josef Tkadlec.
7

3.10 Danh sch cc k hiu ton hc

67

Bng 3.3: Cc ch ci Hy Lp vit hoa.

\Gamma
\Delta
\Theta

\Lambda
\Xi
\Pi

\Sigma
\Upsilon
\Phi

\Psi
\Omega

68

Son tho cc cng thc ton hc

Bng 3.4: Quan h hai ngi.

Bn c th c c cc k hiu ngc li tng ng vi cc k hiu y
bng cch thm vo tin t \not trc lnh tng ng.
<

<
v

`
|
^
:

<
\leq or \le
\ll
\prec
\preceq
\subset
\subseteq
\sqsubset a
\sqsubseteq
\in
\vdash
\mid
\smile
:
a

>





=
w
3
a
k
_

>
\geq or \ge
\gg
\succ
\succeq
\supset
\supseteq
\sqsupset a
\sqsupseteq
\ni , \owns
\dashv
\parallel
\frown
\notin

.
=

'

=
1
./

|=


6=

=
\equiv
\doteq
\sim
\simeq
\approx
\cong
\Join a
\bowtie
\propto
\models
\perp
\asymp
\neq or \ne

S dng gi latexsym s dng cc k hiu ny

3.10 Danh sch cc k hiu ton hc

69

Bng 3.5: Cc ton t hai ngi.

+

4




P
Q
`
R

+
\pm
\cdot
\times
\cup
\sqcup
\vee , \lor
\oplus
\odot
\otimes
\bigtriangleup
\lhd a
\unlhd a

\sum
\prod
\coprod
\int



5



\mp
\div
\setminus
\cap
\sqcap
\wedge , \land
\ominus
\oslash
\bigcirc
\bigtriangledown
\rhd a
\unrhd a

Bng 3.6: Cc ton t ln.

S
W
\bigcup
\bigvee
T
V
\bigcap
\bigwedge
F
\bigsqcup
H
\oint

/
.
?


]
q

\triangleleft
\triangleright
\star
\ast
\circ
\bullet
\diamond
\uplus
\amalg
\dagger
\ddagger
\wr

L
N
J
U

\bigoplus
\bigotimes
\bigodot
\biguplus

70

Son tho cc cng thc ton hc

Bng 3.7: Cc du mi tn.

7
(
)

\leftarrow or \gets
\rightarrow or \to
\leftrightarrow
\Leftarrow
\Rightarrow
\Leftrightarrow
\mapsto
\hookleftarrow
\leftharpoonup
\leftharpoondown
\rightleftharpoons
a

=
=

7
,
*
+

\longleftarrow
\longrightarrow
\longleftrightarrow
\Longleftarrow
\Longrightarrow
\Longleftrightarrow
\longmapsto
\hookrightarrow
\rightharpoonup
\rightharpoondown
\iff (bigger spaces)

m
%
&
.
;

\uparrow
\downarrow
\updownarrow
\Uparrow
\Downarrow
\Updownarrow
\nearrow
\searrow
\swarrow
\nwarrow
\leadsto a

S dng gi latexsym s dng cc k hiu ny

Bng 3.8: Cc du ngoc.

(
[
{
h
b
/

(
[ or \lbrack
\{ or \lbrace
\langle
\lfloor
/

)
]
}
i
c
\

\lgroup

\arrowvert

)
] or \rbrack
\} or \rbrace
\rangle
\rfloor
\backslash

l
|
d

\uparrow

\downarrow

\updownarrow
m
| or \vert
k
\lceil
e
. (c hai u trng)

Bng 3.9: Cc du ngoc ln.

\rgroup
\lmoustache

w \Arrowvert
\bracevert

\Uparrow
\Downarrow
\Updownarrow
\| or \Vert
\rceil

\rmoustache

3.10 Danh sch cc k hiu ton hc

71

Bng 3.10: Cc k hiu khc.

...
~
<

\dots
\hbar
\Re
\forall

\nabla
\bot
\diamondsuit
\neg or \lnot
a

0
4
>

\cdots
\imath
\Im
\exists
\prime
\triangle
\top
\heartsuit
\flat

..
.

..

\vdots
\jmath
\aleph
\mho a
\emptyset
\Box a
\angle
\clubsuit
\natural

\ddots
\ell
\wp
\partial
\infty
\Diamond a
\surd
\spadesuit
\sharp

S dng gi latexsym s dng cc k hiu ny.

Bng 3.11: Cc k hiu thng thng.

These symbols can also be used in text mode.

\dag
\ddag

\S
\P

\copyright
\pounds

\textregistered
\%

Bng 3.12: Cc du ngoc theo AMS.

p
|

\ulcorner
\lvert

q
|

\urcorner
\rvert

x \llcorner
k \lVert

y \lrcorner
k \rVert

Bng 3.13: Ch ci Hy Lp v Do Thi theo AMS.

z \digamma

\varkappa

i \beth

k \daleth

\gimel

72

Son tho cc cng thc ton hc

Bng 3.14: Quan h hai ngi theo AMS.

l
6
0
5

.
/

Q
S
4
2
w
j
b
<

p
`
C
E

\lessdot
\leqslant
\eqslantless
\leqq
\lll or \llless
\lesssim
\lessapprox
\lessgtr
\lesseqgtr
\lesseqqgtr
\preccurlyeq
\curlyeqprec
\precsim
\precapprox
\subseteqq
\Subset
\sqsubset
\therefore
\shortmid
\smallsmile
\vartriangleleft
\trianglelefteq

m
>
1
=

&
'

R
T
<
3
%
v
k
c
=

q
a
B
D

\gtrdot
\geqslant
\eqslantgtr
\geqq
\ggg or \gggtr
\gtrsim
\gtrapprox
\gtrless
\gtreqless
\gtreqqless
\succcurlyeq
\curlyeqsucc
\succsim
\succapprox
\supseteqq
\Supset
\sqsupset
\because
\shortparallel
\smallfrown
\vartriangleright
\trianglerighteq

+
:
;
P
$
,
l
m

u
v
w





G
t
J
I

\doteqdot or \Doteq
\risingdotseq
\fallingdotseq
\eqcirc
\circeq
\triangleq
\bumpeq
\Bumpeq
\thicksim
\thickapprox
\approxeq
\backsim
\backsimeq
\vDash
\Vdash
\Vvdash
\backepsilon
\varpropto
\between
\pitchfork
\blacktriangleleft
\blacktriangleright

3.10 Danh sch cc k hiu ton hc

73

Bng 3.15: Cc du mi tn theo AMS.

L99


W




"
x

\dashleftarrow
\leftleftarrows
\leftrightarrows
\Lleftarrow
\twoheadleftarrow
\leftarrowtail
\leftrightharpoons
\Lsh
\looparrowleft
\curvearrowleft
\circlearrowleft

99K


V




#
y


\dashrightarrow
\rightrightarrows
\rightleftarrows
\Rrightarrow
\twoheadrightarrow
\rightarrowtail
\rightleftharpoons
\Rsh
\looparrowright
\curvearrowright
\circlearrowright

(







\multimap
\upuparrows
\downdownarrows
\upharpoonleft
\upharpoonright
\downharpoonleft
\downharpoonright
\rightsquigarrow
! \leftrightsquigarrow

Bng 3.16: Quan h ph nh hai ngi v cc du mi tn theo AMS.










(
*
$

\nless
\lneq
\nleq
\nleqslant
\lneqq
\lvertneqq
\nleqq
\lnsim
\lnapprox
\nprec
\npreceq
\precneqq
\precnsim
\precnapprox
\subsetneq
\varsubsetneq
\nsubseteq
\subsetneqq

8 \nleftarrow
: \nLeftarrow














)
!
+
%

\ngtr
\gneq
\ngeq
\ngeqslant
\gneqq
\gvertneqq
\ngeqq
\gnsim
\gnapprox
\nsucc
\nsucceq
\succneqq
\succnsim
\succnapprox
\supsetneq
\varsupsetneq
\nsupseteq
\supsetneqq

9 \nrightarrow
; \nRightarrow

&
'
"
#

.
/


0
2
1
3
6
7
5
4

\varsubsetneqq
\varsupsetneqq
\nsubseteqq
\nsupseteqq
\nmid
\nparallel
\nshortmid
\nshortparallel
\nsim
\ncong
\nvdash
\nvDash
\nVdash
\nVDash
\ntriangleleft
\ntriangleright
\ntrianglelefteq
\ntrianglerighteq

= \nleftrightarrow
< \nLeftrightarrow

74

Son tho cc cng thc ton hc

Bng 3.17: Cc ton t nh phn theo AMS.

u
n
d
Y



h
g

\dotplus
\ltimes
\Cup or \doublecup
\veebar
\boxplus
\boxtimes
\leftthreetimes
\curlyvee


o
e
Z


\centerdot
\rtimes
\Cap or \doublecap
\barwedge
\boxminus
\boxdot
i \rightthreetimes
f \curlywedge

|
>
r
[

}
~

\intercal
\divideontimes
\smallsetminus
\doublebarwedge
\circleddash
\circledcirc
\circledast

Bng 3.18: Cc k hiu khc theo AMS.

~

M
O


@

\hbar
\square
\vartriangle
\triangledown
\lozenge
\angle
\diagup
\nexists
\eth

}

N
H

]

`
0

\hslash
\blacksquare
\blacktriangle
\blacktriangledown
\blacklozenge
\measuredangle
\diagdown
\Finv
\mho

k
s
{
a
F
^
8

\Bbbk
\circledS
\complement
\Game
\bigstar
\sphericalangle
\backprime
\varnothing

Bng 3.19: Cc kiu ch ci trong ton.

V d
ABCdef
ABCdef
ABCdef
ABC
A BC
ABCdef
ABC

Lnh
\mathrm{ABCdef}
\mathit{ABCdef}
\mathnormal{ABCdef}
\mathcal{ABC}
\mathscr{ABC}
\mathfrak{ABCdef}
\mathbb{ABC}

Gi lnh cn dng

euscript vi tu chn mathcal

mathrsfs
eufrak
amsfonts hay amssymb

Chng 4
Nhng tnh nng c trng ca
LATEX
Khi nhp cc ti liu ln li vi nhau, LATEX s gip bn thng qua mt s
tnh nng mnh nh vic to bng ch mc, qun l cc ti liu tham kho v
cc cng vic khc. bit thm chi tit v cc tnh nng c trng v kh nng
m rng ca LATEX, bn c th tham kho thm ti liu LATEX Manual [1] v
The LATEX Companion [3].

4.1

a nh EPS vo ti liu

LATEX cung cp nhng phng tin c bn lm vic vi cc phn c ni

dung mang tnh linh ng nh hnh nh hay hnh th thng qua hai mi
trng l figure v table.
Ngoi ra, ta cn c mt s cch khc to ra cc th ch n thun
vi LATEX hay t cc gi m rng ca LATEX. Tuy nhin, a s ngi dng
nhn xt rng vic s dng cc tnh nng ny l tng i phc tp, kh
khn v hi kh hiu. Do , chng ti quyt nh khng gii thch chi tit
cc tnh nng ny trong phm vi ti liu ngn ngn ny.
Bn c th tham kho thm The LATEX Companion [3] v LATEX Manual [1] bit thm chi tit v ch ny.
Mt cch tip cn khc n gin hn l to ra cc hnh nh vi cc chng
trnh chuyn dng1 sau a chng vo ti liu. Cc gi ca LATEX cung
cp rt nhiu bin php thc hin iu ny. Tuy nhin, trong khung kh
ca ti liu ny, chng ti ch trnh by v vic s dng cc hnh v dng
Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) bi v vic a cc i tng ny vo ti liu
1

XFig, CorelDraw!, Freehand, Gnupshot, . . .

76

Nhng tnh nng c trng ca LATEX

l tng i n gin. c th s dng c cc hnh nh dng EPS, bn
cn phi c my in h tr PostScript2 xut kt qu.
Mt tp lnh h tr vic a hnh nh vo ti liu lm vic kh tt l gi
graphicx c thit k bi D. P. Carlisle. y l mt phn ca trn b cc
gi c gi l graphics.3

Mt cch khc xut dng PostScript l s dng phn mm GhostScript ti a

ch CTAN:/tex-archive/support/ghostscript. Ngi dng Windows v OS/2 c th
cn phn mm GSView.
3
CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/graphics
2

4.1 a nh EPS vo ti liu

Gi s nh bn ang lm vic trn mt h thng c sn my in PostScript
v gi graphicx, bn c th tin hnh theo cc bc sau c th a hnh
nh vo ti liu:
1. Xut kt qu trong cc chng trnh ho ra di dng EPS.4
2. Np gi graphicx trong phn ta ca tp tin d liu vo nh sau:
\usepackage[driver ]{graphicx}

vi driver l tn ca chng trnh dch t dng dvi sang dng postscript.

Chng trnh thng c s dng l dvips. Tn ca driver l mt i
hi bt buc bi v khng c tiu chun v cch mt hnh nh c
a vo trong TEX. Thng qua vic bit c tn ca driver th gi
graphicx s xc nh cch chn thng tin v hnh nh vo tp tin
.dvi my in c th hiu c v a tp tin .eps vo mt cch
chnh xc.
3. Gi lnh sau:
\includegraphics[key=value, . . . ]{file}

a tp tin file vo ti liu. Thng s tu chn ca keys l mt

danh sch c phn cch bi du phy ca cc gi tr values. keys c
th c s dng thay i rng, cao v s xoay vng ca hnh
nh. Bng 4.1 s lit k cc kho quan trng.

Bng 4.1: Tn ca cc kho theo gi graphicx.

width
height
angle
scale

co dn hnh nh theo chiu rng yu cu

co dn hnh nh theo chiu rng yu cu
xoay hnh nh theo chiu kim ng h
chnh t l kch thc ca hnh nh

Nu chng trnh ca bn khng th xut di dng EPS, bn c th th ci t

driver ca my in PostScript (v d nh my Apple LaserWriter) v in kt qu lm vic
ra tp tin vi driver ny. Thng thng th tp tin ny s c nh dng l EPS. Lu
rng mt hnh nh dng EPS khng c php cha nhiu hn mt trang. Mt s driver
ca cc my in c th c cu hnh trc tip xut ra dng EPS.
4

77

Di y l mt v d minh ho lm r tnh nng trn

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[angle=90, width=0.5\textwidth]{test}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
V d trn s a vo ti liu mt tp tin c tn l test.eps. u tin, hnh
nh s c xoay mt gc 90 theo chiu kim ng h. Sau , n s c
tng kch thc chiu rng ln gp 0.5 ln chiu rng ban u. T l l 1.0
bi v ta khng ch nh v chiu cao ca hnh nh. Chiu rng v chiu cao
c th c xc nh theo nhng kch thc tuyt i. Xem thm bng 5.5
trang 110 bit thm chi tit. Nu bn mun i su vo mc ny, bn nn
c 2 ti liu sau: [8] v \eps.

4.2

Ti liu tham kho

Bn c th to ra mt danh sch cc ti liu tham kho thng qua mi trng

thebibliography. Trong mi trng ny, mi mc s c bt u nh sau:

\bibitem[label]{marker }

Tham s marker c s dng trch dn v sch, bi bo hay cc bi

lun c s dng n trong ti liu.
\cite{marker }

Nu bn khng s dng tu chn label, cc mc t s c lit k mt

cch t ng. Tham s sau lnh \begin{thebibliography} s xc nh c
bao nhiu khong khng c dnh cho s hay nhn. Trong v d di y,
tham s {99} s cho LATEX bit rng khng c mc no trong danh sch cc

79
ti liu tham kho c nh s rng hn s 99.
Phn 1 [1] cho rng . . .

Phn 1~\cite{pa} cho rng \ldots

\begin{thebibliography}{99}
\bibitem{pa} H.~Partl:
\emph{German \TeX}, TUGboat Quyn~9,
pht hnh lne~1 (1988)
\end{thebibliography}

Ti liu tham
kho
[1] H. Partl: German TEX, TUGboat
Quyn 9, pht hnh lne 1 (1988)

80

Specialities
i vi cc d n ln, c l bn s cn kim tra chng trnh BibTEX.
BibTEX c cung cp km theo vi hu ht cc phin bn c phn phi
ca TEX. N cho php bn bo qun c s d liu v ti liu tham kho v
a cc tham chiu tng ng n cc ti liu m bn mun trch dn. S
trnh by trc quan ca danh mc ti liu tham kho do BibTEX lm ra
c da trn khi nim nh dng ti liu cho php to danh mc ti liu
tham kho theo cc cch thit k c thit lp.

4.3

To ch mc

i vi cc ti liu hon chnh th phn ch mc ng mt vai tr ht sc

quan trng. Vi LATEX v chng trnh h tr vic to ch mc makeindex,5 ,
vic to ch mc cho mt ti liu tr nn ht sc n gin. Phn ny ch
gii thiu s qua nhng lnh c bn h tr vic to cc ch s. c c
mt ci nhn su sc hn, bn c th tham kho thm ti liu The LATEX
Companion [3]. .
kch hot tnh nng to ch mc ca LATEX, bn phi np vo gi
makeidx trong phn ta ca ti liu.
\usepackage{makeidx}

ng thi, bn phi kch hot cc lnh to ch mc nh sau:

\makeindex

Lnh ny cng nm trong phn ta ca ti liu.

Ni dung ca ch mc s c xc nh vi lnh:
\index{key}

Trong , tham s key l mc t trong t in cc ch mc. Bn s nhp vo

lnh \index{...} ti v tr m bn mun mc t trong bng ch mc s tr
n. Bng 4.2 s gii thch thm v tham s key thng qua mt vi v d.
Khi tp tin d liu vo c x l bi LATEX, mi lnh \index s ghi mt
mc t tng ng cng vi s trang hin ti vo danh sch cc mc t trong
mt tp tin c bit. Tp tin ny s c tn trng vi tp tin d liu vo
Trn cc h thng khng yu cu h tr cc tp tin c tn di hn 8 k t, chng
trnh c gi l makeidx.
5

4.4 Trang tr u ca cc trang

81

Bng 4.2: C php ca vic to ch mc.

V d
\index{hello}
\index{hello!Peter}
\index{Sam@\textsl{Sam}}
\index{Lin@\textbf{Lin}}
\index{Jenny|textbf}
\index{Joe|textit}
\index{eolienne@\eolienne}

Mc t
hello, 1
Peter, 3
Sam, 2
Lin, 7
Jenny, 3
Joe, 5
olienne, 4

Ch thch
Mt mc t n thun
Mc t con ca mc t hello
Mc t c nh dng
Ging nh trn
nh dng s trang
Ging nh trn
iu khin cc du

nhng khc phn m rng (.idx). Tip theo, tp tin .idx ny li c x

l vi chng trnh makeindex.
makeindex filename

Chng trnh makeindex s to ra mt danh sch cc ch mc c sp

xp trong tp tin c tn tng t nhng khc phn m rng (.ind). Nu
chng trnh LATEX li c gi x l tp tin d liu vo ban u th bng
ch mc c sp xp ny s c a vo ti liu ti v tr m LATEX tm
thy lnh
\printindex

Gi showidx i km vi LATEX 2 s in ra tt c cc mc t ct bn tri

ca phn vn bn. iu ny rt thun li cho vic kim tra li vic to cc
ch mc.

4.4

Trang tr u ca cc trang

Gi fancyhdr6 c vit bi Piet van Oostrum, cung cp cho ta mt s lnh

n gin tu bin phn ta v chn ca cc trang giy. Hy nhn vo
phn ta v phn chn ca cc trang trong ti liu ny, bn s thy tnh
hu dng ca gi ny. Vn tinh xo ca vic to ta v phn chn ca
cc trang l vic a vo tn ca mc hay chng hin ti. LATEX x l vic
6

c ti a ch CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/supported/fancyhdr.

82

Specialities

\documentclass{book}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
% xc nh rng phn ta v phn chn ca trang
% s c vit thng.
\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{\markboth{#1}{}}
\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{\markright{\thesection\ #1}}
\fancyhf{} % xo cc nh dng hin ti i vi phn ta trang
\fancyhead[LE,RO]{\bfseries\thepage}
\fancyhead[LO]{\bfseries\rightmark}
\fancyhead[RE]{\bfseries\leftmark}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.5pt}
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}
\addtolength{\headheight}{0.5pt} % to khong trng cho vch ngang
\fancypagestyle{plain}{%
\fancyhead{} % chnh phn ta cho trang trng
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % v ng k ngang
}
Hnh 4.1: V d v cch s dng gi fancyhdr.

4.5 Mi trng h tr vic trch ng nguyn vn

ny theo hng tip cn gm 2 giai on. Trong nh ngha ca phn ta
vo phn chn ca trang, bn s dng lnh \rightmark v \leftmark
cho bit mc v chng tng ng hin ti. Hai lnh ny s xut ra mc v
chng mi khi lnh to mc hay chng mi c x l.
Lnh \chapter v cc lnh to chng mc khc khng t nh ngha li
lnh \rightmark v \leftmark. Chng gi lnh khc (nh l \chaptermark,
\sectionmark hay \subsectionmark) nh ngha li lnh \rightmark v
\leftmark.
Nu bn mun thay i phong cch th hin tn chng trong phn ta
ca trang, bn ch cn nh ngha li lnh \chaptermark. .
Hnh 4.1 lit k cc thay i cho gi fancyhdr lm cho chng trng
ging nh phn ta ca mt cun sch nh. Theo ti, bn nn s dng
cc kiu nh dng c ngh trong phn ch thch.

4.5

Mi trng h tr vic trch ng nguyn

vn

Trong cc phn trc ca ti liu, bn c dp tip xc vi mi trng

verbatim. Trong mc ny, bn s hc v gi verbatim. Gi verbatim l mt
s b sung thm cho mi trng verbatim. N gip gii quyt mt s cc
hn ch ca mi trng verbatim. Bn thn ca mi trng ny khng c g
l c bit nhng s b sung ca n: gi verbatim thm vo mt s tnh
nng mi rt hu dng. Gi verbatim cung cp lnh
\verbatiminput{filename}

nhm cho php a vo phn vn bn nguyn mu trong tp tin c tn

filename vo ti liu (bn trong mi trng verbatim).
V gi verbatim l mt phn ca b cng c cho nn n s c ci t
sn trn hu ht cc h thng LATEX. Bn c th tham kho thm thng tin
chi tit v gi ny trong, bn nn c ti liu [9].

4.6

Ti v v ci t cc gi ca LATEX

Hu ht cc bn ci t ca LATEX u i km vi mt s lng ln cc gi
phc v vic nh dng ti liu. Tuy nhin, mt s gi hu dng khc phi
c ti v t trn mng internet. Ni m bn c th tm thy hu ht cc
tin ch ny l CTAN (http://www.ctan.org/).

83

84

Specialities
Cc gi nh geometry, hyphenat, v cc gi khc thng c to thnh
t hai tp tin: mt tp tin vi phn m rng l .ins v tp tin kia c phn
m rng l .dtx. Thng th i km vi cc gi cn c tp tin hng dn
nh readme.txt. Bn nn c k tp tin ny.
Trong bt k trng hp no th sau khi ti v cc gi m rng, bn cn
phi thc hin hai thao tc sau:
1. Cho h thng TEX sn c bit v s tn ti ca gi mi ny trn h
thng ca bn.
2. Bin dch tp tin ti v bit thm chi tit.
Di y l cch thc hin thao tc th nht:
1. Dng LATEX dch tp tin .ins. Qu trnh ny s trch ra mt tp
tin dng .sty.
2. Chuyn tp tin dng .sty n th mc m phin bn TEX trn my
bn c th tm thy chng (thng thng th bn nn t n trong th
mc .../localtexmf /tex/latex.
3. Cp nht li c s d liu lu tr cc tp tin trong phin bn TEX
trn my ca bn. Tu theo cc phin bn ca LATEX m bn c th
s dng cc lnh tng ng nh: vi teTeX, fpTeX l texhash; web2c
l maktexlsr; MikTeX l initexmf -update-fndb hay s dng giao
din ha.
By gi bn c th trch ra tp tin dng .dtx:
1. Chy LATEX i vi tp tin .dtx. Kt qu to ra l tp tin .dvi. Lu
rng c th bn s phi chy LATEX nhiu ln cc tham chiu cho
c xc nh ng.
2. Kim tra xem LATEX c to ra tp tin .idx hay khng. Nu bn khng
tin thy tp tin ny th bn c th tin hnh bc 5.
3. to ra tp tin ch mc, s dng lnh sau:
makeindex -s gind.ist name
(vi name l tn ca tp tin chnh (khng c phn m rng)).
4. Chy LATEX dch tp tin .dtx thm mt ln na. .
5. To tp tin dng .ps hay .pdf vic xem c d dng v p mt
hn.

4.7 Lm vic vi pdfLATEX

i khi bn s thy rng LATEX cng to ra tp tin .glo (t in thut
ng). Dng lnh sau gia bc 4 v 5: makeindex -s gglo.ist -o name.gls
name.glo
Nh dng LATEX dch tp tin .dtx ln cui trc khi thc hin bc 5.

4.7

Lm vic vi pdf LATEX

PDF l mt kiu nh dng ti liu siu vn bn. Ging nh cc trang web,

mt s t trong ti liu dng PDF s c nh du nh cc siu lin kt.
Chng s lin kt n cc v tr khc trong ti liu hay thm ch l trong
cc ti liu khc. Khi bn nhn chut vo cc siu lin kt ny, bn s c
chuyn n v tr lin kt tng ng. i vi LATEX th iu ny c ngha
l cc lnh \ref v \pageref s a vo cc siu lin kt. Do bng ni
dung, ch mc v cc cu trc tng t khc tr thnh mt tp hp ca cc
siu lin kt.
Hin nay, hu ht cc trang web u c vit bng ngn ng HTML
(HyperText Markup Language). Kiu nh dng theo ngn ng ny c hai
im bt li khi son tho cc ti liu khoa hc:
1. Ni chung th vic a cc cng thc ton hc vo ti liu HTML khng
c h tr. Mc d chng ta c chun thc hin iu ny nhng
hu ht cc trnh duyt hin nay cha h tr hay thiu cc font ch
cn thit.
2. Vic in n cc ti liu HTML tht n gin nhng kt qu xut ra
li ph thuc rt nhiu vo h iu hnh v trnh duyt. iu ny c
ngha l cc bn in ca cng mt ti liu c th trng rt khc nhau.
Hin nay, ngi ta c rt nhiu c gng to ra cc chng trnh chuyn
t tp tin LATEX sang tp tin HTML. Trong s c mt s chng trnh
thc hin tng i thnh cng vic to ra cc trang web r rng, d c t
mt ti liu c son tho bng LATEX. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc phn mm
u khng lm tt v chng khng th gi nguyn nh dng ban u. i
vi cc ti liu s dng cc tnh nng phc tp ca LATEX v cc gi m rng
th cc chng trnh chuyn t LATEX sang HTML khng th thc hin tt
vic chuyn i. Do , i vi cc tc gi mun a ti liu ca mnh ln
web nhng mun gi nguyn cch trnh by bn in vi cht lng cao la
chn PDF (Portable Document Format) nh l mt gii php tt. Hn na,
hu ht cc trnh duyt web ngy nay u h tr vic c ti liu dng ny
sau khi ci thm mt phn m rng cn thit.
Khc vi cc ng dng DVI v PS, ti liu dng PDF c th c xem
v in n trn hu ht cc h iu hnh (Unix, Mac, Windows). nh vo

85

86

Specialities
phn mm Adobe Acrobat Reader (c th ti v min ph t trang web ca
Adobe).

4.7.1

Cc ti liu PDF dnh cho Web

Vic to ra tp tin PDF t tp tin ngun ca LATEX tr nn rt d dng

nh vo phn mm pdfTEX c thit k bi Hn Th Thnh. pdfTEX to
ra tp tin u ra dng PDF cn TEX s to ra tp tin dng DVI. Ngoi ra,
ta cng c bn pdfLATEX c tc dng to ra tp tin PDF t tp tin ngun
ca LATEX.
C hai bn pdfTEX v pdfLATEX u c ci t sn i vi cc phin
bn mi ca TEX nh l teTEX, fpTEX, MikTEX, TEXLive v CMacTEX.
to ra tp tin PDF thay v tp tin DVI, bn ch cn thay lnh latex
file.tex bng lnh pdflatex file.tex. Trn cc h thng m LATEX khng
c gi t dng lnh, bn c th tm thy c nt iu khin tng ng
vi lnh ny.
Trong LATEX, bn c th t kch thc trang giy (nh a4paper hay
letterpaper) thng qua tham s ty chn ca lnh \documentclass{..}.
Cc lnh trn cng lm vic vi pdfLATEX. Ngoi ra, pdfLATEX cn cn phi
bit thm kch thc ca trang giy ch khng ch phn din tch c dng
trnh by ti liu. Khi s dng gi hyperref (xem thm trang 89), kch
thc ca trang c th c thay i mt cch t ng. Nu khng, bn s
phi t iu chnh kch thc trang giy bng cch a v cc lnh sau trong
phn ta ca ti liu:
\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth
\pdfpageheight=\paperheight
Mc ny s khng i su vo chi tit lin quan n s khc nhau gia LATEX
v pdfLATEX. Nhng khc bit chnh lin quan n 3 vn sau: vic s dng
font ch, nh dng ca hnh nh a vo v vic t cu hnh ca cc siu
lin kt.

4.7.2

Cc font ch

pdfLATEX c th lm vic vi tt c cc kiu font ch (PK bitmaps, TrueType, PostScript type 1. . . ) nhng ch yu l nh dng font ca ca LATEX,
font PK dng bitmap cho ra kt qu rt xu khi ti liu c xem bng
Acrobat Reader. c ti liu p mt th ch nn s dng cc font ch
dng PostScript Type 1.

4.7 Lm vic vi pdfLATEX

Chng ta s khng bn v font ch trong ti liu ny v t LATEX lm
tt vic x l cc font ch cng nh vic s dng b font ch ring ca n
p ng yu cu ca vic son tho v in n cc ti liu khoa hc.
Hin nay, ta c 2 tp hp font ch ca TEX: Computer Modern (CM),
gm 128 k t v c xem l b font mc nh. B font th hai l Extended
Cork (EC), bao gm 256 k t. im c trng ca b font EC l c cha
tt c cc k t c bit ca cc ngn ng-c bit l cc k t th hin du
trng m trong cc ngn ng chu u nh l a hay . iu ny cho php
vic ngt qung cc t ng c cc ch ci c bit ny. Bn c th kch hot
vic s dng b font ny vi lnh \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} phn ta
ca ti liu (xem thm trang 28). Tht khng may l khng c b font
PostScript Type 1 min ph no cho tp cc k t EC. Tuy nhin, c hai
phng php c th gii quyt vn ny:

Bn c th a gi \usepackage{aeguill} aeguill vo phn ta

s dng cc font AE thc s.
Bn c th s dng \usepackage{mltex} tuy nhin tnh nng ny ch
lm vic khi pdfLATEX c bin dch vi tu chn mltex.

Tng t nh h thng MlTEX, b font ch o AE lm cho TEX tin rng

n c y 256 k t v s sp t cc k t ca n dn n vic thiu cc
k t trong font ch CM bnh thng (nhng k t ny vn c gi nguyn
trong cc font ch PostScript dng Type 1). iu ny gip cho vic ngt
qung t c thc hin tt i vi cc ngn ng chu u. Nhng bt
li ln nht l b font ch AE khng lm vic tt vi chc nng Find ca
Acrobat Reader. Do bn khng th tm kim cc t c du trong ti liu
dng PF.
Mt gii php khc l khng s dng b font CM m chuyn sang s
dng cc font Postscript dng 1. Hin nay, mt s font ch dng ny c
cung cp km theo vi Acrobat Reader. B font ny c kch thc cc k t
khc nhau do vic trnh by ti liu s c cht thay i. Thng thng, b
font ch ny s dng nhiu khong khng hn cc font ch CM (cc font ch
CM rt tit kim khong khng). Ngoi ra, tnh mch lc tng th ca ti
liu cng b nh hng bi v cc font ch nh Times, Helvetica v Courier
(cc font chnh cn thay i) khng c thit k trnh by mt cch cn
i trong mt ti liu nh l cc font ch CM.
Ngoi ra, cn c 2 b font ch na p ng yu cu ny: pxfonts, da
trn font Palatino nh dng cho vn bn trong phn thn ca ti liu
v gi txfonts, da trn font Times. s dng hai gi ny, ta ch cn thm
vo cc hng sau phn ta ca ti liu.

87

88

Specialities
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{pxfonts}
Bn c th thy cnh bo sau khi bin dch tp tin ngun
Warning: pdftex (file eurmo10): Font eurmo10 at ... not found
trong tp tin c phn m rng l .log. iu ny c ngha l mt s font
ch c s dng y khng c tm thy. Bn cn phi sa cc li
ny nu khng th trong ti liu dng PDF cc trang c cc k t b thiu s
khng c hin th trong.
Vic thiu cc font ch EC c cht lng tng ng vi cc font ch
CM dng 1 lun c mi ngi quan tm. Do , cc gii php cho vn
ny s lun xut hin theo thi gian.

4.7.3

S dng ho

Vic a ho vo trong ti liu c h tr tt nht vi gi graphicx (xem

trang 75). Thng qua vic s dng cc driver c bit trong tu chn ca
pdftex, gi graphicx cng s lm vic tt vi pdfLATEX:
\usepackage[pdftex]{color,graphicx}
Trong v d trn, ta a vo tu chn mu bi vic s dng mu sc
trong ti liu tr nn ngy cng ph bin.
Mt trong nhng vn y l dng EPS (Encapsulated Postscript)
khng c h tr trong cc tp tin dng PDF. Nu bn khng nh ngha
mt tp tin m rng trong lnh \includegraphics, gi graphicx s t ng
tm tp tin thch hp (ph thuc vo vic chn driver. i vi pdftex, nh
dng ca tp tin ny c th l .png, .pdf, .jpg, .mps (MetaPost) v .tif
nhng khng l .eps.
Gii php n gin cho vn ny l chuyn cc tp tin dng EPS sang
dng PDF thng qua vic s dng tin ch epstopdf. i vi cc i tng
hnh hc vect (cc hnh v), y l mt gii php tt. Tuy nhin, i vi cc
dng bitmap (nh, hnh c quyt t ngoi vo) th gii php ny khng
tht s thuyt phc bi v bn thn nh dng PDF h tr vic a vo
cc tp tin PNG v JPEG (PNG thch hp cho cc nh c t mu cn JPEG
thch hp cho cc hnh chp v chng chim rt t ch).
i khi, ta khng cn v cc hnh trong hnh hc m ch cn m t chng
vi cc ngn ng c bit (nh l MetaPost). Ngn ng ny c th c tm
thy hu ht cc phin bn c phn phi ca TEX cng vi bn hng
dn chi tit.

4.7 Lm vic vi pdfLATEX

4.7.4

Cc siu lin kt

Gi hyperref s m nhim vic chuyn cc tham chiu trong ti liu thnh

siu lin kt. hon tt cng vic ny, ta cn thc hin mt s thao tc
h tr. Bn cn phi a lnh \usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref} vo v tr
cui cng ca phn ta ca ti liu.
Lnh ny c nhiu tham s tu bin cch lm vic ca gi hyperref:

mt danh sch c phn cch bi du phy pha sau phn tu chn

ca pdftex
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
hay cc hng ring bit vi lnh \hypersetup{options}.

Mc chn duy nht cn thit l pdftex; cc mc chn khc l tu v cho

php bn thay i cch lm vic bnh thng ca gi hyperref.7 Di y l
danh sch cc gi tr mc nh:
bookmarks (=true,false ) hin th hay khng hin th ca s Bookmark
khi hin th ti liu.
pdftoolbar (=true,false ) hin th hay khng hin th thanh cng c ca
Acrobat khi xem.
pdfmenubar (=true,false ) hin th hay khng hin th menu ca Acrobat.
pdffitwindow (=true,false ) chnh kch thc phng i ban u khi tp
tin pdf c xem.
pdftitle (={texte}) xc nh ni dung c hin th trong ca s Document
Info ca Acrobat.
pdfauthor (={texte}) Tn ca tc gi.
pdfnewwindow (=true,false ) xc nh xem mt ca s mi c c to
hay khng khi lin kt vt khi gii hn ca ti liu.
colorlinks (=true,false ) hin th vng lin kt bng mu. Cc mu
sc ca cc lin kt c th c chn nh sau:
Bn cn lu rng gi hyperref khng ch lm vic vi pdfTEX. Gi ny cng c th
c cu hnh nhng thng tin ring dng PDF vo tp tin DVI ca LATEX (tp tin
ny s c a vo tp tin PS vi lnh dvips v cui cng c x l Adobe Distiller
khi n chuyn tp tin dng PS sang PDF.)
7

89

90

Specialities
linkcolor (=color,red ) mu sc ca cc lin kt bn trong ca
ti liu (nh mc, chng, trang, . . . ).
citecolor (=color,green ) mu ca cc lin kt n cc trch dn
(trong danh mc cc ti liu tham kho).
filecolor (=color,magenta ) mu ca cc lin kt n tp tin.
urlcolor (=color,cyan ) mu ca cc lin kt n cc a ch URL
(lin kt n hp th, a ch web).
Nu bn thy hi lng vi cc nh dng mc nh th ch vic s dng
nh sau:
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
danh sch cc bookmark c lit k chi tit v cc lin kt c mu
(gi tr =true l mc nh):
\usepackage[pdftex,bookmarks,colorlinks]{hyperref}
Khi to ra cc tp tin PDF hng n mc ch l in n, bn khng nn
lm cho cc lin kt c mu bi v chng s tr thnh mu xm khi c in
ra (chng tr nn kh c v khng p mt).
\usepackage{hyperref}
\hypersetup{colorlinks,%
citecolor=black,%
filecolor=black,%
linkcolor=black,%
urlcolor=black,%
pdftex}
cung cp thng tin cho phn Document Info ca tp tin PDF, bn
thc hin nh sau:
\usepackage[pdfauthor={Pierre Desproges}%
pdftitle={Des femmes qui tombent},%
pdftex]{hyperref}
b sung cho cc siu lin kt t ng i vi cc tham chiu cho, bn
c th a vo cc lin kt tng minh nh sau:
\href{url}{text}

on m sau

4.7 Lm vic vi pdfLATEX

Trang web \href{http://www.ctan.org}{CTAN}.
s cho kt qu l CTAN; nhn chut vo t CTAN s a bn n vi
trang web ca CTAN.
Nu lin kt khng hng n mt a ch URL m l mt tp tin trn
my th bn c th s dng lnh sau:
Bn c th xem ti liu u \href{manual.pdf}{ y}.
Khi ny, kt qu xut ra l: Bn c th xem ti liu y y. Nhn
chut vo y s m tp tin manual.pdf. (Tp tin s nm trong th mc
ca ti liu hin thi).
Tc gi ca mt bi bo c th cung cp a ch e-mail ca mnh ngi
c c th lin h vi tc gi thng qua lnh \href bn trong lnh \author
trong phn ta ca trang trong ti liu:
\author{Nguyn Tn Khoa $<$\href{mailto:tankhoasp@yahoo.com}%
{tankhoasp@yahoo.com}$>$
Lu rng bn phi nhp vo lin kt v c phn vn bn n c hin
th trn trang giy. Bn cng c th son tho nh sau:
\href{mailto:tankhoasp@yahoo.com}{Nguyn Tn Khoa}.
Vi Acrobat Reader th mi vic vn din ra tt p nhng khi in ti liu ra
th s khng ai bit c a ch e-mail ca bn!!!

4.7.5

Vn vi cc lin kt

Cc thng ip nh:
! pdfTeX warning (ext4): destination with the same identifier
(name{page.1}) has been already used, duplicate ignored
xut hin khi b m c khi ng li. V d nh khi s dng lnh
\mainmatter c cung cp bi lp ti liu dng book, b m s c
khi ng li l 1 tng ng vi chng u tin ca ti liu. Tuy nhin,
phn li ta ca ti liu cng c nh s l trang 1. Khi ny, tt c cc
lin kt n trang 1 s khng cho kt qu duy nht na! Do , thng bo
l duplicate has been ignored.
B m s thc hin vic a plainpages=false vo mc chn ca cc
siu lin kt. Khng may l iu ny ch h tr vic m trang. Mt gii
php trit hn l s dng mc chn hypertexnames=false tuy nhin khi
ny cc lin kt n cc trang trong phn ch mc s khng lm vic.

91

92

Specialities

4.7.6

Cc vn vi Bookmark

Phn vn bn c hin th bi bookmark khng phi lc no cng ging

nh bn mun. Bi v cc bookmark ch n thun l vn bn cho nn n
s c t k t hn l phn vn bn ca LATEX. Cc siu lin kt s t ng
thy cc li ny v a ra cnh bo:
Package hyperref Warning:
Token not allowed in a PDFDocEncoded string:
Bn c th gii quyt vn ny bng cch cung cp mt chui k t cho
cc bookmark trnh cc li trn nh sau:
\texorpdfstring{TEX text}{Bookmark Text}

Cc biu thc ton hc chnh l cc i tng thng mc phi li ny

nht:
\section{\texorpdfstring{$E=mc^2$}%
{E\ =\ mc\texttwosuperior}}
s cho kt qu l E=mc2 trong phn bookmark.
Vic thay i mu s khng thc hin tt trong cc bookmark:
\section{\textcolor{red}{Red !}}
s to ra chui redRed!. Lnh \textcolor s c b qua nhng tham s
(red) ca n vn c in ra.
Nu bn son tho:
\section{\texorpdfstring{\textcolor{red}{Red !}}{Red\ !}}
th kt qu s d c hn.
S tng thch gia tp tin ngun trong LATEX v trong pdfLATEX
Trong tnh hung l tng, ti liu ca bn s c dch tt nh nhau vi
LATEX v pdfLATEX. Vn ln y l vic a vo cc hnh nh. Gii
php c bn cho vn ny l b qua phn m rng ca tp tin trong lnh
\includegraphics. Khi ny, c LATEX v pdfLATEX s t ng tm kim tp
tin c nh dng ph hp trong th mc hin thi. Vic bn cn lm l to
ra cc phin bn tng ng ca tp tin hnh nh. LATEX s tm kim tp tin
dng .eps cn pdfLATEX s tm cc tp tin c phn m rng l .png, .pdf,
.jpg, .mps hay .tif (theo th t va nu).
i vi cc trng hp bn mun s dng cc m khc nhau cho cc
phin bn PDF khc nhau ca ti liu ca bn, bn c th thm vo:

4.8 Trnh din vi gi pdfscreen

\newif\ifPDF
\ifx\pdfoutput\undefined\PDFfalse
\else\ifnum\pdfoutput > 0\PDFtrue
\else\PDFfalse
\fi
\fi
nh l cc hng lnh u tin ca ti liu. Nhng hng lnh ny s xc nh
mt lnh c bit cho php bn d dng vit cc on m diu kin:
\ifPDF
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{aeguill}
\usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx,color}
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
\else
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[dvips]{graphicx}
\usepackage[dvips]{hyperref}
\fi
Trong v d trn, bn c th thy rng ti a vo gi siu lin kt cho
c phin bn PDF v khng phi PDF. Hiu qu ca vic a vo cc lnh
trn l lnh \href lm vic tt trong tt c cc trng hp m khng phi
a vo ch th iu khin mi ln s dng lnh \href.
Lu rng trong cc phin bn TEX hin nay (v d nh TEXLive), la
chn gia pdftex v dvips khi s dng gi graphicx v color s t ng
c xc nh mt cch t ng trong tp tin cu hnh graphics.cfg v
color.cfg.

4.8

Trnh din vi gi pdfscreen

Bnh thng, bn c th trnh din kt qu ca ti liu khoa hc ca bn

trn mt tm bng vi n chiu hay trc tip t my tnh xch tay c s
dng phn mm trnh din.
Vi pdfLATEX v gi pdfscreen, bn c th to nn cc slide trong tp
tin PDF, c y tnh nng (mu sc, sng ng) nh MS PowerPoint.
Ngoi ra, tp tin ca bn cn c tnh kh chuyn cao (c th c xem trn
cc h iu hnh khc nhau vi phn mm Acrobat Reader).
Lp pdfscreen s dng gi graphicx, color v hyperref vi cc mc chn
phng theo cc cch trnh din trn mn hnh.

93

94

Specialities

\documentclass[pdftex,12pt]{article}
%%% cc phn m rng khc %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{aeguill}
%%% s dng gi pdfscreen %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\usepackage[screen,panelleft,chocolate]{pdfscreen}
% nh dng mn hnh
\panelwidth=25mm
%%
height width
\screensize{150mm}{200mm}
%%
left right top bottom
\marginsize{42mm}{8mm}{10mm}{10mm}
% mu sc hay nh nn
\overlayempty
\definecolor{mybg}{rgb}{1,0.9,0.7}
\backgroundcolor{mybg}
% Logo
\emblema{MyLogo}
%%% vi PPower4 (post-processor) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\usepackage{pause}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{document}
\begin{slide}
\begin{itemize}
\item Tin tt\dots \pause
\item Tin xu
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}
\end{document}
Hnh 4.2: V d v tp tin d liu vo s dng gi pdfscreen

4.8 Trnh din vi gi pdfscreen

to ra dng tp tin ny, bn ch cn lm vic mt cch bnh thng
vi kiu ti liu l article. Hnh 4.2 cho thy v d v tp tin d liu vo.
Trc tin, bn phi np vo gi pdfscreen cng vi cc tu chn tng ng:
screen : trnh din trn mn hnh. i vi cc bn trnh din c in ra th
bn s dng mc chn print.
panelright t bng iu khin vic di chuyn gia cc slide gc phi
mn hnh. Ngc li, t bng iu khin gc tri, bn c th s
dng mc chn panelleft.
french hay cc ngn ng c h tr khc LATEX xc nh tn ca cc
nt trong bng iu khin cho ph hp. Mc chn ny c lp vi cc
mc chn c chnh vi cc gi babel.
chocolate mu sc ca bng iu khin. Cc la chn khc l gray, orange,
palegreen, bluelace v blue (mc nh).
Tip n, bn s cu trc hnh cho vic hin th. V cc bn trnh din thng
co dn theo kch thc tht ca mn hnh hin th, do thng tin ny s
c s dng chnh kch thc font ch.
\panelwidth xc nh kch thc ca bng iu khin.
\screensize{width}{height} xc nh chiu rng v chiu cao ca mn
hnh bao gm c bng iu khin.
\marginsize{left}{right}{top}{bottom} xc nh cc bin ca ti liu.
Trong phn v d trn, ti liu khng c canh gia mn hnh bi
v s ca cc mc c canh tri.
Bn c th s dng hnh nn vi mt kiu nh dng bt k c h tr
bi pdfLATEX thng qua lnh:
\overlay{image}

hay nu bn thch s dng phn nn n gin, bn c th xc nh mu

ca n vi lnh:
\background{color }

Cui cng, nu bn mun t logo ca t chc hay cng ty ca bn vo

95

96

Specialities
bng iu khin, hy s dng lnh sau:
\emblema{logo}

Trong khi trnh din, cc mc t t c hin th trn mn hnh, bn

c th s dng gi pause. Gi ny cung cp lnh \pause. Lnh ny s yu
cu LATEX tm ngng vic hin th ti liu. Gi pause l mt phn ca h
thng ppower4 (P 4: Pdf Presentation Post-Processor ). H thng ny s lm
cho kt qu xut ra ca pdfLATEX trnh din theo ca bn. Bn c th x
l kt qu xut ra ca pdfTEX bng cch a vo qu trnh x l sau. Lnh
ny c gi nh sau:
ppower4 xy.pdf xyz.pdf

iu khin kt qu xut ra trn tng slide, bn c th s dng mi

trng \begin{slide} . . . \end{slide}. Ni dung ca mi slide s c hin
th gia (theo chiu dc) trang.
Khi bin dch v d trn, bn s gp thng bo li:
! pdfTeX warning (dest): name{contents} has been
referenced but does not exist, replaced by a fixed one
Li ny l do mt nt lnh trong bng iu khin ch n bng mc lc m
v d ny khng c lnh \tableofcontents cho nn lin kt b li.
bng mc lc c th c hin th ngay bn trong bng iu khin,
bn c th s dng mc chn paneltoc khi dng gi pdfscreen. iu ny ch
cho ra kt qu tt khi m bn trnh din ca bn c t mc v tn cc mc
tng i ngn. Bn cn cung cp cc ta ngn ngn cho cc mc trong
ngoc vung.
Phn gii thiu ngn ngn ny ch a ra nhng hng dn gi ban
u v tnh nng trnh din ca gi pdfscreen v PPower4. C hai gi ny
u c cung cp vi ti liu hng dn chi tit.

4.9

XY-pic

Gi xy l mt gi c bit v cc biu . s dng gi ny, bn ch

vic thm vo cc hng lnh sau trong phn ta ca ti liu:
\usepackage[options]{xy}

Vi options l mt danh sch cc hm ca XY-pic m bn mun np vo.

4.9 XY-pic

97

Ti ngh bn a vo mc chn all LATEX np tt c cc lnh ca XY.

Cc biu ca XY-pic c v da trn m hnh ca cc ma trn trong
mi phn t ca biu c t trong mt ca ma trn:
\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{A & B \\
C & D }
\end{displaymath}

Lnh \xymatrix c th c s dng trong ch ton hc. Trong v d

trn, chng ta c hai hng v hai ct. to biu ny, chng ta ch cn
thm vo cc mui tn tng ng vi lnh \ar.
\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{ A \ar[r] & B \ar[d] \\
D \ar[u] & C \ar[l] }
\end{displaymath}

Lnh v mi tn c t dnh cho mi tn. Cc tham s y l

hng tr n ca cc mi tn. (u: mi tn hng ln, d: mi tn hng
xung, r: mi tn hng sang phi v l: mi tn hng sang tri).
\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{
A \ar[d] \ar[dr] \ar[r] & B \\
D
& C }
\end{displaymath}

to ra cc mi tn theo hng cho, bn ch cn thm vo cc i s

v hng. c mi tn m hn, bn c th lp li cc tham s v hng.
\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{
A \ar[d] \ar[dr] \ar[drr] & & \\
B
& C & D }
\end{displaymath}

A
B

Bn c th v cc biu p bng cch thm vo pha trn du mi tn

98

Specialities
cc nhn. lm iu ny, bn c th s dng cc ton t vit ln trn hay
vit xung di.

\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{
A \ar[r]^f \ar[d]_g &
B \ar[d]^{g} \\
D \ar[r]_{f}
& C }
\end{displaymath}

B
g0

f0

Nh bn thy, bn c th s dng trong ch ton hc. S khc bit

duy nht l vic vit vn bn ln trn c hiu l vit ln pha trn ca
mi tn cn vit vn bn di ngha l di du mi tn. Cn y l
ton t th ba (thanh ngang) |. N s khin cho phn vn bn t ngay trn
mi tn.
\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{
A \ar[r]|f \ar[d]|g &
B \ar[d]|{g} \\
D \ar[r]|{f}
& C }
\end{displaymath}

B
g0

f0

v cc mi tn c l trng gia, bn c th s dng lnh \ar[...]|\hole.

Trong mt s tnh hung, iu quan trng l phn bit s khc nhau gia
cc kiu ca du mi tn. iu ny c th c thc hin bng cch t cc
nhn ln trn cc mi tn hay thay i din mo ca cc mi tn:

\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{
\bullet\ar@{->}[rr]
\bullet\ar@{.<}[rr]
\bullet\ar@{~)}[rr]
\bullet\ar@{=(}[rr]
\bullet\ar@{~/}[rr]
\bullet\ar@{=+}[rr]
}
\end{displaymath}

&& \bullet\\
&& \bullet\\
&& \bullet\\
&& \bullet\\
&& \bullet\\
&& \bullet

4.9 XY-pic

99

Bn hy ch s khc bit gia hai biu di y:

\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{
\bullet \ar[r]
\ar@{.>}[r] &
\bullet
}
\end{displaymath}

\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{
\bullet \ar@/^/[r]
\ar@/_/@{.>}[r] &
\bullet
}
\end{displaymath}

T b sung thm vo gia hai du gch cho / / xc nh cch cc ng

cong c v. Ngoi ra, XY-pic cung cp nhiu cch khc nhau tc ng
n vic v cc ng cong. bit thm chi tit, bn c th tham kho
thm ti liu v XY-pic.
The modifiers between the slashes define how the curves are drawn. XY-pic
offers many ways to influence the drawing of curves; for more information,
check XY-pic documentation.

Chng 5
Tu bin cc thnh phn ca
LATEX
Vi cc lnh hc t chng 1 n nay, bn c th son tho c cc ti
liu p mt, c tnh chuyn nghip kh cao. D chng cha t n c s
tinh xo cao nhng ti liu ca bn tun theo nhng qui tc nh dng chung
do chng rt d c v c tnh cht chuyn nghip.
Tuy nhin, trn thc t ca vic son tho vi LATEX, bn vn cn gp phi
mt s tnh hung m LATEX khng cung cp cc lnh hay mi trng ph hp
vi yu cu ca bn hay kt qu c c t cc lnh sn c khng lm cho bn
hi lng.
Trong chng ny, chng ta s cng tm hiu mt vi th thut dy cho
A
LTEX nhng k nng mi nhm to ra cc ti liu c kiu mu khc vi cc kiu
mu mc nh.

5.1

To lnh, gi lnh v mi trng mi

Nu ch th bn s thy rng tt c cc lnh trong ti liu ny u c

ng khung v bn c th d dng tm thy chng trong phn ch mc ca
ti liu. Thay v trc tip s dng cc lnh ca LATEX, ti to ra mt gi
mi nh ngha cch cc lnh v mi trng mi ny. Khi ny, ti ch cn
nhp vo nh sau:
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{dum}
\end{lscommand}

\dum

5.1 To lnh, gi lnh v mi trng mi

101

Trong v d ny, ti s dng mt mi trng mi gi l lscommand v

mt lnh mi l \ci. Mi trng mi ny s v ng khung cc lnh. Cn
lnh \ci c dng son tho tn lnh v a n vo bng ch mc. Bn
c th kim tra iu ny bng cch nhn qua mc \dum trong phn ch mc
ca ti liu ny.
Khi ti mun thay i nh dng cho cc lnh sang mt kiu khc (chng
hn nh khng ng khung na), ti ch cn thay i nh ngha ca mi
trng lscommand. iu ny gip cho vic thay i c thc hin kh d
dng m khng cn phi tm kim trong sut ti liu v tin hnh sa i.

5.1.1

To lnh mi

thm vo mt lnh mi ca ring bn, s dng lnh sau:

\newcommand{name}[num]{definition}

Thng thng, mt lnh s i hi hai tham s: name l tn ca lnh m

bn mun to v definition l nh ngha ca lnh. Tham s num trong du
ngoc vung l tu chn v xc nh s cc tham s m lnh mi cn n
(mt lnh c kh nng c ti a l 9 tham s). Nu ta b qua tham s ny
th lnh ny s c gi m khng c tham s no c.
Di y l mt v d nhm gip bn hiu r hn. Trong v d ny, trc
tin, ta s to ra mt lnh mi gi l \tnss. Lnh ny s xut ra chui The
Not So Short Introduction to LATEX 2 .
\newcommand{\tnss}{The not
so Short Introduction to
\LaTeXe}
y l ta gc ca ti
liu ny: \tnss \ldots{}
\tnss

y l ta gc ca ti liu ny: The not

so Short Introduction to LATEX 2 . . . The
not so Short Introduction to LATEX 2

V d tip theo s minh ho cho vic to lnh mi v lnh ny s c 1

tham s. Th lnh #1 s c thay th bi ni dung do bn cung cp. Nu
bn mun c nhiu hn 1 tham s, bn c th s dng th lnh #2, . . . .

102

Tu bin cc thnh phn ca LATEX

\newcommand{\txsit}[1]
{Xin cho
\emph{#1}. Chc mt ngy tt lnh!}
% trong phn thn ca ti liu:
\begin{itemize}
\item \txsit{Nguyn Tn Khoa}
\item \txsit{Babymilky}
\end{itemize}

Xin cho Nguyn Tn Khoa. Chc mt

ngy tt lnh!
Xin cho Babymilky. Chc mt ngy
tt lnh!

LATEX khng cho php vic to ra cc lnh mi trng tn vi cc lnh sn

c. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ny, bn c th dng lnh sau: \renewcommand
mt cch tng minh. Lnh renewcommand cng c c php tng t nh
lnh \newcommand.
Trong mt s trng hp c th, bn c th s dng lnh \providecommand.
Lnh ny ging nh lnh \newcommand nhng khi m lnh c nh ngha
th LATEX 2 s t ng b qua n.
Xem thm trang ?? bit thm chi tit v cc vn lin quan n
khong trng sau mt lnh.

5.1.2

To mi trng mi

Cng nh lnh \newcommand, c mt lnh h tr cho vic to ra cc mi

trng mi. l lnh \newenvironment vi c php nh sau:
\newenvironment{name}[num]{before}{after }

Tng t nh lnh \newcommand, lnh \newenvironment cng c cc

tham s tu chn ring. D liu trong phn before s c x l trc khi
phn vn bn c x l v d liu trong phn after s c x l khi lnh
\ end{name} c x l.
Di y l mt v d minh ho cho vic s dng lnh \newenvironment.
\newenvironment{king}
{\rule{1ex}{1ex}%
\hspace{\stretch{1}}}
{\hspace{\stretch{1}}%
\rule{1ex}{1ex}}
\begin{king}
ti nh b ca ti \ldots
\end{king}

ti nh b ca ti . . .

5.1 To lnh, gi lnh v mi trng mi

Tham s num s cho bit s i s ca lnh. LATEX s kim tra xem
bn c nh ngha li mt mi trng tn ti hay khng. Khi ny, nu
bn mun thay i mt mi trng tn ti, bn c th s dng lnh
\renewenvironment. C php ca lnh ny cng tng t nh c php ca
lnh \renewcommand.
Cc lnh c s dng trong v d trn s c gii thch sau. i vi
cc lnh \rule v \stretch, bn c th tham kho thm trang ?? v 116.
Cn vi lnh \hspace th xem thm trang 109

5.1.3

To mt gi lnh mi

Khi m bn nh ngha nhiu mi trng v nhiu lnh mi, phn ta

ca ti liu ca bn s tr nn kh di. Do , bn nn to mt gi mi cha
nh ngha ca tt c cc lnh v mi trng mi ny. Sau , bn c th s
dng lnh \usepackage a gi mi ny vo s dng trong ti liu ca
bn.
% Demo Package by Tobias Oetiker
\ProvidesPackage{demopack}
\newcommand{\tnss}{The not so Short Introduction to \LaTeXe}
\newcommand{\txsit}[1]{The \emph{#1} Short
Introduction to \LaTeXe}
\newenvironment{king}{\begin{quote}}{\end{quote}}

Hnh 5.1: V d v mt gi lnh t to.

Vic vit mt gi lnh mi bao gm vic sao chp ni dung ca phn ta
ca ti liu vo mt tp tin ring l vi phn m rng l .sty. C mt
lnh c bit:
\ProvidesPackage{package name}

s dng u ca tp tin lu gi lnh. Lnh \ProvidePackage cho LATEX

bit tn ca gi lnh; ng thi, n cng cho php LATEX thng bo cc li
c bn nh vic a gi lnh vo hai ln. Hnh 5.1 cho thy mt v d nh
v gi lnh t to cha cc lnh c nh ngha trong cc v d trn.

103

104

Tu bin cc thnh phn ca LATEX

5.2
5.2.1

Font ch v kch thc font ch

Cc lnh thay i font ch

LATEX s t ng la chn font ch v kch thc font ch da trn cu trc

logic ca ti liu (mc, ch thch chn, . . . ). Trong mt s tnh hung, bn
s mun t thay i font ch. thc hin iu ny, bn c th s dng cc
lnh trong bng 5.1 v 5.2. Kch thc ph hp ca font ch l mt k thut
thit k da trn kiu ti liu v cc mc chn ca n. Bng 5.3 lit k cc
kch thc tng ng cho cc lnh thay i kch thc font ch trong cc lp
ti liu chun.
{\small Ch nh \textbf{bold}
dng Romans} {\Large Ch ln
\textit{Italy}.}

Ch nh bold dng Romans

Italy.

Ch ln

Mt tnh nng quan trng ca LATEX 2 l cc thuc tnh ca font ch l

c lp. iu ny c ngha l bn c th thay i font ch hay kch thc
ca font ch m vn gia c cc nh dng in m, in nghing c
t t trc.
Trong ch ton hc, bn c th dng cc lnh thay i font ch
tm thi thot ra khi ch ton hc v nhp vo cc on vn bn thng
thng. thay i font ch trong ch ton hc, bn cn s dng mt
tp lnh c bit. Xem thm bng 5.4.
Lin quan n cc lnh thay i kch thc font ch, du ngoc vung
ng mt vai tr rt quan trng. Chng c dng to ra cc nhm. Cc
nhm s gii hn phm vi tc dng ca cc lnh trong LATEX..
Bng 5.1: Font ch.
\textrm{...}
\texttt{...}

roman
nh my

\textsf{...}

sans serif

\textmd{...}

trung bnh

\textbf{...}

in m

\textup{...}
\textsl{...}

thng ng
nghing

\textit{...}
\textsc{...}

in nghing
ch nh

\emph{...}

nhn mnh

\textnormal{...}

font ch bnh thng

5.2 Font ch v kch thc font ch

Bng 5.2: Kch thc ca font ch.

\tiny
\scriptsize
\footnotesize
\small
\normalsize
\large

font ch nh

font ch rt nh

font ch tng i nh

font ch nh

font ch thng

font ch ln

\Large

font ch ln hn

\LARGE

font ch rt ln

\huge
\Huge

font ch khng l
font ch ln nht

Bng 5.3: Kch thc tnh theo im (pt) ca cc ti liu chun.

C
\tiny
\scriptsize
\footnotesize
\small
\normalsize
\large
\Large
\LARGE
\huge
\Huge

10pt (mc nh) 11pt tu chn 12pt tu chn

5pt
6pt
6pt
7pt
8pt
8pt
8pt
9pt
10pt
9pt
10pt
11pt
10pt
11pt
12pt
12pt
12pt
14pt
14pt
14pt
17pt
17pt
17pt
20pt
20pt
20pt
25pt
25pt
25pt
25pt

105

106

Tu bin cc thnh phn ca LATEX

Ti thch {\LARGE Ton-Tin hc

v {\small Vn hc}}.

Ti thch
hc.

Ton-Tin hc v

Vn

Cc lnh lin quan n kch thc ca font ch cng s thay i khong

cch gia cc hng khi m mt on vn kt thc bn trong phm vi tc
dng ca lnh ny. Do , du ng ngoc } khng nn xut hin trc khi
kt thc on vn. Hy ch n v tr ca lnh \par trong hai v d sau
y.1

{\Large ng tin c gi y.
Ti ni thit y!!!\par}

ng tin c gi y. Ti ni
thit y!!!

{\Large ng tin chng trai y.

Ti khng quan tm n anh
ta.}\par

ng tin chng trai y. Ti

khng quan tm n anh ta.

Khi bn mun kch hot vic thay i kch thc font ch cho c don
vn bn hay nhiu hn, bn c th s dng mi trng lnh thay i.
1

\par tng ng vi mt hng trng.

Bng 5.4: Cc font ch son tho trong ch ton hc.

Lnh

V d

Kt qu

\mathcal{...}
\mathrm{...}
\mathbf{...}
\mathsf{...}
\mathtt{...}
\mathnormal{...}
\mathit{...}

$\mathcal{B}=c$
$\mathrm{K}_2$
$\sum x=\mathbf{v}$
$\mathsf{G\times R}$
$\mathtt{L}(b,c)$
$\mathnormal{R_{19}}\neq R_{19}$
$\mathit{ffi}\neq ffi$

B=c
K2
P
x=v
GR
L(b, c)
R 6= R19
ffi 6= f f i

5.2 Font ch v kch thc font ch

\begin{Large}
ng tin nhng g con
gi ni. Nhng nh vy
th cn bit tin vo
g na y???!!! \ldots
\end{Large}

107

ng tin nhng g con gi ni.

Nhng nh vy th cn bit tin
vo g na y???!!! . . .

Gii php ny s gip bn trnh c vic nhp thiu du ng ngoc }.

5.2.2

Lu khi s dng cc lnh thay i nh dng

Nh ni n u chng, vic thay i nh dng ca font ch, kch

thc thng qua cc lnh tc ng trc tip s lm cho ti liu ca chng ta
tr nn khng cn trong sng nh tng ban u. Do , khi cn thay i
nh dng ca vn bn ti nhiu ni trong vn bn, bn nn to ra mt lnh
mi vi lnh \newcommand.
\newcommand{\oops}[1]{\textbf{#1}}
ng \oops{bc vo} cn
phng ny!! Bn trong cn
phng ny ang
c mt \oops{con vt l}
t hnh tinh khc!.

ng bc vo cn phng ny!! Bn trong

cn phng ny ang c mt con vt l t
hnh tinh khc!.

Hng tip cn ny c nhng li im ring bi v bn c th thay i

cch nh dng v sau vi rt t cng sc. Ngc li, nu bn s dng lnh
thay i trc tip nh \textbf th khi mun thay i nh dng, bn cn
phi tm kim tt c cc lnh \textbf trong ti liu v thay th n bi lnh
nh dng khc. Hy ngh n s phc tp khi m bn mun thay i mt
lot cc nh dng phc tp!!!

5.2.3

Vi li khuyn

kt thc phn gii thiu v font ch v kch thc ca font ch, di y

l mt s li khuyn:

! S dng nhiuFONT chkhc nhau Bn

Hy nh l
s

to ra mt ti liu p,

v d c.

108

Tu bin cc thnh phn ca LATEX

5.3

Cc khong trng

5.3.1

Khong cch gia cch hng

Bn c th thay i khong cch gia cc hng bn trong mt ti liu vi

lnh sau:
\linespread{factor }

phn ta ca ti liu. Lnh \linespread{1.3} xc nh khong cch

gia cc hng l mt ri; lnh \linespread{1.6} xc nh khong cch
gia cc hng l gp i. Bnh thng th khong cch gia cc hng khng
c cng ra cho nn khong cch mc nh l 1..

5.3.2

nh dng on vn

Trong LATEX, c hai tham s nh hng n vic trnh by cc on vn.

Thng qua cc lnh sau
\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
\setlength{\parskip}{1ex plus 0.5ex minus 0.2ex}
trong phn ta ca tp tin d liu vo, bn c th thay i cch trnh
by cc on vn. Hai lnh ny s tng khong cch gia cc on vn trong
khi thit lp vic canh l cc on vn l 0.
Phn tham s plus v minus ca lnh trn s cho TEX bit rng n c
th co hp li hay dn rng ra vic cch on theo mt lng c xc nh
khi m on vn tng ng cn phi nm va vn trong mt trang.
Theo nh dng vn bn thng thng chu u, cc on vn thng
cch nhau bi mt khong trng v khng c canh l. Nhng bn nn
lu rng, cch nh dng ny cng c nhng nh hng ring n bng
mc lc: khong cch gia cc hng s tng i ln lm cho bng mc lc
tr nn lng lo. trnh iu ny, bn c th t hai lnh nh dng
khong cch trong phn ta vo phn ni dung ca ti liu, sau lnh
\tableofcontent hoc bn c th khng s dng hai lnh nh dng trn.
Hu ht cc ti liu chuyn nghip u s dng nh dng on vn bng
cch canh l ch khng dng khong trng cch on.

5.3 Cc khong trng

109

canh l mt on vn cha c canh l, hy s dng lnh sau:

\indent

phn u ca on vn.2 . Hin l lnh ny s khng c tc ng khi lnh

\parindent c chnh l 0.
chnh cho on vn khng c canh l, bn c th s dng lnh sau:
\noindent

v tr u tin ca on vn. Lnh ny rt c ch khi bn bt u mt ti

liu bng phn vn bn ch khng phi lnh to mc.

5.3.3

Khong trng ngang

LATEX tc ng xc nh khong trng gia cc t v cc cu mt cch t

ng. thm vo khong trng ngang, bn c th dng lnh:
\hspace{length}

Trong tnh hung bn mun gi nguyn cc khong trng ny ti v tr

cui hng hoc u hng, bn c th s dng lnh \hspace* thay cho lnh
\hspace. Tham s length ch n thun l mt con s v n v o tng
ng (trong tnh hung n gin nht). Cc n v thng dng c lit k
trong bng 5.5..
y l mt khong
trng di \hspace{1.5cm}
1.5 cm.

y l mt khong trng di
cm.

Lnh
\stretch{n}

s to ra cc khong trng c bit. N s dn ra cho n khi n s dng

ht tt c cc khong trng trn hng. Nu hai lnh \hspace{\stretch{n}}
xut hin trn cng mt hng th vic dn rng cc khong trng s c
quyt nh da trn tham s n.
canh l cho on vn u tin nm sau ta mc, bn c th s dng gi
indentfirst trong b cc cng c
2

1.5

110

Tu bin cc thnh phn ca LATEX

Bng 5.5: Cc n v trong TEX.

mm
cm
in
pt
em
ex

millimetre 1/25 inch

centimetre = 10 mm
inch = 25.4 mm
im 1/72 inch 13 mm
xp x chiu rng ca ch M trong font ch hin thi
xp x chiu cao ca ch x trong font ch hin thi

x\hspace{\stretch{1}}
x\hspace{\stretch{3}}x

When using horizontal space together with text, it may make sense to
make the space adjust its size relative to the size of the current font. This
can be done by using the text-relative units em and en:
{\Large{}big\hspace{1em}y}\\
{\tiny{}tin\hspace{1em}y}

5.3.4

big y
tin

Khong trng dc

Khong cch gia cc on vn, mc, mc con, . . . c xc nh mt cch

t ng bi LATEX. Khi cn thit, cc khong trng dc gia hai on vn
c th c thm vo vi lnh sau:
\vspace{length}

Lnh ny nn c s dng gia hai hng trng. Khi cn gi khong

trng u hay cui trang, bn c th s dng lnh \vspace* thay cho lnh
\vspace..
Lnh \stretch cng vi lnh \pagebreak c th c s dng son
tho phn vn bn hng cui cng ca mt trang hay canh gia vn bn
theo chiu dc ca trang giy.
Mt vi lu \ldots
\vspace{\stretch{1}}

5.4 Trnh by trang

y s l hng cui ca trang.\pagebreak
Lnh sau s cho php bn thay i khong cch gia cc hng trong cng
mt on vn hay trong cng mt biu bng:
\\[length]

Vi lnh \bigskip v \smallskip, bn c th cch qung mt khong

cch nh trc theo chiu dc.

5.4

Trnh by trang

LATEX 2 cho php bn xc nh kch thc trang giy trong lnh

\documentclass. Sau khi c cung cp kch thc giy, LATEX s t ng
xc nh kch thc cc bin. Tuy nhin, i khi thao tc t ng ny khng
p ng c yu cu nh dng ca bn. V vi LATEX, bn hon ton c
kh nng tu bin iu ny cho ph hp vi yu cu cng vic.. Hnh 5.2
s cung cp cho bn mt ci nhn tng qut v cc tham s c th thay i
nhm thc hin vic nh dng theo yu cu.3
Tuy nhin, bn cn phi cn thn trc khi quyt nh vic thay i
nh dng. Bn thn LATEX c gng la chn cho bn nhng mu nh
dng mang tnh cht chuyn nghip v tng i chun trong son tho ti
liu. Do , i khi vic tu bin cc nh dng ny s cho cc bn mt kt
qu ngoi d kin (thng thng th kt qu s t hn!!!).
bn hiu r hn, ta bt u i vo phn tch vn . Khi bn t so
snh mt trang ti liu ca mnh vi mt trang ti liu c son tho bng
MS Word, bn s thy rng trang ti liu c son bng LATEX nh hn.
Tuy nhin, nu bn nhn k vo cc quyn sch c xut bn4 v m
s k t trn mt hng, bn s thy rng mi hng thng khng ch qu
66 k t. By gi, bn hy tin hnh kim tra ti liu c son tho bng
LATEX, bn cng s c kt qu tng t. Kinh nghim trong ngnh in n
cho thy rng cc hng qu di s gy kh khn cho ngi c, d lm cho
ngi c b mi mt (y cng l l do v sao m cc t bo li chn cch
in dng nhiu ct).
Nh vy, nu bn t tng rng ca phn vn bn, bn v tnh
gy kh khn cho ngi c. Tuy nhin, chng ta vn gii thiu cho cc bn
bit v cc lnh thc hin vic ny (nhng bn nn LATEX t ng la
chn cch trnh by chun nht).
3
4

CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/tools
cc quyn sch c in bi cc nh xut bn danh ting.

111

112

Tu bin cc thnh phn ca LATEX

?
6

?
6

6
i

?
?Header
6

Body

Margin
Notes

-  9i
 10i -

- 
i

?
 1i-

1
3
5
7
9
11

6
i
11

?
Footer

one inch + \hoffset

\oddsidemargin = 10pt
or \evensidemargin
\headheight = 16pt
\textheight = 592pt
\marginparsep = 7pt
\footskip = 30pt
\hoffset = 0pt
\paperwidth = 597pt

2
4
6
8
10

one inch + \voffset

\topmargin = 23pt
\headsep = 19pt
\textwidth = 390pt
\marginparwidth = 88pt
\marginparpush = 7pt (not shown)
\voffset = 0pt
\paperheight = 845pt

Hnh 5.2: Cc tham s trong vic trnh by trang.

5.5 Cc vn khc vi vic nh dng chiu di

LATEX cung cp 2 lnh thay i cc tham s ny. Thng thng, cc
lnh ny thng c t trong phn ta ca ti liu.
Lnh u tin ny s gn mt gi tr c nh cho mt tham s bt k:
\setlength{parameter }{length}

Lnh th hai ny s cng thm vo gi tr hin ti ca tham s:

\addtolength{parameter }{length}

Lnh th hai ny hu ch hn lnh th nht (\setlength) bi v bn c

th thao tc da trn cc nh dng sn c. thm vo vo chiu rng ca
phn ni dung 1cm, bn thm lnh sau vo phn ta ca ti liu:
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-0.5cm}
\addtolength{\textwidth}{1cm}
Trong tnh hung ny, bn c th xem thm gi calc. Gi ny s cho php
bn s dng cc ton t s hc trong tham s ca lnh \setlength v cc
v tr khc khi bn nhp gi tr vo tham s ca mt hm.

5.5

Cc vn khc vi vic nh dng chiu

di

Khi c th, ti thng trnh vic s dng cc chiu di thun tu trong cc

ti liu c son tho bi LATEX. Thng thng, ta nn da vo cc tham
s c bn nh chiu di, rng ca cc phn t khc ca mt trang. i vi
chiu rng ca mt hnh minh ha, bn nn s dng lnh \textwidth
chnh cho hnh minh ha nm trn trong mt trang.
3 lnh di y s gip bn xc nh chiu rng, cao v su ca chui
vn bn.
\settoheight{variable}{text}
\settodepth{variable}{text}
\settowidth{variable}{text}

V d di y cho thy tc dng ca 3 lnh trn.

113

114

Tu bin cc thnh phn ca LATEX

\flushleft
\newenvironment{vardesc}[1]{%
\settowidth{\parindent}{#1:\ }
\makebox[0pt][r]{#1:\ }}{}
\begin{displaymath}
a^2+b^2=c^2
\end{displaymath}
\begin{vardesc}{Vi}$a$,
$b$ -- l hai cnh k ca
gc vung ca tam gic vung.

a2 + b2 = c2
Vi: a, b l hai cnh k ca gc vung ca
tam gic vung.
c l cnh huyn ca tam gic vung.
d cha c cp y!!!!

$c$ -- l cnh huyn ca

tam gic vung.
$d$ -- cha c cp y!!!!
\end{vardesc}

5.6

Cc hp

LATEX xy dng cc trang bng cch kt hp cc hp. u tin, mi k t l

mt hp nh. Chng s c gn li vi nhau to nn cc t. Sau , cc
t ny li c gn li vi nhau to ra cc t khc. Tuy nhin, vi loi
keo kt dnh c bit th chng c th co dn c c th nm trn trn
mt hng.
y ch l mt cch ni nm na c ch lm vic ca LATEX. Khng ch
cc k t mi c th c ng hp. Chng ta c th t hu ht mi th
vo trong mt ci hp (ngay c mt ci hp khc). Khi ny, mi mt hp s
c LATEX xem nh mt k t n.
Trong cc chng trc, chng ta bt gp cc hp (bao quanh cc
lnh, . . . ). Mi trng tabular v lnh \includegraphics s h tr bn to
nn cc hp trong ti liu. iu ny c ngha l bn c th sp xp hai biu
bng hay hnh nh k bn nhau. iu duy nht bn cn quan tm y l
tng chiu rng ca hai i tng ny khng c vt qu chiu rng ca
vn bn.

5.6 Cc hp
Ngoi ra, bn cng c th ng khung mt on vn vi lnh
\parbox[pos]{width}{text}

hay mi trng
\begin{minipage}[pos]{width} text \end{minipage}

Tham s pos c th c cc gi tr nh c,t hay b canh l hp theo chiu

dc trong mi quan h vi vch gii hn xung quanh phn vn bn. Tham s
width s xc nh chiu rng ca hp. im khc bit chnh gia mi trng
minipage v lnh \parbox l bn khng th s dng tt c cc lnh v mi
trng bn trong mt hp c to bi lnh \parbox. Ngc li, bn c th
lm mi vic bn trong mi trng minipage.
Trong khi lnh \parbox ng khung c on vn bn gm c vic xung
hng, . . . ta c mt lp cc lnh ng khung khc ch lm vic vi cc vn bn
c canh l theo chiu ngang. l lnh \mbox. Lnh ny ch n thun
xp cht mt lot cc hp vo trong mt hp khc. Bn c th ngn chn
vic LATEX tch ri 2 t bng cch s dng lnh ny. Lnh ny c tnh linh
hot rt cao.
\makebox[width][pos]{text}

Tham s width xc nh rng ca hp.5 Bn cnh cc tham s v di,

bn c th s dng cc lnh \width, \height, \depth v \totalheight bn
trong biu thc v di. Cc tham s ny c th c chnh da trn cc
gi tr c c bng cch o rng ca phn vn bn text. Tham s pos
ly cc gi tr sau: c: vn bn s c canh gia, l: vn bn s c dn v
tri, r: vn bn s c dn v bn phi hay s: vn bn s c dn tri ra
trong hp.
Lnh \framebox hot ng tng t nh lnh \makebox nhng n ch
n thun v mt hp bn ngoi phn vn bn.
V d di y cho thy mt s ng dng ca lnh \makebox v lnh
\framebox
iu ny c ngha l hp c th nh hn phn ni dung bn trong. Bn c th chnh
rng ca hp l 0pt phn vn bn bn trong hp c son tho m khng b nh
hng bi hp bao quanh.
5

115

116

Tu bin cc thnh phn ca LATEX

\makebox[\textwidth]{%
gia}\par
\makebox[\textwidth][s]{%
dn tri}\par
\framebox[1.1\width]{ng
khung mt vn bn!} \par

gia
dn

tri

ng khung mt vn bn!

ka, phn vn bn qu di!!!

\framebox[0.8\width][r]{ ka,
phn vn bn qu di!!!} \par
khngBn
c chi,
cti
c
cng
phn
vyvn bn ny ch?
\framebox[1cm][l]{khng c
chi, ti cng vy}
Bn c c phn vn bn ny ch?

By gi, bn c th iu khin vic nh dng theo chiu ngang, bc

tip theo l vic thc hin nhng nh dng theo chiu dc.6 .
\raisebox{lift}[depth][height]{text}

lnh ny cho php bn nh ngha thuc tnh theo chiu dc ca hp. Bn

cng c th s dng cc lnh \width, \height, \depth v \totalheight
3 tham s u xc nh kch thc ca hp bn trong tham s text.
\raisebox{0pt}[0pt][0pt]{\Large%
\textbf{Aaaa\raisebox{-0.3ex}{a}%
\raisebox{-0.7ex}{aa}%
\raisebox{-1.2ex}{r}%
\raisebox{-2.2ex}{g}%
\raisebox{-4.5ex}{h}}}
Hy ch kh nng nh
dng ht sc tinh
t v th v ca \LaTeX{}.

5.7

Aaaaaaa
r

Hy ch kh nng
nh dng ht scgtinh t v th v ca LATEX.

ng k v thanh ngang

Trong mt s trang cc phn trc, bn thy lnh:

\rule[lift]{width}{height}

Thng thng, lnh ny c s dng v cc hp en.

Vic iu khin nh dng hon ton phi l s tng hp hi ho ca vic iu khin
theo chiu ngang v theo chiu dc
6

5.7 ng k v thanh ngang

117

\rule{3mm}{.1pt}%
\rule[-1mm]{5mm}{1cm}%
\rule{3mm}{.1pt}%
\rule[1mm]{1cm}{5mm}%
\rule{3mm}{.1pt}

Lnh ny rt hu dng v cc hng ngang v hng dc. V d nh ng

k ngang trong phn ta ca trang c to vi lnh \rule.
Mt ng k ngang khng c chiu rng v ch c mt chiu cao xc
nh l mt trng hp c bit. Trong ngnh son tho chuyn nghip, n
c gi l strut. N c s dng m bo rng mt thnh phn trn
trang giy c mt chiu cao nh nht xc nh. Bn c th s dng n trong
mi trng bng chc chn rng mi hng c mt chiu cao xc nh nh
nht.
\begin{tabular}{|c|}
\hline
\rule{1pt}{4ex}Pitprop \ldots\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{4ex}Strut\\
\hline
\end{tabular}

Pitprop . . .
Strut

Ht.

Chng 6
Son tho ti liu ting Vit
Sau khi kt thc cc chng trc, bn c mt ci nhn tht tng qut v
LATEX. By gi bn c nhng kin thc c bn v cc thnh phn cn thit
son tho mt ti liu chuyn nghip vi LATEX. Tuy nhin, son tho bng
ting Vit th bn cn phi hc thm mt s vn na. Chng ny s hng
dn bn ci t v s dng cc gi cn thit son tho bng ting Vit.

6.1

Mt s gi h tr vic son tho ti liu

bng ting Vit1

6.1.1

Gi VnTeX ca tc gi Hn Th Thnh

Gi ny bao gm cc b font ch v cc tp tin sau:

Cc tp tin nh ngha v font v cc macro h tr vic son tho ting

Vit vi LATEX v TEX.

Cc font ch VNR (mf v tfm)

Cc font ch VCMR 2 .

Cc font ch VNPS 3

B font ch VNR c trn server CTAN t lu nhng ch vi bng m

VISCII. Sau ny, tc gi Hn Th Thnh a thm vo bng m TCVN
v VPS cho b font ny.
Tham kho t ti liu hng dn s dng gi VnTeX ca Nguyn i
Cc font ch da trn cc font CMR
3
Cc font ch da trn font PS
1
2

6.2 Ci t v s dng gi VnTeX

Ngoi ra, tc gi Hn Th Thnh cng t to ra b font ch VCMR
v VNPS da trn nn tng l cc font ch c bn sn c ca TEX. u im
ca b font ny l ngi dng khng cn thm bt c font no khc m ch
cn cc tp tin nh ngha font v macro i km trong gi VnTeX l .

6.1.2

Gi BK

y l gi s dng cc font ch True Type ca HBK-TPHCM. Cc font

ch ny c tc gi Hn Th Thnh thch ng cho pdfTEX. Theo tc
gi th b font ny c cht lng khng tt v ch thch hp vi pdfTEX (b
font ny s dng c ch m ho font c l ET5).

6.1.3

Gi GVS

y l phin bn cng s dng cc font ch True Type 1 ca HBK-TPHCM

nhng c Hn Th Thnh sa li ng thi nh ngha font v cc macro
a vo s dng. B font ny c th c s dng trong c LATEX, TEX,
pdfLATEX v pdfTEX. Cc font ch trong gi ny c cht lng cao hn hn
cc font ch trong gi BK. s dng gi ny, trc tin bn phi ci t
gi VnTeX.

6.2

Ci t v s dng gi VnTeX

Gi VnTeX h tr rt tt cho vic son tho ti liu ting Vit vi LATEX.

Hn na, gi ny hon ton min ph. Do , chng ti s hng dn ci t
v s dng gi ny. Trn c bn, nu bn mun ci t cc gi khc th cc
thao tc thc hin cng tng t.

6.2.1

Ti cc gi cn thit v my tnh

Nu cha c gi VnTeX, bn c th ti v t a ch sau:

http://vinux.sourceforge.net/vntex.
Cn i vi gi GVS, bn c th ti v a ch:
http://VietLUG.SF.net/download/.

6.2.2

Ci t gi VnTeX trn mi trng Windows vi

MikTeX

Vic ci t gi VnTeX trn mi trng Windows din ra rt n gin. Bn

ch cn thc hin theo th t cc bc sau:

119

120

Son tho ti liu ting Vit

1. Nu ci t gi VnTeX t trc th bn cn phi g b phin bn
trc ra trc khi ci t gi VnTeX mi nht (nu bn cha tng
ci t gi ny th hy tin hnh bc tip theo). thc hin vic
g b gi VnTeX c ci t, bn cn thc hin cc thao tc sau:
Programs MikTeX MikTeX Options. Sau khi chng trnh
MikTeX Options c gi, bn hy chn tab Packages Language
Vietnamese. Khi ny bn cn b i tu chn vntex.
2. Gii nn tp tin lu tr gi VnTeX vo mt th mc no trn my
(nu bn ci t MikTeX vo th mc C:\texmf th gii nn tp tin
ny vo th mc C:\vntex).
3. Thc hin: Programs MikTeX MikTeX Options. Sau khi chng
trnh c thc thi, hy chn tab Root. Sau , chn lnh Add v thm
vo th mc C:\vntex.
4. s dng c cc font True Type loi 1 i km vi gi ny, bn cn
phi bo cho chng trnh dvips v pdfTEX bit v cc font ch ny:
- Thm vo tp tin C:\texmf\dvips\config\config.ps hng sau:
p +vnr.map
- Thm vo tp tin C:\texmf\pdftex\config\pdftex.cfg hng sau:
map +vnr.map

6.2.3

Ci t gi VnTeX trn mi trng Unix

thc hin vic ci t, bn cn phi thc hin theo cc bc sau:

1. G b cc phin bn trc ca gi VnTex c trn my. Trong trng
hp bn ci t phin bn trc ca gi VnTeX vo mt th mc
texmf ring bit th vic g b l rt n gin: bn ch cn xo th
mc i. Trong trng hp bn ci t phin bn trc ca vntex
vo mt th mc texmf khc c cc tp tin khc ngoi cc tp tin km
theo gi VnTeX, cch tt nht l bn tin hnh vic tm kim cc tp
tin bt u bng vn, cc tp tin c cc tin t lin quan khc v xo
chng (hy ch l ng xo nhm cc tp tin khng phi ca gi
VnTeX).
2. Gii nn gi VnTeX (tp tin vntex-<ngy thng>.tar.bz2) vo th mc
no (v d nh $HOME/vntex). Vic gii nn gi VnTeX vo th
mc texmf cng c th c thc hin nhng iu ny khng cn
thit. Sau khi gii nn xong, bn s nhn c cu trc cy th mc
nh sau:

6.2 Ci t v s dng gi VnTeX

$HOME/vntex
|__ doc
|
\__ generic
|
\__ vntex
|__ dvips
|
\__ vntex
|__ fontname
|__ fonts
|
|__ source
|
|__ \__ public
|
|
\__ vnr
|
|__ tfm
|
|
\__ public
|
|
\__ vnr
|
\__ type1
|
\__ public
|
\__ vnr
|__ tex
|
|__ latex
|
|
\__ vietnam
|
|__ plain
|
|__ \__ vietnam
|
\__ texinfo
\__ web2c
3. Thay i cu hnh ca TEX bn c th s dng c cc tp tin
trong cy th mc $HOME/vntex
- To mt th mc lu tr tp tin texmf.cnf
(v d nh $HOME/texmf/web2c):
mkdir -p $HOME/textmf/web2c
- To bn sao ca tp tin texmf.cnf trong th mc
$HOME/vntex/web2c:
cp kpsewhich texmf.cnf $HOME/texmf/web2c/texmf.cnf
- Chnh bin mi trng TEXMFCNF ch n v tr ca tp tin
texmf.cnf (v d nh bn s dng bash v t vo .bash_profile
hng sau:

121

122

Son tho ti liu ting Vit

export TEXMFCNF=$HOME/texmf/web2c
- Sa i tp tin texmf.cnf a th mc $HOME/vntex vo
danh sch cy th mc ca texmf thng qua vic thay i bin
TEXMF. Tm kim hng bt u vi TEXTMF = (cc thng
s ban u c th khc vi nhng g a ra y).
TEXMF={$TEXMFLOCAL,$VARTEXMF,!!$TEXMFMAIN}
v thay i chng thnh:
TEXMF={$HOME/vntex,$TEXMFLOCAL,$VARTEXMF,!!$TEXMFMAIN}
- Kim tra li xem ta c chnh ng cha:
. .bash_profile
texhash
kpsewhich vnr10.mf
Nu mi vic u c tin hnh ng, bn s c kt qu ging
nh sau:
$HOME/vntex/fonts/source/public/vnr/vnr10.mf
4. Nu bn c ti v cc font ch True Type 1 (cha trong tp tin
vnr-t1-<ngy thng>.tar.bz2), bn hy gii nn n vo cng th mc
(nh l $HOME/vntex). Sau khi gii nn, bn s c cc font ch nh
sau:
$HOME/vntex/fonts/type1/public/vnr/vnb10.pfb
$HOME/vntex/fonts/type1/public/vnr/vnbx10.pfb
...
Cc font ch ny s h tr rt nhiu cho vic dch ra tp tin PS v
PDF. c th s dng c cc font ch ny vi chng trnh dvips
v pdfTEX, bn cn phi thay i mt cht tp tin cu hnh nh sau(nu
s dng dvipdfm th khng cn thay i g thm):
- To bn sao ca tp tin config.ps (c c bi dvips):

6.2 Ci t v s dng gi VnTeX

mkdir -p $HOME/texmf/dvips/config
cd $HOME/texmf/dvips/config
cp kpsewhich --format=dvips config config.ps.
- Thm vo tp tin $HOME/texmf/dvips/config hng sau:
p +vnr.map
- To bn sao ca tp tin pdftex.cfg (c c bi pdfTEX):
mkdir -p $HOME/texmf/pdftex/config
cd $HOME/texmf/pdftex/config
cp kpsewhich --format=PostScript header pdftex.cfg.
- Thm vo tp tin $HOME/texmf/pdftex/config hng sau:
map +vnr.map

6.2.4

Son tho ti liu bng ting Vit vi LATEX

Gi VnTeX c th c a vo s dng theo hai cch sau:

- Ch cn thm dng sau vo phn ta ca ti liu.
\usepackage[viscii]{vietnam}
Lnh trn s bo cho LATEX bit rng bn s nhp liu ting Vit theo
bng m VISCII. Ngoi ra, gi VnTeX cn h tr vic nhp liu theo
cc bng m sau:
K hiu
viscii
mviscii
tcvn
vps
utf8
dblaccnt
noinputenc
nocaption

Bng m
Bng m VISCII
Bng m Mac VISCII
Bng m TCVN1
Bng m VPS
Bng m UTF-8
Np vo gi dblaccnt
Khng np vo gi inputenc (s dng TCX).
Khng nh ngha phn ta bng ting Vit.

123

124

Son tho ti liu ting Vit

- Ngoi ra, bn c th s dng gi babel thay cho gi vietnam. Khi ny,
tt c cc mc nh: chng, mc, . . . u c chuyn sang ting Vit.
\usepackage[tcvn]{inputenc}
\usepackage[vietnam]{babel}
TCX rt hu dng c c cc k t ting Vit trong cc thng
bo v vic trng hng. Gi VnTeX i km vi hai bng m TCX: viscii-t5
v tcvn-t5. Lu rng khi s dng TCX th bn khng cn phi s dng
inputenc. Bn cn thm vo u tp tin d liu ch th sau:
%& -translate-file=tcvn-t5
Vic thm vo ch th lnh ny tng ng vi vic dch tp tin vi tham
s sau:
latex -translate-file=tcvn-t5 thu_nghiem.tex
s dng cc bng m khc th bn cng thao tc nh cc bc trn.

6.2.5

Son tho ti liu vi TEX n thun

Nhp liu vi bng m UTF-8 khng c h tr i vi TEX n thun.

i vi cc bng m khc th cc thao tc ting hnh gn nh l tng t:
- S dng chung vi gi plainenc:
\input t5code
\input plnpss
\input plainenc
\fontencoding{T5} \inputencoding{tcvn} % hay cc bng
m khc tr UTF-8
\setfontencoding{T5}
\selectfont
< . . . phn vn bn c son tho theo m TCVN1 . . . >
\bye
- S dng chung vi gi TCX:
%& -translate-file=tcvn-t5
\input t5code
\input plnfss

6.2 Ci t v s dng gi VnTeX

\setfontencoding{T5}
\selectfont

< . . . Phn son tho theo m TCVN1 . . . >

\bye

6.2.6

S dng vi texinfo

Khi ny, bn cn phi s dng TCX:

%& -translate-file=viscii-t5
\def\fontprefix{vn}
\input t5code.tex
\input texinfo
< . . . phn d liu c son tho theo m viscii-t5 . . . >

6.2.7

V d p dng

gip bn hiu r hn cch s dng gi VnTeX son tho ting Vit,

di y l mt s v d:
Phn u ca mt ti liu s nh sau:

\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[tcvn]{vietnam}

Phn thn ca ti liu c son tho nh sau:

125

126
\begin{center}
{\Large Phng trnh bc hai}
\end{center}
Phng trnh bc hai l
phng trnh c dng:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:ptb2}
ax^{2} + bx + c = 0
\qquad (a \neq 0)
\end{equation}
gii phng trnh
bc hai, ta cn phi
thc hin cc bc sau:
\begin{enumerate}
\item
Tnh bit thc $\Delta$ nh sau:
\[ \Delta = b^{2} - 4ac\]
\item
Sau khi tnh bit thc $\Delta$,
ta xt n cc trng hp sau:
\begin{itemize}
\item
Nu $\Delta < 0$ th phng
trnh (\ref{eq:ptb2}) v nghim.
\item
Nu $\Delta \geq 0$ th
phng trnh (\ref{eq:ptb2})
c nghim
nh sau:
\begin{itemize}
\item [*]
Nu $\Delta = 0$ th
phng trnh (\ref{eq:ptb2})
c 1
nghim kp l:
\[ x_{1} = x_{2} = - \;
\frac{b}{2a} \]
\item [*]
Nu $\Delta > 0$ th
phng trnh c hai
nghim phn bit
l:
\[ x_{1} =
\frac{-b-\sqrt{\Delta}}{2a} \]
\[ x_{2} =
\frac{-b+\sqrt{\Delta}}{2a} \]
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{enumerate}

Son tho ti liu ting Vit

Phng trnh bc hai

Phng trnh bc hai l phng trnh c
dng:
ax2 + bx + c = 0

(6.1)

(a 6= 0)

gii phng trnh bc hai, ta cn phi

thc hin cc bc sau:
1. Tnh bit thc nh sau:
= b2 4ac
2. Sau khi tnh bit thc , ta xt n
cc trng hp sau:
Nu < 0 th phng trnh (6.1)
v nghim.
Nu 0 th phng trnh (6.1)
c nghim nh sau:

* Nu = 0 th phng trnh
(6.1) c 1 nghim kp l:
x1 = x2 =

b
2a

* Nu > 0 th phng trnh

c hai nghim phn bit l:

b
x1 =
2a

b +
x2 =
2a

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Leslie Lamport. LATEX: A Document Preparation System. AddisonWesley, Reading, Massachusetts, second edition, 1994, ISBN 0-20152983-1.
[2] Donald E. Knuth. The TEXbook, Volume A of Computers and Typesetting, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, second edition, 1984,
ISBN 0-201-13448-9.
[3] Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach and Alexander Samarin. The LATEX
Companion. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1994, ISBN 0201-54199-8.
[4] Each LATEX installation should provide a so-called LATEX Local Guide,
which explains the things that are special to the local system. It should
be contained in a file called local.tex. Unfortunately, some lazy sysops
do not provide such a document. In this case, go and ask your local LATEX
guru for help.
[5] LATEX3 Project Team. LATEX 2 for authors. Comes with the LATEX 2
distribution as usrguide.tex.
[6] LATEX3 Project Team. LATEX 2 for Class and Package writers. Comes
with the LATEX 2 distribution as clsguide.tex.
[7] LATEX3 Project Team. LATEX 2 Font selection. Comes with the LATEX 2
distribution as fntguide.tex.
[8] D. P. Carlisle. Packages in the graphics bundle. Comes with the graphics bundle as grfguide.tex, available from the same source your
LATEX distribution came from.
[9] Rainer Schopf, Bernd Raichle, Chris Rowley. A New Implementation
of LATEXs verbatim Environments. Comes with the tools bundle as
verbatim.dtx, available from the same source your LATEX distribution
came from.

128

TI LIU THAM KHO

[10] Graham Williams. The TeX Catalogue is a very complete listing
of many TEX and LATEX related packages. Available online from
CTAN:/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/catalogue.html
[11] Keith Reckdahl. Using EPS Graphics in LATEX 2 Documents, which
explains everything and much more than you ever wanted to know
about EPS files and their use in LATEX documents. Available online
from CTAN:/tex-archive/info/epslatex.ps
[12] Kristoffer H. Rose XY-pic Users Guide. Downloadable from CTAN with
XY-pic distribution

Danh mc t kha
", 23
\(, 51
\), 51
\,, 53, 59
-, 23
, 23
\-, 22
, 23
, 23
., sau khong trng, 35
. . . , 25
\:, 59
\;, 59
\@, 35
\[, 52
c o, 1
n v, 109
on vn, 18
\\, 20, 41, 42, 45, 111
\\*, 20
\], 52
~, 35
hai mt, 12
mt mt, 12
ta ca ti liu, 12
A4 paper, 12
A5 paper, 12

a, 26
acute, 26
\addtolength, 113
, 26

ae, 28
aeguill, 28, 87
amsbsy, 65
amsfonts, 53, 74
amsmath, 5659, 61, 62, 65
amssymb, 53, 66
\and, 37
\appendix, 36, 37
\ar, 97
\arccos, 56
\arcsin, 56
\arctan, 56
\arg, 56
array, 60
article class, 11
\author, 37, 91
B5 paper, 12
bng, 44
ba chm cho, 58
babel, 21, 26, 27
\background, 95
\backmatter, 37
\backslash, 6
\begin, 40
\bibitem, 78
\Big, 58
\big, 58
\Bigg, 58
\bigg, 58
\bigskip, 111
\binom, 56
BK, 119

130

DANH MC T KHA
bm, 65
\bmod, 56
\boldmath, 65
\boldsymbol, 65
book class, 11
brazilian, 29
cu trc, 7
Cc ch ci Hy lp, 54
cc lnh d v, 49
cc phng trnh di, 61
cng thc ton hc, 51
cn bc hai, 54
calc, 113
canh tri, 41
\caption, 48, 49
\cdot, 55
\cdots, 58
center, 41
ch mc, 80
ch nh, 104
\chapter, 36
\chaptermark, 83
\ci, 101
\cite, 78
CJK package, 33
\cleardoublepage, 49
\clearpage, 49
\cline, 45
color, 93
commands
\(, 51
\), 51
\,, 53, 59
\-, 22
\:, 59
\;, 59
\@, 35
\[, 52
\\, 20, 41, 42, 45, 111
\\*, 20

\], 52
\addtolength, 113
\and, 37
\appendix, 36, 37
\ar, 97
\arccos, 56
\arcsin, 56
\arctan, 56
\arg, 56
\author, 37, 91
\background, 95
\backmatter, 37
\backslash, 6
\begin, 40
\bibitem, 78
\Big, 58
\big, 58
\Bigg, 58
\bigg, 58
\bigskip, 111
\binom, 56
\bmod, 56
\boldmath, 65
\boldsymbol, 65
\caption, 48, 49
\cdot, 55
\cdots, 58
\chapter, 36
\chaptermark, 83
\ci, 101
\cite, 78
\cleardoublepage, 49
\clearpage, 49
\cline, 45
\cos, 56
\cosh, 56
\cot, 56
\coth, 56
\csc, 56
\date, 37
\ddots, 58

DANH MC T KHA
\deg, 56
\depth, 115, 116
\det, 56
\dim, 56
\displaystyle, 63
\documentclass, 10, 15, 21
\dq, 31
\dum, 100, 101
\emblema, 96
\emph, 39, 104
\end, 40
\eps, 78
\eqref, 52
\EUR, 24
\exp, 56
\fbox, 22
\flq, 31
\flqq, 31
\footnote, 38, 50
\frac, 56
\framebox, 115
\frenchspacing, 35
\frontmatter, 37
\frq, 31
\frqq, 31
\fussy, 21
\gcd, 56
\height, 115, 116
\hline, 45
\hom, 56
\href, 90, 91, 93
\hspace, 103, 109
\hyphenation, 21
\idotsint, 59
\iiint, 59
\iint, 59
\include, 16
\includegraphics, 77, 88, 92, 114
\includeonly, 16
\indent, 109
\index, 80

131
\inf, 56
\input, 16
\int, 57
\item, 40
\ker, 56
\label, 37, 38, 52
\LaTeX, 22
\LaTeXe, 22
\ldots, 25, 58
\left, 58
\leftmark, 83
\lg, 56
\lim, 56
\liminf, 56
\limsup, 56
\linebreak, 20
\linespread, 108
\listoffigures, 48
\listoftables, 48
\ln, 56
\log, 56
\mainmatter, 37, 91
\makebox, 115
\makeindex, 80
\maketitle, 37
\marginsize, 95
\mathbb, 53
\mathrm, 62
\max, 56
\mbox, 22, 25, 115
\min, 56
\multicolumn, 46
\newcommand, 101, 102
\newenvironment, 102
\newline, 20
\newpage, 20
\newtheorem, 63, 64
\noindent, 109
\nolinebreak, 20
\nonumber, 61
\nopagebreak, 20

132

DANH MC T KHA
\not, 68
\overbrace, 55
\overlay, 95
\overleftarrow, 55
\overline, 55
\overrightarrow, 55
\pagebreak, 20
\pageref, 37, 85
\pagestyle, 14
\panelwidth, 95
\par, 106
\paragraph, 35
\parbox, 115
\parindent, 108
\parskip, 108
\part, 35, 36
\pause, 96
\phantom, 50, 62
\pmod, 56
\Pr, 56
\printindex, 81
\prod, 57
\protect, 50
\providecommand, 102
\ProvidesPackage, 103
\qquad, 53, 59
\quad, 53, 59
\raisebox, 116
\ref, 37, 52, 85
\renewcommand, 102, 103
\renewenvironment, 103
\right, 58
\right., 58
\rightmark, 83
\rule, 103, 116, 117
\screensize, 95
\scriptscriptstyle, 63
\scriptstyle, 63
\sec, 56
\section, 35, 49
\sectionmark, 83

\selectlanguage, 27
\setlength, 108, 113
\settodepth, 113
\settoheight, 113
\settowidth, 113
\sin, 56
\sinh, 56
\sloppy, 21
\smallskip, 111
\sqrt, 54
\stackrel, 56
\stretch, 103, 109
\subparagraph, 35
\subsection, 35
\subsectionmark, 83
\substack, 57
\subsubsection, 35
\sum, 57
\sup, 56
\tableofcontents, 36, 96
\tan, 56
\tanh, 56
\TeX, 22
\texorpdfstring, 92
\texteuro, 24
\textrm, 62
\textstyle, 63
\thispagestyle, 14
\title, 37
\tnss, 101
\today, 22
\totalheight, 115, 116
\underbrace, 55
\underline, 39, 55
\usepackage, 11, 15, 24, 27, 28,
103
\vdots, 58
\vec, 55
\verb, 43, 44
\verbatiminput, 83
\vspace, 110

DANH MC T KHA
\widehat, 55
\widetilde, 55
\width, 115, 116
\xymatrix, 97
comment, 7
comments, 7
\cos, 56
\cosh, 56
\cot, 56
\coth, 56
\csc, 56
du ba chm, 25, 58
du chm, 25
du gch, 23
du mi tn, 55
du ng, 55
du ngoc, 57
du ngoc vung, 104
du phy, 25
du trch dn, 23
du tr, 23
du trng m, 25
dnh ring, 5
\date, 37
dblaccnt, 123
dcolumn, 46
\ddots, 58
decimal alignment, 45
\deg, 56
\depth, 115, 116
description, 40
\det, 56
\dim, 56
displaymath, 52
\displaystyle, 63
doc, 13
\documentclass, 10, 15, 21
dotless v , 26
\dq, 31
\dum, 100, 101

133
em-dash, 23
\emblema, 96
\emph, 39, 104
en-dash, 23
Encapsulated PostScript, 75
\end, 40
enumerate, 40
environments
array, 60
center, 41
comment, 7
description, 40
displaymath, 52
enumerate, 40
eqarray*, 61
eqarray, 60
eqnarray*, 61
eqnarray, 61
equation, 52, 60
figure, 47
flushleft, 41
flushright, 41
itemize, 40
lscommand, 101
math, 51
minipage, 115
quotation, 42
quote, 41
subarray, 57
table, 47
tabular, 44, 114
thebibliography, 78
verbatim, 43, 83
verse, 42
\eps, 78
eqarray, 60
eqarray*, 61
eqnarray, 61
eqnarray*, 61
\eqref, 52
equation, 52, 60

134

DANH MC T KHA
eufrak, 74
\EUR, 24
eurosym, 24
euscript, 74
executive paper, 12
\exp, 56
exscale, 13, 58
extension
.aux, 15
.cls, 15
.dtx, 15
.dvi, 15, 77
.eps, 77
.fd, 15
.idx, 15, 81
.ilg, 16
.ind, 16, 81
.ins, 15
.lof, 15
.log, 15
.lot, 15
.sty, 15, 84
.tex, 14
.toc, 15
fancyhdr, 8183
\fbox, 22
figure, 47
\flq, 31
\flqq, 31
flushleft, 41
flushright, 41
foiltex, 11
font, 104
\footnotesize, 105
\Huge, 105
\huge, 105
\LARGE, 105
\Large, 105
\large, 105
\mathbf, 106

\mathcal, 106
\mathit, 106
\mathnormal, 106
\mathrm, 106
\mathsf, 106
\mathtt, 106
\normalsize, 105
\scriptsize, 105
\small, 105
\textbf, 104
\textit, 104
\textmd, 104
\textnormal, 104
\textrm, 104
\textsc, 104
\textsf, 104
\textsl, 104
\texttt, 104
\textup, 104
\tiny, 105
font size, 105
fontenc, 13, 28
\footnote, 38, 50
\footnotesize, 105
formulae, 51
\frac, 56
\framebox, 115
\frenchspacing, 35
\frontmatter, 37
\frq, 31
\frqq, 31
\fussy, 21
gi, 7, 100
gi makeidx, 80
\gcd, 56
geometry, 84
GhostScript, 76
graphicx, 76, 88, 93
grave, 26
GVS, 119

DANH MC T KHA

135

hm ng d, 56
hng ngang
ba chm, 58
h phng trnh, 60
HLATEX, 33
hLATEXp, 33
\height, 115, 116
\hline, 45
\hom, 56
\href, 90, 91, 93
\hspace, 103, 109
\Huge, 105
\huge, 105
hyperref, 86, 89, 93
hyphen, 23
hyphenat, 84
\hyphenation, 21

k t c bit, 25
k t xung hng, 20
kch thc, 109
kch thc font c bn, 12
kch thc font ch, 62, 104
kch thc font ch ca ti liu, 12
\ker, 56
khong cch hng kp, 108
khong trng, 5
u hng, 5
dc, 110
ngang, 109
khong trng gia cc hng, 108
kiu tp tin, 14
Knuth, Donald E., 1
Korean font
UHC font, 33

\idotsint, 59
ifthen, 13
\iiint, 59
\iint, 59
in m, 53, 104
in nghing, 104
\include, 16
\includegraphics, 77, 88, 92, 114
\includeonly, 16
\indent, 109
indentfirst, 109
\index, 80
\inf, 56
\input, 16
inputenc, 13, 27, 31, 123, 124
\int, 57
international, 26
\item, 40
itemize, 40

li ta, 8
\label, 37, 38, 52
Lamport, Leslie, 2
\LARGE, 105
\Large, 105
\large, 105
\LaTeX, 22
\LaTeXe, 22
latexsym, 13
\ldots, 25, 58
\left, 58
\leftmark, 83
legal paper, 12
letter paper, 12
\lg, 56
\lim, 56
\liminf, 56
\limsup, 56
\linebreak, 20
\linespread, 108
\listoffigures, 48
\listoftables, 48
\ln, 56

k hiu gii hn, 57

k hiu in m, 65
k hiu v , 24

136

DANH MC T KHA
\log, 56
longtabular, 46
lscommand, 101
mi trng, 39
mt, 5
m ho font ch, 13
\mainmatter, 37, 91
\makebox, 115
makeidx, 13, 80
\makeindex, 80
\maketitle, 37
\marginsize, 95
marvosym, 24
math, 51
\mathbb, 53
\mathbf, 106
\mathcal, 106
\mathit, 106
\mathnormal, 106
\mathrm, 62, 106
mathrsfs, 74
\mathsf, 106
\mathtt, 106
\max, 56
\mbox, 22, 25, 115
MetaPost, 88
\min, 56
minipage, 115
Mittlebach, Frank, 2
mltex, 87
\multicolumn, 46
nm ngang
ngoc, 55
\newcommand, 101, 102
\newenvironment, 102
\newline, 20
\newpage, 20
\newtheorem, 63, 64
nghing, 104

nhm, 104
\noindent, 109
\nolinebreak, 20
\nonumber, 61
\nopagebreak, 20
\normalsize, 105
\not, 68
, 26
\overbrace, 55
overfull box, 21
\overlay, 95
\overleftarrow, 55
\overline, 55
\overrightarrow, 55
package, 11
packages
ae, 28
aeguill, 28, 87
amsbsy, 65
amsfonts, 53, 74
amsmath, 5659, 61, 62, 65
amssymb, 53, 66
babel, 21, 26, 27
BK, 119
bm, 65
calc, 113
color, 93
dblaccnt, 123
dcolumn, 46
doc, 13
eufrak, 74
eurosym, 24
euscript, 74
exscale, 13, 58
fancyhdr, 8183
fontenc, 13, 28
geometry, 84
graphicx, 76, 88, 93
GVS, 119

DANH MC T KHA
hyperref, 86, 89, 93
hyphenat, 84
ifthen, 13
indentfirst, 109
inputenc, 13, 27, 31, 123, 124
latexsym, 13
longtabular, 46
makeidx, 13, 80
marvosym, 24
mathrsfs, 74
pause, 96
pdfscreen, 9396
plainenc, 124
pxfonts, 87
showidx, 81
supertabular, 46
syntonly, 13, 16
tabular, 60
textcomp, 24
txfonts, 87
verbatim, 7, 83
VnTeX, vi, 118120, 123125
VnTex, 120
xy, 96
\pagebreak, 20
\pageref, 37, 85
\pagestyle, 14
\panelwidth, 95
paper size, 12, 86
\par, 106
\paragraph, 35
\parbox, 115
\parindent, 108
\parskip, 108
\part, 35, 36
pause, 96
\pause, 96
PDF, 85
pdfLATEX, 86, 93
pdfscreen, 9396
pdfLATEX, 86

137
pdfTEX, 86
phn s, 56
phn chn, 14
\phantom, 50, 62
placement specifier, 48
plainenc, 124
\pmod, 56
Portugus, 29
PostScript, 76
\Pr, 56
\printindex, 81
\prod, 57
\protect, 50
\providecommand, 102
\ProvidesPackage, 103
pxfonts, 87
\qquad, 53, 59
\quad, 53, 59
quotation, 42
quote, 41
\raisebox, 116
\ref, 37, 52, 85
\renewcommand, 102, 103
\renewenvironment, 103
report class, 11
\right, 58
\right., 58
\rightmark, 83
roman, 104
\rule, 103, 116, 117
sans serif, 104
Scandinavian letters, 26
\screensize, 95
\scriptscriptstyle, 63
\scriptsize, 105
\scriptstyle, 63
\sec, 56
\section, 35, 49
\sectionmark, 83

138

DANH MC T KHA
\selectlanguage, 27
\setlength, 108, 113
\settodepth, 113
\settoheight, 113
\settowidth, 113
showidx, 81
siu vn bn, 85
\sin, 56
\sinh, 56
slides class, 11
\sloppy, 21
\small, 105
\smallskip, 111
\sqrt, 54
\stackrel, 56
\stretch, 103, 109
strut, 117
subarray, 57
\subparagraph, 35
\subsection, 35
\subsectionmark, 83
\substack, 57
\subsubsection, 35
\sum, 57
\sup, 56
supertabular, 46
syntonly, 13, 16
Tch, 57
Tch phn, 57
tp tin nhp liu, 8
to ch mc, 80
Tng, 57
table, 47
\tableofcontents, 36, 96
tabular, 60
tabular, 44, 114
\tan, 56
\tanh, 56
\TeX, 22
\texorpdfstring, 92

\textbf, 104
textcomp, 24
\texteuro, 24
\textit, 104
\textmd, 104
\textnormal, 104
\textrm, 62, 104
\textsc, 104
\textsf, 104
\textsl, 104
\textstyle, 63
\texttt, 104
\textup, 104
thng ng, 104
tham chiu cho, 37
tham s, 6
thebibliography, 78
\thispagestyle, 14
ting B o Nha, 29
tiu , 14
tilde, 23
du ng ( ~), 35
\tiny, 105
title, 12
\title, 37
\tnss, 101
ton hc
du m, 55
du ngoc, 58
hm, 55
khong trng, 58
tr, 23
\today, 22
\totalheight, 115, 116
trnh by trang, 111
tu chn, 6, 10
txfonts, 87
umlaut, 26
\underbrace, 55
underfull hbox, 21

DANH MC T KHA
\underline, 39, 55
units, 110
URL, 23
\usepackage, 11, 15, 24, 27, 28, 103
\vdots, 58
\vec, 55
vectors, 55
\verb, 43, 44
verbatim, 7, 83
verbatim, 43, 83
\verbatiminput, 83
verse, 42
VnTeX, vi, 118120, 123125
VnTex, 120
\vspace, 110
\widehat, 55
\widetilde, 55
\width, 115, 116
www, 23
WYSIWYG, 2
xy, 96
\xymatrix, 97

139

140

DANH MC T KHA